--- /dev/null
+<TAXON name="Allosauridae" nickname="Gigantic Predators">
+ <WORD key="1" content="predator, big, large, huge, biggest, carnivore"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="carcharodontosaurine allosaurids"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Allosauridae" in="Allosaurus" out="Sinraptor" silhouette="carnosauria">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, Hutchinson" year="1997"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Acrocanthosaurus" silhouette="acrocanthosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Allosaurinae" in="Allosaurus" out="Carcharodontosaurus, Cryolophosaurus, Monolophosaurus, Sinraptor">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Allosauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" incertae="1" name="Antrodemus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Allosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saurophaganax"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE q="1" name="Carcharodontosaurinae" in="Carcharodontosaurus" out="Allosaurus, Cryolophosaurus, Monolophosaurus, Sinraptor">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Carcharodontosauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Neovenator" q="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="pneumatic"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <UNNAMED comment="giant">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <!--LENGTH value="13"/-->
+ <!--LENGTH value="14"/-->
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Bahariasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Giganotosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Neoceratosauria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Mighty Hunters"> These were large, often huge predators. Some
+of the carcharodontosaurines are the largest known carnivores ever to walk
+upon the Earth, even larger than <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>.</P>
+
+<P>A recent find of a group of differently-aged carcharodontosaurines (the
+genus is yet to be publicly named) in association with each other suggests
+that these enormous carnivores may have hunted in packs. Interestingly,
+the largest known land animals of all time, <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>
+such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>, lived alongside these largest
+land predators of all time. It is possible that packs of South American
+carcharodontosaurines, each measuring up to 45 feet long, might have
+preyed upon herds of 130+-foot-long titanosaurs.</P>
+
+<P header="An Abelisaur Link?"> There are some cranial similarities
+between carcharodontosaurines and <LINK content="abelisaurs"/>, another
+group of Gondwanan (Southern Hemisphere) carnivores. This may be due to
+convergence, but some have proposed that carcharodontosaurines are not
+<LINK content="carnosaurs"/>, but <LINK content="neoceratosaurs"/> more
+closely related to abelisaurs. But other characteristics, such as the
+three-fingered hand (neoceratosaurs have four fingers), cast doubt on this
+idea. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Alvarezsauria" nickname="Freakish Digging(?) Runners">
+ <WORD key="1" content="bird"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Alvarezsauria" silhouette="alvarezsauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/>'s taxon
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Alvarezsauridae">
+ <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Alvarezsaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Patagonykus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Mononykinae" in="Mononykus, Parvicursor, Shuvuuia">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Parvicursorinae"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Mononykus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus minutus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Parvicursor"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shuvuuia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Where Do They Belong?"> This recently discovered group has
+proven difficult to place. The original member, <NOMEN
+name="Alvarezsaurus"/>, was originally given its own family in <LINK
+content="Ceratosauria"/>. When <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> was first
+discovered, it proved a bafflement. It had <LINK content="bird"/>-like
+features (the skull, a keeled breastbone), unbirdlike features (the tail),
+features like <LINK content="arctometatarsalian coelurosaurs"/> (pinched
+middle metatarsal), and some features completely unique (the single,
+hooked claw on its stubby arms). (NOTE: Some of these fossils have been
+reassigned to the very closely related <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/>.)</P>
+
+<P> The discovery of <NOMEN name="Patagonykus"/>, a creature seemingly
+transitional between the more primitive <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/> and
+the more derived mononykines, showed that all three probably belonged
+to the same group. They are now generally though to be primitive birds,
+although some think they may be related to <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>.
+(One piece of alvarezsaur ankle found by O. C. Marsh in the late 1800's was
+actually assigned to the genus <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>.) </P>
+
+<P header="Their Niche"> Alvarezsaurs were small, terrestrial animals with
+long legs. Their niche is far from certain. Since their stubby forearms
+were built so powerfully, it has been suggested that they used them for
+digging. (In fact, some think that their sterna were keeled as a digging
+adaptation, similar to moles, and that they evolved keeled sterna
+separately from birds, which evolved it for flying.) The overall body plan
+of alvarezsaurs is not that of a burrower, but it has been suggested that
+they might have fed on colonial insects, ripping into nests with their
+single-clawed hands. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Anapsida" nickname='"No Holes" - Turtles & Kin' simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="turtles"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="archelon, sea turtle, turtle"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Anapsida" in="Chelonia" out="Diapsida" silhouette="anapsida">
+ <MEANING>
+ without apses
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Parareptilia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Millerettidae" q="1" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Procolophonomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Nyctiphruretia" extinct="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Nycteroleter"/>
+ <CLADE name="Nyctiphruretidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Procolophoniformes">
+ <CLADE name="Procolophonidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Lanthanosuchoidea" extinct="1" q="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Acleisterorhinus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Lanthanosuchidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Sclerosauridae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rhipaeosauridae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pareiasauridae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Proganochelyidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Proterochersidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Casichelonia">
+ <CLADE name="Chelycarapookidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Kallokibotiidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Simemylidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Chelonia" crown="1" content="turtles">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Testudinata"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Testudines"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pleurodira">
+ <MEANING>
+ side necks
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Chelyidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eusarkiidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Platychelidae" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Araripemydidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pelomedusidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Podocnmemoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Bothremydidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Podocnemidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cryptodira">
+ <MEANING>
+ hidden necks
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Baenidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Glyptopsidae" extinct="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pleurosternidae" q="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Meiolaniidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Neeurankylidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eucryptodira">
+ <MEANING>
+ true cryptodirans
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Plesiochelyidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Xinjiangchelys" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Sinemydidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Chelydridae" content="snapping turtles"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Chelonioidea" content="sea turtles">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cheloniidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Toxochelyidae" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dermochelyidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Protostegidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Thalassemyidae" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Chelomacryptodira">
+ <CLADE name="Testudinoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Emydidae" content="box & water turtles"/>
+ <CLADE name="Testudinidae" content="terrapins"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Trionychoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Carettochelyidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dermatemydidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Kinosternidae" content="mud & musk turtles"/>
+ <CLADE name="Trionychidae" content="softshell turtles"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Anapsida is a clade of of <LINK content="reptiles"/> with no fenestrae
+(openings) in the back of their skulls. It includes large herbivores like
+pareiasaurs as well as modern-day turtles. During the <LINK
+content="Mesozoic Era"/>, "The Age of Reptiles", turtles grew to great
+sizes. Some, like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Archelon"/>, were the size of a
+car! </P>
+
+<P>In traditional usage, Anapsida included all <LINK content="amniotes"/>
+without antorbital fenestrae. It has now been restricted to those sharing
+more recent ancestry with chelonians (turtles) than with other extant
+amniote groups. Membership is mostly the same, but excludes basalmost
+<LINK content="sauropsids"/> (e.g. <LINK content="mesosaurids"/>) and
+basal romeriids (e.g. <LINK content="captorhinids"/>).
+</P>
+
+<P> Within Reptilia, anapsids are probably the most distant relatives of
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Animalia" nickname="Animals" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="fauna, invertebrate, invertebrates"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="mollusk, ammonoid, ammonoids, rudist clams"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Animalia" silhouette="animalia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Linnaeus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ animals
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Metazoa"/>
+ <CLADE name="Porifera" content="sponges"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Phagocytellozoa"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Mesozoa" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Monoblastozoa" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eumetazoa">
+ <CLADE name="Cnidaria" content="hydrae, corals, jellyfish"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ctenophora" content="comb jellies"/>
+ <CLADE name="Bilateralia" content="bilaterally symmetrical animals">
+ <CLADE name="Acoelomata">
+ <CLADE name="Xenoturbellida"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Gnathostomulida"/>
+ <CLADE name="Platyhelminthes" content="flatworms"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Coelomata" content="animals with a true body cavity">
+ <CLADE name="Protostomia">
+ <CLADE name="Bryozoa" content='"moss creatures"' q="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ectoprocta"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cycliophora" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Entoprocta" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pseudocoelomata" q="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Aschelminthes"/>
+ <CLADE q="1">
+ <CLADE name="Chaetognatha"/>
+ <CLADE name="Protoconodonta" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Nematoda">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Nemata"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Nematomorpha"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Gastrotricha"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Acanthocephala"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rotifera" content="rotifers"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Arthropodomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Arthropoda" content="insects, myriapods, arachnids, crustaceans, trilobites, tardigrades?, onychophorans?, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Sprigginida" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Amiskwiida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Nemertea">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Nemertinea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Lobatocerebrida"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Myzostomida" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Banffida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Echiura">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Echiuroidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Annelida" content="earthworms, leeches, bristleworms, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Vestimentifera"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pogonophora" content="pogonophores"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE q="1">
+ <CLADE name="Phoronida"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Tommotiida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Brachiopoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Palaeoscolecida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Kinorhyncha"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Loricifera"/>
+ <CLADE name="Priapulida">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Priapuloidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Tullimonsterida" content='"The Tully Monster"' extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Hyolitha" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sipuncula">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sipunculoidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Chancelloriida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sachitida" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Mollusca" content="chitons, snails, bivalves, cephalopods, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Siphogonuchitida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Halkieriida" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Deuterostomia">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cambroclaves" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Echinodermata" content="crinoids, starfish, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, brittle stars"/>
+ <CLADE name="Heterostelea" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dinomischida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Eldoniida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rotadisciida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Paropsonemida" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Brachiolitha"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Hemichordata" content="acorn worms"/>
+ <CLADE name="Chordata" content="animals with a notochord">
+ <CLADE name="Calcichordata" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Urochordata" content="sea squirts">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Tunicata"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cephalochordata" content="lancelets, Pikaia, etc.">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Acraniata"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Craniata" content="chordates with heads">
+ <CLADE name="Myxini" content="hagfish"/>
+ <CLINK name="Vertebrata"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Among Earth's enormously vast array of animals, <LINK
+content="dinosaurs"/> belong to the <LINK content="vertebrate"/> clade,
+which is characterized by the possession of a backbone. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ankylosauria" nickname="Dinosaurian Tanks">
+ <WORD key="1" content="nodosaurs, armored, scutes, spikes, armoured"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosauria" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Stegosaurus" silhouette="ankylosauria">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Ankylosaurus"/>' taxon</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Carpenter" year="1997"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, ribs"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Cryptosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Heishansaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Peishansaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Priconodon" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Priodontognathus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rhadinosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stegosaurides" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tyreophorus" q="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IM" id="K20/350" content="skull roof portion"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Minmi"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosauroidea" in="Ankylosaurus, Nodosaurus">
+ <CLADE name="Nodosauridae" in="Nodosaurus" out="Ankylosaurus" silhouette="nodosauridae">
+ <UNNAMED comment="giant">
+ <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Animantarx" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dracopelta" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Niobrarasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nodosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Palaeoscincus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sarcolestes" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Struthiosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pawpawsaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sauropelta"/>
+ <CLADE name="Panoplosaurinae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Edmontoniinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Edmontonia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Panoplosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Ankylosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Solid Protection"> Ankylosaurs include the most heavily armored
+dinosaurs of all, the "tanks" of the <LINK content="Mesozoic"/>. The
+entire back was covered with bony plates, studs, and spikes. So was the
+head, right down to the eyelids! (Bony eyelids have been found in <NOMEN
+name="Pawpawsaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Euoplocephalus"/>, which are so
+distantly related within Ankylosauroidea as to suggest that all
+ankylosauroids had bony eyelids, at least primitively.) </P>
+
+<P> Some nodosaurids bore very large spikes along their sides, the largest
+often sprouting from the shoulders. These may have been used as defense,
+weapons in rivalry, or both. </P>
+
+<P header="Geographic Distribution"> These animals are known from all
+continents except South America and Africa. They were most prevalent in
+Laurasia (the northern supercontinent). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ankylosauridae" nickname="Club-Tails" silhouette="ankylosaurinae-shamosaurinae">
+ <WORD key="1" content="armored, armoured, tail, club, weapon, spike"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosauridae" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Nodosaurus" silhouette="ankylosauria">
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tianchisaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Polacanthinae" in="Polacanthus" out="Ankylosaurus, Shamosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Acanthopholis" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Anoplosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Texasetes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mymoorapelta"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Silvisaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Polacanthini">
+ <CGENUS name="Gastonia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Hoplitosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Polacanthus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE silhouette="ankylosaurinae-shamosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Bibleyhallorum" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Shamosaurinae" in="Shamosaurus" out="Ankylosaurus, Polacanthus">
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Gobisaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shamosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosaurinae" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Polacanthus, Shamosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Sauroplites" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tsagantegia"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Ankylosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Euoplocephalus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Stegopeltini" q="1">
+ <UNNAMED comment="San Diego"></UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Glyptodontopelta"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stegopelta"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Syrmosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Amtosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Maleevus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pinacosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shanxia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Talarurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Nodocephalosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saichania"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tarchia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Minmi"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shamosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Gastonia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pinacosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosaurinae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="A Crippling Weapon"> A large club at the end of the tail
+distinguishes ankylosaurines and shamosaurines from the more primitive
+<LINK content="ankylosaurs"/> They probably used this club to give
+crippling blows to potential predators. A similar structure existed in the
+<LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>, as well as the
+glyptodonts, an extinct group of giant South American <LINK
+content="mammals"/> related to armadillos. Ankylosaurines also had
+shorter, more triangular skulls than other ankylosaurs and no spikes along
+their sides. </P>
+
+<P header="The Varieties"> Polacanthines were once classified as
+nodosaurids, but are now recognized as a distinct clade closer to the
+Ankylosaurinae. It was recently thought that they had small tail clubs,
+but this has been refuted. </P>
+
+<P> Shamosaurines had narrow snouts, especially compared to the very wide
+snouts of ankylosaurines. This may reflect different niches.</P>
+
+<P> Many ankylosaurines had complex, looping nasal passages, possibly to
+enhance their sense of smell. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Archosauromorpha" nickname='"Ruling Reptiles"' simple="1">
+ <INCLUDED content="Euparkeria, Hsisosuchus, Lewisuchus, Postosuchus, Proterosuchus, Saltopus"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Archosauromorpha" in="Archosauria" out="Lepidosauria" silhouette="archosauromorpha">
+ <MEANING>archosaur forms</MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Doswellia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elastichosuchus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Trilophosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rhynchosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Prolacertiformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ before lizard forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Protorosauria"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protorosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Kadimakara" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Malutinisuchus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Prolacertoides" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Trachelosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Prolacerta"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Jesairosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Malerisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Macrocnemus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Megalancosauridae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Drepanosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Boreopricea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cosesaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tanystropheidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Archosauriformes" in="Archosauria, Proterosuchus">
+ <MEANING>archosaur forms</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
+ <CLADE name="Proterosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Erythrosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Euparkeria" exinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Archosauria" in="Neornithes, Crocodylia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Avesuchia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1999"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <MEANING>
+ ruling lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Lukousaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saltoposuchus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pseudosuchia" in="Crocodylia" out="Neornithes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zittel" year="1890"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Crocodylotarsi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ false crocodiles
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Proterochampsidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Erpetosuchidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ctenosauriscidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Crurotarsi" in="Ornithosuchus, Crocodylia">
+ <MEANING>
+ cross ankles
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1991"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Parasuchia" content="phytosaurids">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1859"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ beside crocodiles
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Phytosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Prestosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Lewisuchus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Turfanosuchus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Suchia" in="Crocodylia, Stagonolepis">
+ <MEANING>
+ crocodiles
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pseudosuchia" sensu="Benton" year="1988"/>
+ <CLADE name="Aetosauria" content="stagonolepidids">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Aëtosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rauisuchia" in="Crocodylia, Rauisuchus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Rauisuchus"/>' taxon
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Rauisuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Gracilisuchus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Postosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Paracrocodylomorpha" in="Crocodylia, Poposaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ beside Crocodylomorpha
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Poposauridae"/>
+ <CLINK name="Crocodylomorpha"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithosuchia" in="Neornithes" out="Crocodylia" silhouette="ornithosuchia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Avemetatarsalia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1999"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <CGENUS name="Saltopus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>bird crocodiles</MEANING>
+ <CLINK name="Ornithodira"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Archosauromorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Rhynchosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithodira">
+ <CLADE name="Prolacertiformes">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pterosauromorpha"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Boreopricea"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Jesairosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Prolacerta"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protorosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Megalancosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Macrocnemus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Tanystropheidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Langobardisaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cosesaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sharovipteryx"/>
+ <CLINK name="Pterosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauromorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Archosauriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Proterosuchidae">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Erythrosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Proterochampsidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Euparkeria"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Parasuchia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Archosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithosuchia">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Scleromochlus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Lagerpeton"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Marasuchus"/>
+ <CLINK name="Dinosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Archosauromorpha includes all <LINK content="sauropsids"/> with
+four-chambered hearts, an evolutionary innovation that permitted them
+higher activity levels and terrestrial dominance throughout the <LINK
+content="Mesozoic Era"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Classification"> The forms shown here were once all included in
+Archosauria in the "grab-bag" taxon "Thecodontia" -- any archosaur that
+wasn't a <LINK content="crocodylian"/>, a <LINK content="pterosaur"/>, or
+a <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. This form of classification was abandoned
+once knowledge about these animals increased. </P>
+
+<P> The non-archosaur archosauromorphs, or "protoarchosaurs", show fairly
+wide diversity, from small hunters with insanely long necks like <NOMEN
+name="Tanystropheus" nolink="1"/> to large, beaked herbivores like the
+rhynchosaurs to the megalancosaurids, bizarre climbers with prehensile
+tails. </P>
+
+<P> The two major groups of Archosauria proper are rather poorly named.
+Pseudosuchia means "false crocodiles", yet it includes true ones.
+Ornithosuchia was named after the creature <NOMEN name="Ornithosuchus"
+nolink="1"/>, and defined as all animals sharing more recent ancestry with
+birds than with crocodiles. Unfortunately, subsequent analyses have shown
+that <NOMEN name="Ornithosuchus" nolink="1"/> was not an ornithosuchian,
+but a pseudosuchian! </P>
+
+<P header="The Struggle for Supremacy"> Pseudosuchians became the dominant
+terrestrial animals after the demise of the two previous <LINK
+content="synapsid"/> "dynasties" -- the "<LINK content="pelycosaurs"/>"
+and the non-<LINK content="mammalian"/> <LINK content="therapsids"/>. They
+diversified into many niches: armored herbivores (aetosaurs), big
+carnivores (rauisuchians), tiny sprinters (<NOMEN name="Lewisuchus"
+nolink="1"/>), and water-dwellers (parasuchians and <LINK
+content="crocodylomorphs"/>). There is evidence that many pseudosuchians
+may have been agile, active creatures, unlike the only modern
+pseudosuchians (<LINK content="crocodylians"/>) which have reverted to a
+sluggish lifestyle. </P>
+
+<P> But by the end of the <LINK content="Triassic"/> they had been
+outcompeted by their fellow archosaurs, the ornithosuchian <LINK
+content="ornithodirans"/>. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs would continue to
+dominate terrestrial and aerial niches until the end of the <LINK
+content="Mesozoic"/>, far longer than any previous or subsequent
+terrestrial "dynasty" (and they <U>still</U> dominate aerial niches!). Of
+all the pseudosuchians, only the aquatic crocodylomorphs survived beyond
+the <LINK content="Triassic"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Avialae" nickname="Birds & Near-Birds" silhouette="aves">
+ <WORD key="1" content="origin, feather, link"/>
+ <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="bird, birds, archaeopterygian"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Avialae" in="Neornithes" out="Deinonychus" silhouette="paraves">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian" year="1997"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" cf="Archaeopteryx">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Romania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Korea"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forelimb with feather impressions"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Bambiraptor" q="1" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Holbotia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Wyleyia" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Archaeoraptor" silhouette="aves"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Rahonavis"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Unenlagia" silhouette="paraves-flightless"/>
+ <CLADE name="Aves" in="Archaeopteryx, Neornithes" silhouette="aves">
+ <AUTHOR name="Linnaeus"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Chiappe"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Avialae" sensu="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ birds
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Archaeopterygiformes">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Archaeornithes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE in="Neornithes" out="Archaeopteryx">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithurae" sensu="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <CLADE name="Metornithes" in="Mononykus, Neornithes">
+ <CLINK q="1" name="Alvarezsauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pygostylia" in="Confuciusornis, Neornithes" silhouette="pygostylia">
+ <MEANING>
+ pygostyles <LOW>("Parson's noses")</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Jibeinia"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Liaoxiornis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Confuciusornithidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Changchengornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Confuciusornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Noguerornis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithothoraces" in="Iberomesornis, Neornithes">
+ <MEANING><LOW>modern</LOW> bird chests</MEANING>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Otogornis"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Platanavis"/>
+ <CLINK name="Enantiornithes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Euornithes" in="Neornithes" out="Sinornis">
+ <MEANING>true birds</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1998"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithurae" sensu="Feduccia"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Liaoningornis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gansuiformes" incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Gansus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Ornithurae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae">
+ <CLADE name="Aves">
+ <CLADE name="Metornithes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Archaeornithes">
+ <MEANING>
+ ancient birds
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Archaeopterygiformes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Unenlagia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Archaeopterygidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rahonavis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae">
+ <CLADE name="Metornithes">
+ <CLADE name="Alvarezsauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Aves">
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pygostylia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae">
+ <CGENUS name="Adasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Rahonavis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Unenlagia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Bambiraptor"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Aves">
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Metornithes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae">
+ <CLINK name="Troodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Aves"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Aves">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pygostylia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Archaeornithes">
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Confuciusornithidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithothoraces" sensu="Chatterjee"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protoavis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithothoraces">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pygostylia" sensu="Chatterjee"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Aves">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithothoraces"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pygostylia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithurae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Saururae" in="Archaeopteryx" out="Neornithes">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard tails
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sauriurae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Yandangornis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Enantiornithes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Origins">Birds evolved from small, possibly "sickle-clawed"
+<LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> probably sometime during the <LINK
+content="Jurassic"/> (some have suggested the <LINK content="Triassic"/>),
+as did their close relatives the <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/>. The
+earliest known definite bird is the European <NOMEN
+name="Archaeopteryx"/>, a small flying predator from the Late Jurassic.
+The North American <NOMEN name="Protoavis"/> has been interpreted as a
+Late Triassic bird that is more "advanced" than <NOMEN
+name="Archaeopteryx"/>, but few <LINK content="dinosaur"/>/bird
+researchers agree with this at present.</P>
+
+<P header="Advanced Forms">Pygostylian birds are characterized by a
+pygostyle, a fusion of the vertebrae at the end of the tail. This trait
+seems to have evolved convergently in at least one <LINK
+content="oviraptorosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Nomingia"/>) and at least one
+<LINK content="megalancosaurid"/> (<NOMEN name="Drepanosaurus"
+nolink="1"/>).</P>
+
+<P>Ornithothoracean birds, a large subset of pygostylians that includes
+<LINK content="modern birds"/>, have a "modern-style" thorax and an alula,
+or "bastard wing" -- a group of feathers associated with the first finger
+that aids maneuverability in flight.</P>
+
+<P header="From the Trees or From the Ground?">Unlike the other two groups of
+flying <LINK content="vertebrates"/>, <LINK content="pterosaurs"/> and
+<LINK content="bats"/>, the hindlimbs of birds are not in any way coupled with
+the wings, and remain free for running. Due to this and other pieces of
+evidence, some dinosaur researchers argue that birds did not evolve from a
+tree-dwelling ancestor, as the other groups are thought to have. Recent
+studies suggest that <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> could run fast enough to
+take off from the ground, bolstering this hypothesis, commonly known as the
+"Ground Up" hypothesis. </P>
+
+<P>But many disagree with this idea, arguing that flight in birds evolved as
+it seems to have in bats and pterosaurs -- from the "Trees Down".
+They hold that bird ancestors were scansorial coelurosaurs which leaped from
+tree to tree, then evolved into gliders, and from there to fliers. The
+facts that <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> has claws sharply recurved for
+climbing and that its first toe is reversed for perching support this
+idea.</P>
+
+<P>As of now, the fossil evidence does not clearly favor either the
+"Trees Down" or "Ground Up" hypotheses of the evolution
+of flight in birds. </P>
+
+<P header="An Opposing View">The hypothesis that birds descended from
+dinosaurs has been around for a long time. Thomas Huxley (a.k.a. "Darwin's
+bulldog") proposed such a relationship based on similarities between
+<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> and dinosaurs. This view was dismissed by
+Gerhard Heilmann, who noted that dinosaurs lack clavicles, which are not
+only present in birds but fused to form the furcula, or "wishbone".
+Heilmann's suggestion that birds and dinosaurs descended separately from
+"thecodont" (basal <LINK content="archosaurian"/>) stock held fast for
+most of the 1900's.</P>
+
+<P>Heilmann's view was finally dispelled by the discovery that some <LINK
+content="theropod"/> dinosaur fossils (such as those of <NOMEN
+name="Segisaurus"/>) <U>do</U> in fact have clavicles. In <LINK
+content="tetanuran"/> forms (such as <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>, <LINK
+content="oviraptorids"/>, <LINK content="allosaurids"/>), they are even
+fused to form furculae. These elements had often been mistaken for rib
+fragments. Additionally, clavicles are reduced or missing in some modern
+birds, and were likely so for many other theropods.</P>
+
+<P>A more recent objection to the dinosaur-bird link is the claim that
+embryological evidence shows the digits in the hands of modern birds to be
+II-III-IV, not I-II-III as in coelurosaurs and other <LINK
+content="tetanurans"/>. In fact, the story may be quite a bit more
+complicated. It is not certain that the element that has been interpreted
+as a vestigial digit I is in fact digit I. Furthermore, other studies show
+that frame shift can cause some birds to have digits aligned differently
+than in other birds, even with the same species.</P>
+
+<P>Opponents of the dinosaurian theory of bird origins have yet to
+propose an explicit alternate theory, generally stating that birds
+evolved from basal <LINK content="archosauromorphs"/> of some kind. They
+also have yet to explain why such an enormous degree of convergence
+would appear between birds and terrestrial <LINK content="theropods"/>
+when they represent separate niches.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Carnosauria" nickname='"Meat Reptiles" - Mighty Hunters' silhouette="monolophosaurus">
+ <WORD key="1" content="predator, hunter"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" key="1" content="allosaurs"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Carnosauria" in="Allosaurus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="carnosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Hutchinson, Padian" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
+ <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Chilantaisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Katsuyamasaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Mifunesaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Prodeinodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Valdoraptor"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Allosauria"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Allosauroidea" sensu="Sereno" year="1998"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Cryolophosaurus" silhouette="cryolophosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Monolophosaurus" silhouette="monolophosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Allosauroidea" in="Allosaurus, Sinraptor">
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lourinhanosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sinraptoridae" in="Sinraptor" out="Allosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Sinraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Szechuanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Yangchuanosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Allosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="History"> The taxon Carnosauria once included all large <LINK
+content="theropods"/>, from large <LINK content="ceratosaurs"/> to <LINK
+content="megalosaurs"/> to <LINK content="tyrannosaurs"/>. More recent
+research shows that most of these are more closely allied to other groups.
+Today, only the allosaurids and their relatives are considered true
+carnosaurs (The precise definition: all animals sharing a more recent
+common ancestor with <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> than with <LINK
+content="modern birds"/>). </P>
+
+<P header="Ornate Killers"> Many carnosaurs bore crests atop their heads.
+The primitive forms <NOMEN name="Monolophosaurus"/> and <NOMEN
+name="Cryolophosaurus"/> (one of the few dinosaurs from Antarctica) had
+ridges along the tops of their snouts. In <NOMEN name="Cryolophosaurus"/>
+this culminated in a large, vertical crest. <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> had
+paired crests above the eyes, especially prominent in
+<NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="An Early End"> Carnosaurs did not survive to the end of the
+<LINK content="Mesozoic"/>. They may have been out-competed by <LINK
+content="abelisaurids"/> and <LINK content="tyrannosaurids"/>. But in
+their heyday they included the largest known land predators of all time.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Centrosaurinae" nickname="Dinosaurian Rhinoceri">
+ <WORD key="1" content="horned, frilled, spike, nose, snout"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Centrosaurinae" in="Centrosaurus" out="Ceratops" silhouette="centrosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Avaceratops" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Centrosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Centrosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Styracosaurus" silhouette="styracosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pachyrhinosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Brachyceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Monoclonius"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Einiosaurus" silhouette="einiosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE silhouette="achelousaurus-pachyrhinosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Achelousaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Coronosauria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Physical Characteristics"> One of the two main lineages of ceratopsids (a.k.a. horned
+dinosaurs"), most centrosaurines bore large horns on their noses. Unlike
+most members of their sister group, the <LINK content="ceratopsines"/>,
+their neck frills tended to be relatively short, although often
+accentuated by two large spikes at the top, or spikes all along the rim of
+the frill as in <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>. Their snouts were also
+short. </P>
+
+<P> The advanced pachyrhinosaurins had a large, blunt bony growth in place
+of the nasal horn. This may have formed the core of a horny pad in life,
+or possibly the core of a gigantic nasal horn. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ceratopsia" nickname="Frilled Dinosaurs">
+ <WORD key="1" content="frilled, horned, protoceratopsian"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="the horned & frilled dinosaurs"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsia" in="Ceratops" out="Pachycephalosaurus" silhouette="ceratopsia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Echizensaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Psittacosauria" in="Psittacosaurus" out="Ceratops">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Psittacosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Neoceratopsia" in="Ceratops" out="Psittacosaurus" silhouette="neoceratopsia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ new ceratopsians
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" cf="Leptoceratops">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P186385" content="ulna"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="early" value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Leptoceratops">
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentaries"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Graciliceratops" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Leptoceratops" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Udanoceratops" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chaoyangsaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeoceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kulceratops" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Asiaceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Microceratops"/>
+ <CLINK name="Coronosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This group of herbivores contains the frilled <LINK
+content="dinosaurs"/>, including the horned dinosaurs. Like many other
+groups of <LINK content="Late Cretaceous"/> dinosaurs, they inhabited only Asia and North
+America. </P>
+
+<P header="Evolution"> <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> is the most primitive known
+ceratopsian. The back of its skull hints at the giant neck frill of later
+ceratopsians. Its powerful parrot-like beak, for which the genus was named
+("parrot lizard"), features an extra bone. This bone, the rostral bone, is
+unique to ceratopsians. </P>
+
+<P> The creatures on this page were all bipedal. From such as these came
+the quadrupedal <LINK content="coronosaurs"/>. Coronosaurs were generally
+larger, although at least one bipedal ceratopsian (<NOMEN
+name="Udanoceratops"/>) grew to a fairly large size. Bipedal ceratopsians
+persisted until the end of the <LINK content="Mesozoic"/>, co-existing with
+the more advanced <LINK content="ceratopsoids"/>. </P>
+
+<P> (See <LINK content="Ceratopsinae"/> for a discussion on the "s" in
+Ceratopsia). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ceratopsinae" nickname="Three-Horns">
+ <WORD key="1" content="horned, frilled"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsinae" in="Ceratops" out="Centrosaurus" silhouette="ceratopsinae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopinae"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Chasmosaurinae"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Agathauminae" q="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Polyonax" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ugrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Chasmosaurini">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsini" q="1"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopini" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ceratops" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chasmosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pentaceratops"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Anchiceratops"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Arrhinoceratops"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Torosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE silhouette="diceratops-triceratops">
+ <CGENUS name="Diceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Triceratops"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Coronosauria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Physical Characteristics"> Unlike their sister group, the <LINK content="centrosaurines"/>,
+ceratopsines (a.k.a. chasmosaurines), placed more emphasis on brow horns
+than the nasal horn, to the point that some barely had a nasal horn at
+all, hence names like <NOMEN name="Arrhinoceratops"/> ("without nose-horn
+face") and <NOMEN name="Diceratops"/> ("two-horned face"). </P>
+
+<P> Their neck frills were longer than those of centrosaurines, except in
+the lineage leading to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, wherein they became
+short and completely solid, with no parietal fenestrae. </P>
+
+<P header="A Name Problem"> There has been some disagreement over the name of this group and all
+other groups named after the genus <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>. For years
+they have been known as Ceratopsidae, Ceratopsia, etc. Some have pointed
+out that this is not correct Greek, and that the "s" should be dropped,
+hence Ceratopidae, Ceratopia. But the names with "s" have become deeply
+entrenched in <LINK content="dinosaur"/> terminology, and are used on this
+site. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Coelophysoidea" nickname="Early Kink-Snouted Predators" silhouette="coelophysoidea-large">
+ <WORD key="1" content="spitter, frill, Gojira, Godzilla"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysoidea" in="Coelophysis" out="Ceratosaurus" silhouette="neotheropoda">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Podokesauroidea" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Camposaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysidae" in="Coelophysis, Procompsognathus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Podokesauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Procompsognathinae" in="Procompsognathus" out="Coelophysis">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Segisaurinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Procompsognathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Segisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysinae" in="Coelophysis" out="Procompsognathus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Podokesaurinae" q="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment='"Shake-N-Bake"'>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Eucoelophysis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gojirasaurus" incertae="1" q="1" silhouette="coelophysoidea-large"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Coelophysis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Syntarsus"/>
+ <CLADE silhouette="coelophysoidea-large">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Halticosaurini" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dilophosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Liliensternus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysoidea">
+ <CGENUS name="Dilophosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Liliensternus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <UNNAMED comment='"Shake-N-Bake"'/>
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysidae">
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Coelophysis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Syntarsus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Procompsognathinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Procompsognathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Segisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Strange Jaws"> <ILLO name="coelophysid_skull"/> Coelophysoids were a group of early
+<LINK content="neotheropods"/>. Most were characterized by a kink in the
+front of the upper snout, similar to the snout kink of the <LINK
+content="spinosaurids"/>. (In fact, some have considered spinosaurids to
+be late-surviving coelophysoids.) It was once thought that this kink,
+which allowed some mobility for the premaxilla, would have weakened the
+skull. But it is now known to have been internally strengthened, and ideas
+that coelophysoids could not have been true predators have been dismissed.
+</P>
+
+<P header="Sizes"> <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> and the similar <NOMEN name="Syntarsus"/>
+and <NOMEN name="Eucoelophysis"/> were medium-small hunters, larger than
+the tiny procompsognathines. <NOMEN name="Liliensternus"/>, <NOMEN
+name="Dilophosaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Gojirasaurus"/> were the largest
+coelophysoids, about 15 to 20 feet long. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Coelurosauria" nickname="Very Advanced Theropods" silhouette="coelurosauria-small">
+ <WORD key="1" content="coelurosaurian, maniraptoran, bird, avian, origin, feather, feathers, feathered, proto, proto-feather, integument, skin, impressions"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="arctometatarsalian, arctometatarsalians, arctometatarsalian coelurosaurs, ornitholestid, ornitholestids"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Coelurosauria" in="Neornithes" out="Allosaurus" silhouette="coelurosauria-large">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ hollow-tailed lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Chilantaisaurus maortuensis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Diplotomodon" q="1" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nqwebasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Piveteausaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="ornitholestidae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Proceratosaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="ornitholestidae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Timimus" incertae="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="basal">
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="small, big-toothed" silhouette="coelurosauria-small">
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="latest"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="earliest"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Gasosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bagaraatan"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Deltadromeus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dryptosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Shanyangosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes" in="Neornithes, Ornithomimus">
+ <MEANING>maniraptor forms</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Holtz" year="1996"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Deinonychosauria" sensu="Sereno" q="1"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Manuraptoriformes"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Maniraptora" sensu="Holtz" year="1994"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Bullatosauria" q="1"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Tyrannoraptora" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="deinonychosaur or troodontid" silhouette="deinonychosauria">
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsus, other postcranial bones"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Araucanoraptor" incertae="1" silhouette="deinonychosauria"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeornithoides" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Aristosuchus sp." incertae="1" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Arkansaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="ornithomimosauria"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elopteryx" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Koparion" incertae="1" silhouette="coelurosauria-small"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus sp." incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Paronychodon" incertae="1" silhouette="deinonychosauria"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Phaedrolosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ricardoestesia" incertae="1" silhouette="maniraptora"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nedcolbertia" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornitholestes" silhouette="ornitholestidae" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Santanaraptor" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Scipionyx" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Avimimidae" incertae="1" silhouette="avimimidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Avimimus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kakuru" q="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Coeluridae" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1">
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/99"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Calamosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Coelurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Compsognathidae" silhouette="coelurosauria-small" q="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sinosauropterygidae"/>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <!--Romualdo Member, Santana Formation-->
+ <!--Martill, Frey, Sues & Cruickshank, 2000-->
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMNK" id="2349 PAL" content="partial ilium, pubis, ischium, femora, distal ends of fibula and tibia, sacral vertebrae, ?intestinal track, ?postpubic air sac"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Aristosuchus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Compsognathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Troodontidae" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia" in="Ornithomimus" out="Neornithes">
+ <MEANING>pinched metatarsals</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Holtz" year="1994"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1996"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimosauria" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CLINK name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora" in="Neornithes" out="Ornithomimus" silhouette="maniraptora">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Holtz" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>big-</LOW>handed raiders
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Manuraptora"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="(oviraptorosaurian?)">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P186386" content="right surangular (lower jaw part)"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P186302" content="vertebra" q="1"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Russia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lebanon"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="feather impression"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Palaeopteryx" q="1" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Yandangornithiformes" incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Yandangornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE in="Neornithes, Oviraptor">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Maniraptora" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CLADE in="Oviraptor" out="Neornithes">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Oviraptorosauria" sensu="Currie, Padian" year="1997"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="late" value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Microvenator"/>
+ <CLINK name="Therizinosauria"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <REMAINS content="jaws"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ <TIME value="LJ" section="late"/>
+ <REMAINS content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Paraves" in="Neornithes" out="Oviraptor" silhouette="paraves">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ beside <LINK content="Aves"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="disarticulated bones"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebra, 3 caudal centra, complete rib, partial metatrasal II, manual & pedal unguals"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large" silhouette="paraves-flightless">
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="left ungual phalanx (digit II), right metatarsal II, etc."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Adasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Hulsanpes" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megaraptor" incertae="1" silhouette="paraves-flightless"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora" in="Neornithes, Deinonychus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Padian, Hutchinson, Holtz" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ true maniraptors
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eumanuraptora"/>
+ <CLINK name="Deinonychosauria"/>
+ <CLINK name="Avialae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora"/>
+ <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Bullatosauria" in="Ornithomimus, Troodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Holtz" year="1994"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>pneumatic <LOW>braincase</LOW> lizards</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannoraptora" in="Neornithes, Tyrannosaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ tyrant raiders
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Scipionyx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Compsognathidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauria"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Paraves">
+ <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Dromaeosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimosauria" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauria" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimoidea" sensu="Sereno">
+ <CLADE name="Alvarezsauria">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Alvarezsauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimidae" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannoraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Maniraptora" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Caudipteryx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Paraves">
+ <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Dromaeosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Compsognathia">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sinosauropterygiformes" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Scipionyx"/>
+ <CLADE name="Compsognathidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornitholestidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Ornitholestes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Piveteausaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Proceratosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora"/>
+ <CLADE name="Arctometatarsalia">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Bullatosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria">
+ <CGENUS name="Pelecanimimus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimoidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauria">
+ <CGENUS name="Harpymimus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauroidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Paraves"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannoraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Compsognathidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptoriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Maniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Paraves">
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Paraves">
+ <CGENUS name="Dromaeosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eumaniraptora">
+ <CLADE name="Avialae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria">
+ <CGENUS name="Deinonychus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saurornithoides"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Velociraptor"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="History">Coelurosauria once included all the small <LINK content="theropods"/>.
+It was the sister group to <LINK content="Carnosauria"/>, which included
+all the big theropods. This system of theropod classification has become
+very much outdated, but the original names are still kept for certain
+actual groups. If the more primitive forms of the old Coelurosauria are
+excluded and a few other forms are added (including <LINK
+content="birds"/>), they do form a monophyletic group. Interestingly,
+this group that once contained only small theropods now includes <NOMEN
+name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, one of the largest theropods, indeed, one of
+the largest land predators of all time.</P>
+
+<P>Coelurosaurs are an enormously diverse group. They include <LINK
+content="fast runners"/>, <LINK content="night prowlers"/>, <LINK
+content="gigantic predators"/>, <LINK content="toothless weirdos"/>, <LINK
+content="vicious carnivores"/>, and the incredibly varied birds. </P>
+
+<P header="Integument"> Skin impressions are known from several coelurosaurs.
+A partial impression, possibly from the tail of a <LINK content="tyrannosaur"/>
+shows scales like those seen in other dinosaurs. All other
+coelurosaur skin impressions, such as those of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, <NOMEN
+name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, and birds like
+<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>,
+show feathers or feather-like integument. Such integument may have been
+present in the earliest coelurosaurs, then lost in gigantic forms, much as
+gigantic <LINK content="mammals"/> tend not to have hair. </P>
+
+<P header="Classification and Characters"> The advanced coelurosaurs make up
+Maniraptoriformes. All
+maniraptoriforms sharing a more recent ancestor with <NOMEN
+name="Ornithomimus"/> than with birds are arctometatarsalians. All sharing
+a more recent ancestor with birds than with <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>
+are maniraptors. It is not certain whether some groups (coelurids,
+compsognathids, ornitholestids, etc.) belong to one of these two groups
+or fall outside of Maniraptoriformes. </P>
+
+<P> Arctometatarsalia originally included <LINK content="caenagnathids"/>,
+avimimids, tyrannosauroids, troodontids, and ornithomimosaurs. It was
+named for the arctometatarsalian foot of these animals, wherein the
+middle metatarsal is pinched at the top. This trait, an adaptation for
+running, is now thought to have evolved separately in caenagnathids
+and possibly in all five of the groups. <LINK content="Mononykines"/>
+have an extreme version of this feature. </P>
+
+<P> <ILLO name="dromaeosaurid_pes"/> <LINK content="Avialae"/> includes all
+animals that share more recent ancestry with birds than with
+deinonychosaurs. Several primitive avialans have been found with
+dromaeosaurid-like "sickle claws" (a hyperextendable second digit
+with a large, very curved claw) on their feet, including <NOMEN
+name="Rahonavis"/> and the <LINK content="enantiornithean"/> <NOMEN
+name="Vorona"/>. It was also realized not long ago that the
+"first bird", <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>, had a hyperextendable
+second toe. This trait may be a basal trait for all paravians. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Coronosauria" nickname="Horned Dinosaurs & Kin">
+ <WORD key="1" content="frilled, horned"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Coronosauria" in="Triceratops, Protoceratops" silhouette="coronosauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ crowned lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Bagaceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Breviceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protoceratops"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsoidea" in="Ceratops, Montanoceratops" silhouette="ceratopsoidea">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopoidea"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Montanoceratops"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsomorpha" in="Ceratops, Zuniceratops" silhouette="ceratopsomorpha">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Zuniceratops"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Turanoceratops"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsidae" in="Ceratops, Centrosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Agathaumidae"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopidae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Agathaumas" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dysganus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Centrosaurinae"/>
+ <CLINK name="Ceratopsinae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Coronosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsoidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Protoceratopsidae" in="Protoceratops" out="Ceratops">
+ <CGENUS name="Bagaceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Breviceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protoceratops"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsoidea"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsomorpha"/>
+ <CLADE name="Centrosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Montanoceratops"/>
+ <CLADE comment="other centrosaurines"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Zuniceratops"/>
+ <CLADE comment="other ceratopsines"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsomorpha"/>
+ <CLADE name="Leptoceratopsidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Leptoceratopidae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Leptoceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Montanoceratops"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE in="Avaceratops, Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratopsidae" sensu="Penkalski, Dodson" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Avaceratops"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratopsidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Characteristics"> This group includes all of the quadrupedal <LINK
+content="ceratopsians"/>. Coronosaurs tend to be larger and have larger
+neck frills than more primitive ceratopsians. There has been much dispute
+as to whether the front limbs of coronosaurs were held fully erect or
+sprawling to various degrees. An intermediate posture seems most likely. </P>
+
+<P> The most primitive coronosaurs, like the well-known <NOMEN
+name="Protoceratops"/>, lacked horns, although they bore small bumps on
+their noses. <NOMEN name="Montanoceratops"/>, the most primitive known
+ceratopsoid, possessed a true horn on its nose. In addition to the nasal
+horn ceratopsomorphs like <NOMEN name="Zuniceratops"/> possessed brow
+horns above their eyes. </P>
+
+<P> The function of the neck frills in these and other ceratopsians is not
+certain. They may have borne colorful displays, protected the neck from
+predators, anchored powerful cheek muscles, or performed a combination of
+these functions. In <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, one gender (male?) has
+a much wider frill than the other, supporting the idea that these were
+used as sexual displays. </P>
+
+<P header="The Mighty Ceratopsids"> Hailing from the very latest stretch of
+the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>, ceratopsids were the pinnacle of
+<LINK content="ceratopsian"/> evolution. They included some of the very
+largest <LINK
+content="ornithischians"/>, such as the mighty <NOMEN
+name="Triceratops"/>. They are only known from North America (unless the
+Asian <NOMEN name="Turanoceratops"/> is really a ceratopsid). </P>
+
+<P> Skin impressions are known from both centrosaurine ceratopsids (<NOMEN
+name="Centrosaurus"/>) and ceratopsine ceratopsids (<NOMEN
+name="Chasmosaurus"/>). They both show large, flat scales interspersed
+with larger, round tubercles. </P>
+
+<P header="Classification"> The genera listed here, plus other <LINK content="neoceratopsians"/>
+were once grouped in the family Protoceratopsidae (=Protoceratopidae),
+since they all had claws instead of hooves. Most now consider this a
+paraphyletic (and hence invalid) grouping. There may, however, be a
+monophyletic (hence valid) group of basal coronosaurs which would be
+termed Protoceratopsidae. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Crocodylomorpha" nickname='"Crocs"' simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="crocodile, crocodilian"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Crocodylomorpha" silhouette="crocodylomorpha">
+ <AUTHOR name="Walker" year="1970"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Crocodylus"/> <LOW>(crocodile)</LOW> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Sphenosuchidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Crocodyliformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Crocodylus"/> <LOW>(crocodile)</LOW> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Crocodylia" sensu="lato"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eopneumatosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gobiosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Orthosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Protosuchidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Mesoeucrocodylia">
+ <MEANING>
+ intermediate true crocodylians
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED comment="Fruita"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mahajangasuchus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Baurusuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Notosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Libycosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sebecus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Araripesuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Neosuchia">
+ <CLADE name="Atoposauridae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Bernissartia" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Goniopholis" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Eutretauranosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dyrosauridae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pholidosaurus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Thalattosuchia" extinct="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Pelagosaurus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Metrorhynchidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Teleosauridae" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Eusuchia">
+ <CGENUS name="Hylaeochampsa" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Crocodylia" crown="1">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Crocodylus"/>' <LOW>(crocodile) taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Gavialoidea" in="Gavialis" out="Alligator, Crocodylus">
+ <CGENUS name="Thoracosaurus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Eogavialis" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Gryposuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gavialidae" crown="1" content="gavials (or gharials)"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Borealosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pristichampus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Brevirostres" in="Alligator, Crocodylus">
+ <MEANING>
+ short rostrums
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Alligatoroidea" in="Alligator" out="Crocodylus, Gavialis">
+ <CGENUS name="Deinosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Leidyosuchus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Diplocynodon" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Alligatoridae" crown="1" content="alligators, caimans, nettosuchines, Purussaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Crocodyloidea" in="Crocodylus" out="Alligator, Gavialis">
+ <UNNAMED comment="Dormaal"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Prodiplocynodon" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Asiatosuchus germanicus" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name='"Crocodylus" affinis' extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Brachyuranochampsa" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name='"Crocodylus" acer' extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Crocodylidae" crown="1" content="crocodiles"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Crocodylomorphs originated around the same time as the <LINK
+content="dinosaurs"/>. They were the only <LINK content="pseudosuchians"/>
+to survive the <LINK content="Triassic"/>, and survive to the present day
+in the form of crocodylians. Of all living animals, crocodylians are the
+closest relatives to dinosaurs (excluding <LINK content="modern birds"/>,
+which <B>are</B> dinosaurs). Unlike other living <LINK
+content="sauropsids"/> (except for birds), crocodylians have a
+four-chambered heart and a semi-upright stance. </P>
+
+<P> Some "primitive" crocodylomorphs may have been more active and agile
+than today's crocodylians, which have evolved a relatively sluggish
+lifestyle. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Deinonychosauria" nickname="Sickle-Clawed Killers">
+ <WORD key="1" content="dromy, dromies, raptors, 'raptors, sickle, switchblade, claw"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="vicious carnivores"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Deinonychosauria" in="Deinonychus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="deinonychosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Colbert, Russell" year="1969"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Currie, Padian" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="medium-sized">
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Archaeoraptor">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail, hindlimbs"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Achillobator"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Euronychodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Kitadanisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Koreanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nuthetes" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Ornithodesmus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pyroraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Utahraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Variraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sinornithosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dromaeosauridae" in="Dromaeosaurus, Velociraptor">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithodesmidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dromaeosaurinae" in="Dromaeosaurus" out="Velociraptor">
+ <CGENUS name="Dromaeosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Velociraptorinae" in="Velociraptor" out="Dromaeosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Deinonychus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saurornitholestes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Velociraptor"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Coelurosauria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="A Deadly Weapon"> <ILLO align="right" name="dromaeosaurid_pes"/> The most striking
+feature of the dromaeosaurids was the large second claw of the foot, which
+was highly mobile and could swing back and forth, thus giving it the
+nickname "switchblade claw" or "sickle claw". Similar claws were present
+on the feet of other primitive <LINK content="paravians"/>, as well as
+<LINK content="troodontids"/> (which may be paravians) and, to a lesser
+extent, <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/>. Troodontids were once included in
+Deinonychosauria because of their "sickle claws", but they are usually now
+recognized as relatives of <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/> (a.k.a.
+"ostrich mimics"). </P>
+
+<P> The attack strategy of a dromaeosaurid was possibly to leap at its
+prey, feet and arms extended. This posture would be balanced by the long,
+stiff tail. The dromaeosaurid would grab onto its prey with cruel,
+grasping hands, then tear out the unfortunate creature's throat or guts
+with the eviscerating foot-claws. </P>
+
+<P> The energy and quickness needed to carry out such a maneuver is one
+piece of evidence used in the debate over whether <LINK
+content="dinosaurs"/> were cold-blooded or warm-blooded. </P>
+
+<P header="Speculation on Behavior"> These dinosaurs may have hunted in packs, as shown by one find where
+three <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> skeletons were found near a skeleton of
+the herbivore <NOMEN name="Tenontosaurus"/>. But another dromaeosaurid
+find shows a solitary <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/> locked in combat with a
+<NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>. It may be that these creatures used
+whatever hunting strategy fitted the situation, as wolves (<NOMEN
+name="Canis lupus" nolink="1"/>) do today, or that behavior varied between
+species, as in gregarious lions (<NOMEN name="Panthera leo" nolink="1"/>)
+and solitary tigers (<NOMEN name="Panthera tigris" nolink="1"/>). </P>
+
+<P header="Feathered Friends"> Dromaeosaurids were probably very close to
+<LINK content="bird"/> ancestry, as shown by their bird-like hip arrangement
+(unusual for non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="saurischians"/>),
+extremely stiffened tails, and their similarity to the feathered, flying
+<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>. In fact, the most recently published
+deinonychosaur, <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, shows impressions
+of feathers or feather-like integument (not too much of a surprise,
+since feathered dinosaurs less closely related to birds had already been
+found). They may have even been secondarily flightless,
+like modern-day <LINK content="ratite"/> birds.</P>
+
+<P header="Movie Stars"> "'Raptors" were one of the major stars of the blockbuster movie
+<U>Jurassic Park</U>. Although this movie and its sequel, <U>Jurassic Park
+2: The Lost World</U> boasts the most accurate dinosaurs in the history of
+movies, there are a significant number of errors, especially with the
+"'raptors". The most obvious problem is that they were much too big. Real
+<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/> were about the size of jackals. Even <NOMEN
+name="Velociraptor"/>'s big brother <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> wasn't as
+big as <U>Jurassic Park</U>'s "'raptors". </P>
+
+<P> The reason for this is probably as follows. Michael Crichton wanted to
+use a fierce, approximately man-sized predator. <NOMEN
+name="Deinonychus"/> was ideal. But he also wanted the name <NOMEN
+name="Velociraptor"/> for plot reasons. Luckily for him, there was one
+dinosaur researcher who believed the two dinosaurs were similar enough to
+be in the same genus, which by virtue of seniority would be called <NOMEN
+name="Velociraptor"/>. So, Crichton used <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/> but
+called it <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>. (Since then, new studies of the
+skulls have shown them to be separate genera.) </P>
+
+<P> For the movie they decided to bump the size up. They also gave it a
+more <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>-like head, unlike <NOMEN
+name="Velociraptor"/>'s, which has a rather concave snout. </P>
+
+<P> Interestingly, while the movie was being made, a new dromaeosaurid was
+found which was even larger than the movie's "'raptor". The discovery of
+this new dinosaur (<NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/>) showed that there actually
+must have been a <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>-like creature about the same
+size as the ones in Jurassic Park, an intermediate in size between
+<NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/> and <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>. In fact, some
+undescribed forms may fit the bill. </P>
+
+<P> So the "'raptor" in <U>Jurassic Park</U> is probably a decent
+approximation of a real, undescribed dromaeosaurid (not a <NOMEN
+name="Velociraptor"/>, though), except for some further inaccuracies, like
+the flexible tail, the incorrect hands, and the lack of feathers. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Dinosauria" nickname='"Fearfully Great Reptiles"'>
+ <WORD key="1" content="terrible, fearfully, great, lizards, reptiles, hip, pelvis"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="saurischian dinosaurs"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauria" in="Neornithes, Triceratops" silhouette="dinosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, May" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fearfully great lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithoscelida"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pachypoda"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Pachypodes"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mississippi"/>
+ <REMAINS content="sacrum"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Beelemodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Luanpingosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Teyuwasu"/>
+ <CLINK name="Ornithischia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Saurischia" in="Neornithes" out="Triceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard<LOW>-like</LOW> ischia
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Guaibasauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Guaibasaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Sauropodomorpha"/>
+ <CLINK name="Theropoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Eoraptor"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Herrerasauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithischia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Saurischia">
+ <CGENUS name="Eoraptor"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Herrerasauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eusaurischia" status="informal">
+ <MEANING>
+ true saurischians
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha"/>
+ <CLADE name="Theropoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauria">
+ <CLADE name="Theropoda"/>
+ <CLADE name="Phytodinosauria">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithischia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ plant<LOW>-eating</LOW> dinosaurs
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha" comment="altered definition"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithischia" comment="altered definition"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="The Divisions"> There are three major types of dinosaur. <LINK content="Theropoda"/>
+includes all of the carnivorous dinosaurs, as well as their modern-day
+descendants, the <LINK content="birds"/>. <LINK
+content="Sauropodomorpha"/> consists of long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs,
+including <LINK content="sauropods"/>, the largest land
+animals of all time. The third group, <LINK content="Ornithischia"/>,
+contains many diverse forms of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs. </P>
+
+<P header="Evolution and Relationships"> Although the major groups of
+dinosaurs are clearly recognized, there
+is some debate about their relationships to each other and to the
+ancestors of dinosaurs. About the only thing that can be confidently
+stated about early dinosaurian/<LINK content="ornithodiran"/> evolution is
+that the following evolutionary lineage occured:
+<DIAGRAM>
+ancestral ornithodiran
+ |
+ +--><NOMEN name="Lagerpeton"/>
+ |
+ +--><NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/>
+ |
+ +--><NOMEN name="Pseudolagosuchus"/>
+ |
+ +--><NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>
+ |
+ +--><NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>
+ |
+ \/
+ <LINK content="Neotheropoda"/>
+</DIAGRAM> </P>
+
+<P> <LINK content="Pterosaurs"/> are thought to have split off from this
+lineage probably before <NOMEN name="Lagerpeton"/> (some don't think
+pterosaurs are particularly closely related to dinosaurs at all).
+Ornithischians probably split off somewhere before <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>,
+but perhaps between <NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/> and
+Neotheropoda. Sauropodomorphs could have split off anywhere before
+Neotheropoda, but after Ornithischia, or possibly with it. </P>
+
+<P header="Definition"> The confusion about dinosaur ancestry leads to the question "What is a
+dinosaur?" The original definition of Dinosauria, as stated by Sir Richard
+Owen in 1842, was a group of large <LINK content="reptiles"/> (which he
+considered a type of <LINK content="lizard"/>) consisting of <NOMEN
+name="Megalosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>, and <NOMEN
+name="Hylaeosaurus"/>, the only non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> dinosaur
+genera described at that time (save for <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Streptospondylus"/>, which Owen thought to be aquatic, <LINK
+content="crocodile"/>-like creatures, and some mainland European forms
+like <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Poekilopleuron"/>,
+which Owen had not examined). </P>
+
+<P> Dinosauria was traditionally divided into the orders Ornithischia
+("bird hips" -- a misleading term) and Saurischia ("lizard hips"). For
+much of the history of paleontology, the status of Dinosauria as a real
+group has been considered dubious -- Ornithischia and Saurischia were
+separated from each other and sometimes were themselves split up. More
+recently, however, cladistic analysis has reaffirmed Dinosauria as a
+natural group. It is defined as the most recent common ancestor of <LINK
+content="modern birds"/> (which are now considered saurischians) and
+<NOMEN name="Triceratops"/> (an ornithischian), plus all of that
+ancestor's descendants. (As some have noted, it might have been more
+proper to use <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
+as anchors instead of birds and <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, but this
+phylogenetic definition has priority, and, by all cladistic studies,
+represents the same group anyway. Besides, the type specimens of <NOMEN
+name="Iguanodon"/> and <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> are rather poor.) </P>
+
+<P> This definition has lead to some disagreement as to whether certain
+primitive ornithodirans are dinosaurs or not. Some include all of the
+genera shown in the above lineage in Dinosauria, whereas others don't even
+consider <LINK content="herrerasaurids"/> to be true dinosaurs. On these
+pages <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/> is considered the most primitive known true
+dinosaur, and probably a primitive theropod, due to such characteristics
+as highly reduced manual digits IV and V (neotheropods have no digit V and
+either no digit IV or a reduced one). </P>
+
+<P header="An Alternate View"> <ILLO name="saurischian_pelvis" caption="saurischian pelvis" align="left"/>
+<ILLO name="ornithischian_pelvis" caption="ornithischian pelvis" align="right"/>
+The uncertainty revolving about the origins of the major dinosaur groups
+has also caused another debate. Traditionally, Sauropodomorpha has been
+grouped with Theropoda in Saurischia, sister group to the Ornithischia.
+This is due to the fact that both saurischian groups have a primitive
+lizard-like hip bone arrangement, with the pubis pointing forward (except
+for some advanced groups), while ornithischians have a derived,
+superficially bird-like arrangement where a process on the pubis points
+backwards. (In birds and some bird-like theropods, the pubis itself
+points backwards.) </P>
+
+<P> But a minority claim that early sauropodomorphs show more similarities
+to early ornithischians than to theropods. They classify Sauropodomorpha
+and Ornithischia in Phytodinosauria ("plant dinosaurs") as a sister taxon
+to Theropoda. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Diplodocidae" nickname="Whip-Tails & Earth-Shakers">
+ <WORD key="1" content="giant, huge, long, longest, biggest, whip, tail, whiptail, quake, seism"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Diplodocidae" silhouette="diplodocidae">
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Dinheirosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dyslocosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dystrophaeus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Apatosaurinae" silhouette="apatosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Apatosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eobrontosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Diplodocinae">
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <PLACE name="Georgian Republic"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Barosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Diplodocus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Dystylosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Seismosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Supersaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Diplodocids included some of the hugest creatures to walk upon the
+Earth. <NOMEN name="Supersaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Seismosaurus"/>
+probably weighed in at 45-60 metric tonnes. </P>
+
+<P header="Digital Dinos"> These animals have been the focus of several computer-assisted studies
+in biophysics. One study suggests that diplodocids could actually crack
+their tails like whips, causing loud sonic booms. Another study, focusing
+on the other end of the animals, suggests that they could not hold their
+heads very high, and thus may have fed on low-growing vegetation. This
+goes against previous thought that <LINK content="sauropods"/> evolved their
+long necks to reach into the trees. </P>
+
+<P header="Integument"> Recently a diplodocid was found with non-bony dermal spines along its
+back. Since non-bony structures are rarely preserved, it is not certain
+how widely throughout <LINK content="Sauropodomorpha"/> this feature
+existed. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Diplodocimorpha" nickname="Sailback Sauropods & Kin">
+ <WORD key="1" content="sail, sailback, finback"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Diplodocimorpha" in="Diplodocus" out="Saltasaurus" silhouette="diplodocimorpha">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Hisanohamasaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megacervixosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mongolosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Amphicoelias"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rebbachisauridae" silhouette="rebbachisauridae">
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="S. America"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Histriasaurus" q="1" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nigersaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rayososaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rebbachisaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Limaysaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rebbachisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Diplodocoidea" in="Diplodocus, Dicraeosaurus">
+ <CLADE name="Dicraeosauridae">
+ <UNNAMED cf="Dicraeosaurus" q="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Amargasaurus" silhouette="amargasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dicraeosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Diplodocidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Diplodocimorpha">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Diplodocoidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rebbachisauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Antarctosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Nemegtosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Nemegtosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Quaesitosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Members of this group had long, whip-like tails
+(possibly used for defense), peg-like teeth, and high vertebral spines.
+The extremely long spines of some diplodocimorphs, such as
+<NOMEN name="Amargasaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>,
+may have formed large dorsal sails, like those of the
+<LINK content="theropod"/> <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and the
+<LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Some of these animals, like the dicraeosaurids, made it into the
+Cretaceous, but not to the end of the Mesozoic Era. </P>
+
+<P header="The Elusive Giant"> There is a possible diplodocimorph named <NOMEN name="Amphicoelias fragillimus"/>, known
+from a drawing of a crumbling neural arch. Based on comparison to
+other diplodocimorphs, it would have been about 50m long and weighed about
+120-150 tonnes, making it by far the largest land creature of all time!
+Unfortunately, the actual specimen has been lost, presumably disintegrated,
+for a long time (if it ever, indeed, existed). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Enantiornithes" nickname='"Opposite Birds"'>
+ <WORD key="1" content="bird, toothed, toothless, teeth, opposite, avian"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Enantiornithes" in="Enantiornis" out="Neornithes" silhouette="pygostylia">
+ <MEANING>
+ opposite birds
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED comment="juvenile">
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Eoalulavis"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Gurilynia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Iberomesornis" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lingyuanornis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Vorona" q="1" silhouette="paraves"/>
+ <CLADE name="Alexornithiformes" incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Alexornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kizylkumavis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lenesornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sazavis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Eoenantiornithiformes" q="1">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Eoenantiornis"/> forms</MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Eoenantiornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Sinornithiformes">
+ <CGENUS name="Sinornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cathayornithiformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Cathayornis"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Cuspirostrisornithidae" q="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Cuspirostrisornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Largirostrisornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cathayornithidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Boluochia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Cathayornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Longchengornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Gobipterygidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Gobipteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Horezmavis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Enantiornithiformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Enantiornis"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Zhyraornithidae" q="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Zhyraornis">
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Enantiornithidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Enantiornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nanantius"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Avisauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Lectavis"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Yungavolucris"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Concornis" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Neuquenornis"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Avisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Soroavisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Characteristics"> Enantiornitheans were a large group of <LINK content="birds"/> which
+evolved alongside modern-style birds, or <LINK content="neornitheans"/>,
+during the <LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>. Their name ("opposite birds")
+refers
+to the articulation of the scapula with the coracoid, opposite to that of
+modern birds. Like neornitheans, advanced enantiornitheans were toothless.
+These two lineages, along with <LINK content="confuciusornithids"/>,
+<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>, and <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>,
+represent the five known lineages of toothless
+<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Rise and Fall"> Enantiornitheans achieved a fair degree of
+diversity, beginning as
+small, perching fliers, with some developing into shorebirds. They
+ranged from sparrow- to vulture-size. </P>
+
+<P> Although apparently more plentiful than their neornithean cousins
+during the Cretaceous, enantiornitheans, like all non-neornithean
+dinosaurs, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Why neornitheans
+survived while they did not remains a mystery. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Hadrosaurinae" nickname="Small- & Non-Crested Duckbills" silhouette="edmontosaurini">
+ <WORD key="1" content="hadrosaur, ducknill, duck, bill, non, crest, crested"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="gryposaurin hadrosaurine"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Hadrosaurinae" in="Hadrosaurus" out="Lambeosaurus" silhouette="hadrosaurinae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Saurolophinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Hadrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Microhadrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thespesius" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Maiasaurini" silhouette="maiasaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Brachylophosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Maiasaura"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Gryposaurini">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Hadrosaurini" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Aralosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gryposaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Edmontosaurini" silhouette="edmontosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Anatotitan"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Edmontosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shantungosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tanius" q="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Saurolophini">
+ <CGENUS name="Anasazisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kritosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Naashoibitosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Prosaurolophus" silhouette="prosaurolophus-saurolophus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saurolophus" silhouette="prosaurolophus-saurolophus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> These "duck-billed" <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> were mostly non-crested,
+although some, like <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> and <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>,
+had small, spiky crests. Hadrosaurines include the largest
+<LINK content="ornithopods"/> of all time, such as the enormous
+<NOMEN name="Shantungosaurus"/>, which was on par with small- to medium-sized
+<LINK content="sauropods"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Before the discovery of <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>, dinosaurs were
+generally thought to be
+all quadrupedal. <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>' long hindlimbs and relatively
+short forelimbs indicated otherwise. It was originally reconstructed
+standing upright, like a human. Now it is thought that all hadrosaurs,
+indeed, all <LINK content="iguanodontians"/> were facultatively
+quadrupedal, able to move on all fours or on two legs, with the back
+horizontal in all positions. </P>
+
+<P> The old genus <NOMEN name="Anatosaurus"/> has recently been sunk into
+<NOMEN name="Edmontosaurus"/>, except for one separate species, for which
+the generic name <NOMEN name="Anatotitan"/> was coined. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Hadrosauroidea" nickname="Duck-Billed Dinosaurs">
+ <WORD key="1" content="duckbill, duck, bill, duckbilled, sail, finback, sailback, fin"/>
+ <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="hadrosaur, hadrosaurs"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="duck-bill, duck-billed dinosaurs"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Hadrosauroidea" in="Hadrosaurus" out="Iguanodon" silhouette="hadrosauroidea">
+ <UNNAMED comment="sail-backed" q="1" silhouette="ouranosaurus">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Altirhinus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ouranosaurus" silhouette="ouranosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Nanyangosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hadrosauridae">
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Belgium"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Italy"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="femur, ischium"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="phalanx, caudal centrum"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mississippi"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hironosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hypsibema"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lophorhothon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Mandschurosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Orthomerus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Sanpasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Secernosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protohadros"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Claosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gilmoreosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Telmatosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Euhadrosauria" in="Hadrosaurus, Lambeosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Hadrosauridae" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CLINK name="Lambeosaurinae"/>
+ <CLINK name="Hadrosaurinae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Iguanodontia"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> These are commonly known as the "duck-billed" dinosaurs, since their
+beaks bore a superficial resemblance to those of ducks. They were the last,
+largest, and most numerous of the <LINK content="ornithopods"/>. </P>
+
+<P> More "primitive" hadrosauroids like <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>
+had small thumb-spikes,
+like the larger thumb-spikes of other <LINK content="iguanodontians"/>.
+This digit was lost entirely in hadrosaurids. <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>
+and an unnamed hadrosauroid possessed large sails on their backs, like those
+of <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Hadrosaurids are divided into two subfamilies, the generally non-crested
+hadrosaurines and the lambeosaurines, which developed large hollow crests
+on their heads. At least one scientist considers them to be two separate families,
+with <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> closer to the hadrosaurids and
+<NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> closer to the lambeosaurids. </P>
+
+<P header="In Water or On Land?"> It was once thought that the duck-bills, like their namesakes, were
+aquatic. This notion seemed to be supported when a fossilized "mummy" of a
+hadrosaurid was discovered, showing what appeared to be webbed fingers on
+the hands. The hollow crests of the lambeosaurines were supposed to be for
+air storage, since they connected to the nasal passages. </P>
+
+<P> This theory is largely out of favor now. The "webbed" fingers, upon
+closer scrutiny, more closely resemble desiccated hoof pads. The crests
+could not have functioned as air storage, since they were rigid and
+inflexible. Air sucked out of them would have created a vacuum. And the
+rugged teeth of the hadrosaurids strongly indicate that they ate rough, woody
+plant material, not soft seaweed. The teeth in the jaw were aligned in great
+"batteries", so that if one wore out there was another one behind it to
+replace it. Some hadrosaurid jaws contained as much as 2,000 teeth! </P>
+
+<P> It seems that duck-bills led a largely terrestrial life. They would walk
+primarily on all fours, as shown by the hoof-like nails and supporting pads
+on the hands, but were easily capable of switching to bipedal locomotion. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Hesperornithiformes" nickname="Toothed Marine Birds">
+ <WORD key="1" content="bird, toothed, teeth, avian, aquatic, loon, marine, sea, seagoing, sea-going, oceanic, water, swimming, diving"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Hesperornithiformes" silhouette="hesperornithiformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Enaliornis"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pasquiaornis"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Baptornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Judinornis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hesperornithidae">
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Coniornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Asiahesperornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Parascaniornis"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hesperornithinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Hesperornis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Parahesperornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> These are the only known marine <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> of the
+<LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>! Hesperornithiforms had adapted to life in
+the oceans of Laurasia, and are best known from the
+North American interior, which was covered by a large sea during much of the
+<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Unlike the major modern-day group of marine birds (penguins),
+which have flipper-like wings, hesperornithiforms propelled
+themselves with large, (presumably) webbed feet, like loons
+and grebes. Their wings had atrophied to tiny, useless things, and their
+feet were set so far back that walking must have been extremely awkward.
+Thus, they probably spent very nearly all of their time in the water. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Heterodontosauridae" nickname="Little Tuskers">
+ <WORD key="1" content="heterodontosaur, fang, caniniform, tusk, tusker, tooth, teeth"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="lithe tuskers"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Heterodontosauridae" silhouette="cerapoda">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1966"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="small">
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Geranosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lanasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Heterodontosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Abrictosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Heterodontosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Heterodontosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lycorhinus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Heterodontosaurids were a group of small, primitive
+<LINK content="ornithischians"/>
+from the <LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>. They
+were all fairly similar to each other. Some species, such as
+<NOMEN name="Heterodontosaurus tucki"/>, bore small tusks while others, like
+<NOMEN name="Abrictosaurus consors"/>, were tuskless. It has been suggested
+that perhaps only one gender bore tusks, and what are currently considered
+separate
+species may only be separate genders of the same species. </P>
+
+<P> Heterodontosaurids were traditionally considered primitive
+<LINK content="ornithopods"/>, although they bear a number of similarities to
+<LINK content="marginocephalians"/> as well. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ichthyopterygia" nickname="Reptilian Dolphins" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="fish, lizard, fish-lizard, marine, reptile, aquatic, sea, oceanic"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Stenopterygius"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ichthyopterygia" in="Ichthyosaurus" out="Plesiosaurus, Lepidosauria, Archosauria" silhouette="ichthyopterygia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1840"/>
+ <MEANING>fish flippers</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Hupehsuchidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE in="Ichthyosaurus, Parvinatator, Utatsusaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ichthyopterygia" sensu="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Isfjordosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thaisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Parvinatator"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Utatsusaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eoichthyosauria" in="Grippia, Ichthyosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>dawn ichthyosaurs</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Grippidia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chaohusaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Grippia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ichthyosauria" in="Ichthyosaurus" out="Grippia">
+ <MEANING>fish lizards/<NOMEN name="Ichthyosaurus" nolink="1">' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Blainville" year="1835"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mikadocephalus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name='"Shastasaurus" neubigi' incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Wimanius" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Cymbospondylus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Mixosauridae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Baur" year="1887"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Merriamosauria" in="Shastasaurus, Ichthyosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CLADE name="Shastasauria" in="Shastasaurus" out="Ichthyosaurus">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Shastasaurus" nolink="1">' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Pessopteryx" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Shastasauridae" in="Besanosaurus, Shastasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Merriam" year="1908"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Euichthyosauria" in="Ichthyosaurus" out="Shastasaurus">
+ <MEANING>true ichthyosaurs</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Toretocnemus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Californosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Parvipelvia" in="Macgowania, Ichthyosaurus">
+ <MEANING>small pelves <LOW>(hips)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Macgowania"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Hudsonelpidia"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Suevoleviathan"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Temnodontosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eurhinosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Leptonectes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Excalibosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eurhinosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Thunnosauria" in="Stenopterygius, Ichthyosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Motani" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chacaicosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stenopterygius"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Ichthyosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Opthalmosauridae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Appleby" year="1956"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Despite their name, ichthyosaurs were neither <LINK content="fish"/> nor
+<LINK content="lizards"/>, but
+a <LINK content="sauropsid"/> group of uncertain origin that evolved into
+completely marine forms. Like sharks, they had dorsal fins and a tail
+fin that swept side-to-side. </P>
+
+<P> Ichthyosaurs arose during the <LINK content="Triassic"/>, but did not
+make it to the end of the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>. They were gone
+before the K/T Extinction, which killed off other large marine
+<LINK content="reptiles"/> and the non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>.
+</P>
+
+<P> Unlike all other advanced <LINK content="tetrapods"/>, ichthyosaurs
+had more than five digits. It was once thought that they might be related
+to very early tetrapods like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Ichthyostega"/>, which had
+as many as eight digits, but it seems more likely that they developed the
+extra digits from an ancestor with five digits, although this is the only
+known case of this happening in all of Tetrapoda. (Usually digits are
+lost.) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Iguanodontia" nickname="Spike-Thumbs - The Road to Duck-Bills" silhouette="iguanodontia-robust">
+ <WORD key="1" content="iguanodont, spike, thumb, first"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Iguanodontia" in="Iguanodon" out="Hypsilophodon" silhouette="ornithopoda">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="small">
+ <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Caudocoelus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Magulodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mandschurosaurus laosensis" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Muttaburrasaurus" q="1" silhouette="iguanodontia-robust"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Tenontosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE silhouette="iguanodontia-robust">
+ <CGENUS name="Rhabdodon"/>
+ <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Romania"/><TIME value="Maastrichtian"/></UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED><PLACE name="Romania"/><TIME value="Maastrichtian"/></UNNAMED>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Euiguanodontia" in="Iguanodon, Gasparinisaura">
+ <MEANING>
+ true iguanodonts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Loncosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gasparinisaura"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dryomorpha" in="Dryosaurus, Iguanodon">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Dryosaurus"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Anabisetia" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dryosauridae">
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="tiny" indet="1">
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Dryosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kangnasaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Valdosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylopollexia" in="Parasaurolophus, Camptosaurus" silhouette="iguanodontia-robust">
+ <UNNAMED comment="small">
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bihariosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pararhabdodon"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Camptosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Styracosterna" in="Parasaurolophus" out="Camptosaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ spiked sterna
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Fukuisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lurdusaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Probactrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Iguanodontoidea" in="Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Hadrosauriformes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Camptosaurus sp." incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Craspedodon" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Iguanodon"/>
+ <CLINK name="Hadrosauroidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Dryomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Iguanodontoidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Camptosauridae">
+ <CLADE name="Dryosaurinae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Camptosaurinae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Iguanodontoidea">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Iguanodon"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hadrosauridae">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Horner"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Ouranosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Lambeosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The major characteristic of these medium- to large-sized herbivores is
+a spiky thumb, possibly used for defense against predators. When
+<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>, the first non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
+<LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be scientifically described, was first put
+together, its thumb-spike was
+incorrectly placed on the nose, giving it the look of a reptilian
+rhinoceros! </P>
+
+<P header="Evolution"> The animals listed here cover the transition from early,
+<LINK content="hypsilophodont"/>-like iguanodontians to the medium-sized
+<NOMEN name="Camptosaurus"/> to the archetypal <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> to the
+<LINK content="duck-billed dinosaurs"/>, the end result of
+<LINK content="ornithopod"/> evolution. The evolution of the iguanodontian
+thumb can be seen along this line as well: small in
+<NOMEN name="Camptosaurus"/>, at its maximum
+in <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>, then tiny or absent in
+<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Lambeosaurinae" nickname="Crested Duck-Bills" silhouette="lambeosaurus">
+ <WORD key="1" content="duckbill, duck, bill, duck-bill, crest, crested, trumpet, sound, noise, vocalization, helmet, hatchet"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" key="1" content="lambeosaur"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="helmeted duck-bills"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+<CLADE name="Lambeosaurinae" in="Lambeosaurus" out="Hadrosaurus" silhouette="hadrosauroidea">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurinae"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Arstanosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gadolosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pteropelyx" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Trachodon" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eolambia"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Bactrosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Parasaurolophini">
+ <CGENUS name="Tsintaosaurus" q="1" silhouette="tsintaosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE silhouette="parasaurolophus">
+ <CGENUS name="Charonosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Parasaurolophus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Lambeosaurini">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurini"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nipponosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Amurosaurus" q="1" silhouette="corythosaurus-hypacrosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Jaxartosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Lambeosaurus" silhouette="lambeosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE silhouette="corythosaurus-hypacrosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Barsboldia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Corythosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Hypacrosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+</CLADE>
+</CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Crests"> These "duck-billed" <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> bore large, hollow
+crests on their heads. The crests of <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Hypacrosaurus"/> were semicircular.
+<NOMEN name="Lambeosaurus"/> crests were similar, but with a spike jutting
+out at the back of the crest. <NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus"/> had a very
+long crest pointing backwards from the head.
+<NOMEN name="Tsintaosaurus"/> was the "duck-billed unicorn", with a narrow
+spike pointing forward from above its eyes. </P>
+
+<P> The lambeosaurine crests may have been used as sexual displays. For many
+lambeosaurine genera, there are two forms known, one with a smaller
+crest, one with a larger crest. These were originally classified as different
+species, although in some cases they may just be different genders. </P>
+
+<P> In addition to visual display, the tubular crests, which connected to the
+nasal passages, may also have been used as giant trumpets, allowing the
+lambeosaurines to let out great, deep, resonant bellows across the
+prehistoric landscape. Another idea is that the crests enhanced their sense
+of smell, allowing them to detect giant predators. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Lepidosauromorpha" nickname="Lizards, Mosasaurs, Snakes, Tuataras, & Kin" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="snakes, tuataras, squamates"/>
+ <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="lizards, mosasaurs"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="lizard, mosasaur, snake"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Mosasaurus, Rikisaurus, Tylosaurus"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+<CLADE name="Lepidosauromorpha" in="Lepidosauria" out="Archosauria" silhouette="lepidosauromorpha">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lepidosauria forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Acerodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Younginiformes" q="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eosuchia"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Galesphyridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tangasauridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Younginidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paliguanidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Eolacertilia">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Fulengidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Kuehnosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Lepidosauria" crown="1">
+ <MEANING>
+ scaly lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Rhynchocephalia" in="Sphenodon" out="Squamata">
+ <MEANING>
+ snouted heads
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sphenodontida"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Gephyrosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Diphydodontosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Planocephalosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Pleurosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sphenodontidae" content="tuataras"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Huehuecuetzpalli"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Scandensia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Squamata" crown="1">
+ <CLADE name="Iguania">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arretosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Euposauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Iguanidae" content="iguanas, anoles, collared & horned lizards, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Agamidae" content="agamas"/>
+ <CLADE name="Chameleontidae" content="chameleons"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Scleroglossa">
+ <CLADE q="1">
+ <CLADE name="Didamidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Amphisbaenia" content="worm lizards">
+ <CLADE name="Amphisbaenidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Bipedidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Hyporhinidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Oligodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rhineuridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Trogonophididae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Gekkota">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Ardeosauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bavarisauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eublepharidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gekkonoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Gekkonidae" content="geckos"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pygopodidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Autarchoglossa">
+ <CLADE name="Scincomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Paramacellodidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Scinciformes" status="informal">
+ <CLADE name="Scincoidea" status="informal">
+ <CLADE name="Scincidae" content="skinks"/>
+ <CLADE name="Feyliniidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cordyliformes">
+ <CLADE name="Cordylidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gerrhosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Lacertiformes">
+ <CLADE name="Xantusiidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Lacertoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Lacertidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Meyasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Teioidea">
+ <CLADE name="Gymnophthalmidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Teiidae" content="whiptails"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anguimorpha">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Diploglossa"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paravaranidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bainguidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anguidae" content="glass & alligator lizards"/>
+ <CLADE name="Anniellidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dorsetisauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Xenosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Platynota">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Necrosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Thecoglossa">
+ <CLADE name="Varanoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Helodermatidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Lanthanotidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Varanidae" content="monitor lizards"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pythonomorpha">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mosasauroidea">
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Opetiosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Aigalosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dolichosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mosasauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ophidia" content="snakes">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Serpentes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Scolecophidia" q="1">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Anomalepedidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Leptotyphlopidae" content="slender blind snakes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Typhlopidae" content="blind snakes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Lapparentophidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Simoliophidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Booidea">
+ <CLADE name="Boidae" content="constrictors"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dinilysiidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palaeophidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pythonidae" content="pythons"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Alethinophidia">
+ <CLADE name="Anilioidea">
+ <CLADE name="Aniliidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Loxocemidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Uropeltidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Xenopeltidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Ophiomorphus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Pachyrhachis" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Macrostomata">
+ <CLADE name="Bolyeriidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tropidophiidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Acrochordoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Acrochordidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Nigerophidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Colubroidea">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Anomalophidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Colubridae" content="water, hognose, green, rat & earth snakes, etc."/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Russelophidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Proteroglypha">
+ <CLADE name="Elapidae" content="cobras, coral snakes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Opisthoglypha">
+ <CLADE name="Viperidae" content="vipers"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+</CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Lepidosauromorphs include all <LINK content="reptiles"/> with
+overlapping scales. Two types of lepidosauromorph remain alive today:
+<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sphenodon"/> (tuatara) and the squamates
+(lizards and their descendants, snakes). </P>
+
+<P> During the late <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>, there were huge, marine
+squamates known as mosasaurs. They went extinct at the end of the
+<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>, along with all non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Macronaria" nickname="Nasal-Crested Sauropods" silhouette="brachiosauridae">
+ <WORD key="1" content="camarasaurs, brachiosaurs, big, huge, large, tallest, crested, biggest"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="brachiosaur, brachiosaurs, camarasaur, Cetiosauridae"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Macronaria" in="Saltasaurus" out="Diplodocus" silhouette="macronaria">
+ <MEANING>
+ large nares
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wilson, Sereno"/>
+ <UNNAMED incertae="1" q="1">
+ <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="specimens"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Abrosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Aragosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bashunosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chondrosteosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lourinhasaurus" q="1" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sugiyamasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Camarasauromorpha" in="Camarasaurus, Saltasaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Camarasauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Camarasaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauriformes" in="Titanosaurus, Brachiosaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="QM" id="F6142" content="partial cervical vertebra"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Pleurocoelus">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Austrosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bellusaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bothriospondylus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Damalasaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Ischyrosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Ornithopsis"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pelorosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Astrodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Atlasaurus" silhouette="brachiosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Cedarosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eucamerotus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Giraffatitan" silhouette="brachiosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pleurocoelus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sauroposeidon" silhouette="brachiosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sonorasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Brachiosauridae" silhouette="brachiosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Brachiosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Titanosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Macronaria">
+ <CGENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Camarasauromorpha">
+ <CGENUS name="Camarasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauriformes">
+ <CLADE name="Brachiosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Somphospondyli" in="Saltasaurus, Euhelopus">
+ <CGENUS name="Euhelopus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Andesaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauroidea" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999">
+ <CGENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauria" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The name Macronaria ("large nostrils") refers to the enlarged nasal
+openings of this group. Like all <LINK content="sauropods"/>, their nostrils
+were situated atop their head, nearly above the eyes. Macronarians
+had crests of varying sizes formed by high nasal bones. In some
+specimens, these bones were not completely preserved, leaving the skull
+looking rather low, like those of <LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/>. For this
+reason, many were once classified with them. </P>
+
+<P header='"Camarasaurs"'> Basal (non-titanosauriform) macronarians, or
+"camarasaurs", were fairly typical sauropods of small to average size.
+They had boxy skulls and spatulate teeth. Embryonic "camarasaur" material
+indicates that some laid eggs with diameters of 24 cm. </P>
+
+<P header='"Brachiosaurs"'> Most of the animals listed above as
+non-titanosaurian titanosauriforms have been included at some time in the
+family Brachiosauridae, but their exact relations to one another are
+poorly understood at this time. Among these animals are some of the
+largest land animals of all time, such as <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Giraffatitan"/>, and the new <NOMEN name="Sauroposeidon"/>.
+Some had very high nasal crests and forelimbs longer than hindlimbs. </P>
+
+<P> It was once thought that the large crest of "brachiosaurs" was a
+snorkeling device. Since then it has been shown that if a
+<NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/> were to be submerged at such a depth as to
+need a raised blowhole on its head, the pressure on its chest would be so
+great that its lungs would collapse. Instead, it is likely that
+"brachiosaurs", and probably all sauropods, were terrestrial. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Mammalia" nickname="Furry Milksuckers" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="mammals, multis"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="bat, bats, human, mammal, glyptodont, mammalian bats, sirenians, walruses"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Antidorcas, Giraffa, Homo, Bison, Zalambdalestes"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Mammalia" sensu="stricto" crown="1" silhouette="mammalia">
+ <CLADE name="Prototheria" in="Monotremata" out="Theria">
+ <MEANING>
+ before beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Monotremata" crown="1" content="duck-bill platypuses, echidnas (or spiny anteaters)">
+ <MEANING>
+ single holes
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Allotheria" q="1">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Haramiyidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Multituberculata" content='"multis"'/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Theriiformes" in="Theria" out="Monotremata">
+ <MEANING>
+ Theria forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Triconodonta">
+ <CLADE name="Holotheria">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Chronoperatidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Kuehnotheria">
+ <CLADE name="Trechnotheria">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Yangotheria"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Spalacotherioidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Symmetrodonta">
+ <MEANING>
+ symmetrical teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Yinotheria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Cladotheria">
+ <MEANING>
+ branch beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dryolestoidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Amphitheriida">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Amphitheriidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Zatheria">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arguimuridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arguitheriidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Vincelestidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paramura"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tribosphenida">
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Hypomylos"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Necrolestidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Aegialodontia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Theria" sensu="stricto">
+ <MEANING>
+ beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Aethomylos" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Anizorhinus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Dakotadens" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Falepterus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Kasserinotherium" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Paleomolops" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Plicatodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Potamotelses" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Russellmys" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tetraprothomo" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tribotherium" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Zygiocuspis" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Endotheriidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Kermackiidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Picopsidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Poppotheriidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Metatheria" content="pouched mammals" in="Marsupialia" out="Placentalia">
+ <MEANING>
+ middle beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Holoclemensia"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Deltatheridioidea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Monodelphis" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Boreometatheria" q="1" content="Asian & North American pouched mammals">
+ <MEANING>
+ boreal beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Notometatheria" content="Australasian & South American pouched mammals">
+ <MEANING>
+ southern beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Protodidelphidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Borhyaenoidea" content="Borhyaena, Thylacosmilus, etc.">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sparassodonta"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bonabartheriidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Necrolestidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paradectidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Simpsonitheria" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Mayulestes"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Pucadelphys"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Andinodelphys"/>
+ <CLADE name="Marsupialia" crown="1">
+ <MEANING>
+ pouches
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Didelphimorpha" content="American opossums"/>
+ <CLADE name="Paucituberculata" q="1" content="rat opossums"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Microbiotheriidae" content="monitos del monte"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Yingabalanaridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Australidelphia" content="Australasian marsupials">
+ <MEANING>
+ Australian possums
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eometatheria" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dasyuromorpha" content="marsupial mice & rats, quolls, Tasmanian wolves & devils, numbats"/>
+ <CLADE name="Notoryctidae" q="1" content="marsupial moles"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tarsipedidae" q="1" content="honey possums"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Yalkaperidontidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Syndactyla">
+ <MEANING>
+ fused fingers
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Peramelomorpha" content="bandicoots"/>
+ <CLADE name="Diprotodonta">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Diprotodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <MEANING>
+ two front teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palorchestidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Thylacoleonidae" q="1" content="marsupial lions"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Wynyardiidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Vombatiformes" comment="wombats, koalas"/>
+ <CLADE name="Phalangeriformes" comment="phalangers, kangaroos, etc."/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Eutheria" in="Placentalia" out="Marsupialia">
+ <MEANING>
+ true beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Prokennalestes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Placentalia" status="informal" crown="1" content="placental mammals">
+ <MEANING>
+ placenta
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Aspanlestes" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Bulaklestes" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Beleutinus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Daulestes" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Eodesmatodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Eutrochodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Helioseus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Idiogenomys" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Kumsuperus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Neodesmostylus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Obtususdon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Sorlestes" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Telacodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tingamarra" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Veratalpa" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Wanotherium" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bibimalagasia" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Edentata" in="Xenarthra" out="Carnivora, Ungulata, Anagalida, Archonta, Insectivora">
+ <MEANING>
+ without teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Pholidota" q="1" content="pangolins or scaly anteaters"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palaeanodonta" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Xenarthra" crown="1" content="sloths, anteaters, armadillos"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Epitheria" in="Carnivora, Ungulata, Anagalida, Archonta, Insectivora" out="Xenarthra">
+ <MEANING>
+ after beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Apatotheria" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Asioryctitheria"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Cimolestidae" incerate="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Leptictida" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Palaeoryctidae" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Pantodonta"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Pantolesta"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Taeniodonta" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tillodonta" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Zalambdalestidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Insectivora" crown="1" content="shrews, moles, tenrecs, golden moles, hedgehogs, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ insect-eaters
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Lipotyphla"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ferae">
+ <MEANING>
+ fierce <LOW>ones</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Creodonta"/>
+ <CLADE name="Carnivoramorpha" in="Carnivora" out="Creodonta">
+ <MEANING>
+ Carnivora forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Didymictidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Carnivora" crown="1" content="dogs, bears, weasels, seals, cats, hyenas, mongooses, etc.">
+ <MEANING>meat-eaters</MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Archonta" crown="1">
+ <MEANING>
+ rulers
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Chiropteromorpha" status="informal" in="Chiroptera" out="Primates">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chiroptera forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Chiroptera" content="bats">
+ <MEANING>
+ hand wings
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dermoptera" q="1" content="colugos or flying lemurs">
+ <MEANING>
+ skin wings
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Primatomorpha" in="Primates" out="Chiroptera">
+ <MEANING>
+ Primates forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Scandentia" q="1" content="tree shrews"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Plesiadapiformes" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Primates" crown="1" content="apes, humans, lemurs, lorises, monkeys, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ primary <LOW>ones</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anagalida" crown="1">
+ <CLADE name="Macroscelidea" content="elephant shrews">
+ <MEANING>
+ large limbs
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Anagaloidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Glires" in="Lagomorpha, Rodentia">
+ <CLADE name="Duplicidentata" in="Lagomorpha" out="Rodentia">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mimotonida"/>
+ <CLADE name="Lagomorpha" crown="1" content="rabbits, hares, pikas">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Lagus"/> <LOW>(rabbit)</LOW> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Simplicidentata" in="Rodentia" out="Lagomorpha">
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Eurymylus"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Matutinia"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Rhombomylus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rodentomorpha">
+ <MEANING>
+ Rodentia forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Helomys"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rodentiformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ Rodentia forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tribosphenomys"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rodentia" crown="1" content="rodents"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ungulatamorpha" in="Ungulata" out="Carnivora, Archonta, Anagalida, Insectivora">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ungulata forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Aspanlestes"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Avitotherium"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Alostera"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Zenlestidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ungulata" sensu="lato"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dinocerata" q="1" content="Uintatherium, etc."/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Oxyclaenidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ungulata" crown="1" content="hoofed mammals, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ hooves
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arctocyonidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Arctostylopidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Paroxyclaenidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tricuspiodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tubulidentata" content="aardvarks">
+ <MEANING>
+ tubular teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mioclaenidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Periptychidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Meridiungulata" content="extinct South American ungulates">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Didolodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Astrapotheria" q="1" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Litopterna" content="Macrauchenia, etc." extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE q="1">
+ <CLADE name="Pyrotheria" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Xenungulata"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Notoungulata">
+ <MEANING>
+ southern ungulates
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Notoprongonia"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Toxodontia"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Typotheria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Mesaxonia">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Altungulata"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Paenungulata" q="1"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Penungulata" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Meniscotheriidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Phenacodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Embrithopoda" content="large, double-horned herbivores"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Hyracoidea" q="1" content="hyraxes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Perissodactyla" content="horses, rhinos, tapirs, brontotheriids, chalicotheriids, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ odd <LOW>number of</LOW> fingers
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Loxolophidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Phenacolophidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tethytheria" in="Sirenia, Elephantidae">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tethys <LOW>Sea</LOW> beasts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Sirenia" content="manatees, dugongs, sea cows">
+ <MEANING>
+ sirens <LOW>(alluring marine creatures of Greek mythology)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Desmostylia" content="hippo-like amphibious ungulates">
+ <MEANING>
+ linked beam
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Proboscidea" content="elephants, mammoths, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ probosces
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Paraxonia">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Triisodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Artiodactyla" crown="1" content="pigs, hippos, deer, giraffes, antelope, cattle, goats, sheep, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ even<LOW> number of</LOW> fingers
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cete" in="Cetacea" out="Artiodactyla">
+ <MEANING>
+ whales
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Hapalodectidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mesonychidae">
+ <CLADE name="Cetacea" content="whales" sensu="lato">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Protocetidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Remingtonocetidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Basilosauridae" content="serpent whales">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Zeuglodontidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Autoceta" content="modern whales">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Cetacea" crown="1" sensu="stricto"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Eutheria">
+ <CLADE name="Erinaceomorpha" q="1" content="hedgehogs"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Atlantogenata">
+ <CLADE name="Xenarthra"/>
+ <CLADE name="Afrotheria">
+ <MEANING>African beasts</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Afrosoricida"" content="tenrecs, golden moles, etc.">
+ <MEANING>African shrews</MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Macroscelidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pseudungulata">
+ <CLADE name="Tubulidentata"/>
+ <CLADE name="Paenungulata">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Uranotheria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hyracoidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tethytheria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Glires"/>
+ <CLADE name="Euarchonta">
+ <CLADE name="Dermoptera" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Primatomorpha"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Laurasiatheria">
+ <MEANING>Laurasian beasts</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Eulipotyphla" content="shrews & moles"/>
+ <CLADE name="Scrotifera">
+ <CLADE name="Chiroptera"/>
+ <CLADE name="Fereuungulata">
+ <CLADE name="Zooamata">
+ <MEANING>animal friends</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Carnivora"/>
+ <CLADE name="Perissodactyla"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pholidota"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Artiodactyla">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Cetartiodactyla"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Paraxonia" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tylopoda" content="camels, llamas, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Suoidea" content="pigs, peccaries"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ruminantia" content="deer, giraffes, antelope, cattle, goats, sheep, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Whippomorpha">
+ <MEANING>wh<LOW>ale-h</LOW>ippo forms</MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Hippopotamoidea" content="hippopotami, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Cetacea" sensu="lato"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Mammals originated around the same time as the
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, but remained in their shadow throughout the
+<LINK content="Mesozoic"/>. After the K/T extinction, they diversified to
+fit the niches that the dinosaurs left empty, as well as many other niches.
+Go us! Dinosaurs may be cool, but who's on top of the food chain now, eh?
+I have to go eat some <LINK content="chicken"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Neoceratosauria" nickname="Primitive Predators With Big Teeth">
+ <WORD key="1" content="predator, carnotaur, horned, horns, carnivore, carnivorous, meat"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Neoceratosauria" in="Ceratosaurus" out="Coelophysis" silhouette="neoceratosauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ new ceratosaurs
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1991"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ceratosauroidea" sensu="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Dandakosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Genusaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sarcosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Ceratosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Abelisauroidea" in="Carnotaurus" out="Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus" silhouette="abelisauroidea">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Compsosuchus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dryptosauroides" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Genyodectes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Jubbulpuria" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithomimoides" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tarascosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ilokelesia" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Laevisuchus" silhouette="abelisauroidea-small"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ligabueino" silhouette="abelisauroidea-small"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Velocisaurus" silhouette="abelisauroidea-small"/>
+ <CLADE name="Abelisauria" in="Abelisaurus, Noasaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Noasaurus" silhouette="noasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Abelisauridae" in="Abelisaurus, Carnotaurus, Indosaurus, Indosuchus, Xenotarsosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Novas" year="1997"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Indosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Xenotarsosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Indosuchus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Abelisaurinae" in="Abelisaurus" out="Carnotaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Abelisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Carnotaurinae" in="Carnotaurus" out="Abelisaurus" silhouette="carnotaurinae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Majungasaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Carnotaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Majungatholus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Abelisauroidea">
+ <CLADE name="Carcharodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Abelisauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> These were mostly medium-large predators which displayed some primitive
+characteristics, such as four manual digits, one of which was lost in
+the more "advanced" <LINK content="tetanurans"/>, the other great branch of
+<LINK content="theropods"/>. Although never quite as diverse (or numerous) as the
+tetanurans, neoceratosaurs had some variety. Most were medium-large
+predators, but there were also tiny ones like
+<NOMEN name="Ligabueino"/> and <NOMEN name="Velocisaurus"/>.
+<NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> seems to have had a large "sickle claw" on
+each foot, like the tetanuran <LINK content="troodontids"/> and
+<LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/>. Many neoceratosaurs had ornate horns on
+their heads, like <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/> and the carnotaurines. </P>
+
+<P> Neoceratosaurs were generally robust with "tall" heads. Some had a small
+opening in front of the antorbital fenestra, similar but probably
+convergent to the maxillary fenestra of tetanurans. Neoceratosaurs had six
+or seven fused sacral vertebrae, more than other theropods. </P>
+
+<P> During the <LINK content="Cretaceous"/>, neoceratosaurs inhabited the southern, or Gondwanan,
+continents. If, as a few suspect, the mighty <LINK content="carcharodontosaurines"/>
+are abelisauroids, they may have even been the dominant Gondwanan predators
+(although it seems more likely that they are
+<LINK content="allosauroids"/>). Neoceratosaurs persisted to the end of the
+<LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Neornithes" nickname="Modern Birds" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="bird, modern, classification, cladogram, evolution, feather, flight, origin, Diatryma"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="chicken, modern bird, modern birds, modern flying birds, modern-day birds, neornithean birds, ostriches, penguins, sparrow, songbird, trochilid, trochilids"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Aegotheles, Aquila, Aratinga, Casuarius, Ceratogymna, Gastornis, Dinornis, Dromaius, Opisthocomo, Pavo, Pelagornis, Sagittarius, Scaniornis, Tyto"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Neornithes" crown="1" silhouette="neornithes">
+ <MEANING>
+ new birds
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Aves" sensu="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <CLADE name="Palaeognathae" in="Ratitae" out="Passeriformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ old jaws
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Palaeognathia"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eoaves"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Eremopezus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Remiornis"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Stromeria"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Eleutherornithidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tinamiformes" content="tinamous">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Tinamus" nolink="1"/> (tinamou) forms
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ratitae" in="Apteryx, Struthio">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ratiti"/>
+ <CLADE name="Apteryges" in="Apteryx" out="Struthio">
+ <CLADE name="Apterygiformes" content="kiwis"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dinornithiformes" q="1" content="moa"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Dromornithiformes" q="1" content="mihirung"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Struthiones" in="Struthio" out="Apteryx">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Aepyornithiformes" content="elephant birds"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Casuariiformes" content="cassowaries, emus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rheiformes" content="rheas"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Lithornithiformes" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Struthioniformes" content="ostriches"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Neognathae" in="Passeriformes" out="Ratitae">
+ <MEANING>
+ new jaws
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Neognathia"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Neoaves"/>
+ <CLADE name="Galloanserae">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Gallus"/>' <LOW>(chicken) and</LOW> <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Anser"/>'s <LOW>(duck) taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Anseriformes" q="1" content="ducks, geese, swans, screamers, Presbyornis, Gastornis?"/>
+ <CLADE name="Galliformes" q="1" content="turkeys, grouse, quails, pheasants, peafowl, etc."/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Mesitornithidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ardeidae" q="1" content="herons"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eurypygoidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Otides"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rhynchoceti" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gruimorphae">
+ <CLADE name="Gruiformes" content="cranes, rails, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Podicepiformes" q="1" content="grebes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Charadriomorphae">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Graculavidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ciconiimorphae">
+ <CLADE name="Phoenicopteriformes" content="flamingos"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ciconiiformes" content="storks, spoonbills?, New World vultures?, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pelecaniformes" content="pelicans, frigate birds, gannets, boobies, cormorants, anhingas, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Procellariformes" content="albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Gaviiformes" content="loons"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sphenisciformes" content="penguins"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Burnithidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Charadriiformes">
+ <CLADE status="informal" name="Charadriida" content="avocets, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Phalaropodidae" q="1" content="phalaropes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Scolopacida" status="informal" content="jacanas, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Laridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sternidae" q="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Stercorariidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dromadidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Turnicidae" content="button quails"/>
+ <CLADE q="1">
+ <CLADE name="Pteroclidiformes"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Columbiformes" content="pigeons, doves, sandgrouse, dodo"/>
+ <CLADE name="Psittaciformes" content="cockatoos, parrots"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cariamae" content="phorusrhacids, etc"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Falconiformes" content="falcons, caracaras" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Opisthocomiformes" q="1" content="hoatzins, Foro?"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cuculiformes" q="1" content="cuckoos, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pandionidae" q="1" content="ospreys"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sagittariidae" q="1" comment="secretary birds"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Musophagiformes" q="1" content="turacos, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Accipitriformes" q="1" content="hawks, eagles, Old World vultures, Horusornis?"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anomalogonatae">
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Zygodactylus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Coliiformes" content="mousebirds"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Sandcoleiformes"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Strigiformes" content="owls"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Apodiformes" content="swifts, hummingbirds"/>
+ <CLADE name="Caprimulgiformes" content="goatsuckers"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Coraciiformes" content="rollers, courols, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Trogoniformes" content="trogons, todies, motmots, bee eaters, kingfishers, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Bucerotimorphae">
+ <CLADE name="Bucerotiformes" content="hornbills, hoopoes, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Piciformes" content="barbets, toucans, woodpeckers, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Passeriformes" content="songbirds, etc."/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This group contains all modern, toothless <LINK content="birds"/>.
+They are divided into paleognathans (ratites and tinamous) and neognathans
+(all other modern birds). Beyond that, classification gets tricky --
+there are about as many schemes as there are scientists studying avian
+phylogeny. Neornithean systematics is highly volatile at the moment, so
+don't be surprised if you see changes here. </P>
+
+<P header="Survivors"> When all the other <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> died
+out at the end of the <LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>, neornithean
+birds made an attempt to fill the empty niches left by the large predatory
+<LINK content="theropods"/>. In South America, large, ground-dwelling,
+carnivorous phorusrhacids evolved and lasted until fairly recently. But
+today, with few exceptions, birds are aerial, not terrestrial. </P>
+
+<P> In the skies, however, these last descendants of the mighty dinosaurs
+still reign supreme. They beat out <LINK content="pterosaurs"/> in the
+<LINK content="Mesozoic"/> (in the smaller niches) and today they keep
+<LINK content="mammalian bats"/> from flying during the day. There are over
+twice as many living species of bird as living species of mammal. They are
+the last vestige of the dinosaurs' dominion. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ornithischia" nickname='Beaked, "Bird-Hipped" Plant-Eaters'>
+ <WORD key="1" content="bird-hipped, bird, hipped, hips, pelvis, pelves, herbivorous, herbivores, plant, plant-eating, vegetarian, veggie, vegetable"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="genasaurian ornithischian, fabrosaurid"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithischia" in="Triceratops" out="Neornithes" silhouette="ornithischia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, May" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bird<LOW>-like</LOW> ischia
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Predentata"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Orthopoda"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="primitive">
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large, primitive">
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Alocodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lucianosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Revueltosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Technosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tecovasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Trimucrodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Xiaosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Galtonia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pekinosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pisanosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <UNNAMED incertae="1" cf="Echinodon">
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="limb elements, etc."/>
+ <REMAINS content="right dentary, left maxilla" q="1"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Agilisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Fabrosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gongbusaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lesothosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Genasauria" in="Triceratops, Ankylosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Orbitoscuta"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Echinodon"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Peishansaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Taveirosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thecospondylus" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Thyreophora"/>
+ <CLADE name="Cerapoda" in="Triceratops, Iguanodon" silhouette="cerapoda">
+ <MEANING>
+ Cera<LOW>topsia and Ornitho</LOW>poda
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Neornithischia"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Claorhynchus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Notoceratops"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tianchungosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLINK name="Ornithopoda"/>
+ <CLADE name="Marginocephalia" in="Triceratops, Pachycephalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ margin heads
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Xuanhuasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stenopelix"/>
+ <CLINK name="Pachycephalosauria"/>
+ <CLINK name="Ceratopsia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Genasauria">
+ <CLADE name="Thyreophora">
+ <CGENUS name="Scutellosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Thyreophoroidea">
+ <CGENUS name="Scelidosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ankylosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Stegosauria" comment="definition altered">
+ <CGENUS name="Emausaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Huayangosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Stegosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cerapoda">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithopoda"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Marginocephalia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Genasauria" comment="definition altered">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithopoda"/>
+ <CLADE name="Orbitoscuta" in="Triceratops, Ankylosaurus">
+ <CLADE name="Thyreophora"/>
+ <CLADE name="Marginocephalia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithischia">
+ <CGENUS name="Pisanosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Genasauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Fabrosauridae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1972"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Peng" year="1997"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Lesothosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Fabrosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Agilisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gongbusaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Cerapoda">
+ <CLADE name="Marginocephalia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithopoda">
+ <CLADE name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Euornithopoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <ILLO name="ornithischian_pelvis"/> Ornithischia includes the
+"bird-hipped" <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, so called because the pubis
+seems to run backwards and parallel to the ischium as
+in <LINK content="birds"/> (in actuality, a process on the pubis grew
+backwards). Some dislike this name since certain
+<LINK content="saurischian dinosaurs"/> had more bird-like hips (especially
+birds themselves!). They prefer the name Predentata, which refers to the
+predentary bone in the front of the lower jaw. This bone is unique to
+these dinosaurs. </P>
+
+<P> Apart from certain <LINK content="theropods"/>, ornithischians were the only
+beaked dinosaurs. They were all herbivorous (save for a few possible
+omnivores, like <LINK content="heterodontosaurids"/>), and included a very wide
+variety of forms: <LINK content="armored tanks"/>,
+<LINK content="nimble runners & duck-bills"/>,
+<LINK content="lithe tuskers"/>, <LINK content="stone-headed chargers"/>, and
+<LINK content="the horned & frilled dinosaurs"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Origin"> The earliest ornithischians were small, bipedal plant eaters, like
+<NOMEN name="Pisanosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. Most later
+ornithischian lineages became quadrupedal as they evolved into bigger forms,
+although some, like the <LINK content="ornithopods"/> and
+<LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>, retained at least some degree of
+bipedality throughout. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ornithodira" nickname='"Bird Necks" - Dinosaurs & Pterosaurs'>
+ <WORD key="1" content="lagosuchian, thecodontian, thecodont, origin, first, evolution, ancestors"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="lagosuchian, lagosuchians"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithodira" in="Neornithes, Pterodactylus, Lagosuchus, Herrerasaurus, Triceratops, Saltasaurus" silhouette="ornithosuchia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bird necks
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Avipes" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Scleromochlus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pterosauromorpha" in="Pterodactylus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="pterosauromorpha">
+ <MEANING>
+ Pterosauria forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Sharovipteryx" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Pterosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauromorpha" in="Neornithes" out="Pterodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Dinosauria forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Lagerpeton"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dinosauriformes" in="Neornithes, Lagosuchus">
+ <MEANING>
+ Dinosauria forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Lagosuchus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Marasuchus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pseudolagosuchus"/>
+ <CLINK name="Dinosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Archosauromorpha"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Classification"> Ornithodira ("bird necks") is divided into two major sections.
+Dinosauromorpha includes <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> and their early
+ancestors, the "lagosuchians". These ancestors were very small, about
+1.5 to 3.5 feet long. They were probably carnivorous or insectivorous. </P>
+
+<P> The other group, Pterosauromorpha, includes <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>,
+the so-called "flying <LINK content="reptiles"/>" (although
+<LINK content="birds"/> are also considered reptiles under the cladistic
+system). There are two possible non-pterosaurian pterosauromorphs:
+<NOMEN name="Sharovipteryx"/>, an animal which may have
+glided on membranes supported by its hindlimbs; and
+<NOMEN name="Scleromochlus"/>, a small, poorly understood creature. </P>
+
+<P> Some do not consider pterosaurs to be close relatives of dinosaurs:
+<REFER page="Archosauromorpha"/><REFER page="http://home.stlnet.com/~azero/Pterosaur_Homepage.htm" title="The Pterosaur Home Page"/></P>
+
+<P header="Warm-Blooded, Cold-Blooded, or Both?"> All ornithodirans walked
+with a fully upright stance, like that of most <LINK content="mammals"/>.
+The group is named for the S-shaped neck found in most members. </P>
+
+<P> The only living ornithodirans, birds, are highly endothermic (or
+"warm-blooded"), but there is still debate as to the metabolic rate of
+extinct ornithodirans. The idea that they were endothermic has gained
+much acceptance in recent times, but some still maintain that they were
+ectothermic (or "cold-blooded"). Others think that they may have had
+intermediate metabolisms, or alternate types of physiology. But everyone
+agrees that the upright stance of ornithodirans indicates a high level
+of activity, regardless of metabolic rate. </P>
+
+<P> It has been suggested that the fur-like integument seen in some pterosaur
+fossils and the feathers seen in some dinosaurs (fossil and living) might be
+homologous. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ornithomimosauria" nickname="Ostrich-Mimicking Speed Racers">
+ <WORD key="1" content="ostrich, bird, mimic, fast, fastest, runner, cursorial, speed, velocity"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="ostrich mimic, fast runners"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimosauria" in="Ornithomimus, Pelecanimimus" silhouette="ornithomimosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1976"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED q="1" indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="claw"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" content="pubis"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Pelecanimimus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithomimidae" sensu="Smith, Galton" year="1990"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Harpymimus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimoidea">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Deinocheirus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Garudimimus" silhouette="garudimimus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimidae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Georgia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="12 skeletons (with gastroliths)"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Sanchusaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Orcomimus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Archaeornithomimus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomiminae">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gallimimus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Anserimimus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithomimini">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dromiceiomimus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Struthiomimus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Coelurosauria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> These <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> are commonly known as the
+"ostrich mimics" or "ostrich dinosaurs" (although, technically,
+<LINK content="ostriches"/> <B>are</B> dinosaurs -- and if you think about
+it, isn't it ostriches who are ornithomimosaur mimics?). They were possibly
+the fastest of dinosaurs, with conjectured running speeds of 40-50 1.
+They all had very large eyes, like their possible relatives the
+<LINK content="troodontids"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Physical Characteristics"> A peculiar feature of the ornithomimoids is the toothless, beaked mouth.
+This may indicate that they were one of the few groups of
+non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="theropods"/> to abandon a
+predatory lifestyle, possibly assuming an herbivorous or omnivorous mode of
+life similar to that of modern-day ostriches. Early ornithomimosaurs such as
+<NOMEN name="Pelecanimimus"/> and <NOMEN name="Harpymimus"/> still had teeth,
+although they were quite small. </P>
+
+<P> Ornithomimoids were all fairly similar. They had lost the first, inner
+toe, a dewclaw in most theropods. The ornithomimids are especially difficult
+to distinguish from each other, and for this reason some feel that they
+should all be lumped into one genus, <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Size"> Ornithomimosaurs were fairly similar in size, from the most primitive ones
+at 2 meters long to the advanced ones at 3.5-4m. The exception is the giant
+ornithomimoid <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ornithopoda" nickname="From Dinosaurian Gazelles to Bulky Duck-Bills">
+ <WORD key="1" content="hypsilophodontian"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="nimble runners & duck-bills"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithopoda" in="Iguanodon" out="Triceratops" silhouette="ornithopoda">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird feet
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="large">
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="with nests">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED content="small">
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Atlascopcosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Fulgurotherium"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Leaellynasaura"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Nanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Notohypsilophodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Phyllodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Qantassaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Siluosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tichosteus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Yandusaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Bugenasaura"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thescelosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Zephyrosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Orodromeus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Zephyrosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Othnieliidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Yandusaurus multidens"/>
+ <CLADE name="Othnieliinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Drinker"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Othnielia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Euornithopoda" in="Iguanodon, Hypsilophodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ true ornithopods
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Parksosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontia" in="Hypsilophodon" out="Iguanodon">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Hypsilophodontidae" sensu="Sues" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Hypsilophodon"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Iguanodontia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithopoda">
+ <CLINK name="Heterodontosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Euornithopoda">
+ <CLADE name="Iguanodontia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontia">
+ <CGENUS name="Bugenasaura"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thescelosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontoidea">
+ <CLADE name="Hypsilophodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Othnieliidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Zephyrosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="History of Classification"> This group has at various times included nearly all bipedal
+<LINK content="ornithischians"/>. By now many forms once included here have
+been recognized as primitive members of other largely quadrupedal groups
+(<NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/>),
+creatures too primitive to belong to any major ornithischian clade
+(<NOMEN name="Pisanosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>),
+or members of their own group (<LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>).
+Ornithopoda still includes "hypsilophodonts" and
+<LINK content="iguanodonts"/> (including <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/>,
+or duck-billed dinosaurs), and possibly <LINK content="heterodontosaurids"/>
+as well. </P>
+
+<P> It was once thought that the animals listed on this page formed a clade:
+Hypsilophodontia, sister clade of <LINK content="Iguanodontia"/>. But newer
+studies indicate that this group was paraphyletic. The only definite
+hypsilophodont is <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/> itself. </P>
+
+<P header="Niche"> The animals on this page were small or tiny bipedal runners which may
+have lived lifestyles similar to those of such modern-day
+<LINK content="mammals"/> as deer, gazelles, and kangaroos. From creatures
+such as these came the larger, semi-quadrupedal iguanodonts. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Ornithurae" nickname="Advanced Birds" silhouette="ambiortimorphae">
+ <WORD key="1" content="bird, toothed, teeth, origin, evolution, classification, cladogram"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="ichthyornithid, ornithuran bird"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithurae" in="Neornithes, Hesperornis" silhouette="pygostylia">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird tails
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Patagopterygiformes">
+ <CGENUS name="Patagopteryx" silhouette="pygostylia-flightless"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Gargantuavis" silhouette="pygostylia-flightless"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Kuszholia" silhouette="pygostylia-flightless"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Hesperornithiformes"/>
+ <CLADE name="Carinatae" in="Neornithes, Ichthyornis">
+ <CLADE name="Ambiortimorphae" in="Ambiortus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="ambiortimorphae">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ambiortus"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Ambiortiformes">
+ <CGENUS name="Ambiortus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Chaoyangiiformes" q="1">
+ <CLADE name="Chaoyangiidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Chaoyangia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Songlingornithidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Songlingornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ichthyornithiformes">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Apatornithiformes" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ichthyornis"/> forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Apatornis" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ichthyornis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Neornithes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Ornithurans include modern birds (<LINK content="neornitheans"/>) and
+their relatives. Except for neornitheans, ornithurans retained small
+teeth in their jaws, except at the front of the upper jaw (premaxilla). </P>
+
+<P header="Varieties"> Four main types are known: the flightless patagopterygiforms,
+the aquatic <LINK content="hesperornithiforms"/>, the seaside-dwelling
+ambiortimorphs, and the extremely diverse neornitheans. All lived in the
+<LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>, and all except neornitheans died out at the
+end of the Cretaceous. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Oviraptorosauria" nickname="Toothless Weirdos & Little Sprinters" silhouette="oviraptoridae-crested">
+ <WORD key="1" content="egg, eggs, nest, nests"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="toothless weirdos"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Oviraptorosauria" in="Oviraptor, Chirostenotes" silhouette="oviraptorosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1976"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Padian, Hutchinson, Holtz" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Caenagnathidae" sensu="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Caenagnathoidea"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Oviraptoroidea"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nomingia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Caenagnathidae" in="Chirostenotes" out="Oviraptor">
+ <UNNAMED comment="large">
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Elmisauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Caenagnathasia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Caenagnathinae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Elmisaurinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chirostenotes"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elmisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Oviraptoridae" in="Oviraptor" out="Chirostenotes">
+ <UNNAMED cf="Oviraptor">
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium with nest of eggs"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large">
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Conchoraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ingenia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Oviraptor" silhouette="oviraptoridae-crested"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rinchenia" silhouette="oviraptoridae-crested"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Classification and Characteristics"> This group includes the oviraptorids and the caenagnathids. The latter
+are a somewhat poorly known group, known mainly by hands and feet, which
+are fairly <LINK content="bird"/>-like. </P>
+
+<P> Oviraptorids were a very peculiar group of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
+Their mouths were entirely toothless, forming beaks. They were sometimes
+classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>, another group of
+toothless theropods. However, they lack the arctometatarsalian foot of
+the ornithomimids and other <LINK content="arctometatarsalian"/>
+theropods. </P>
+
+<P header="A Devoted Mother"> One oviraptorid specimen was found huddled atop a nest of its own eggs,
+its wing-like arms spread over them. Apparently it was protecting its brood
+when a sand avalanche buried and killed it. (The head of the
+specimen is missing, so it is not certain which type of oviraptorid it is,
+although it may well be <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>.) </P>
+
+<P header="The End"> It is not certain whether oviraptorosaurs made it to the very end of
+the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>. There is no evidence of them from very
+late <LINK content="Maastrichtian"/> sediments, so they may have died out
+right before the K/T Extinction. But some dinosaur groups are only known to
+have died out in the K/T Extinction because their teeth have been found from
+that time. Since oviraptorosaurs had no teeth, and teeth preserve better than
+other remains, they may have made it to the end but not left any evidence
+that we have yet found. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Pachycephalosauria" nickname="Bone-Heads">
+ <WORD key="1" content="bone, butt, bone-headed, butt-headed, head, heads, headed, ram, ramming"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="stone-headed chargers"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Pachycephalosauria" in="Pachycephalosaurus" out="Triceratops" silhouette="pachycephalosauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Yaverlandia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Wannanosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Goyocephalia" in="Goyocephale, Pachycephalosaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Goyocephale"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Goyocephale"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Micropachycephalosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Homalocephaloidea" in="Homalocephale, Pachycephalosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Homalocephale"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornatotholus" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Pachycephalosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This was an odd group of <LINK content="ornithischians"/>, characterized by an
+extremely thick skull roof, often lined with small bumps and spikes. The
+most commonly accepted explanation for these thick "bone-heads" is that
+they were used to butt heads in mating displays similar to those of
+bighorn sheep. </P>
+
+<P header="History of Classification"> Pachycephalosaurs were once classified as <LINK content="ornithopods"/>,
+mainly because of their bipedal stance. But they seem to be more closely
+related to the <LINK content="ceratopsians"/>, due to similarities such
+as a ridge along the back of the skull, which evolved into a frill among
+the ceratopsians. </P>
+
+<P> The genera listed here were the "flat-headed" pachycephalosaurs. They
+were sometimes grouped into the family Homalocephalidae, although this is
+probably paraphyletic. </P>
+
+<P header="Location"> Pachycephalosaurs, known only from the northern hemisphere
+(with few possible exceptions), are fairly
+rare, leading some to theorize that they may have inhabited environments
+that were not conducive to fossilization, such as mountains. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Pachycephalosauridae" nickname="Dome-Heads">
+ <WORD key="1" content="bone, butt, dome, dome-headed, head, heads, headed, ram, sheep"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Pachycephalosauridae" silhouette="pachycephalosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Stegoceras"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pachycephalosaurinae">
+ <CLADE content="Asian forms">
+ <CGENUS name="Tylocephale"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Prenocephale"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pachycephalosaurini" content="N. American forms">
+ <UNNAMED comment="high-domed">
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Gravitholus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Microcephale" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stygimoloch" silhouette="stygimoloch"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Pachycephalosaurids were the "dome-headed" pachycephalosaurs. Their skull
+roofs were immensely thickened to create a large dome of solid bone on the
+top of their skulls. The dome was adorned by bumps and spikes, which grew
+quite long in <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/>. The spine was strengthened,
+possibly for head-on butting. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>, at around 25 feet in length, was
+by far the giant of the group. Most other species were less than 10 feet
+long. <NOMEN name="Microcephale"/> was one of the smallest
+non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaurs. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Pterodactyloidea" nickname='"Pterodactyls" - Advanced Fliers'>
+ <WORD key="1" content="pterodactyl, ptero, pterodactyls, flying, flight, soaring, flew, wing"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Pterodactyloidea" silhouette="pterodactyloidea">
+ <UNNAMED q="1" comment="large">
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="right manual phalanx II"/>
+ <!--WINGSPAN value="3.5"/-->
+ <!--WINGSPAN value="5"/-->
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Dermodactylus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Eosipterus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Herbstosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Kepodactylus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Mesadactylus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Wyomingopteryx"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Nyctosaurus" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-crested"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithocheiroidea">
+ <CLADE name="Ornithocheiridae" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-curved">
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="shoulder girdle, vertebra, mandible section"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Araripedactylus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Araripesaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Brasileodactylus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Santanadactylus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pteranodontoidea" silhouette="pteranodontoidea">
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="jaw fragments"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial pelvis, sacral centra, sacral rib"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" content="toothed jaw fragment"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Bogolubovia" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithostoma"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithodesmus latidens"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pteranodon" silhouette="pteranodon"/>
+ <CLADE name="Anhangueridae" silhouette="anhangueridae">
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <TIME value="K"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="front of upper jaw without tip"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Cearadactylus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Coloborhynchus clavirostris"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Criorhynchus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Siroccopteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tropeognathus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Anhanguerinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Anhanguera" silhouette="anhanguera"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Arthurdactylus" silhouette="pterodactyloidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cycnorhamphus" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-crested"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Normannognathus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pterodactylidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Germanodactylidae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Germanodactylus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pterodactylus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ctenochasmatidae" silhouette="ctenochasmatidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Ctenochasma" silhouette="pterodactyloidea-curved"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Huanhepterus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pterodaustro" silhouette="pterodaustro"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gnathosaurinae" status="informal" silhouette="gnathosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Gnathosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Plataleorhynchus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dsungaripteridae" silhouette="dsungaripteridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Dsungaripterus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Noripterus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Phobetor"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Puntanipterus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Azhdarchoidea" silhouette="azhdarchoidea">
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="jaw fragments"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Tapejara" silhouette="tapejara"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Tupuxuara" silhouette="tupuxuara"/>
+ <CLADE name="Azhdarchidae">
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="jaw fragments"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="Solana giant">
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="specimen with skin impressions"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="proximal end of ulna"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Arambourgiania"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Azhdarcho"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Bennettazhia" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Diopocephalus" silhouette="azhdarchidae-small"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Doratorhynchus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Montanazhdarcho"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Quetzalcoatlus" silhouette="quetzalcoatlus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Zhejiangopterus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Pterodactyloidea">
+ <CLADE name="Scalmognatha" status="informal">
+ <CGENUS name="Germanodactylus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pteranodon"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Nyctosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dsungaripteridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tapejaridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Tapejara"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tupuxuara"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Euthygnatha" status="informal">
+ <CGENUS name="Germanodactylus rhamphastinus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cycnorhamphus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithodesmus latidens"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ornithocheiroidea">
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Anhangueridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pterodactylus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pterodaustro"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ctenochasmatidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Ctenochasma"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gnathosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Tanydiroptera" status="informal">
+ <CGENUS name="Diopocephalus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Doratorhynchus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Huanhepterus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Azhdarchidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Pterodactyloids included the largest flying animals of all time. Giants
+like <NOMEN name="Quetzalcoatlus"/> could grow to have wingspans over 30
+feet, possibly weighing over 500 pounds. </P>
+
+<P header="Rise and Fall"> These short-tailed <LINK
+content="pterosaurs"/> came in a wide
+variety of forms, from the forceps-beaked <NOMEN name="Dsungaripterus"/> to
+the sieve-toothed <NOMEN name="Pterodaustro"/> to the toothless
+<NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/>. Several had enormous crests atop their heads. </P>
+
+<P> Pterodactyloid diversity declined throughout the
+<LINK content="Late Cretaceous"/>. By the end there were only a few giant
+forms, the smaller niches having all been taken over by
+<LINK content="birds"/>. This last remnant went extinct at the end of the
+<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>, as did all <LINK content="ornithodirans"/>
+save for <LINK content="neornithean birds"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Pterosauria" nickname="Flying Reptiles">
+ <WORD key="1" content="pterodactyl, flying, reptile, wing, flight"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Pterosauria" in="Pterodactylus, Preondactylus" silhouette="pterosauria">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>winged lizards</MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithosauria"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="crested, toothed"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Comodactylus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Laopteryx"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Rhamphinion"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Preondactylus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anurognathidae" silhouette="anurognathidae">
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Dendrorhynchoides"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Anurognathus" silhouette="anurognathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Batrachognathus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sordes"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Scaphognathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Odontorhynchus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Dorygnathus" silhouette="dorygnathus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dimorphodontidae" silhouette="dimorphodontidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Dimorphodon" silhouette="pterosauria"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nesodactylus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Peteinosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Campylognathoididae">
+ <CGENUS name="Campylognathoides"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eudimorphodon"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rhamphorhynchidae" silhouette="rhamphorhynchidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Rhamphocephalus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Angustinaripterus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Parapsicephalus"/>
+ <CLINK name="Pterodactyloidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Pterosauria">
+ <CGENUS name="Preondactylus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dimorphodontidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Peteinosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Dimorphodon"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Nesodactylus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Anurognathinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Anurognathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Batrachognathus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Tipidactyla" status="informal">
+ <CLADE name="Rhamphorhynchidae">
+ <CGENUS name="Eudimorphodon"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Campylognathoides"/>
+ <CLADE name="Rhamphorhynchinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Dorygnathus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sordes"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Scaphognathus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Parapsicephalus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Angustinaripterus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pterodactyloidea"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="Fliers Unlike Any Other"> Although they were the only other flying <LINK content="archosaurs"/>,
+pterosaurs were not closely related to <LINK content="birds"/>. Their
+wings had a very different structure. Birds support their wings with their
+second finger (or possibly third, if the frame shift hypothesis is true),
+while pterosaurs used the fourth. Additionally, pterosaurian
+wings were largely made up of skin membranes strengthened by fibers, while
+avian wings consist mainly of feathers. </P>
+
+<P header="Origins and Evolution"> Pterosaurs originated at about the
+same time as the
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. They began as small, long-tailed forms,
+sometimes called "rhamphorhynchoids". From these came larger,
+short-tailed forms, which make up the group
+<LINK content="Pterodactyloidea"/>. </P>
+
+<P> There is a recent theory that pterosaurs were not archosaurs, but
+derived from some type of basal <LINK content="archosauromorph"/>.
+For more:
+<REFER page="http://home.stlnet.com/~azero/Pterosaur_Homepage.htm"
+title="The Pterosaur Home Page"/> </P>
+
+<P header="Integument"> Pterosaurs were unique among <LINK content="reptiles"/> in that at least some
+of them were covered with hair, similar but not homologous to
+<LINK content="mammalian"/> hair. Although in some cases fibers in the wing
+membrane have been mistaken for hair, some fossils such as those of
+<NOMEN name="Sordes pilosus"/> ("hairy demon") do show hair on the head,
+neck, and torso, much like modern-day bats. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Sauropoda" nickname="Behemoths of the Land">
+ <WORD key="1" content="brontosaur, cetiosaur, big, huge, large, humongous, giant, enormous, gigantic, biggest, largest, hugest, heaviest, heavy, bulky, bulkiest, earth, shaking, club, tail, tailed, neck, long, longest, defense, weapon"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="cetiosaur"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropoda" in="Saltasaurus" out="Plateosaurus" silhouette="sauropoda">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Wilson, Sereno"/>
+ <MEANING>lizard feet</MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Opisthocoelia" sensu="Riggs">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1860"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="left maxilla"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="late" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Yemen"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="small">
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Asiatosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Cardiodon"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Kunmingosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Moshisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Pleurocoelus altus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Qinlingosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Titanosaurus falloti" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Titanosaurus rahioliensis"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Ultrasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tendaguriidae" incertae="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Heinrich, Wild" year="2000"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tendaguria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Isanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kotasaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Vulcanodon"/>
+ <CLADE in="Saltasaurus" out="Vulcanodon">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eusauropoda" sensu="Wilson, Sereno"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Datousaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shunosaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="shunosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Barapasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Zizhongosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eusauropoda" in="Saltasaurus" out="Barapasaurus, Ohmdenosaurus, Vulcanodon, Zizhongosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Upchurch"/>
+ <MEANING>true sauropods</MEANING>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Chuanjiesaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Dachongosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Euhelopus" incertae="1" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hudiesaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Klamelisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Lancanjiangosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lapparentosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Morosaurus agilis"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mamenchisaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Nurosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Omeisaurus" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Oshanosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Protognathosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Rhoetosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tehuelchesaurus" silhouette="euhelopodinae"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tienshanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Amygdalodon"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Volkheimeria" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Patagosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cetiosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Rebbachisaurus tasmenensis" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Jobaria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Neosauropoda" in="Saltasaurus, Diplodocus">
+ <MEANING>
+ new sauropods
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Cetiosauriscus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Agustiniidae" incertae="1" silhouette="agustiniidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Agustinidae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Agustinia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Diplodocimorpha"/>
+ <CLINK name="Macronaria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropoda">
+ <CLADE name="Vulcanodontidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Barapasauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Barapasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Vulcanodon"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Zizhongosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Eusauropoda">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cetiosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Neosauropoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Euhelopodidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Mamenchisauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Bellusaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Hudiesaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Klamelisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Nurosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Tienshanosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Datousaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shunosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Euhelopodinae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Euhelopus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mamenchisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Omeisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropoda">
+ <CGENUS name="Vulcanodon"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eusauropoda" in="Saltasaurus" out="Vulcanodon">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Wilson, Sereno"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shunosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Barapasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Omeisaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Jobaria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Neosauropoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Sauropods were giant, long-necked <LINK content="dinosaurian"/> plant-eaters.
+All sauropods were quite large. Even the smallest ones were about as big as
+the largest members of other dinosaur groups. </P>
+
+<P header="Diversity"> Early sauropods like <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> resembled
+"<LINK content="prosauropods"/>", especially
+<LINK content="melanorosaurids"/>. As sauropod evolution progressed,
+they became larger and more diverse. There were crested forms
+(<LINK content="macronarians"/>), armored forms
+(<LINK content="titanosaurs"/>), a plated form (<NOMEN name="Agustinia"/>),
+sailback forms (some <LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/>), and a
+club-tailed form (<NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>), but they were
+never quite as diverse as the other two major dinosaurian groups,
+<LINK content="Theropoda"/> and <LINK content="Ornithischia"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Classification"> The eusauropods shown here were often grouped together in Cetiosauridae,
+but it is probably a paraphyletic grouping. Vulcanodontidae, consisting of
+the non-eusauropod sauropods, is also probably paraphyletic. </P>
+
+<P header="Euhelopodidae or Not Euhelopodidae?"> There is a wide variance
+of opinion about this group, if it is a group. Some hold that the
+club-tailed <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>, the long-necked euhelopodines
+(<NOMEN name="Euhelopus"/>, <NOMEN name="Mamenchisaurus"/>, and <NOMEN
+name="Omeisaurus"/>), and some of their relatives form a distinct clade.
+More recently, other studies have strewn these animals all over Sauropoda,
+placing <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/> as a basal <LINK content="sauropod"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Omeisaurus"/> as a "<LINK content="cetiosaur"/>"
+just outside <LINK content="Neosauropoda"/>, and <NOMEN name="Euhelopus"/>
+as a relative of <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>! </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Sauropodomorpha" nickname="Long-Necked Plant-Eaters">
+ <WORD key="1" content="brontosaur, prosauropod, early, plant, eating, herbivore, herbivourous"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="Prosauropoda, prosauropod, prosauropods"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha" in="Saltasaurus" out="Neornithes" silhouette="sauropodomorpha">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Sauropoda forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="MTr" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LTr" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Canada"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <REMAINS content="left maxilla with 12 teeth, rostral parts of jaw, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, vertebrae, ribs, gastralia"/>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Gyposaurus sinensis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Azendohsaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saturnalia"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Thecodontosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Brontosauria" silhouette="sauropodomorpha-large">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>/thunder lizards</MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Gongxianosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Mussaurus" incertae="1" silhouette="sauropodomorpha"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Camelotia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chinshakiangosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thotobolosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Yimenosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Anchisaurus" silhouette="sauropodomorpha"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ammosaurus" silhouette="sauropodomorpha"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Blikanasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Melanorosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Hortalotarsus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lessemsaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Melanorosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Microdontosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Riojasaurus" q="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Sauropoda"/>
+ <CLADE in="Plateosaurus" out="Saltasaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Prosauropoda" sensu="Wilson, Sereno"/>
+ <CLADE name="Plateosauria" in="Plateosaurus, Massospondylus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <TIME value="MTr" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LTr" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED q="1" comment="therizinosaur-like">
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Euskelosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Massospondylidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Yunnanosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Massospondylus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Yunnanosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Jingshanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Yunnanosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Plateosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Coloradisaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sellosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Plateosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Lufengosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Plateosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropoda"/>
+ <CLADE name="Prosauropoda" in="Thecodontosaurus, Melanorosaurus, Plateosaurus" out="Saltasaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ before Sauropoda
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Paleopoda"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Thecodontosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Anchisaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Ammosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Yunnanosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sellosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Plateosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Blikanasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Melanorosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropoda"/>
+ <CLADE name="Prosauropoda">
+ <CGENUS name="Riojasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gyposaurus sinensis"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Ammosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Plateosauria" in="Plateosaurus, Massospondylus">
+ <CLADE name="Plateosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Massospondylidae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Yunnanosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Massospondylus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Yunnanosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Sauropodomorpha">
+ <CGENUS name="Thecodontosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Anchisaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Yunnanosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Sellosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Plateosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Blikanasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Melanorosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Sauropodomorphs were the long necked, herbivorous, lizard-hipped
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, including the largest land animals of all
+time. </P>
+
+<P header='The "Prosauropods"'> The primitive sauropodomorphs listed
+here are commonly called
+"prosauropods". These were semi-quadrupedal herbivores from the
+<LINK content="Triassic"/> and <LINK content="Early Jurassic"/> with large,
+hooked claws on their feet. They were once thought to be omnivorous, since
+<LINK content="theropod"/> teeth found with them were often mistakenly
+thought to be the teeth of the prosauropods themselves. Instead, they were
+the largest herbivores of their day (although primitive ones may have been
+omnivorous). </P>
+
+<P> It is not certain whether "prosauropods" gave rise to the larger
+<LINK content="sauropods"/>, or if they are just the sister group to
+Sauropoda. No cladistic analysis has yet been done to test "prosauropod"
+monophyly. All to date have simply assumed monophyly based on the
+fact that prosauropods lack a digit that sauropods possess, lack of a digit
+usually being a derived trait, not a primitive one. </P>
+
+<P header="Brontosauria">
+The taxon Brontosauria was originally designated for a group containing
+Sauropoda and Prosauropoda, considered paraphyletic by its author. Here
+it has been cladistically translated as the node containing Sauropoda
+and Prosauropoda (<I>sensu</I> Wilson & Sereno), although this definition
+has not yet been used formally, to my knowledge. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Sauropsida" nickname="Scaly Ones" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="reptilian, monster, evolution, origin"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Mesosaurus"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropsida" in="Reptilia" out="Mammalia" silhouette="sauropsida">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard faces
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mesosauridae" content='"sauropsid otters"'/>
+ <CLADE name="Reptilia" in="Crocodylia, Squamata, Sphenodon, Chelonia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Linnaeus"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ creepers
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLINK name="Anapsida"/>
+ <CLADE name="Romeriida" in="Sauria" out="Chelonia">
+ <MEANING>
+ Romer's <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Batropetidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Bolosauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Captorhinidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Protorothyrididae" paraphyletic="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Diapsida" comment="two temporal fenestrae, at least primitively">
+ <MEANING>
+ two apses
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" incertae="1" name="Longisquama"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Endennasauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Mesenosauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Araeoscelida">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Araeoscelidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Petrolacosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Neodiapsida">
+ <MEANING>
+ new diapsids
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Coelurosauravidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Thalattosauria" q="1">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Askeptosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Claraziidae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Thalattosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Lazarussaurus"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Choristodera">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Champsosauria"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Cteniogenys"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Neochoristodera">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Champsosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Simedosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Sauria" in="Crocodylia, Squamata, Sphenodon">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLINK name="Ichthyopterygia" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Sauropterygia" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Lepidosauromorpha"/>
+ <CLINK name="Archosauromorpha"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Sauropsida is one of the two great lineages of
+<LINK content="amniote"/> (the other being <LINK content="Synapsida"/>,
+which includes <LINK content="Mammalia"/>). All sauropsids, except for
+primitive forms like mesosaurids, belong to the clade Reptilia. </P>
+
+<P header="History of Classification"> Reptilia was once a "grab-bag" taxon for every amniote that was neither
+a <LINK content="bird"/> nor a mammal. It was divided into four sections based
+on the number and alignment of certain holes in the back of the skull
+(temporal fenestrae): Anapsida (no holes), Synapsida (a low hole),
+Euryapsida (a high hole), and Diapsida (two holes -- includes
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>). </P>
+
+<P> Reptilia has since been re-defined as a clade: all the descendants of the
+most recent common ancestor of the four living groups considered reptiles:
+<LINK content="Chelonia"/> (turtles), <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sphenodon"/> (tuatara),
+<LINK content="Squamata"/> (lizards and snakes), and <LINK content="Crocodylia"/>
+(crocodiles and kin). This definition excludes some creatures once considered
+reptiles (Synapsida -- formerly called "mammal-like reptiles"), and
+includes some creatures previously not considered reptilian
+<LINK content="Aves"/> -- birds). </P>
+
+<P> The groups Anapsida and Diapsida are still used as clades within Reptilia,
+slightly modified from their traditional meanings (Anapsida now excludes
+the most primitive sauropsids; Diapsida now includes birds). "Euryapsida",
+which included marine reptiles such as <LINK content="ichthyosaurs"/> and
+<LINK content="plesiosaurs"/>, is now recognized as an unnatural grouping of
+various aberrant diapsid lineages which lost their lower temporal
+fenestrae. </P>
+
+<P header="Domination"> The <LINK content="Mesozoic"/> is often called "The Age of Reptiles"
+because of the reptilian dominance during most of that era. Dinosaurs ruled
+the land, <LINK content="pterosaurs"/> ruled the skies, and a great variety
+of marine reptiles <LINK content="mosasaurs"/>, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs,
+etc.) ruled the oceans. Most of these creatures died out in the K-T
+extinction (ichthyosaurs died out earlier; champsosaurs, a freshwater
+lineage, later). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Sauropterygia" nickname="Flipper Reptiles - Longnecks & Bigheads" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="loch, ness, pliosaurs, marine, sea, sea-going, oceanic, aquatic, swimming"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Cryptoclidus, Elasmosaurus, Kronosaurus, Leptocleidus, Plesiosaurus, Muraenosaurus"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Sauropterygia" silhouette="sauropterygia">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard fins
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Placodontia" content='"reptilian walruses"'>
+ <CLADE name="Helveticosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Placodontoidea">
+ <CGENUS name="Chelyoposuchus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Cyamodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Henodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Placodontidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Claudiosauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eusauropterygia">
+ <MEANING>
+ true sauropterygians
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Corosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Simosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Nothosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pachypleurosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cymatosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pistosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Plesiosauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Plesiosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Pliosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Plesiosauroidea">
+ <CLADE name="Plesiosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cryptoclididae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Elasmosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Polycotylidae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Sauropterygians were a group of marine reptiles of uncertain origin. At times
+allied to <LINK content="turtles"/> or <LINK content="prolacertiforms"/>, they are probably
+<LINK content="diapsids"/>, possibly a basal lineage of either
+<LINK content="Lepidosauromorpha"/> or <LINK content="Archosauromorpha"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Characteristics and Niches"> Their limbs had evolved into
+flippers, which they used to swim through the
+<LINK content="Mesozoic"/> seas. The advanced sauropterygians, plesiosaurs,
+came in two main body forms. Pliosaurs had long, large heads, and short necks,
+similar to the distantly related <LINK content="mosasaurs"/>. Plesiosauroids
+had extremely long necks with tiny heads, looking something like a cross
+between a <LINK content="sea turtle"/> and a <LINK content="snake"/>.
+All sauropterygians were carnivorous. </P>
+
+<P> Placodonts may or may not have been sauropterygians. They were
+large, probably sluggish creatures somewhat similar in form to today's
+<LINK content="walruses"/> and <LINK content="sirenians"/>
+(manatees and dugongs). Their broad teeth splayed outward from their mouths.
+It has been suggested that they used them to crush <LINK content="mollusk"/>
+shells. </P>
+
+<P header="The End"> Sauropterygians died out at the end of the <LINK content="Cretaceous"/>,
+along with all non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>.
+There have been reports of modern-day populations of plesiosauroids, but
+these have either turned out to be other animals (rotting basking shark
+carcasses) or deliberate hoaxes (the Loch Ness monster). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Spinosauria" nickname="Sail-Backed Crocodile-Mimics">
+ <WORD key="1" content="sail, back, backed, sail-backed, sailbacked, finback, fin, crocodiles, sails, fins"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Spinosauria" silhouette="spinosauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Siamosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Spinosauridae" in="Spinosaurus, Baryonyx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Spinosauroidea" sensu="Charig, Milner" year="1997"/>
+ <CLADE name="Baryonychinae" in="Baryonyx" out="Spinosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Charig, Milner" year="1986"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Baryonychidae" sensu="Charig, Milner" year="1986"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Cristatusaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Baryonyx"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Suchomimus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Spinosaurinae" in="Spinosaurus" out="Baryonyx">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Spinosauridae" sensu="Charig, Milner" year="1986"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Spinosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Irritatorini">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Martill, al." year="1996"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Angaturama"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Irritator"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Spinosauria once included all theropods with tall vertebral spines. Some
+of these creatures, such as <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Becklespinax"/>, have since been allied to other groups. </P>
+
+<P header="Physical Characteristics"> Spinosaurs all have <LINK content="crocodile"/>-like conical teeth. Their
+long snouts have kinks like those of <LINK content="coelophysids"/> and some
+early <LINK content="synapsids"/>. It is thought that they used these for
+fishing, possibly in conjunction with other carnivorous activities. </P>
+
+<P> Baryonychines have more teeth at the end of their lower jaw than
+spinosaurines. Spinosaurines are characterized by straight, unserrated
+teeth. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Stegosauria" nickname="Plated Dinosaurs" silhouette="stegosaurinae">
+ <WORD key="1" content="stegosaurians, plates, plated, spikes, armored, armor, armoured, thermoregulation"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Stegosauria" in="Stegosaurus, Ankylosaurus" silhouette="stegosauria">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN nolink="1" name="Stegosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial arm bones"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Changtusaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Craterosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Gigantspinosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Katsuyamakensaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Regnosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Huayangosauridae" in="Huayangosaurus" out="Stegosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Huayangosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Stegosauridae" in="Stegosaurus" out="Huayangosaurus" silhouette="stegosauridae">
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="LJ" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Monkonosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Yingshanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dacentrurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Kentrosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Chialingosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chungkingosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Stegosaurinae" silhouette="stegosaurinae">
+ <CGENUS name="Lexovisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Paranthodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tuojiangosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Stegosaurini">
+ <CGENUS name="Stegosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Wuerhosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header='"Roofed Reptiles"'> These primarily <LINK
+content="Jurassic"/> herbivores had two rows of
+plates and/or spikes going down the back. </P>
+
+<P> Although the spikes, which were usually found on the tail, were certainly
+used for defense, the exact purpose of the plates is unknown. They could
+not have made very effective armor, since they left the sides completely
+exposed. Perhaps they performed a similar function to the sails of
+<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>, and
+<NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>, whatever that
+function was (possibly heat regulation, sexual display, or both). </P>
+
+<P header="The End"> Stegosaurs did not last to the end of the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
+but died out during the <LINK content="Cretaceous Period"/>, possibly due to
+competition from other <LINK content="ornithischian"/> herbivores or from a
+change in flora (the transition from gymnosperms to angiosperms) which they
+could not adapt to. One creature which was thought to be a
+<LINK content="Late Cretaceous"/> stegosaur (<NOMEN name="Dravidosaurus"/>)
+has turned out to be a <LINK content="plesiosaur"/>! (This is not the only
+time marine <LINK content="vertebrate"/> remains have been mistaken for
+stegosaur remains -- the plates of
+<NOMEN name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/> turned out to be gill
+rakers from a fish!) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Synapsida" nickname="Mammals and Kin" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="proto-mammals, proto, mammals, mammal-like, like, pelycosaurian, sailbacked, sail, back, fin, finbacked, backed"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" key="1" content="pelycosaurs"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Cynognathus, Edaphosaurus, Dimetrodon, Lycaenops, Lystrosaurus, Moschops, Titanopheus"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Synapsida" in="Mammalia" out="Reptilia" silhouette="synapsida">
+ <MEANING>
+ fused apses
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Theropsida"/>
+ <CLADE name="Caseasauria" in="Casea" out="Mammalia">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Casea"/> lizards
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Caseidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eothyrididae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Eupelycosauria" in="Mammalia" out="Casea">
+ <MEANING>
+ true pelycosaurs
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Varanopsidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Ophiacodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Edaphosauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sphenacodontia">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sphenacodon"/>'s <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CGENUS name="Haptodus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Palaeohatteria"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Pantelosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Cutleria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Sphenacodontoidea" in="Sphenacodon, Mammalia">
+ <CLADE name="Sphenacodontidae" content="Dimetrodon, Sphenacoon, etc."/>
+ <CLADE name="Therapsida" in="Mammalia" out="Sphenacodon">
+ <MEANING>
+ beast apses
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Neotheropsida"/>
+ <CLADE name="Biarmosuchia"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Dinocephalia" content="Moschops, etc.">
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible heads
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anomodontia">
+ <CLADE name="Dromasauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Venyukiamorpha"/>
+ <CLADE name="Dicynodontia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Theriodontia">
+ <CLADE name="Gorgonopsia" content="Lycaenops, etc."/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Therocephalia">
+ <MEANING>
+ beast heads
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Cynodontia">
+ <MEANING>
+ dog teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Dviniidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Galesauridae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Procynosuchidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eucynodontia" in="Cynognathus, Mammalia">
+ <MEANING>
+ true cynodonts
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Cynognathidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Probainognathia">
+ <CLADE name="Tritylodontoidea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Eoraetia" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kunminia" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Chiniquodontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tritheledontidae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Mammaliformes">
+ <MEANING>
+ Mammalia forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Mammalia" sensu="lato"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Adelobasilus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sinoconodon" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Theroteinus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tricuspes" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gobiconodontidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Morganucodontidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Docodonta" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Mammalia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once called <LINK content="mammal"/>-like <LINK content="reptiles"/>,
+the animals shown here are no longer considered reptiles. Instead, they were
+the non-mammalian members of a separate lineage. Their skin was
+not scaly like true reptiles. </P>
+
+<P header="Evolutionary Dynasties"> Synapsids were the first terrestrial vertebrates to truly dominate the
+landscape. There were two main "waves", the "pelycosaurs" (non-therapsid
+synapsids) in the Permian and then the therapsids in the
+<LINK content="Triassic"/>. </P>
+
+<P> "Pelycosaurs" were probably cold-blooded. They ranged from large
+herbivores like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Casea"/> to snaggle-toothed,
+sail-backed predators like <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Dimetrodon"/>.
+The advanced ones show the beginnings of the mammalian tooth pattern -- incisors,
+canines, and molars. </P>
+
+<P> Some (but probably not all) therapsids were warm-blooded, fur-covered,
+and milk-giving. They varied from the beaked, tusked, and herbivorous
+dicynodonts to the sleek, predatory <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Cynognathus"/>.
+By the end of the Triassic, most of these forms had died out, replaced by
+<LINK content="archosaurs"/> (including <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>). The
+only survivors were a group of small, furry cynodonts: the mammals. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Tetanurae" nickname="Three-Fingered Meat-Eaters">
+ <WORD key="1" content="tetanurines, megalosaurs, predators, carnivorous, flesh, meat, hunters, carnivores"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="megalosaur, megalosaurs"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Tetanurae" in="Neornithes" out="Ceratosaurus" silhouette="tetanurae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauthier" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ stiff tails
+ </MEANING>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <REMAINS content="pedal phalanx, caudal centrum"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mississippi"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Erectopus">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="tall-spined" silhouette="acrocanthosaurus">
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Allosaurus sp."/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Altispinax"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Becklespinax" silhouette="acrocanthosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Brontoraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" q="1" name="Calamospondylus" silhouette="neotheropoda"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eustreptospondylus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Kaijiangosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Magnosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Megalosaurus andrewsi"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Metriacanthosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Newtonsaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Piatnitzkysaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Streptospondylus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Walkersaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Wyomingraptor"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Xuanhanosaurus"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Avipoda" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE in="Neornithes, Torvosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Tetanurae" sensu="Sereno"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Spinosauroidea" sensu="Sereno" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Torvosauridae" in="Torvosaurus" out="Spinosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Megalosauridae"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eustreptospondylidae" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Edmarka"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Poekilopleuron"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Torvosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Afrovenator" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Spinosauria"/>
+ <CLADE name="Neotetanurae" in="Neornithes, Allosaurus">
+ <MEANING>new tetanurans</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, al." year="1994"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Avetheropoda">
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Holtz" year="1994"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Tetanurae" sensu="Novas"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Chingkankousaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Erectopus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Marshosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Walgettosuchus"/>
+ <CLINK name="Carnosauria"/>
+ <CLINK name="Coelurosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Tetanurae">
+ <CLADE name="Neotetanurae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Spinosauroidea" in="Spinosaurus, Torvosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Megalosauroidea"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Torvosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Spinosauridae" in="Spinosaurus" out="Torvosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Torvosauridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Tetanurae consists of the advanced <LINK content="theropods"/>,
+including <LINK content="birds"/> and their ancestors. Tetanurans are
+characterized by three fingers or less, an opening in the skull between the
+antorbital fenestra and the naris (nostril) called the maxillary fenestra, and
+stiffened tails (Tetanurae means "stiffened tails"). </P>
+
+<P header="Classification and History"> The non-neotetanuran groups listed
+here are sometimes grouped together in a group sometimes called
+Megalosauria or Megalosauroidea, although this is probably a paraphyletic
+group, as shown here. Most "megalosaurs" were large carnivores. Some think
+<LINK content="Spinosauridae"/> and Torvosauridae (=Megalosauridae) make a
+group, sharing enlarged, sickle-shaped thumb claws. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> was the first
+non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be
+described. The family Megalosauridae was once a grab-bag for all sorts of
+large theropods: <LINK content="spinosaurs"/>, <LINK content="allosaurs"/>,
+large <LINK content="ceratosaurs"/>, large <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>
+etc. </P>
+
+<P header="Advanced Characteristics"> Neotetanurans, an advanced group of tetanurans, had complex air
+passages in their vertebrae and ribs. The furcula, a bone which is not always
+preserved, has been found in a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>
+(<NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>) and several <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>, so
+it seems to be a neotetanuran trait as well. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Tetrapoda" nickname="Terrestrial Vertebrates" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" content="terrestrial, land, amniotic"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Acanthostega, Limnoscelis, Siderops"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Tetrapoda" silhouette="tetrapoda">
+ <MEANING>
+ four feet
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Elginerpetonidae"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Metaxygnathus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Ventistega"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Acanthostega"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Ichthyostega"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Antlerpeton" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Hynerpeton"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Tulerpeton"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Crassigyrinus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Temnospondyli"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Whatcheeria"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Embolomeri"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Gephyrostegida"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Solenodonsaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Chroniosuchidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Limnoscelidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Seymouriamorpha"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Nycteroleteridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tokosauridae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Tseajaiidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE in="Lissamphibia, Amniota">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Tetrapoda" sensu="stricto"/>
+ <CLADE name="Amphibia" content="frogs, salamanders, blindworms, etc." in="Lissamphibia" out="Amniota">
+ <MEANING>
+ double lives
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Amniotomorpha" in="Amniota" out="Lissamphibia">
+ <MEANING>
+ Amniota forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Lysorophia" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS extinct="1" name="Westlothiana"/>
+ <CLADE name="Amniotiformes" status="informal">
+ <MEANING>
+ Amniota forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Diadectomorpha"/>
+ <CLADE name="Amniota" in="Reptilia, Mammalia" comment="possess amniotic sac in egg">
+ <CLADE extinct="1" name="Acleistorhinidae" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Synapsida"/>
+ <CLINK name="Sauropsida"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Among terrestrial vertebrates, <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> belong to
+Amniota, a clade characterized by the ability to procreate on land. Of the
+two main branches of amniotes, dinosaurs belong to
+<LINK content="Sauropsida"/>, which includes other
+<LINK content="reptiles"/> as well. The sister clade to Sauropsida,
+<LINK content="Synapsida"/>, includes <LINK content="mammals"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Therizinosauria" nickname="Weirdest of the Weird">
+ <WORD key="1" content="scythe, sickle, feathers, feathered, integument, skin, impressions"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauria" in="Therizinosaurus" out="Oviraptor, Ornithomimus, Troodon" silhouette="therizinosauria">
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="D. A. Russell" year="1997"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="herein"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Segnosauria"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Segnosaurischia"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Erlikosaurus" q="1" incertae="1">
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="frontal"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Beipiaosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauroidea" in="Therizinosaurus, Alxasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Segnosauroidea"/>
+ <CLADE name="Alxasauridae" in="Alxasaurus" out="Therizinosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Alxasaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Therizinosauridae" in="Therizinosaurus" out="Alxasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Segnosauridae"/>
+ <CGENUS q="1" name="Nanshiungosaurus bohlini"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Enigmosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Erlikosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Nanshiungosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Segnosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Therizinosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="A Puzzler"> These Asian <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> pose some taxonomic problems. They were
+originally classified as <LINK content="theropods"/>, although they have
+some features very uncharacteristic for theropods. Their hips are
+bird-like, although some theropods such as the <LINK
+content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/> themselves have
+bird-like hips as well. The front of the snout is a toothless beak,
+although <LINK content="oviraptorids"/>, <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>,
+and several <LINK content="avian"/> lineages have toothless beaks as well.
+But the feet, which have four functional, forward-facing toes, are utterly
+unlike any other theropod feet. Except for some <LINK
+content="modern birds"/>, all theropods have three functional toes and a
+reduced dewclaw. </P>
+
+<P header="Competing Viewpoints"> Another theory was that they were an
+outgroup to the <LINK content="ornithischians"/>, since ornithischians have
+bird-like hips (although they are only superficially bird-like), beaks, and,
+in the most primitive ornithischians, four toes. It has also been proposed
+that they are late-surviving relatives of
+"<LINK content="prosauropods"/>", since their teeth and feet are
+similar to those of "prosauropods". (They are similar enough that
+one jawbone from the Early Jurassic of China was published as the earliest
+therizinosaur, although it is more likely a "prosauropod".) </P>
+
+<P header="A Consensus (Sort Of)"> The discovery of <NOMEN name="Alxasaurus"/>,
+a therizinosaur more primitive than those previously known, seemed to bolster
+the theropod theory, as it had some <LINK content="coelurosaurian"/>
+features. More recently, the discovery of an even more primitive
+therizinosaur, <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, solidifies the therizinosaurs'
+status as theropods, since it has a dewclaw. Interestingly, it also has
+impressions of feathers or feather-like integument. </P>
+
+<P> There is still disagreement over which coelurosaurian group
+therizinosaurs are related to. They have been allied with <LINK
+content="deinonychosaurs"/>, <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, and <LINK
+content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/> has
+oviraptorosaur-like features in its pelvis. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Theropoda" nickname="Meat-Eaters & Kin" silhouette="neotheropoda">
+ <WORD key="1" content="predatory, predator, carnivorous, flesh, meat, carnivore, raptor, meat-eating, flesh-eating, hunter, bird, avian, herrerasaur, staurikosaur"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Theropoda" in="Neornithes" out="Saltasaurus" silhouette="dinosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ beast feet
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Goniopoda"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Aniksosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Arctosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Carnosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Coelurosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dolichosuchus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Protoavis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rileyasuchus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sinosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Spinosuchus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Spondylosoma" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Velocipes" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Eoraptor"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large">
+ <PLACE name="S. America"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large, primitive">
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Aliwalia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Alwalkeria" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Caseosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Liassaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Merosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Herrerasauria">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW></MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM q="1" name="Herreravia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <CLADE name="Herrerasauridae" in="Herrerasaurus, Staurikosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM q="1" name="Spondylosomatidae"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Benedetto" year="1973"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Novas" year="1992"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pubis, ischium, dorsal & caudal vertebrae"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Chindesaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Staurikosaurinae" in="Staurikosaurus" out="Herrerasaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Staurikosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Herrerasaurinae" in="Herrerasaurus" out="Staurikosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Benedetto" year="1973"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Herrerasaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Neotheropoda" in="Neornithes, Coelophysis" silhouette="neotheropoda">
+ <MEANING>new theropods</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Sereno"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME section="late" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="(dromaeosaurid?)">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" q="1">
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Zealand"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebra"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="K" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="small teeth"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="giant, tall-spined">
+ <TIME section="earliest" value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="large">
+ <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Alabama"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Betasuchus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Capitalsaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chuandongocoelurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Coeluroides" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Dinosaurus2" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elaphrosaurus gautieri" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elaphrosaurus iguidensis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Embasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Halticosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Inosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kagasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Kelmayisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Labocania"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus chubutensis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus insignis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus pannoniensis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus pombali" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Megalosaurus terquemi" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ngexisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ornithomimus affinis" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ozraptor" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Patricosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Podokesaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Poekilopleuron schmidti" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Rapator" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Sinocoelurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tsuchikurasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tugulusaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Unquillosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Wakinosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Zupaysaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratosauria" in="Ceratosaurus" out="Neornithes">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Gauthier" year="1984"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="non" name="Sereno" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elaphrosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pterospondylus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Coelophysoidea"/>
+ <CLINK name="Neoceratosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLINK name="Tetanurae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Neotheropoda">
+ <CLADE name="Coelophysoidea"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Neotheropoda" sensu="Bakker"/>
+ <CLADE name="Ceratosauria" comment="same membership as Neoceratosauria in main cladogram"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tetanurae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Dinosauria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Theropoda is an incredibly diverse group of <LINK
+content="dinosaurs"/>. Most of the Mesozoic theropods were sharp-toothed
+predators, although there have been a few toothless, possibly herbivorous
+groups. During the <LINK content="Jurassic"/> (or possibly <LINK
+content="Triassic"/>), some theropods evolved into feathered, flying
+forms. Their descendants are today's <LINK content="birds"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="An Odd Name"> The group Theropoda ("beast feet") was named early on in
+paleontological history, along with <LINK content="Ornithopoda"/> ("bird
+feet" - a major <LINK content="ornithischian"/> group). It almost seems as
+though the names were somehow mixed up and improperly assigned, since
+theropods have bird-like feet and ornithopods have somewhat more <LINK
+content="mammal"/>-like feet, but the names stuck and it's far too late to
+change them now. </P>
+
+<P header="Origin and Evolution"> The non-neotheropod genera shown above
+are often informally referred
+to as "herrerasaurs". "Herrerasaurs" may be basal theropods, as shown
+here, basal <LINK content="saurischians"/>, or even basal <LINK
+content="dinosauriforms"/>. They had many primitive features, such as five
+digits on the hands, although the outer two were very small and had no
+claws. </P>
+
+<P> <ILLO name="coelophysid_manus" caption="ceratosaurian manus"/> <ILLO
+name="dromaeosaurid_manus" caption="tetanuran manus"/> The more advanced
+theropods, or neotheropods, are divided into two groups. The ceratosaurs
+retained four digits on the hand (the outer one reduced), while the more
+advanced <LINK content="tetanurans"/> only have three. Ceratosaurs were
+further characterized by extra openings in cervical and dorsal centra,
+fused pelvic bones and tarsals (in adults), and some modifications of the
+tibia and fibula. </P>
+
+<P> It is possible that Ceratosauria as shown here is a paraphyletic group,
+characterized only by primitive features. Neoceratosaurs may be share more recent
+ancestry with tetanurans than with coelophysoids. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Thyreophora" nickname="Armored Dinosaurs" silhouette="thyreophoroidea">
+ <WORD key="1" content="armored, armoured, armor, armour, plated, plates, scuted, spikes, spiked, defense, tank"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="armored tanks"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Thyreophora" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Triceratops" silhouette="thyreophora">
+ <CGENUS name="Scutellosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Thyreophoroidea" in="Ankylosaurus" out="Scutellosaurus" silhouette="thyreophoroidea">
+ <MEANING>
+ Thyreophora forms
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Enoplosauria" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Lusitanosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tatisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Emausaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Scelidosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eurypoda" in="Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Brachypodosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CLINK name="Stegosauria"/>
+ <CLINK name="Ankylosauria"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Ornithischia"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Thyreophora includes the "armored <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>", a
+group of primarily quadrupedal <LINK content="ornithischians"/> with bony
+plates, scutes, and/or spikes protecting their backs from theropod
+predators. Some <LINK content="titanosaurian"/> <LINK content="sauropods"/>
+also exhibited armor like this. </P>
+
+<P header="Origin and Evolution"> <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> was
+once classified as a <LINK
+content="fabrosaurid"/>, but it is really the earliest and most primitive
+known member of this clade of armored dinosaurs. It was small, like
+"fabrosaurids", but more robust and with bony scutes as armor. </P>
+
+<P> The more advanced thyreophorans, like <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/>, were
+larger and fully quadrupedal. Creatures like this are thought to have
+given rise to the two major lineages of thyreophorans, the plated <LINK
+content="stegosaurs"/> and the heavily armored <LINK
+content="ankylosaurs"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Titanosauria" nickname="Armored Sauropods - The Largest of the Large">
+ <WORD key="1" content="big, huge, large, giant, long, armored, armor, armoured, armour, titan, titanic, gigantic, largest, biggest"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="titanosaurian"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauria" in="Titanosaurus" out="Brachiosaurus, Euhelopus" silhouette="titanosauria">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus"/>' <LOW>taxon</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Wilson, Sereno" year="1998"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="osteoderm"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED q="1">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, braincase, etc."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Aegyptosaurus">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED cf="Alamosaurus" comment="large">
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="12 cervical vertebrae"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED comment="giant">
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <!-- LENGTH value="51"/ -->
+ <REMAINS content="cervical vertebrae, femur, etc."/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Aegyptosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Aepisaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Alamosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Algoasaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Bruhathkayosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Campylodoniscus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Clasmodosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Iuticosaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Chubutisaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pleurocoelus sp." q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Macrurosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tangvayosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Huabeisauridae" q="1" incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Huabeisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Nemegtosauridae" q="1" incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Nemegtosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Phuwiangosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Quaesitosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Andesaurus"/>
+ <CLADE in="Epachthosaurus, Saltasaurus, Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Titanosauria" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Ampelosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Hypselosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Jainosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Magyarosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pellegrinisauridae" incertae="1">
+ <AUTHOR type="implied" name="Salgado" year="1996"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Pellegrinisaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Titanosaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Epachthosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Janenschia"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Malawisaurus"/>
+ <CLADE in="Saltasaurus, Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM q="1" name="Eutitanosauria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
+ </CSYNONYM>
+ <CLADE incertae="1">
+ <CGENUS name="Lirainosaurus"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="Peiropolis">
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CGENUS incertae="1" name="Argentinosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Antarctosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Laplatasaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Argyrosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Aeolosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gondwanatitan" q="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Saltasauridae" in="Saltasaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia">
+ <CLADE name="Opisthocoelicaudinae" in="Opisthocoelicaudia" out="Saltasaurus">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Nemegtosaurinae" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Saltasaurinae" out="Opisthocoelicaudia" in="Saltasaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Neuquensaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Saltasaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauroidea" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999">
+ <CGENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/>
+ <CLADE name="Titanosauria" sensu="Sanz, J. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martinez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999" in="Epachthosaurus, Saltasaurus, Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Epachthosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Eutitanosauria">
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Saltasaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Argyrosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Lirainosaurus"/>
+ <UNNAMED comment="Peiropolis"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <REFER page="Macronaria"/>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> These primarily Cretaceous animals represent the last group of <LINK
+content="sauropods"/> before the great K/T extinction. Bony plates have
+been found with some specimens, indicating that they were armored, like
+<LINK content="ankylosaurs"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="True Titans"> South American forms such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/> were some
+of the largest land animals of all time, probably larger than the gigantic
+<LINK content="brachiosaurids"/> of the <LINK content="Jurassic"/>.
+<NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/> has been estimated at 80-100 metric
+tonnes. Others, like <NOMEN name="Andesaurus"/>, <NOMEN
+name="Antarctosaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Argyrosaurus"/>, may have been
+of similar size. </P>
+
+<P header="Humble Beginnings"> Argentinian egg material has been attributed to titanosaurs. The eggs are
+typically 11-12cm in diameter, some up to 17cm. From relatively
+small eggs like these came creatures which would grow thousands of times
+larger! Eggs have also been attributed to <NOMEN name="Hypselosaurus"/>, a
+European titanosaur. Recently, Argentinian titanosaur eggs containing
+fossilized embryos with skin impressions were discovered. The impressions
+show non-overlapping scales, like those seen in many other
+<LINK content="dinosaur"/> skin impressions. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Troodontidae" nickname="Brainy, Big-Eyed Dinos">
+ <WORD key="1" content="dinosauroid, brainy, brain, smart, intelligent, intelligence, e.q., nocturnal, sickle, claw, switchblade"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="night prowlers"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Troodontidae" in="Troodon" out="Deinonychus, Neornithes, Ornithomimus, Oviraptor, Therizinosaurus, Tyrannosaurus" silhouette="troodontidae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Varricchio" year="1997"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="herein"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Saurornithoididae"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Troödontidae"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Ornithodesmidae" q="1"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Sinornithoides"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Borogovia" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tochisaurus" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Byronosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Saurornithoides"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Troodon"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The phylogeny above is somewhat tentative.</P>
+<P header="Intelligence and Niche"> Troodontids (formerly known as
+saurornithoidids) were remarkable in
+having the largest E.Q. (encephalization quotient) of all non-<LINK
+content="avialan"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. Intelligence-wise, they may
+have been on level with some modern-day <LINK content="birds"/>. The large
+brain, huge eyes, and grasping hands of these <LINK content="theropods"/>
+may indicate a nocturnal, predatory lifestyle. However, their teeth may
+indicate omnivory. </P>
+
+<P header="Feet of Death"> The feet were equipped with "switchblade claws", similar to those of
+<LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. They were once placed with the
+dromaeosaurids in <LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>, but this grouping
+has been questioned. They share some features with <LINK
+content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, such as a pinched middle metatarsal
+(possibly a speed adaptation), features of the braincase, and large eyes.
+They have also been placed in basal <LINK content="Paraves"/>, basal <LINK
+content="Avialae"/>, and as sister group of the <LINK
+content="oviraptorosaur"/>-<LINK content="therizinosaur"/> group. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Tyrannosauroidea" nickname="Tyrant Kings of the Dinosaurs">
+ <WORD key="1" content="t-rex, rex, tyrant, trex"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="gigantic predators, tyrannosaur, tyrannosaurs"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauroidea" in="Tyrannosaurus" out="Ornithomimus, Neornithes" silhouette="tyrannosauroidea">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Tyrannosauria"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Deinodontoidea"/>
+ <UNNAMED>
+ <REMAINS content="premaxillary tooth"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Futabasaurus" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Iliosuchus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Itemirus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Siamotyrannus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stokesosaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tonouchisaurus" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauridae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Deinodontidae"/>
+ <UNNAMED indet="1" comment="gracile">
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </UNNAMED>
+ <CGENUS name="Aublysodon" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Alectrosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shanshanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stygivenator"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosaurinae" in="Tyrannosaurus" out="Alectrosaurus, Aublysodon">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Deinodontinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Deinodon" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Alioramus" silhouette="alioramus"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Albertosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Gorgosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosaurini" in="Tyrannosaurus" out="Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus">
+ <CGENUS name="Daspletosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Tyrannosaurus"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADOGRAM alternate="1">
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosauridae">
+ <CGENUS name="Alectrosaurus"/>
+ <CLADE name="Tyrannosaurinae"/>
+ <CLADE name="Aublysodontinae">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Shanshanosaurinae"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Aublysodon" incertae="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Shanshanosaurus"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Stygivenator"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This was the last group of huge predatory
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, including the
+ever-popular <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> ("king of the tyrant
+lizards"), a 40+ foot-long monster, largest of all land predators,
+excluding some <LINK content="carcharodontosaurine allosaurids"/>. </P>
+
+<P> For all their size and strength, tyrannosaurids had remarkably small arms
+with only two fingers on the hand, the third digit having degenerated to
+near nothingness. </P>
+
+<P header="Fast Predators or Slow Scavengers?"> The near lack of forelimbs in tyrannosaurids (and to a lesser extent in
+some other large predatory dinosaurs) poses an interesting problem: How
+did they deal with tripping? A recent study of <NOMEN
+name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> which incorporated data from studies of fall
+trauma suggests that if <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> were to trip while running
+at top speed, the force of its fall would crush it. Therefore, it may be
+that <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> and other large tyrannosaurids restrained
+themselves to a more conservative speed. </P>
+
+<P> There have been some proposals that <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and
+perhaps other large tyrannosaurines were scavengers rather than predators,
+since they had such tiny arms and couldn't run at top speed. But in
+today's world there are no such things as true terrestrial scavengers
+(vultures are aerial, not terrestrial, and can cover much more ground with
+much less effort). All other terrestrial animals that eat carrion will
+also hunt for their prey. It is likely that <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>
+fell into this category -- a hunter who wouldn't pass up an opportunity
+for a "free meal". Its huge head, muscular neck, and dagger-like teeth
+would easily have made up for its tiny arms, and its main prey, <LINK
+content="duck-billed dinosaurs"/>, probably had similar problems in
+running at top speed, as they also had small forearms (albeit not nearly
+as small as tyrannosaurid forearms) and large body size. Large
+tyrannosaurines could almost certainly run faster than any animal of their
+size. Their legs were similar to those of their close relatives the <LINK
+content="ornithomimosaurs"/> (a.k.a. "ostrich mimics"), often considered
+the fastest (running) dinosaurs of all. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
+
+<TAXON name="Vertebrata" nickname="Animals with Backbones" simple="1">
+ <WORD key="1" essay="1" content="fish"/>
+ <WORD essay="1" content="ray"/>
+ <INCLUDED content="Carcharias, Cladoselaches, Dunkleosteus, Leedsichthys, Lepidotes, Longania, Squatina, Stethacanthus"/>
+ <CLADOGRAM>
+ <CLADE name="Vertebrata" silhouette="vertebrata">
+ <MEANING>
+ vertebrae
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Hyperoartia" q="1" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Conodontia" q="1" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Pteraspidomorphi" content="lampreys, etc.">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Diplorhina"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Thelodonti" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Anaspida" extinct="1" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Galeaspida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Pituriaspida" q="1" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Osteostraci" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Gnathostomata" content="animals with jaws">
+ <MEANING>
+ jawed mouths
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Placodermi" content="certain armored fish" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Chondrichthyes" content="sharks, rays, ratfish">
+ <MEANING>
+ cartilaginous fish
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Teleostomi" content="animals with bony skeletons">
+ <CLADE name="Acanthodii" content='spiny "sharks"' extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Osteichthyes">
+ <MEANING>
+ bony fish
+ </MEANING>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Euteleostomi"/>
+ <CSYNONYM name="Neoteleostomi"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Psarolepis" q="1" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Lophosteiformes" q="1" extinct="1">
+ <CLADE name="Actinopterygii" content="ray-finned fish">
+ <MEANING>
+ ray fins
+ </MEANING>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Sarcopterygii" content="vertebrates with fleshy limbs">
+ <MEANING>
+ flesh fins
+ </MEANING>
+ <CLADE name="Onychodontiformes" q="1" extinct="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Sturniiformes"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Coelacanthomorpha" content="coelacanths, etc.">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Actinistia"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rhipidistia" status="informal">
+ <CLADE name="Dipnomorpha">
+ <CLADE name="Dipnoi" content="lungfish"/>
+ <CLADE name="Porolepiformes" extinct="1"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Tetrapodomorpha">
+ <CGENUS name="Kenichthys" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Rhizodontida" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Osteolepimorpha" status="informal">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Choanata" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE name="Osteolepididae" q="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Megalichthyidae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Medoevia" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Canowindridae" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CGENUS name="Gryptoptychius" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Thristicopteridae" extinct="1">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Eusthenopteridae"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ <CLADE name="Elpistostegalia">
+ <CSYNONYM name="Panderichthyida"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Elpistostega" extinct="1"/>
+ <CGENUS name="Panderichthys" extinct="1"/>
+ <CLINK name="Tetrapoda"/>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADE>
+ </CLADOGRAM>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>
+ Within the group of animals that have backbones,
+ <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> belong to the tetrapods, or terrestrial
+ vertebrates.
+ </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</TAXON>
--- /dev/null
+<GENUS name="Aachenosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Aachen lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="multidens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Smets" year="1888"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON nonanimal="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Actually a piece of petrified wood.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Abelisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Abel's lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6.5" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull lacking tip of snout, much of jaws, & parts of roof" museum="MC" id="11098" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Known only from a partial skull, 80cm long. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Abrictosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ awake lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="B54" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="A.100" content="partial skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="consors" original="Lycorhinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1974"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Suggested as the female(?) form of another <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Abrosaurus" type="with">
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dongpoensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1989"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen including skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gigantorhinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>giant-snouted</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="dongpoensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Two different species names have been used in conjunction with the
+same type material. <NOMEN name="A. gigantorhinus"/> was used first, but
+in a dissertation, and hence was not a valid name by ICZN rules. The
+first version of the name to be published in accord with ICZN rules
+was <NOMEN name="A. dongpoensis"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Acanthopholis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>spine scute</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horrida" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1867"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, postcranial elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="eucercus" status="dubium">
+ <MEANING>well-tailored</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55551" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55552" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55553" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55554" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55555" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55556" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hughesii" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55463-55490" content="dorsal vertebrae, 7 caudal vertebrae, transverse process, 3 phalanges, 7 dermal plates, ?4 metapodials"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="keepingi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55491-55526" content="dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, 3 transverse processes, 13 dermal plates, ?rib, ?chevron, ?metatarsal, ?2 phalanges, ?fragmentary ilium, ?2 indeterminate bones"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macrocercus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 cervical, dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae"/>
+ <REMAINS content="osteoderms"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="platypus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <MEANING>flat-footed</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="caudal centra, phalanx"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stereocercus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, dermal spine"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>Much <LINK content="iguanodont"/> material has mistakenly been
+ assigned to various members of this genus.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Achelousaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Achelosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>Acheloos' lizard"</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="485" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="591" content="partial skull, nearly complete spine, pelvis, ?femur" age="subadult"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horneri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Achelousaurus"/> was an intermediate between
+<NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/>.
+It is named after a shape-changing river god. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Achillobator" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="giganticus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norell, Clark" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>A large <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/> with unusual pelvic features.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Acracanthus" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1947"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Czaplewski, Cifelli, Langston" year="1994"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>high spine</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Acrocanthosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>high spine lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="2000" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="3500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Texas, Utah"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-59" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-58" content="partial postcranium" type="para"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="atokensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stovall, Langston" year="1950"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altispinax">
+ <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This large animal had long vertebrae along its back, possibly forming a
+sail. The vertebral spines were 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) high along the neck
+and tail, possibly up to 50 cm (20 inches) along the back. It was once
+classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/>, since, like
+<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, it had long vertebral spines. But the rest of
+the animal is little like <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, and even the "fin"
+is different. It may be a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
+<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Actiosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Adasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Ada's <LOW>(evil spirit in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS musum="GIN" id="100/20" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Although often classified as a <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>,
+it may be closer to <LINK content="birds"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aegyptosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Egyptian lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IPGH" content="3 centra; left scapula (partial), humerus, & radius; right ulna; left tibia & femur" comment="destroyed in World War II" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="baharijensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>from Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aeolosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Eolosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>Aeolus' <LOW>(god of wind)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 tail vertebrae, ulna, radius, metacarpal, pubis, ischium, dermal plates"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27174" content="5 caudal vertebrae, right ulna, metacarpal, left pubis, right ischium"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27175" content="right ulna & radius"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27176" content="osteoderm"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27177" content="osteoderm"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rionegrinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1987"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MJG-R" id="1" content="7 anterior caudal vertebrae; partial forelimbs; right tibia, fibula, & astragalus; fragments" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MACN-RN" id="147" content="15 articulated caudal vertebrae" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aepisaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Aepysaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Aepyosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Aeposaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Oepysaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>high lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MNHN" id="1868-242" content="humerus" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="elephantinus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1853"/>
+ <MEANING>elephantine</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aetonyx" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="palustris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Afrovenator" type="with">
+ <MEANING>African hunter</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UC OBA" id="1" content="skull lacking much of mandibles & parts of snout & roof; cervical vertebrae (some articulated); incomplete dorsal & caudal series; ribs; pelvis; nearly complete forelimbs; hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="abakensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, J. A. Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil, Sues" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Agathaumas" type="with">
+ <MEANING>great wonder</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <REMAINS nuseum="AMNH" id="4000" content="partial sacrum, pelvis" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sylvestris" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1872"/>
+ <MEANING>woodland</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="milo" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="monoclonius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1994"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus"/>
+ <MEANING>one-sticked</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prorsus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Triceratops prorsus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aggiosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="nicaensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ambayrac" year="1913"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Crocodylomorpha"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Agilisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>agile lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="louderbecki">
+ <AUTHOR name="Peng" year="1992"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZDM" id="6011" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="multidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Either a primitive <LINK content="ornithopod"/> or possibly a
+<LINK content="fabrosaurid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Agrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>wild/hunting lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1891"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Originally thought to be an early find from Australia, this has since
+been re-identified as a mislabelled specimen of British dinosaur <NOMEN
+name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Agustinia">
+ <MEANING>Agustin <LOW>Martinelli</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer) one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ligabuei" original="Augustia">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="fragmentary dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; hindlimb elements; osteoderms"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Tall osteoderms lined the back of this unusual <LINK content="sauropod"/>.
+ They seem to have been mobile, a case of parallel evolution with
+ <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. The samllest were leaf-shaped, while the
+ largest ones were split into halves, each half bearing an outward-pointing
+ spike.</P>
+ <P><NOMEN name="Agustinia"/> may be related to <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>
+ or to <LINK content="rebbachisaurids"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alamosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Ojo</LOW> Alamo <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="21"/>
+ <MASS value="30000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="10,486" content="left scapula" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" content="right ischium" type="para"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15658" content="caudal centrum"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15560" content="30 most anterior caudal vertebrae (articulated); 25 chevrons; ischia; left scapulocoracoid; right forelimb lacking phalanges, 2 sternal plates, 3 fragmentary ribs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sanjuanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1922"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The only North American <LINK content="sauropod"/> from the Late
+<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Albertosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Alberta lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
+ <MASS value="1800"/>
+ <MASS value="2500"/>
+ <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Alabama, Georgia" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="028" content="tooth" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="033" content="teeth" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="034" content="premaxillary teeth" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
+ <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5600" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5601" content="incomplete skull" type="para"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="807" synonym="arctunguis" content="sacrum with sacral vertebrae, left scapulocoracoid & forearm, left pelvis, associated limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="sarcophagus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium" original="Ornithomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="libratus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="subadult"/>
+ <MEANING>big <LOW>&</LOW> gracile</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="olseni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Alectrosaurus olseni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="periculosus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>C. M.</LOW> Sternberg's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Albisaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="scutifer">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alectrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Alectra's/unmarried lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="500" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6554" content="most of right hindlimb, pubic fragment" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6368" content="right humerus, first phalanx of manual digit II, ungual of manual digit I, 4 fragmentary caudal vertebrae" comment="some of this material belongs to a therizinosaur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="21784" q="1" content="2 fragments"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/50" content="partial skeleton including partial maxilla & nasal"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/51" content="partial skeleton including hindlimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="olseni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="periculosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alexornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="antecedens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brodkorb" year="1976"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>Alex<LOW>ander Wetmore's</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Algoasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Algoa <LOW>Bay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Port Elizabeth Museum" content="fragmentary dorsal vertebra, femur, incomplete scapula, phalanx, ungual" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bauri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1904"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="baini" author="du Toit" year="1926"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be a <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alioramus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>different branch</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="GI" id="3141/1" content="incompete skull, mandibles, distal part of metatrasus" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="remotus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
+ <MEANING>remote</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had a long, bumpy ridge with bony knobs along the top of the snout. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aliwalia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Aliwal <LOW>North (in South Africa) one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1886-XV-39" content="proximal end of left femur" type="co"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1876-VII-B124" content="distal end of left femur" type="co"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rex">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>king</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Although <NOMEN name="Aliwalia"/> remains are far from complete, they
+seem to indicate that this creature was the first really large predatory
+<LINK content="dinosaur"/>, possibly on the same scale as some
+<LINK content="carnosaurs"/>. It was fairly primitive, but perhaps somewhat
+more advanced than <NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Allosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>different lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, S. Dakota, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fragilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A., Portugal"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <MASS value="1700"/>
+ <MEANING>fragile</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1930" content="2 dorsal centra, tooth, proximal phalanx of pedal digit III, portion of humerus" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1931" synonym="lucaris" content="a few cervical, 6 dorsal, & 2 sacral vertebrae; incomplete scapulocoracoid; radius; ulna; manual phalanx"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1879" synonym="Camptonotus amplus" content="pes" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="693" content="skeleton" comment="pathologic"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UUVP" id="6000" content="skull, first caudal vertebra, chevrons, ribs, forelimbs, pedal elements" type="neo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="4753" content="skeleton" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5731" synonym="Hypsirophus discurus" content="neural spine" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="12868" content="skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="4734" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="para"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8867" content="9 cervical, 10 dorsal, 2 sacral, & 7 caudal vertebrae; cervical & dorsal ribs; 6 chevrons; pubes; ischia; ilial fragments"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2323" content="8 cervical, 11 dorsal, & 2 sacral centra; many neural processes of dorsal vertebrae; right ilium, ischium, & femur; incomplete ribs"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8423" content="maxillae; 5 dorsal, 5 sacral (coossified), & 3 caudal centra; ilial fragments; broken ischia & pubes; femora; left pes; manual elements"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8335" content="right maxilla, teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8405" content="5 coossified sacral centra, lateral metatarsal, manual & pedal phalanges"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="7336" content="left astragalus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8302" content="right manual digit III"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8257" content="right manual digit II"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplexus" status="dubiumQ" original="Epanterias">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <MASS value="5000"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5767" content="anterior dorsal centrum, anterior dorsal neural arch, axis, vertebra, coracoid, fragmentary limb bone" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="atrox" original="Creosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <MASS value="1700"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1890" content="jugal, premaxilla, 2 vertebrae, ilium, astragalus, 2 unguals, 2 phalanges" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ferox">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <MASS value="1700"/>
+ <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2315" content="left dentary with 12 teeth" comment="pathologic" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lucaris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Saurophagus maximus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="medius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Greppin" year="1870"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Tetanurae" incertae="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P150070" content="left astragalus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp2.">
+ <REMAINS museum="SAM" id="1475" content="pedal ungual"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tendagurensis" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="tandurensis" author="D. A. Russell" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trihedrodon" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>of the</LOW> three-sided tooth</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="whitei" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the most famous and popular <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> is known primarily from the Morrison Formation.
+It probably hunted <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>,
+<LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, and perhaps gigantic
+<LINK content="neosauropods"/> like <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>. Its main rival was
+the slightly smaller <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> There is debate over the taxonomy of these species. Some feel they
+should all be lumped into <NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/> while others would
+split them into several genera (<NOMEN name="Creosaurus"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Epanterias"/>, etc.) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alocodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>wing tooth</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 2" content="left maxillary tooth crown" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 1" content="premaxillary tooth crown" type="para"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kuehni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Altirhinus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>high snout</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kurzanovi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Norman" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>Kurzanov's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="orientalis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon orientalis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This bulbous-snouted <LINK content="iguanodont"/> was previously
+referred to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon orientalis"/>. It shows some
+<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>-like features. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Altispinax" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>high spined <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <PLACE name="Belgium, Germany" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="University of Marburg" id="N 84" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dunkleri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1884"/>
+ <MEANING>Dunkler's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lydekkerhueneorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1994"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="lydekkeri-huenensis" author="Pickering" year="1984"/>
+ <MEANING>Lydekker's <LOW>and von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="parkeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The name <NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> was once used to indicate
+remains of a theropod with high vertebral spines, similar to those of
+<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. In fact, the type material for this species
+is merely teeth, teeth which can not confidently be assigned to the same
+animal as the skeletal remains. The bones were reassigned to a new
+species of <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>, another high-spined theropod.
+This species was called <NOMEN name="A. altispinax"/>. But further study
+indicated that it could not confidently be said to belong to the genus
+<NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>. Hence, it was placed in a new genus and
+is now known as <NOMEN name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>.
+<NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> is now a dubious species. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alvarezsaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Don Gregorio</LOW> Alvarez's lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="54" content="partial spine, girdles, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="calvoi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The most primitive <LINK content="alvarezsaur"/> known. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alwalkeria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee, Creisler" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>Al<LOW>ick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <MASS value="3" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ISI" id="R 306" age="juvenileQ" type="holo" content="end of snout, vertebrae, femur, astragalus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="maleriensis" original="Walkeria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1987"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Alxasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Alxa <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="350"/>
+ <MASS value="400"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88402" content="right dentary, 5 crushed cervical vertebrae, 2 cervical ribs, 7 crushed ?posterior dorsal vertebrae, 6 dorsal ribs, rib fragments, sacrum with anterior sacral ribs, 20 caudal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88301" content="verebral & appendicular remains, ribs"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88510" content="appendicular remains"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88501" content="5 crushed & disarticulated dorsal vertebrae, first & incomplete second sacral vertebrae, right metcarpal I, left metacarpal III, 4 manual phalanges, ungual phalanges, posterior tip of left ilium, both ends of right & proximal end of left femora, noth ends of left and proximal end of right tibiae, proximal ends of fibulae, pedal phalanges, 3 pedal unguals"/>
+ <SPECIES name="elesitaiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Alxasaurus"/> was the most primitive
+<LINK content="therizinosauroid"/>. Many claim that it is more similar to
+"normal" <LINK content="theropods"/> than other therizinosauroids are. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amargasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>La</LOW> Amarga <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cazaui">
+ <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MACN-N" id="15" content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, forelimb, hindlimb, ilia, astragalus" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="groeben" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Amargasaurus"/> had two rows of long spines along the back
+of its neck, possibly forming a double sail. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ambiortus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>uncertain origin</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pectoral girdle, forelimb, partial sternum & furcula, back vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dementjevi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amblydectes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
+ <MEANING>blunt biter</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ammosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
+ <MEANING>sand lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Connecticut, Arizona"/>
+ <PLACE name="Nova Scotia" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="208" content="3 presacral vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="209" synonym="Ammosaurus solus" content="pelvis, podes"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MNA" id="G2 7233" content="lower parts of skeleton" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="major" original="Anchisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="solus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus solus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ampelosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>vineyard lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-247" content="3 articulated dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-38" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-59" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-92" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-93" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-94" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-148" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-24" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-25" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-26" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-27" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-46" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-55" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-58" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-63" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-64" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-65" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-95" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-96" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-97" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-98" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-99" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-100" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-101" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-124" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-127" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-147" content="caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-60" content="ribs"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-72" content="chevrons"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-139" content="chevrons"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-23" content="sternal plates"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-80" content="sternal plates"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-22" content="coracoid"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-161" content="coracoid"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-351" content="coracoid"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-21" content="scapula"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-145" content="scapula"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-1" content="humerus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-79" content="humerus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-81" content="humerus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-86" content="humerus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-175" content="humerus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-372" content="humerus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-56" content="ulna"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-83" content="ulna"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-300" content="ulna"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-85" content="radius"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-57" content="pubis"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-123" content="ilium"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-84" content="ischium"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-20" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-40" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-44" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-61" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-78" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-210" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-201" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-261" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-137" content="tibia & fibula"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-138" content="tibia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-144" content="tibia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-173" content="tibia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-48" content="fibula"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-88" content="phalanges"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-136" content="osteoderm"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-192" content="osteoderm"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-204" content="osteoderm"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-325" content="osteoderm"/>
+ <SPECIES name="atacis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amphicoelias" type="with">
+ <MEANING>double cavities</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="AMNH" id="5764" content="2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, pubis, tooth, scapula, coracoid, ulna"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fragillimus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="150000" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>very fragile</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="latus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
+ <MEANING>broad</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Amphicoelias fragillimus"/> was named for an enormous,
+crumbling vertebra which has since been lost (if it ever existed). Only a
+drawing remains, which claims that the vertebra was 2.4 m tall.
+It may have represented an enormous individual of
+<NOMEN name="A. altus"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amphisaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Barkas" year="1870"/>
+ <MEANING>double lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amtosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Amt<LOW>gay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial braincase" type="holo" museum="N°" id="3780/2"/>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Tumanova" year="1978"/>
+ <MEANING>great</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be an early
+<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amurosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Amur <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Russia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="riabinini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bolotsky, Kurzanov" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>Riabinin's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Amygdalodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>almond tooth</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MLP" id="46-VIII-21-1" content="7 teeth (4 complete), fragmentary presacral & caudal vertebrae, incomplete scapula, partial pubis, rib fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cabrera" year="1947"/>
+ <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anabisetia" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="saldiviai" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Coria, Calvo"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Coria" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anamantarx" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Lucas, Estep" year="1998"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Animantarx"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anasazisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Anasazi <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull" type="holo" museum="BYU" id="12950"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horneri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a variant of <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
+ <MEANING>duck lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="annectens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="copei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton Formation
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Saskatchewan
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anatotitan">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chapman, Brett-Surman" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ duck titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="13"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota"/>
+ <SPECIES name="copei" original="Anatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5730" content="complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5886" content="complete skeleton" type="para"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps" status="dubium" original="Anatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="616" content="right dentary with teeth" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had a very long, low, flat skull. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anchiceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ near horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ornatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5251" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5259" content="braincase, brow horns" type="para"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UW" id="5419" content="skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="802" content="skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="8538" content="complete postcranium" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MNC" id="8535" content="skull" synonym="longirostris"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longirostris">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="ornatus"/>
+ <MEANING>long-snouted</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anchisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ near lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Connecticut, Massachusetts"/>
+ <SPECIES name="polyzelus" original="Megadactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hitchcock" year="1865"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="201" content="fragmentary skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1883" content="skull, 18 presacral vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, left forelimb, ilium, pubes, right hindlimb" synonym="colurus"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="2125" content="partial appendicular & axial remains"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="capensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="colurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="polyzelus" status="q"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="major">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ammosaurus major" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greater
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sinensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus sinensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="solus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ammosaurus major"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P><NOMEN name="Anchisaurus colurus"/> may represent another gender (female?)
+of <NOMEN name="A. polyzelus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Andesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="132" type="holo" content="articulated vertebrae (4 posterior dorsal, 21 caudal), nearly complete left ischium, incomplete right humerus & femur, incomplete elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="delgadoi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Angaturama" type="with">
+ <MEANING>noble one</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="front part of jaws" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="limai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Angelinornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kashin" year="1972"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Angelina <LOW>Mikhaylovna Sudilovskaya's</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Angustinaripterus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow nostril wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longicephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="He, Yan, Su" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-headed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anhanguera" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ old devil
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <SPECIES name="santanae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="blittersdorffi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aniksosaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A small <LINK content="theropod"/> of some kind. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Animantarx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>animate <LOW>(living)</LOW> fortress</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ramaljonesi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>Ramal Jones'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Originally published (as a <I>nomen nudum</I>) as
+ <NOMEN name="Anamantarx"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ankistrodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1865"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Epicampodon"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ankylosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Anchylosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Ancylosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>fused lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ <MASS value="4000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming, Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5895" content="skull, scapulocoracoid, vertebrae (7 cervical, 10 dorsal, 4 caudal), ribs, osteoderms" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5214" content="tail club"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="1243999" age="juvenile" content="tooth"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="120195" age="juvenile" content="worn tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="magniventris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1908"/>
+ <MEANING>large-sided</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="acinacodens" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tutus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anodontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>toothless lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lambei">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anoplosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>weaponless lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="curtonotus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
+ <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" type="holo" content="anterior end of left ramus of mandible, 5 or 6 cervical centra, 12 dorsal vertebrae, 6 sacral centra, neural arches (mostly dorsal), incomplete coracoids, proximal end of scapula, pieces of ribs, ends of right humerus & left femur, partial metatarsals, phalanges, left tibia, fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus" status="dubium">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithopoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; neural arch"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once thought to be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but is probably a
+primitive <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> (or a combination of fossils from
+both). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anserimimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Anser" nolink="1"/> <LOW>(goose)</LOW> mimic</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SPS GIN AN MPR" id="100/300" content="partial appendicular skeleton including incomplete forelimb, pectoral girdle, & incomplete pes" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="planinychus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1988"/>
+ <MEANING>flat-clawed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Antarctosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>non-northern lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina, Chile, Uruguay"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Nat'l Museum (Buenos Aires)" id="6804" type="holo" content="incomplete cranium including braincase, mandible?, cervical vertebra, scapula, radius, ulna, pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="P13019" content="right femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AC" id="2300" content="partial left pubis" synonym="giganteus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brasiliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Arid, Vizotto" year="1971"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial fragments"/>
+ <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="wichmannianus"/>
+ <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="jaxarticus" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <MISSPELLED name="jaxartensis"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1938"/>
+ <MEANING>Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="septentrionalis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Jainosaurus septentrionalis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anthodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="serrarius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Antrodemus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial tail vertebra" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="valens" status="dubium" original="Poekilopleuron">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="atrox">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ferox">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fragilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lucaris">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stechowi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus stechowi" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sulcatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus sulcatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus tendagurensis" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This may be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, but remains
+are too incomplete to be sure. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Anurognathus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="ammoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Doederline" year="1923"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ tailless <I>or</I> anuran <LOW>(frog)</LOW> jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Apatodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>deceptive tooth</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mirus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Apatornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1873"/>
+ <MEANING>deceptive <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <SPECIES name="celer" original="Ichthyornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Apatosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ deceptive lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="21"/>
+ <LENGTH value="26"/>
+ <MASS value="30000"/>
+ <MASS value="35000"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ajax">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, braincase"/>
+ <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="excelsus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="excelsus" original="Brontosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 partial postcrania, skull, jaw, postcranial elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ grand
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laticollis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="ajax"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="louisae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1915"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton, postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minimus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ least
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete pelvic section"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ montane
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="yahnahpin">
+ <SYNONYM name="Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This genus is more popularly known as <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>,
+but <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/> has long been considered a junior synonym of
+<NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>. There is a minority opinion that
+<NOMEN name="A. excelsus"/> does represent a valid genus (named
+<NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>) separate from <NOMEN name="A. ajax"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/> was shorter but bulkier than its relatives
+<NOMEN name="Barosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aragosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Aragón<LOW>, Spain</LOW>lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="18"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, forelimb, ischium, pubis, scapula"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ischiatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscialoni, Casanovas, Santafe" year="1987"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aralosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Aral <LOW>Sea</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, limb bones, vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tuberiferus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Classified as a <LINK content="gryposaurin hadrosaurine"/>, but
+may be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Arambourgiania">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Arambourgiana"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Camille</LOW> Arambourg's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Jordan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="philadelphiae" original="Titanopteryx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Arambourg" year="1959"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This genus was originally called
+<NOMEN name="Titanopteryx"/> ("titanic wing"), but that name was already
+given to an insect(!) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Araripedactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="phalanx from 5th digit"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dehmi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1977"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Araripesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
+ <SPECIES name="castilhoi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1971"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Araucanoraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Araucan <LOW>chicken</LOW> raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <MASS value="30"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Argentinian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A sickle-clawed predator, probably a <LINK content="paravian"/> or a
+<LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Archaeoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ancient horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="oshimai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Azuma" year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Archaeopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>ancient wing/feather</MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Archäopteryx"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Archaeopterix"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Archeopteryx"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Archopteryx"/>
+ <LENGTH value="0.45"/>
+ <MASS value="0.3"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="isolated feather impression" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lithographica" status="conservandum">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Nopcsa" year="1927"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete, all with feather impressions)"/>
+ <MEANING>stone-written</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bavarica">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1993"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
+ <MEANING>Bavarian</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassipes">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macrura" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1862"/>
+ <MEANING>large-tailed</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Petronievics" year="1917"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="recurva">
+ <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1984"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx bavarica" status="q"/>
+ <MEANING>recurved</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="siemensii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1897"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The origin of <LINK content="birds"/> is associated with this creature,
+the "first bird" (nicknamed "Archie"). Although it resembled other small
+<LINK content="theropods"/> so much that one skeleton was for years
+mistakenly identified as <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, it bore feathers
+identical to those of <LINK content="modern flying birds"/>. When it was
+first discovered in 1861, early evolutionists quickly recognized it as the
+"missing link" between birds and more primitive <LINK content="reptiles"/>.
+</P>
+
+<P> In many ways, <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> was unlike modern birds.
+Like non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, it had a bony
+tail (short for a theropod, very long for a bird), teeth, and clawed fingers.
+It also had a hyperextendable "switchblade" claw on each foot, like its
+relatives the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. But it was a bird and
+featured avian characteristics, like a reduced number of tail vertebrae and
+unserrated teeth. </P>
+
+<P> Here is a table of known <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> specimens (which
+are named after where they were first displayed):
+<DIAGRAM>
+<B>Specimen Found Recognized Complete</B>
+(feather) 1860
+London 1861
+Berlin 1876 X
+Maxberg 1956
+Haarlem 1855 1970
+Eichstätt 1951 1970 X
+Solnhofen 1987 X
+<NOMEN name="A. bavarica"/> 1992 1993 X
+</DIAGRAM> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Archaeoraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>ancient raider <I>or</I> <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>/<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="liaoningensis" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>from Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Sloan" year="1999"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Stephen Czerkas, Sylvia Czerkas"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forepart of skeleton with integument impressions"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The specimen as originally published was touted as a
+<LINK content="bird"/>-<LINK content="deinonychosaur"/> link. However, it appears
+instead to be a chimera, the tail and hindlimbs belonging to a deinonychosaur and the rest
+belonging to a bird. The name <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> may be dropped
+for the formal publication of the animals. Until then, The Dinosauricon
+will use the name for the bird.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Archaeornis">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Archaeonis"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Archeornis"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Petronievics"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Petronievics, Woodward" year="1917"/>
+ <MEANING>ancient bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="siemensii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx siemensii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Archaeornithoides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Archaeornis"/> <LOW>(=<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>)</LOW> form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull (juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="deinosauricus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski, Wellnhofer" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dinosaurian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A poorly known dinosaur, <NOMEN name="Archaeornithoides"/> has been
+classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/>, but it shows
+<LINK content="bird"/>-like traits and may be some kind of
+<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Like birds and spinosaurs, it had unserrated teeth. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Archaeornithomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ ancient <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="asiaticus" original="Ornithomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Asian
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial hand, metatarsi, vertebrae, limb elements, claws"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bissektensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Arctosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ arctic lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Canada"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="osborni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Adams" year="1875"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May or may not be a <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Argentinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Argentinian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="35" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, tibia, fragmentary ribs, sacrum"/>
+ <SPECIES name="huinculensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Coria" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Probably the largest known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Argyrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ silver lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forelimb"/>
+ <REMAINS content="other material" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="superbus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ superb
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aristosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ best lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="erectus">
+ <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ erect
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aristosuchus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
+ <MEANING>best crocodile</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="pusillus" original="Poekilopleuron" status="dubiumQ">
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1876"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178" content="partial sacrum, pubes" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178a" content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R179" content="manual ungual"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R899" content="manual ungual"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R5194" content="femur"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R6426" content="ischium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus oweni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Romania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 caudal vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Calamosaurus foxi"/>. Along with
+ <NOMEN name="Calamospondylus oweni"/>, a confusing taxonomic situation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Arkansaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Arkanosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Arkansan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Arkansas"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fridayi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sattler" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Arrhinoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ without nose-horn face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brachyops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1925"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-faced
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="utahensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Torosaurus utahensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Utah
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Inappropriately named, since it did have a nasal horn. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Arstanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Arstan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial maxilla, hindlimb material, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="akkurganensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Suslov, Shilin" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Once thought to be potentially <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, re-analysis
+suggests that this species is <LINK content="iguanodontian"/>,
+probably <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Arthurdactylus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sir</LOW> Arthur <LOW>Conan Doyle's</LOW> finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="conandoylensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Frey, Martill" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sir Arthur</LOW> Conan Doyle's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Arthurdactylus"/> had the longest wings proportional
+to its size of any flying animal. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Asiaceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Asian horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="salsopaludalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina, Cherepanov" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sulcidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Microceratops sulcidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Asiahesperornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="bashanovi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Prizemlin" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Asian <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Asiamericana" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Asia-American <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="asiatica">
+ <MEANING>Asian</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Actinopterygii"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>These teeth were though to be from a <LINK content="spinosaurid"/>,
+ but are actually those of a saurodontid <LINK content="fish"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Asiatosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Asian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Mongolian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Astrodon" status="dubium">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Astrond"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Astrood"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Astrodom"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Johnston" year="1859"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ star tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="johnstoni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus montanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus nanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pusillus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus valdensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Maryland's state <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (excluding the Baltimore
+oriole, of course). Sometimes synonymized with <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Astrodonius">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Astrodontius"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ star tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="johnstoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Astrodon johnstoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pusillus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Atlantosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Atlantis lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ montane
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ajax">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus amplus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="excelsus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laticollis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus laticollis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="louisae">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minimus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ least
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Atlasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Atlas' <LOW>(mountain range and giant of Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="imelakei">
+ <MEANING>Imelake's <LOW>(giant of Arabian mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Monbaron, D. A. Russell, Taquet" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="13"/>
+ <LENGTH value="14"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Atlascopcosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Atlas Copco's <LOW>(mining company)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="loadsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>William</LOW> Loads'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aublysodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ backwards tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="80" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal material" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mirandis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="explanatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="horridus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancinator">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lateralis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="mirandis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="molnari">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stygivenator molnari" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Poorly known. Could be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Stygivenator"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Augustia" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Zariquiey" year="1927"/>
+ <MEANING>august <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ligabuei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Agustinia ligabuei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ This name was preoccupied by a beetle.
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Austroraptor" status="unpublished">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Austraptor"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ozraptor"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ southern raider
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Austrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ southern lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, partial limb bones"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mckillopi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1933"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Avaceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ava <LOW>Cole</LOW>'s horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skull, skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" content="skull" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lammersi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dodson" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>
+genus, or a subadult of its own genus (possibly
+non-<LINK content="ceratopsid"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Avalonia" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Abalonia"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Walcott" year="1889"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sanfordi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Avalonianus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sanfordi" original="Avalonia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Avimimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <MASS value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="portentosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1981"/>
+ <MEANING>0</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Some have suggested that the small, toothless(?)
+<NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> was feathered. It had little ridges running along
+its arms that may represent anchor points for feather shafts, although
+<LINK content="birds"/> generally have bone "pimples" for anchor points
+instead of straight ridges. </P>
+
+<P> This animal is difficult to classify. Its metatarsals were pinched, like
+those of <LINK content="arctometatarsalians"/>,
+<LINK content="caenagnathids"/>, and advanced <LINK content="alvarezsaurs"/>.
+It may belong to any or none of these groups. It had some very bird-like
+traits, and its head was somewhat similar to <LINK content="oviraptorids"/>.
+It has even been suggested that it may be a chimera made up of two different
+animals, but a recent find seems to dispel this idea. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> may be related to <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
+and/or <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Avipes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird foot
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="MTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dillstedtianus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a "<LINK content="lagosuchian"/>" or even a very early
+<LINK content="theropod"/>. Tiny, whatever it was. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Avisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <SPECIES name="archibaldi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman, Paul" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gloriae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Varrichio, Chiappe" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally thought to be a non-<LINK content="avian"/>
+<LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Azendohsaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Azendoh <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary, isolated teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="laaroussi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dutuit" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Azhdarcho" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dragon
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lancicollis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bactrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Batractosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ club<LOW>-spined</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="material from at least 6 skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="johnsoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prynadai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1939"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="johnsoni"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tanius sinensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bagaceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skulls (5 complete), fragmentary postcrania (juvenile & adult)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rozhdestvenskyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had a small nasal horn. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bagaraatan" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small hunter
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="mandible, partial pelvis & hindlimb, back and tail vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ostromi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bahariasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1934"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bambiraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Bambi <LOW>(fictional fawn)</LOW> raider</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="feinbergorum">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Ann and Michael</LOW> Feinberg's </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Burnham, Derstler, Currie, Bakker, Zhou, Ostrom" year="2000"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Olshevsky" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1" age="subadult"/>
+ <MASS value="3" age="subadult"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="specimen" age="subadult" type="holo"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>This tiny, long-armed, <LINK content="bird"/>-like creature was originally
+ thought to be a juvenile <LINK content="velociraptorine"/>. It has the
+ largest brain-to-body ratio of any non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaur.</P>
+ <P><I>see also</I>: <REFER page="http://www.bambiraptor.com/" title="The Bambiraptor Home Page"/></P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Baptornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ diving bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <SPECIES name="advenus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Barapasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big-legged lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="18"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 partial skeletons (missing skull & feet)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tagorei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jain, Kutty, Roy-Chowdhury, Chatterjee" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Barosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ heavy lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <LENGTH value="27"/>
+ <MASS value="10000"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lentus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, partial tail"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1899"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Gigantosaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeletons, elements"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ African
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1961"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="limb bones"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Barosaurus africanus"/> may represent a separate genus
+(<NOMEN name="Tornieria"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Barsboldia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Rinchen</LOW> Barsbold's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, metatarsus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sicinskii" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Baryonyx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ heavy claw
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="9.5"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="1500"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="walkeri">
+ <MEANING>Walker's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Charig, Milner" year="1987"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skeleton, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> possessed a number of characteristics that set
+it apart from other <LINK content="theropods"/>. The skull and (numerous)
+teeth were rather crocodile-like. Unlike most <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
+the neck lacked a strong S-curve. There was a foot-long claw (for which the
+genus is named) on each hand. A piscivorous (fish-eating) lifestyle has been
+suggested for this 30-foot long predator, since fish teeth
+(<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Lepidotes"/>) and imprints of fish scales have been
+found in its belly. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bashunosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="kaijiangensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuang" year="1996"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Basutodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="ferox">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bathygnathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1854"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenacodontidae"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Batrachognathus">
+ <MEANING>
+ frog jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
+ <SPECIES name="volans">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1948"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ flying
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> So-named for its large, grotesque head. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Becklespinax">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Samuel H.</LOW> Beckle's spined <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 vertebrae, partial metatarsus, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altispinax" original="Acrocanthosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tall-spined
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <REFER page="Altispinax"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Beelemodon" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1997"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal elements" q="1"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Mentioned as an "omnivorouscarnivorous" <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Beipiaosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Beipiao lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.2"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton with integument impressions"/>
+ <SPECIES name="inexpectus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Tang, Wang" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ unexpected
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The fourth non-<LINK content="avian"/> discovered to have feathers or
+feather-like integument, from the same Early Cretaceous Chinese deposits
+as the other four (<NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
+most recently <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>).
+<NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' integument seems somewhat similar to that
+of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>, but longer -- 5 cm on the average and
+up to 7 cm on the arms. The ends seem to have branching structures. </P>
+
+<P> Apart from the integument, <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, a primitive
+<LINK content="therizinosaur"/>, has features which show therizinosaurs to be
+<LINK content="coelurosaurian"/> <LINK content="theropods"/>, not
+<LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> or <LINK content="ornithischian"/> relatives as
+sometimes thought. Unlike most other theropods, therizinosaurs have
+four functional toes, like sauropodomorphs and some ornithischians.
+But <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' feet, which have reduced inner toes,
+show that the therizinosaur condition evolved from a three-toed ancestor.
+</P>
+
+<P> The head was relatively larger than that of other therizinosaurs, and
+it had some features similar to the related
+<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bellusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ beautiful lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skull, postcrania (from 17 individuals)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sui">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ <NOMEN name="Klamelisaurus"/> may represent the adult form of this animal.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Belodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1842"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bennettazhia" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Bennett's <LINK content="azhdarchid"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Betasuchus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>ornithomimid genus</LOW> B crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bredai" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bibleyhallorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Burge, Bird, McClelland, Cicconetti" year="1999"/>
+ <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bihariosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Bihor lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Romania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, skeletal fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bauxiticus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marinescu" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Blikanasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Blikana lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cromptoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, van Heerden" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bogolubovia" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Nikolai</LOW> Bogolubov's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Europe"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Boluochia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Boluochi <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zhengi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>Zheng's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had a hooked beak and sharp talons. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Borogovia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ borogove <LOW>(creature in "Jabberwocky", a poem by Lewis Carroll)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilicrus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1987"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bothriospondylus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Bathriospondylus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Bothrospondylus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Bothryospondylus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ furrowed vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="suffosus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back and hip verebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alenquerenis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elongatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ elongated
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1895"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <PLACE name="Europe" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ great
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubiumQ" original="Marmarospondylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brachiosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ arm lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="22"/>
+ <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="30000"/>
+ <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altithorax">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riggs" year="1903"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ high-chested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="atalaiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hip & limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brancai">
+ <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fraasi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nougaredi" status="dubiumQ" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Algeria"/>
+ <REMAINS content="sacrum, forelimb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> At one time the largest known land animal of all time, <NOMEN
+name="Brachiosaurus"/> has since been superceded in height by <NOMEN
+name="Sauroposeidon"/> and in mass by South American <LINK
+content="titanosaurs"/> such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brachyceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ short horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1.8"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeletons (subadult or juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="montanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Montana
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius dawsoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ovatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus ovatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brachylophosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ short crest lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1953"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Canada
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="goodwini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1988"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="1 specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brachypodosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ short-legged lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gravis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chakravarti" year="1934"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ heavy
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> or a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brachyrophus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ short roof<LOW>ed vertebra</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="altarkansanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bradycneme" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ heavy leg
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="draculae" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Elopteryx nopcsai" status="q"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Count</LOW> Dracula's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brasileodactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Brazilian finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial lower jaw"/>
+ <SPECIES name="araripensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brasileosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Brazilian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="pachecoi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1931"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Breviceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 skulls, partial postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kozlowskii" original="Protoceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had a small nasal horn/bump. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brontoraptor" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Redman" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ thunder raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Brontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ thunder lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="excelsus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ajax">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="louisae">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bruhathkayosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>huge body lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="radius, ilium, ischium, partial femur, tibia, caudal centrum"/>
+ <SPECIES name="matleyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Although originally identified as a friggin' <U>huge</U>
+<LINK content="theropod"/>, <NOMEN name="Bruhathkayosaurus"/> seems more
+likely to be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>, if it is, indeed,
+<LINK content="animalian"/>. The fossil identified as its tibia
+is 25% longer than the tibia of <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Bugenasaura" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ large cheek lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="infernalis">
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1995"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, back vertebrae, 2 fingers"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ infernal <LOW>(from Hell Creek River)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="garbanii" original="Thescelosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1976"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, hindlimb"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The specific name of
+<NOMEN name="Bugenasaura infernalis"/> refers to the Hell Creek Formation,
+where it is from. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="B. garbanii"/> has been tentatively reassigned from
+<NOMEN name="Thescelosaurus"/> to <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
+could represent the body of the <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>
+<NOMEN name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>, which is also from Hell Creek. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Byronosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Byron <LOW>Jaffe'</LOW>s lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <SPECIES name="jaffei">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Byron</LOW> Jaffe's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Norell, Mackovicky, Clark" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>This is the first <LINK content="troodontid"/> known to have
+unserrated teeth, like those of <LINK content="birds"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Caenagnathasia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Asian <NOMEN name="Caenagnathus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="7" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="9" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="two pairs of dentaries"/>
+ <SPECIES name="martinsoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Currie, Godfrey, Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Caenagnathus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ recent jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="collinsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Calamosaurus" status="dubium">
+ <MEANING>reed lizard</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1891"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="BMNH" id="R901" content="2 associated cervical vertebrae" comment="one nearly complete, the other missing neural arch"/>
+ <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium" original="Calamospondylus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Calamospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="sacrum" comment="lost"/>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1866"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Calamospondylus2" type="with">
+ <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fox" year="1866"/>
+ <SPECIES name="foxi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Calamosaurus foxi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Callovosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1988"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="Callovian"/> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus leedsi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Camarasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ chambered lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <MASS value="18000"/>
+ <SPECIES name="supremus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ supreme
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 partial specimens, braincase, mandibles"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="annae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ellinger" year="1950"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="douglassi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Uintasaurus douglassi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="excelsus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 specimens, elements"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ grand
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="impar">
+ <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus impar" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lentus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leptodirus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="supremus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lewisi" original="Cathetosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen, James" year="1988"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ribs, forelimb, pubis, ischia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A skin impression may or may not belong to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Camelotia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ named after Camelot
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pubis, ischium, femur, tibia, phalanges"/>
+ <SPECIES name="borealis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ boreal
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Camposaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <SPECIES name="arizonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Arizona
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Camptonotus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Camptonodus"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Uhler" year="1864"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dispar">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Camptosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ flexible lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dispar" original="Camptonotus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="10 skeletons (juvenile to adult), elements"/>
+ <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptonotus amplus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="browni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="depressus" q="1" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming, S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilia, vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="medius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nanus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dwarf
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prestwichii" original="Cumnoria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1880"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontoidea" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Camptosaurus depressus"/> may not even represent an
+<LINK content="ornithopod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Campylodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cuvier, Valenciennes" year="1832"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Campylodoniscus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bent tooth
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Campylodoniscus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Campylodon"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ameghinoi" status="dubiumQ" original="Campylodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Campylognathoides">
+ <AUTHOR name="Strand" year="1928"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Campylognathus"/> form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens (some complete)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="liasicus" original="Campylognathus">
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="indicus">
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Indian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="zitteli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Campylognathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Reuter" year="1890"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Campylognathoides"/>
+ <MEANING>curved jaw</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Capitalsaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>capital <LOW>(Washington, D.C.)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Carcharadontosaurus" author="Holtz" year="1994"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Carcharodonsaurus" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Carchrodontosaurus" author="White" year="1973"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ shark-toothed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="14"/>
+ <MASS value="7000" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="8000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Niger"/>
+ <REMAINS content="isolated teeth, partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="saharicus" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1925"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>the</LOW> Sahara <LOW>Desert</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> has been known for a while from
+scrappy remains, but only in recent years have new finds shown what a huge
+creature it was, rivalling <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and other <LINK
+content="carcharodontosaurines"/> as one of the largest land predators of
+all time. </P>
+
+<P> A recently unearthed <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> specimen was
+reported to have the largest head of any <LINK content="theropod"/>,
+although it seems that the skull was reconstructed too long. A realistic
+estimate for head length is 153 cm, which is less than <NOMEN
+name="Giganotosaurus"/>' 165 cm. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cardiodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>heart tooth</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rugulosus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Carnosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <MEANING>flesh lizard</MEANING>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Carnosauria"/>, in reference to indeterminate
+large <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Carnotaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> bull
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with skin impressions"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sastrei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was an unusual <LINK content="theropod"/>.
+The name refers to the small horns it bore above its eyes. The arms were
+extremely small and underdeveloped, even more so than those of the <LINK
+content="tyrannosaurids"/>. The forearms were so short that the hands
+appeared to sprout almost directly from the elbows. Remains are very
+complete, with skin impressions that show rows of large, non-bony,
+semiconical scales along the right side of the body. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was featured in the book <U>The Lost
+World</U>, where it was given amazing, chameleon-like powers of skin
+camouflage. Even if this is blatantly unscientific, it would've looked
+kind of cool on the big screen. (Unfortunately, <NOMEN
+name="Carnotaurus"/> wasn't put in the movie.) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Caseosaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="crosbyensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A "<LINK content="herrerasaur"/>" of some kind. Originally referred to
+<NOMEN name="Chindesaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cathayornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Cathay <LOW>(=China)</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yandica">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Jin, Zhang" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="caudatus">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Sinornis"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cathetosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ upright lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lewisi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lewisi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Caudipteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ tail feathers
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zoui">
+ <REMAINS content="2 specimens with feather impressions and gastroliths"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Currie, Norell, Ji S." year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Vice-Premier</LOW> Zou <LOW>Jiahua</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dongi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS content="1 specimen with feather impressions and gastroliths"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header="A Feathered Dinosaur"> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> is one of the few non-<LINK
+content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> for which feathery
+impressions are known. The only others (<NOMEN
+name="Sinosauropteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN
+name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>) come from the same
+site and have also only recently been discovered. <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
+specimens were at first mistaken for <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
+specimens. </P>
+
+<P> As the name implies, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had a special
+assemblage of feathers on its tail, possibly for ornamental purposes.
+There are bands of dark and light on the tail feathers. These may
+be remnants of the animal's pigmentation, something that is hardly
+ever preserved.</P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had very short forelimbs and symmetrical
+feathers, meaning that it did not fly. It legs were long, perhaps for
+running and/or wading. A recent study has suggested that it was capable of perching.</P>
+
+<P header="Relationships"> The original cladistic analysis placed <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> as a
+basal <LINK content="avialan"/>, but many now think it was related to
+<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Caudocoelus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tail vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebra (destroyed in World War II)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sauvagei" status="dubium" original="Saurornithoides2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Caulodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ stalk tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="diversidens" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leptoganus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="praecursor">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cearadactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ceará finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <SPECIES name="atrox">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leonardi, Borgomanero" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cedarosaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="weiskopfae">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Carol</LOW> Weiskopf's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Brooks" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Centemodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1856"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Centrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ pointed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="15 skulls, skeletons, juvenile material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="apertus" original="Monoclonius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1904"/>
+ <MEANING>windowed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="albertensis">
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Alberta
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cutleri" status="dubium" original="Monoclonius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="flexus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius flexus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longirostris">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="apertus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-nosed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius nasicornis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="occipital condyle, horn cores"/>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Montana's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alticornis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Triceratops alticornis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="belli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="horridus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Triceratops horridus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="paucidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same as another <LINK content="ceratopsine"/> genus,
+perhaps <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ceratosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ horned lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="500"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ nose-horned
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dentisulcatus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1995"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
+ <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnicornis">
+ <MEANING>big-horned</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, several specimens"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="roechlingi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="roechlinqi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="willisobrienorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>Willis O'Brien's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="magnicornis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/> was a common Jurassic predator that
+sported a large horn on the snout and two smaller ones above the eyes.
+</P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="C. ingens"/> may have been a humongous African <LINK
+content="ceratosaur"/>, among the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cetiosauriscus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <SPECIES name="stewarti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1980"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindquarters, vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brancai">
+ <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="glymptonensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="greppini" status="dubiumQ" original="Ornithopsis">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1922"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Switzerland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1905"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="stewarti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longus" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Usually classified as a <LINK content="diplodocid"/>, but that may need
+reevaluation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cetiosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ whale lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="14"/>
+ <LENGTH value="18"/>
+ <SPECIES name="medius" status="conservandum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brachyurus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-tailed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="conybearei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Melville" year="1849"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Brachiosauridae" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, chevron"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="epioolithicus" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus"/>
+ <MEANING>after <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="glymptonensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus glymptonensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="greppini">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hypoolithicus" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1841"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="medius"/>
+ <MEANING>under <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus leedsi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mogrebiensis" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1955"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <PLACE name="Algeria" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several skeletons"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oxonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1880"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rigauxi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rugulosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cardiodon rugulosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Owen originally considered <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/> to be a
+crocodile-like creature, and thus did not include it in the original
+description of the taxon <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>, which he published
+the same year as <NOMEN name="C. medius"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Changchengornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Great Wall <LOW>of China</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hengdaoziensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Chiappe, Ji S." year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Changtusaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Changdusaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chendusaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chengdusaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Changdu <LOW>basin</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="laminaplacodus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chaoyangia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chaoyang <LOW>County one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="beishanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhang" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had long toes, possibly for wading. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chaoyangsaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chaoyangosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng, Xu" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="liaosiensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chaoyoungosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ <SPECIES name="liaosiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus liaosiensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Charonosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Charon's <LOW>(ferryman to Hell in Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="jiayinensis">
+ <MEANING>from Jiayin</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Zan, Jin" year="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skull with fragmentary crest"/>
+ <REMAINS content="elements from dozens of specimens"/>
+ <LENGTH value="13"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Hails from the Yuliangze Formation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chasmosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ chasm <LOW>(skull opening)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="1500"/>
+ <SPECIES name="belli" original="Monoclonius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="8 skulls, skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevirostris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kaiseni" year="1933"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="belli"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-nosed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis" original="Monoclonius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Canada
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 skulls"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kaiseni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="canadensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mariscalensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lehman" year="1989"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="12 skulls, juvenile specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="russelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 skulls"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pentaceratops sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chassternbergia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Cha<LOW>rle</LOW>s <LOW>M.</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cheneosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ goose lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tolmanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurus altispinus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chialingosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Jia-ling <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kuani" status="conservandum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chuhsiensis" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="kuani"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This <LINK content="stegosaur"/>'s plates were rather spiky. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chiayusaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chiayasaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chiayuesaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chiayüsaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chiryuesaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Jiayu<LOW>gan</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Asiatosaurus mongoliensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lake<LOW>-dwelling</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chienkosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="ceratosauroides">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>-formed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chihuahuasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sonorasaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Chihuahua lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chilantaisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ch'i-lan-t'ai <LOW>Lake</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tashuikouensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maortuensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, teeth, other remains"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sibiricus" status="dubium" original="Antrodemus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1914"/>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Russia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsal"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 foot claws, hand claw"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Probably either a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
+<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
+
+<P> The claws assigned to <NOMEN name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis"/> seem instead to
+be from a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>. <NOMEN name="C. maortuensis"/>
+may also be a therizinosaur, or a <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chindesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinde <LOW>Point</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="30"/>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bryansmalli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Murray, Long" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chingkankousaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="scapula"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fragilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fragile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chinshakiangosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chinsakiangosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinshakiang lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zhongheensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chuhghoensis" status="unknown">
+ <SYNONYM name="zhongheensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May have been the largest "prosauropod". </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chirostenotes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ slender hand
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, 3 feet, hand, sacrum, mandible, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="pergracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elegans">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rarus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus rarus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Caenagnathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cracraft" year="1971"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
+ <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes sternbergi"/> may be the same as
+<NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>, perhaps a different gender. Some material
+may belong to a new species. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chondrosteosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ cartilage bone lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gigas" status="dubiumQ" original="Chondrosteus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="becklessi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus magnus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="megalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fox"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chondrosteus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Chondrosteosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cartilage bone
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chuandongocoelurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Chuandongosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Chuandong <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, possibly also partial hindlimb, pelvis, fibula, scapula"/>
+ <SPECIES name="primitivus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ primitive
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chuanjiesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Chuanjie lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="anaensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fang, Pang, Lü, Zhang, Pan, Wang, Li, Cheng" year="2000"/>
+ <MEANING>from A'na</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>Originally published as <B><I>C. a'naensis</I></B>, but the
+ ICZN does not permit non-alphabetic characters in any taxon's name.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chubutisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="insignis">
+ <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Although originally placed in its own family, <NOMEN
+name="Chubutisaurus"/> was considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>
+despite not having front legs longer than hind legs, like <NOMEN
+name="Brachiosaurus"/>. More recent analyses suggest that it
+is a very primitive <LINK content="titanosaur"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Chungkingosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chongqing lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton, 3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="jiangbeiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cimoliornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1846"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cionodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Cinodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ column tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="arctatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kyzylkumense">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cladeiodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Claderodon"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Cladyodon"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Kladeisteriodon"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Kladyodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ branch tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lloydi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Teratosaurus suevicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Claorhynchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ broken snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
+ <SPECIES name="trihedris" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ three-sided
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> or a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Claosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ broken lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium with skull fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis" original="Hadrosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ agile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1903"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="annectens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Clarencea" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Clarenceia" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Clarencia" author="Brink" year="1959"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Clarenica" author="Young" year="1964"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Clarensia" author="Gow, Kitching" year="1988"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brink" year="1959"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Clasmodosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ measured fragment lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="spatula" status="dubium" original="Clasmodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ spatula<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Clepsysaurus" type="none">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1851"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Clevelanotyrannus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Currie" year="1987"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Nanotyrannus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Cleveland tyrant
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coelophysis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ hollow form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="15"/>
+ <MASS value="30"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several hundred skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bauri" status="conservandum" original="Coelurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1964"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Podokesaurus holyokensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Holyoke
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicollis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="posthumus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Syntarsus rhodesiensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="willistoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus willistoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>, a very common little hunter of the Late
+Triassic, came in two forms, "robust" and "gracile". These two forms, or
+"morphs", probably represent the two genders. </P>
+
+<P> There was a recent disagreement over the proper name for <NOMEN
+name="Coelophysis"/>. The type specimen (that is, the specimen used to
+define the genus) was rather fragmentary. Most of our knowledge of <NOMEN
+name="Coelophysis"/> comes instead from dozens of very well-preserved
+specimens found at a site called Ghost Ranch. Some scientists recently
+argued that the Ghost Ranch <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> might not
+necessarily be the same as the original <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
+specimen. They proposed a new name for the Ghost Ranch dinosaurs - <NOMEN
+name="Rioarribasaurus"/>. But by this time the association of the name
+<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> with the Ghost Ranch material had become
+heavily entrenched in dinosaur terminology. The ICZN (International
+Committee on Zoological Nomenclature) voted to redefine the type specimen
+of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> as one of the Ghost Ranch specimens. So the
+name <NOMEN name="Rioarribasaurus"/> has been officially dropped. </P>
+
+<P> The original type material, which may or may not belong to the same kind
+of animal as the neotype, has been given its own (dubious) genus:
+<NOMEN name="Eucoelophysis"/> ("true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>"). </P>
+
+<P> A <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> skull from the Carnegie Museum of
+Natural History became the first dinosaur fossil to be taken into space on
+January 22, 1998 when the Endeavor Space Shuttle took off for Mir Space
+Station. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coelosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Anonymous (Owen)" year="1854"/>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coeluroides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/> form
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India, Kazakhstan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="largus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ large
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coelurosauravus" type="with">
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <SPECIES name="elivensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauravidae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> ancestor
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coelurosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ hollow tail lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Coelurosauria"/>, in reference to
+some indeterminate small <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coelurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ hollow tail
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial material (single individual?)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fragilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fragile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ agile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bauri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="daviesi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecospondylus daviesi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hermanni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornitholestes hermanni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicollis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coloborhynchus" type="none">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ stunted snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="clavirostris">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Anhangueridae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Colonosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coloradia" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Blake" year="1863"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coloradisaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coloradisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Coloradia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1978"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the adult version of <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Comodactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Como <LOW>Bluff</LOW> finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ostromi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1981"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Compsognathus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ delicate jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <MASS value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France, Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longipes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1859"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-footed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="corallestris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Demay, Thomel" year="1972"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="longipes"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="primus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sinosauropteryx prima" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the very smallest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK
+content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
+
+<P> There has been disagreement over the poorly preserved hand. One early
+restoration with a finned forelimb has been rejected. Usually it is
+depicted with two fingers, although it may well have had the usual
+theropod three, as its closest relative <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
+did. </P>
+
+<P> The type specimen of <NOMEN name="Compsognathus corallestris"/> probably represents
+the adult form, while the type specimen of <NOMEN name="C. longipes"/> is
+probably a juvenile. The adult was found with 10 eggs and a skeleton
+inside. At first it was thought that the skeleton was of a fetal <NOMEN
+name="Compsognathus"/>, and that the animal gave live birth (ovoviviparity),
+but it turned out to be a <LINK content="lizard"/> (<NOMEN nolink="1"
+name="Bavarisaurus"/>). This is direct evidence of <NOMEN
+name="Compsognathus"/>' predatory nature. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Compsosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ delicate crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="solus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Conchoraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ conch raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Concornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Cuenca <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with feather impressions"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lacustris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscalioni" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lakeside
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Confuciusornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Confucius' bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sanctus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Gu, Zhang" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ holy
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="hundreds of complete specimens with feather impressions"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chuonzhous">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
+ <REMAINS content="leg"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dui">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meidus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="chuonzhous"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="shuzi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="suniae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="suniae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete specimen(s?)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have a true beak.
+Although toothless, it is probably independent of the two major radiations
+of toothless birds, <LINK content="enantiornitheans"/> and <LINK
+content="neornitheans"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Coniornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1893"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tall
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A freshwater <LINK content="hesperornithid"/>, possibly a species of
+<NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Corythosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Corinthian <LOW>helmet</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <MASS value="3500"/>
+ <MASS value="4000"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="10 skulls, associated postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="casuarius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cassowary<LOW>-like</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bicristatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ double-crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevicristatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="convincens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="excavatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1923"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="frontalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="intermedius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="selwyni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the "<LINK content="helmeted duck-bills"/>", with a large, hollow,
+semicircular crest. One gender (female?) had smaller crests. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Craspedodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ edge tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Belgium"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1883"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Crataeomus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="lepidophorus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ scale-bearing
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus pawlowitschii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Craterosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bowl lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="pottonensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1874"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Creosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ flesh lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="atrox">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="potens" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cretornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="Cretaceous"/> bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Criorhynchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ battering ram snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="simus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Various other species have been named in this genus, which
+may be the same as <NOMEN name="Tropeognathus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cristatusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ crested lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="premaxillae, partial maxilla, dentary, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="lapparenti" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>de</LOW> Lapparent's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> or <NOMEN
+name="Suchomimus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cryolophosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ frozen crested lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial cranium, mandibles, pelvis, femur, vertebrae, fibula, tibiotarsus, metatarsals"/>
+ <SPECIES name="elliotti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hammer, Hickerson" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This is the oldest known <LINK content="carnosaur"/> (and the oldest
+known <LINK content="tetanuran"/>, for that matter). Also the only <LINK
+content="theropod"/> known from Antarctica, and the first <LINK
+content="dinosaur"/> from there to be described. It had an unusual crest
+projecting upwards from between its eyes. </P>
+
+<P>Before formally published, this animal was referred to in literature as
+<NOMEN name="Elvisaurus"/>, named for its pompadour-like crest.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cryptodraco">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ hidden dragon
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="eumerus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cryptosaurus eumerus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cryptosaurus" status="dubium">
+ <MEANING>
+ hidden lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+ <SPECIES name="eumerus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This genus was renamed <NOMEN name="Cryptodraco"/> because the name
+<NOMEN name="Cryptosaurus"/> was thought to be preoccupied, but this was
+not the case. (The other animal, a lizard, was actually named
+<NOMEN name="Cystosaurus" nolink="1"/>.) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ctenochasma">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1852"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ comb opening
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 specimens (some complete)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1851"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="porocristata">
+ <MEANING>porous-crested</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1975"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1972"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This animal filter-fed using the 260 tiny teeth in its jaws. <NOMEN
+name="Ctenochasma porocristata"/> had a porous crest on its head. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cumnoria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Cumnor's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dispar">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cuspirostrisornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ pointed rostrum bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian" section="late" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="houi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>Hou <LOW>Jifeng</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="jifengi">
+ <SYNONYM name="houi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10897" content="complete skeleton"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cycnorhamphus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ swan beak
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
+ <SPECIES name="suevicus" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1855"/>
+ <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="canjuerensis">
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Cycnorhamphus canjuerensis"/> had a crest on the underside of its
+jaw. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Cylindricodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Inglis, Sawyer" year="1979"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jaeger" year="1828"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cylindrical tooth
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dacentrurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrurosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dicentrurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dacenturus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ very pointed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, France, Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcrania (1 nearly complete), 4 sacra, femora"/>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus" original="Omosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
+ <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hastiger" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1877"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lennieri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1893"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial femur"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="vetustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The first <LINK content="stegosaur"/> to be discovered. <NOMEN
+name="Dacentrurus"/> was rather primitive, and had no plates, only spikes.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dachongosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dachungosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Dachong lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yunnanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Yunnan <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dakosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1856"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Damalasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Damala lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="laticostalis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ great
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Perhaps a <LINK content="brachiosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dandakosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Dandak<LOW>ranya Forest</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="end of pubis"/>
+ <SPECIES name="indicus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1982"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Indian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Danubiosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Danube <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="anceps" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Daptosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="agilis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
+ <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Daspletosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ frightful lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
+ <MASS value="3500"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="torosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1970"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons (one nearly complete), skulls (1 complete), 3 partial hindlimbs, partial spine, partial upper jaw"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dasygnathoides">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithosuchus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dasygnathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1877"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="MacLeary" year="1819"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dasygnathoides"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Datousaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big head/chieftain lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="14"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="jaws" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bashanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Deinocheirus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible hand
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mirificus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz" year="1970"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forelimbs"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ribs, vertebrae" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/64"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The incredible <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is known only from two
+enormous, eight-foot-long (2.5m) arms with 10-inch claws. The arms are
+similar to those of <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>, although the digits
+and claws are more curved. <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> may have been on
+the same scale as the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>. It lived
+alongside <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, another bizarre theropod with
+huge arms. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Deinodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dinodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horridus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus arctunguis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus2">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="explanatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="falculus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incrassatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kenabekides">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus kenabekides" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lateralis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="libratus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="periculosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named,
+this dubious tooth taxon could be the same thing as <NOMEN
+name="Gorgosaurus"/> or <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Deinonychus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible claws
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="50"/>
+ <MASS value="75"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Utah"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 9 skeletons (adult and subadult), teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1969"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="koreanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>from Korea</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Koreanosaurus sp."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Deltadromeus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ delta runner
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="3500"/>
+ <MASS value="4000"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Duthiel, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varicchio, J. A. Wilson" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ agile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dendrorhynchoides">
+ <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING><NOMEN name="Dendrorhynchus"/> form</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="curvidentatus" original="Dendrorhynchus">
+ <REMAINS museum="GMV" id="2128" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>curve-toothed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dendrorhynchus">
+ <AUTHOR type="first"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>family</LOW> tree <LOW>of</LOW> <NOMEN name="Rhamphorhynchus"/></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="curvidentatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Denversaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Denver lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="schlessmani">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia schlessmani" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dermodactylus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <MEANING>skin finger</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metacarpal fragment"/>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <MEANING>
+ montane
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Dianchung lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lufengensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elegans" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Diceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Lull" year="1907"/>
+ <MEANING>two-horned face</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="cranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hatcheri" original="Triceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1907"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Considered for a long time as a species of <NOMEN
+name="Triceratops"/>, this genus was recently resurrected. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Diclonius" type="with">
+ <MEANING>double stick</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="pentagonus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ five-sided
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="calamarius" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1883"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="perangulatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dicraeosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>forked lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="13"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hansemanni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium missing forelimbs, 2 partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brancai">
+ <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sattleri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcrania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Didanodon">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Didamodon"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1902"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dilophosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1970"/>
+ <MEANING>double-crested lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <MASS value="300"/>
+ <MASS value="450"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wetherilli" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1954"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons, fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="breedorum">
+ <MEANING>The Breeds' <LOW>(including William J.)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="77270"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sinensis" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1993"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> sported a pair of thin crests
+running from above the nostrils to the back of the head.
+(At least, <NOMEN name="D. breedorum"/> and <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/>
+did -- that part of the skull is unknown for <NOMEN name="D. wetherilli"/>.)
+These frills were probably ornamental in nature. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was featured in the blockbuster movie
+<U>Jurassic Park</U>. Considerable liberties were taken with the
+restoration. Real <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> were much larger than their
+Jurassic Park counterparts. There is no evidence that they had neck frills or poison
+glands. In fact, <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was the largest predator in
+its environment and had no need to be poisonous. Furthermore, Jurassic Park's
+dilophosaurs had jaws simplified beyond recognition (the cool kink was
+utterly smoothed out). </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> had taller, more robust crests. It may not
+belong to this genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dimodosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pidancet, Chopard" year="1862"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dimorphodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>two form teeth</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
+ <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="macronyx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big-clawed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dinheirosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="lourinhanensis">
+ <MEANING>from Lourinhã</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Mateus" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dinodocus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible beam
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mackesoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus mackesoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dinosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fischer de Waldheim" year="1847"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="gresslyi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1856"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ The name <NOMEN name="Dinosaurus" nolink="1"/> was first given to
+ a species of <NOMEN name="Rhopalodon"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dinosaurus2" status="unknown">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fischer de Waldheim" year="1847"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ terrible lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebra, fragmentary ribs"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Named for some scrappy remains, but the name <NOMEN
+name="Dinosaurus"/> was already given to another <LINK
+content="dinosaur"/> which turned out to be the same thing as <NOMEN
+name="Plateosaurus"/>. (And in fact even then the name had already been
+given to another creature!) </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dinotyrannus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>terrible tyrant</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Diopocephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1885"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ two appearance head
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.4"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longicollum" original="Pterodactylus">
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Diplodocus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ double beam
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="27"/>
+ <MASS value="6000"/>
+ <MASS value="20000"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skulls, partial tails"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="carnegiei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1901"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, 2 skulls, elements"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Andrew</LOW> Carnegie's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hallorum">
+ <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Seismosaurus hallorum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hayi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1924"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with braincase"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="longus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lakeside
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="reedi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1990"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="carnegiei"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once known as the longest <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (although others
+have now replaced it). </P>
+
+<P> A recent find with skin impressions show a row of spines going down
+the back. Other <LINK content="sauropods"/> may have shared this trait.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Diplotomodon" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ double cutting tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horrificus" status="dubium" original="Tomodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ horrific
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Diracodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ neck point tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="laticeps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus laticeps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stenops">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dolichosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ long crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Doratodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Doratorhynchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ spear snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="validus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ valid
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dorygnathus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ spear jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <SPECIES name="banthensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1860"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mistelgauensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1971"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Doryphorosaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ spear-bearing lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
+ <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dracopelta" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dragon shield
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial rib cage, armor"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zbyszewskii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dravidosaurus" type="with">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropterygia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Dravid<LOW>anadu</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="blanfordi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1979"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Drinker" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Edward</LOW> Drinker <LOW>Cope's one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="adult (tooth, tail vertebrae, partial toes), subadult (partial jaws, centra, partial limbs), juvenile (tooth, centra, humerus, toe, femur, astragalus, radius, metatarsals)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nisti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Galton, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possessed a flexible tail. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dromaeosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ running lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
+ <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skull, pedal elements, fragments"/>
+ <REMAINS content="toe claw" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="albertensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1922"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Alberta
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="abradens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Zapsalis abradens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="explanatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="falculus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium" original="Coelurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
+ <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lateralis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minutus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dromiceiomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ emu mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <MASS value="100"/>
+ <MASS value="150"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brevitertius" original="Struthiomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
+ <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="samueli" original="Struthiomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Somewhat longer-limbed than other <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>.
+<NOMEN name="Dromiceiomimus samueli"/> may be ancestral to
+<NOMEN name="D. brevitertius"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dromicosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dryosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ oak lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altus" original="Laosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tall
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, infant specimen, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="canaliculatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki" original="Dysalotosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="lettow-vorbecki"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Virchow" year="1919"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dryptosauroides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/> form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ grand
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dryptosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wounding lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="aquilunguis" original="Laelaps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1866"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ eagle-clawed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="explanatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="falculus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gallicus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1867"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kenabekides" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hay" year="1899"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big-footed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="medius" status="dubium" original="Allosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1888"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="potens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Creosaurus potens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="saharicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once considered a <LINK content="megalosaur"/> (in fact, it was at one
+time used as a subgenus of <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/>), this
+medium-sized predator is now recognized as a basal <LINK
+content="coelurosaur"/>, albeit a very late-occurring one. </P>
+
+<P> Some other large-ish, late-surviving, basal coelurosaurs, like <NOMEN
+name="Deltadromeus"/> seem to have some commonalities with <NOMEN
+name="Dryptosaurus"/>. Together they may form a clade (Dryptosauridae).
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dsungaripterus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Junggar <LOW>Basin</LOW> wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <SPECIES name="weii">
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brancai" q="1">
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dynamosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dynamic lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ imperial
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" content="lower jaws, vertebrae, ribs" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dyoplosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dioplosaurus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="acutosquameus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dysalotosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ hard-to-catch lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dypsalotosaurus" author="Galton" year="1973"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dysalatosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Dysalotasaurus" author="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dysganus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bad brightness <LOW>(tooth enamel)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="encaustus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth, tooth fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bicarinatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="haydenianus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="peiganus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dyslocosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ hard-to-place lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="17"/>
+ <LENGTH value="18"/>
+ <MASS value="5000"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="polyonychius">
+ <AUTHOR name="MacIntosh, Coombs, D. A. Russell" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ many-clawed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> It is unclear whether <NOMEN name="Dyslocosaurus"/> remains came from the
+0 Formation or the Lance Formation. This uncertainty gives it its
+name. It may come from the Late Jurassic, like most other diplodocids, or
+it may be from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), and therefore the
+latest <LINK content="diplodocid"/> known. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dystrophaeus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ coarse joint
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="scapula, ulna, partial forefoot"/>
+ <SPECIES name="viamalae" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Dystylosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ double beam lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="edwini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Echinodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Echinosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ prickly tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.6" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="becklessi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1861"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary skulls, scutes"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> related to <NOMEN
+name="Scutellosaurus"/>. Also suggested as a <LINK
+content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Echizensaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <TIME value="K"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Edmarka" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>William</LOW> Edmark's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="left jugal, ribs, scapulocoracoid"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rex">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Krails, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ king
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Torvosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Edmontonia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group's one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="logiceps">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1928"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rugosidens" original="Palaeoscincus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Texas, Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="schlessmani" original="Denversaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, teeth, armor fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Edmontonia schlessmani"/> may be the same as
+<NOMEN name="E. rugosidens"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Edmontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="13"/>
+ <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="regalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens, 7 skulls"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ regal
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altispinus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1993"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="regalis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tall-spined
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="annectens" original="Claosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, Montana, Saskatchewan, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 specimens, skull elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="copei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="annectens"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor2">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis" original="Thespesius">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1926"/>
+ <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several skulls (1 complete)"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Saskatchewan
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Efraasia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1973"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ E. Fraas' <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="diagnostica">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Einiosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bison lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 skulls, elements from individuals of various ages"/>
+ <SPECIES name="procurvicornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with</LOW> forward-curving horn
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The nasal horn of <NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> curved forward, looking
+something like a bottle-opener. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Elaphrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ light lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="200"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bambergi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelurus agilis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gautieri">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="iguidensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="philtippettorum" status="nudum" q="1">
+ <MEANING>Phil Tippett's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="humerus" q="1" museum="USNM" id="8415"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Elaphrosaurus"/> remains are not complete, and it was
+originally classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, or
+"ostrich mimics". Placement is still uncertain, although most likely it is
+some type of <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Elmisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ foot lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="45" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rarus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1981"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ rare
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elegans" original="Ornithomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ elegant
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Elmisaurus elegans"/> may belong to <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes"/>,
+possibly <NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Elopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ marsh wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Romania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora, partial ankles, etc."/>
+ <REMAINS content="cranium" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nopcsai" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1913"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Franz</LOW> Nopcsa's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This Transylvanian <LINK content="theropod"/> may be a <LINK
+content="paravian"/> (possibly even a <LINK content="neornithean"/>) or a
+<LINK content="troodontid"/>. The ankles might belong to one or two
+different, but similar, animals (<NOMEN name="Bradycneme draculae"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Heptasteornis andrewsi"/>, here tentatively considered junior synonyms of
+<NOMEN name="Elopteryx nopcsai"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Elosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ marsh lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="parvus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Peterson, Gilmore" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ small
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Elvisaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Holmes" year="1993"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Cryolophosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>Elvis <LOW>Aaron Presley</LOW>'s lizard</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Emausaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ E<LOW>rnst-</LOW>M<LOW>oritz-</LOW>A<LOW>rndt </LOW>U<LOW>niversität</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ernsti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haubold" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Usually considered a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>, but may
+be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Embasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Emba <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Russia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="minax" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Enaliornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ocean's bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Europe"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull fragments, neck vertebrae, femur, tarsometatarsus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="barretti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1876"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sedgwicki">
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Enantiornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="leali">
+ <AUTHOR name="Walker" year="1981"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. America"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="martini">
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="walkeri">
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ opposite bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" wingspan="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> About the size of a vulture. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Enigmosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ enigmatic lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial pelvis"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eoalulavis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn alula bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.17" wingspan="1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium, with impressions of feathers and soft anatomy"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hoyasi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Chiappe, Perez-Moreno, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega, Poyata-Ariza" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have an alula, or
+"bastard wing" -- a group of feathers attached to digit I which aids in
+flight control. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eobrontosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yahnahpin" original="Apatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Filla, James, Redman" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Canadian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eoenantiornis" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Eoenantiornithes"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn <LINK content="enantiornithean"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="buhleri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Feduccia" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eohadrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="caroljonesi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1997"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Eolambia caroljonesa"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Carol Jones'
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eolambia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="latest" value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <SPECIES name="caroljonesa">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Carol Jones'
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The "proto-<LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>". Was originally going to
+be called <NOMEN name="Eohadrosaurus"/>, until its lambeosaurine affinities
+were ascertained. It is the earliest <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known
+(although <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eoraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ dawn raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton (missing end of tail)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lunensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Forster, Rogers, Monetta" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the Valley of</LOW> the Moon</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>, from the Late Triassic, is the most primitive
+known <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (assuming it's not too primitive to
+be a true dinosaur). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eosipterus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ east/dawn wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimbs, forelimbs, misc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="yangi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Epachthosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Epachtosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>heavy lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MACN-CH" id="1317" type="holo" content="partial dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="18689" content="6 posterior dorsal vertebrae, fragmentary sacrum, ilium fragment, pubis"/>
+ <REMAINS content="well-preserved specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sciuttoi">
+ <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P> A newer, well-preserved specimen of this animal may show that
+ <NOMEN name="Epachthosaurus"/> is an unarmored(!)
+ <LINK content="titanosaur"/>, as the specimen lack osteoderms.
+ </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Epanterias" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Empaterias"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ buttressed <LOW>vertebrae</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="amplexus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ephoenosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1839"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Epicampodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1885"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Erectopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ erect foot
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="200"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France, Egypt, Portugal"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="insignis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="superbus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="sauvagei"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ superb
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Erlikosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Erlicosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Erlik's <LOW>(king of the dead in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="160"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, foot, vertebrae, humerus, partial hindlimb"/>
+ <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perle"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1980"/>
+ <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Euacanthus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ good spine
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="vectianus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Tennyson" year="1987"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eucamerotus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ well-chambered
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eucentrosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ true <NOMEN name="Centrosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eucercosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
+ <MEANING>well-tailored lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eucnemesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ good tibia lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="fortis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ strong
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eucoelophysis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="15"/>
+ <MASS value="30"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="baldwini" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sullivan, Lucas" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <REFER page="Coelophysis"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eudimorphodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ true <NOMEN name="Dimorphodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Italy"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ranzii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zambelli" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Euhelopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1956"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ true <NOMEN name="Helopus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <MASS value="20000"/>
+ <MASS value="24000"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zdanskyi" original="Helopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Euoplocephalus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Erroplocephalus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euoploasaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euoplology"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euplocephalus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Europlocephalus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Europecephalus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1910"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ well-armored head
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <MASS value="1800"/>
+ <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="40 specimens, 15 skulls, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tutus" original="Stereocephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="acutosquameus" original="Dyoplosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1924"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magniventris">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ankylosaurus magniventris" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/> may be the same as
+<NOMEN name="E. tutus"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eupodosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Boulenger" year="1981"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Nothosauridae"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ good foot lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eureodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Euronychodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ European claw tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="portucalensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-Russel" year="1991"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Portuguese
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asiaticus" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Asian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Euskelosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Entelosaurus" author="D. E. Russell" year="1971"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euscelesaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euscellosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euscelosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Euskelesaurus" name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ well-limbed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="1800"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
+ <REMAINS content="16 fragmentary skeletons, hundreds of bones"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial tibia" synonym="Orinosaurus capensis"/>
+ <SPECIES name="browni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1866"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="africanus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="browni"/>
+ <MEANING>African</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="capensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1906"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fortis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Eucnemesaurus fortis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="molengraaffi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gigantoscelus molengraaffi" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Eustreptospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ well-reversed vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="200"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="250"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadultQ" content="skeleton, limb elements"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="oxoniensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="divesensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Fabrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Jean</LOW> Fabre's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial dentary with teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="australis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ southern
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Might be the same as the better-known <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. A
+family named after it, Fabrosauridae, has been proposed to include it,
+<NOMEN name="Agilisaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Gongbusaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Fenestrosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ windowed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Frenguellisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Frenguelli's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1986"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Fukuisaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="premaxilla, maxilla, dentaries, parietal, teeth, vertebrae, sacrum, digits"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Fulengia" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carroll, Galton" year="1977"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Fulgurotherium" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lightning beast
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="australe" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora" type="holo"/>
+ <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial elements, teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Futabasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Futaba <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gadolosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Saito" year="1979"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The name might be a mistransliteration of "<LINK content="hadrosaur"/>".</P>
+<P>It has been suggested that this may be a juvenile of
+<NOMEN name="Arstanosaurus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Galesaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="planiceps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Galesauridae"/>
+ <MEANING>flat-headed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ Originally placed in <LINK content="Crocodylia"/>, then in
+ <LINK content="Dinosauria"/> by Sauvage in 1883, now known to
+ be a relative of <LINK content="mammals"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gallimimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Gallus"/> <LOW>(chicken)</LOW> mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bullatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz, Barsbold" year="1972"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="400"/>
+ <MASS value="500"/>
+ <MEANING>pneumatic</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens (some juvenile)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sanchusaurus sp."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The largest <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>, excluding <NOMEN
+name="Deinocheirus"/>. A stampeding herd (flock?) of <NOMEN
+name="Gallimimus"/> was featured in the move <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gallodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fowl finger
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Galtonia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>P.</LOW> Galton's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Pennsylvania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="premaxillary teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gibbidens" original="Thecodontosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gansus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="yumensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Liu" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Gansu <LOW>Province's one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gargantuavis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>gargantuan bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="philoinos">
+ <MEANING>wine-loving</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS content="synsacrum, femur" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="synsacrum fragment" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="K"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This enormous <LINK content="bird"/> may be related to
+ <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ gargoyle lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <SPECIES name="parkpini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+May be the same as <NOMEN name="Mymoorapelta"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Garudimimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Garuda mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="85" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brevipes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-footed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Garudimimus"/> is easily distinguishable from other <LINK
+content="ornithomimoids"/> by the small crest in front of its eyes. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gasosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ gas <LOW>company</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="humerus, pelvis, femur, other postcranial elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="constructus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gasparinisaura" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Zulma</LOW> Gasparini's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="0.8"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cincosaltensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gastonia" type="with">
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="burgei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Genusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ knee lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium, end of pubis, tibia, fibula, femur, tarsus, vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sisteronis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Accaire, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard, Taquet" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Genyodectes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ biting jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tip of snout"/>
+ <SPECIES name="serus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1901"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> It is not known exactly which formation <NOMEN name="Genyodectes"/>
+came from. It may be the same animal as another <LINK
+content="abelisaur"/>, possibly <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Geosternbergia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1978"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Geo<LOW>rge</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Geranosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ crane lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw"/>
+ <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Germanodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ German finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wieman" year="1925"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rhamphastinus">
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="late"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Unwin" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Germanodactylus cristatus"/> may be an adult <NOMEN
+name="Pterodactylus kochi"/>. <NOMEN name="G. rhamphastinus"/> may
+represent its own genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Giganotosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ giant southern lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="13.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="14.3"/>
+ <MASS value="6000"/>
+ <MASS value="8000"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="carolinii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>Carolini's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Giganotosaurus"/>, a recently discovered South American
+<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>, outsized the largest known <NOMEN
+name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> by a full five feet in length and two tons in
+weight. Except for a new, unnamed carcharodontosaurinae, it was the
+largest known carnivore ever to walk upon the surface of the Earth. Unlike
+<NOMEN name="T. rex"/>, it may have hunted animals far, far larger than
+itself -- <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>, largest land animals of all time.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gigantosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="megalonyx" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big-clawed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gigantosaurus2" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="africanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gigantoscelus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Gigantoscelis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic limb
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="molengraaffi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1916"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gigantspinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Gigantospinosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ giant spine lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="sichuanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gilmoreosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Charles Whitney</LOW> Gilmore's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" original="Mandschurosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimens"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="arkhangelskyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapula, sacrum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Giraffatitan">
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Giraffa"/> <LOW>(giraffe)</LOW> Titan
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="22"/>
+ <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="30000"/>
+ <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, several skulls, limb elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brancai" original="Brachiosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Usually placed in <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>, but there are
+ no shared derived traits between <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
+ (the type species) and <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan brancai"/> to support
+ this placement.</P>
+
+ <P> <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan"/>'s nasal crest is the highest one known
+ for <LINK content="sauropods"/>. It was also one of the largest sauropods. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Glyptodontopelta" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LINK content="glyptodont"/> shield</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mimus">
+ <MEANING>mimicking</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gnathosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ jaw lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="jaw pieces, skull, specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sublatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1833"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The jaw pieces this species is based on were first
+thought to be <LINK content="crocodilian"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gobipteryx" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="minute">
+ <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="1974"/>
+ <MEANING>minute</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="eggs, embryos"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gobisaurus" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>
+ Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gojirasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Gojira <LOW>(=Godzilla)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5.5"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="150" q="1"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="200" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" content="individual (ribs, vertebrae, chevron, scapula, gastralia?, pubis, tibia, metatarsal, tooth)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="quayi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gondwanatitan" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Gondwana titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="faustoi">
+ <MEANING>Fausto <LOW>L. de Souza Cunha</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Kellner, de Azevedo" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MN" id="4111-V" content="incomplete skeleton"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gongbusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Kung Pu <LOW>(feudal Ministry of Public Works)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="shiyii" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhao, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wucaiwanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1989"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gongxianosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Gongxian <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, premaxilla"/>
+ <SPECIES name="shibeiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="He, Wang, Liu S., Zhou, Liu T., Cai, Dai" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Either a huge "<LINK content="prosauropod"/>" or a primitive
+<LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gorgosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Gorgon lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="2500"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over twenty skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="libratus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="horridus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lance <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancinator">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1923"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="libratus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once considered the same as <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>, new
+discoveries have shown <NOMEN name="Gorgosaurus"/> to be distinct. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="G. sternbergi"/> is represented by a juvenile specimen,
+probably the same species as <NOMEN name="G. libratus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Goyocephale" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Goyot/adorned head
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, nearly complete postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lattimorei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perle, Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Graciliceratops" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sereno" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gracilisuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="stipanicicorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gravisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ heavy lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tenerensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chabli" year="1988"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Norman" year="1989"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Lurdusaurus arenatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gravitholus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ heavy dome
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
+ <SPECIES name="albertae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Alberta
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gresslyosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ajax">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="terquemi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus terquemi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="torgeri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Griphornis" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Gryphornis"/>
+ <MEANING>Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="longicaudatus" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
+ <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Griphosaurus">
+ <MEANING>
+ Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Gryphosaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1862"/>
+ <SPECIES name="problematicus" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
+ <MEANING>problematic</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicaudatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Griphornis longicaudatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gryponyx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ hooked claw
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="africanus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ African
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="taylori" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="transvaalensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1912"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Transvaal
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gryposaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ hook<LOW>-nosed</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skulls (10 complete), postcrania, skin impressions"/>
+ <SPECIES name="notabilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incurvimanus" original="Kritosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1920"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="latidens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="selwyni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Named for its "Roman nose". </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Guaibasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Rio</LOW> Guaiba <LOW>Hydrographic Basin</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="two incomplete specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="candelariensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Ferigolo, Ribeiro" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>from Candelária</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This animal has features similar to basal <LINK content="theropods"/>
+ and basal <LINK content="sauropodomorphs"/>, placing it near the root of
+ <LINK content="Saurischia"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gurilynia" type="with">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial humeri, coracoids"/>
+ <REMAINS content="lower forelimb" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nessovi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Nessov's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A large enantiornithean. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gwyneddosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bock" year="1945"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Lepidosauria"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Gyposaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Griposaurus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="capensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="erectus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aristosaurus erectus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sinensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropodomorpha" incertae="1"/>
+ <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" museum="SAFM" id="990" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hadrosauravus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> ancestor
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="latidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hadrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Gadrosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bulky lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranium, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="foulkii" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1858"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="annectens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="breviceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cavatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="milo">
+ <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas milo" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1870"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1948"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="navajovius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="notabilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="paucidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> was the first American
+non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be described
+from a partial skeleton, and the first non-neornithean dinosaur skeleton to
+be put on exhibit. It is New Jersey's state fossil. </P>
+
+<P> Discovery of <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> back in 1858 showed that some
+dinosaurs were bipedal, correcting erroneous restorations of
+<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> as four-footed
+animals (although nowadays <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>, and all other <LINK content="iguanodonts"/> are
+thought to be only semi-bipedal).</P>
+
+<P> Despite being the genus which a large group of dinosaurs
+(<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>) is named after,
+<NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> is not well known. Missing the skull, the type
+specimen is indistinguishable from other <LINK content="hadrosaurines"/>.
+It may belong to a <LINK content="gryposaurin"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hallopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Halticosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ nimble lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="mandibular fragment, vertebrae, humerus, ilium, femur, metatarsal"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longotarsus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-ankled
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="liliensterni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus liliensterni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus orbitoangulatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Might be a <LINK content="coelophysid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ simple spine lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <LENGTH value="22"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Wyoming"/>
+ <SPECIES name="priscus" original="Haplocanthus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="delfsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="McIntosh, Williams" year="1988"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Apatosaurus" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mook" year="1917"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ least
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="sacrum, pelvis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="utterbacki">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Haplocanthosaurus"/> has been classified as either a
+primitive <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>, a primitive <LINK
+content="macronarian"/>, or the sister group to <LINK
+content="Neosauropoda"/>. <NOMEN name="H. minimus"/> may be a <LINK
+content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Haplocanthus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ simple spine
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="priscus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus priscus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hargeria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1903"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Oskar</LOW> Harger's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Harpymimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Harpy <LOW>(bird-woman monster of Greek Mythology)</LOW> mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="okladnikovi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> retained ten or
+eleven conical teeth in its lower jaw. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hecatosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Hecatasaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Hecate's <LOW>(a demon)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Transylvanian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Heishansaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Heishan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS content="armor" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="pachycephalus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ thick-headed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally classified as a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, but
+may be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Helopus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Wagler" year="1832"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ marsh foot
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Heptasteornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ seven towns bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Elopteryx nopcsai" status="q"/>
+ <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Herbstosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="pigmaeus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1974"/>
+ <MEANING>pygmy</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Herbst's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Herrerasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Herrera's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="200"/>
+ <MASS value="350" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, postcranial material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hesperornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ western bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <SPECIES name="regalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ regal
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassipes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Parahesperornis gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rossica">
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Heterodontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Heterosaurus" author="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ differently toothed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <MASS value="10"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, skull, fragmentary jaw"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tucki">
+ <AUTHOR name="Crompton, Charig" year="1962"/>
+ <MEANING>Tuck's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Heterosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ different lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="neocomiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cornuel" year="1850"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> <LINK content="Neocomian"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hierosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1909"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Nodosaurus textilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="coleii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hikanodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Keferstein" year="1834"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hironosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Hirono<LOW>-machi</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebra"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hisanohamasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Hisano-hama lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Histriasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Istrian lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Croatia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="boscarollii">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Dario</LOW> Boscarolli's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Dalla Vecchia" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Holbotia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Holbotu <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ponomarenkoi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Originally assigned to the <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>, but
+ actually a <LINK content="bird"/>, perhaps similar to
+ (or the same as) <NOMEN name="Ambiortus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Homalocephale" type="with">
+ <MEANING>even head</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="calathocercos">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Honghesaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1981"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hoplitosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with armor plates"/>
+ <SPECIES name="marshi" original="Stegosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1901"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hoplosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ armored lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ischyrus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ strong
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Horezmavis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="eocretacea">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> dawn <LOW>of the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Khorezm <LOW>Oasis</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hortalotarsus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ young bird ankle
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial foot (juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="skirtopodus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1894"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a juvenile of <NOMEN name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Huabeisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Huabei lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="allocotus">
+ <MEANING>differently-formed</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Pang, Cheng" year="2000"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Huanhepterus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Huan River wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="qinyangensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Huayangosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Huayang lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, 5 fragmentary postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="taibaii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang, Zhou" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hudiesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ butterfly <LOW>vertebra</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="30"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 teeth, forelimb, first dorsal vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sinojapanorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese-Japanese
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hulsanpes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Khulsan foot
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial foot"/>
+ <SPECIES name="perlei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had a "switchblade" foot claw. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hunhosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hylaeosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Hyaelosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ woodland lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary postcrania, isolated elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1833"/>
+ <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="conybearei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="foxii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="northamptoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Regnosaurus northamptoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> was one of the original three animals
+used by Sir Richard Owen to define the <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>,
+along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hylosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ woodland lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mantelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hypacrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ below the top lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altispinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1913"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ high-spined
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons & skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="casuarius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lambei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stebingeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Horner, Currie" year="1994"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragments, eggs with embryos"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Barsboldia"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hypselorhachis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hypselosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ high ridge lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="10000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France, Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial elements from at least 10 individuals"/>
+ <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="priscus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Fossilized eggs about a foot long from the south of France have been
+attributed to this <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hypsibema" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ high stride
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="crassicauda" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, humerus, tibia, metatarsal"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="missouriensis" status="dubium" original="Neosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore, Stewart" year="1945"/>
+ <PLACE name="Missouri"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Missouri
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hypsilophodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Hypsilophus"/> <LOW>("high ridge" -- iguanid <LINK content="lizard"/>)</LOW> tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.3"/>
+ <MASS value="25"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="13 skeletons (3 nearly complete), skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="foxii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wielandi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Hypsirophus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Hypsirhophus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ high roof
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="discurus" status="dubium">
+ <MISSPELLED name="discurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stenops">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus ungulatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Iberomesornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Iberian intermediate bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="romeralli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ichthyornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ fish<LOW>-like vertebrae</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dispar">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="antecessor">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="celer">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatornis celer" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lenesornis maltshevskyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="victor">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Iguanodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <MASS value="4500"/>
+ <MASS value="5500"/>
+ <SPECIES name="anglicum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Holl" year="1829"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, fragments"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ English
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="atherfieldensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1924"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 complete skeletons, partial skeletons, teeth, postcrania (juvenile to adult)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bernissartensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Boulenger"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="van Beneden" year="1881"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain, Mongolia?"/>
+ <PLACE name="France, Tunisia" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (some complete), teeth"/>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fittoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 partial skulls"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="foxii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hypsilophodon foxii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="atherfieldensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hoggi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hollingtonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="fittoni"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lakotaensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Weishampel, Bjork" year="1989"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Lakota <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="major">
+ <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus major" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mantelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="anglicum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Whitfield" year="1992"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="orientalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ eastern
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ottingeri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Priodontognathus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="praecursor" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ forerunner
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prestwichii2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Vectisaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis2">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This was the first <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be scientifically
+recognized. Along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> it was one of the first three creatures to be
+placed in <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> was originally restored as a four-legged,
+rhinoceros-like beast. Later the "nasal horn" turned out to be a thumb spike.
+Its posture was changed to bipedal, since its hindlimbs were so much longer
+than its forelimbs. Nowadays it, like other large
+<LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, is thought to have been facultatively bipedal,
+that is, primarily quadrupedal, but capable of moving on two legs as well. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> as shown here may be a paraphyletic genus, with
+some species, such as <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/>, closer to
+<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/>. As with most old genera, there is some
+taxonomic sorting to be done. The type species (<NOMEN name="I. anglicum"/>)
+is based on very poor material. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="I. hollingtonensis"/> and <NOMEN name="I. atherfieldensis"/>
+were rather gracile and long-spined, while <NOMEN name="I. dawsoni"/> and
+<NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/> were more robust and short-spined. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Iguanosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1824"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> <LINK content="lizard"/>
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Iliosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ilium <LOW>(hip bone) like a</LOW> crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="1.5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 ilia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="incognitus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ incognito
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This tiny creature may be related to <NOMEN name="Stokesosaurus"/>.
+Both may have been very early <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ilokelesia" status="nudum" type="none">
+ <AUTHOR name="Coria, Calvo"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Coria" year="1999"/>
+ <SPECIES name="aguadagrandensis" status="unpublished">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Indosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Indian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="matleyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May have had two horns on its head. Had a thick braincase. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Indosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Indian crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <SPECIES name="raptorius">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcranial fragments"/>
+ <MEANING>thievish</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rawesi" status="dubium" original="Massospondylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ingenia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ingeni<LOW>-Khobur (in the Gobi Desert) one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
+ <MASS value="6" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yanshini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Professor</LOW> Yanshin's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had very odd hands. Most
+<LINK content="tetanurans"/> have a very short first digit, a long second
+digit, and a third digit somewhat shorter than the second.
+<NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had a short first digit, a shorter second digit, and
+an even shorter third. All fingers were stubby, unlike those of most other
+<LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>, and the claws were small, unlike the large claws
+of its close relative <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Apart from the hands, it is much like other oviraptorids. It was
+suggested that it might have been the same as <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>,
+but a different gender. However, the large difference in the hands between
+these two animals seems to go beyond sexual dimorphism. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Inosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ In <LOW>Tendreft</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial tibia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tedreftensis" status="dubium">
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>In</LOW> Tendreft</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Irritator" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ irritator
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete (but obfuscated) skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="challengeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Martill, Cruikshank, Frey, Small, Clarke" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Professor</LOW> Challenger's <LOW>(character in A. C. Doyle's <U>The Lost World</U>)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Irritator"/> is known from an unusual skull which was badly
+obscured by amateurs' attempts to exaggerate it with plaster, hence the
+name <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. The skull has been re-evaluated since its
+initial publication. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Isanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Isan lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="attavipachi">
+ <MEANING><LOW>P.</LOW> Attavipach's</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/> <!--NE, Nam Phong Fm.-->
+ <TIME value="Norian" section="late" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Rhaetian" q="1"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Cuny, Tong, Le Loeuff, Khansubha, Jongautchariyakul" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS content="1 cervical, 1 dorsal, and 6 caudal vertebrae; neural arch of posterior dorsal vertebra; 2 chevrons; rib fragments; right sternal plate; scapula; femur"/>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="6.5" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The earliest known <LINK content="sauropod"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ischisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ischi<LOW>gualasto Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="cattoi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ischyrosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1869"/>
+ <MEANING>strong/equally-handed lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="25" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="manseli" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Itemirus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Itemir <LOW>(in the Kyzyl Kum Desert) one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
+ <SPECIES name="medullaris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Itemirus"/> is a poorly known <LINK content="theropod"/> of
+medium size. It may be allied with the <LINK content="tyrannosaurids"/>, or
+possibly with the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Iuticosaurus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Jutes' <LOW>(Germanic tribe)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Luticosaurus"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="caudal centra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jainosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lockley, Lucas, von Meyer" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Jain's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="18"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="basicranium, partial postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="septentrionalis" original="Antarctosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a junior synonym of <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus indicus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Janenschia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Werner</LOW> Janensch's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 hindlimbs, 2 forelimbs, forefoot, back & tail vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="robusta" original="Gigantosaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Wild" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lessem, Glut" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The earliest known <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Some material assigned
+to it may be <LINK content="diplodocimorphan"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jaxartosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Yaxartosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull roof, braincase"/>
+ <SPECIES name="aralensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1934"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Aral <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fuyunensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wu" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jenghizkhan">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Genghis Khan's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="bataar">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jensenosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="B. D. Curtice, Stadtman, L. J. Curtice" year="1996"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Jensen's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jiangjunmiaosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1987"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Monolophosaurus"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Jiangjunmiao lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jibeinia" type="with">
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <MEANING>Ji Bei <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="luanhera">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jingshanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Jingshan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull and nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="xinwaensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Yang" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be synonymous with <NOMEN name="Yunnanosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jobaria" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Jobar <LOW>(creature of Tuareg mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="21"/>
+ <MASS value="18000"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete specimens of various ages"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tiguidensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This newly discovered animal has its own website:
+ <REFER page="http://www.jobaria.org"/></P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jubbulpuria" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Jubbulpore <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Judinornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="nogontsavensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Konstantin Alekseyevich</LOW> Yudin's bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jurapteryx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>Jura wing</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="recurva">
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx recurva" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Jurassosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Jurassic <LOW>Park</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferkimorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Holden" year="1992"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sam</LOW> Ne<LOW>ill, Laura</LOW> De<LOW>rn, Jeff</LOW>
+ Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard</LOW> A<LOW>ttenborough, Bob</LOW>
+ Pe<LOW>ck, Martin</LOW> Fer<LOW>rero, Wayne </LOW>K<LOW>night,
+ Ariana R</LOW>i<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>M<LOW>azzello</LOW>'s
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kagasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Kaga lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kaijiangosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Kai River lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lini">
+ <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kakuru" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ rainbow serpent
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="foot claw" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kujani">
+ <AUTHOR name="Molnar, Pledge" year="1980"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/> is the only known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
+preserved as opal, a leg bone resembling <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/>. Its
+whereabouts were unknown until recently. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kangnasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Kangnas <LOW>farm</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth, partial hindlimb, postcranial elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="coetzeei" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1915"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Katsuyamakensaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Katsuyamasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Katsuyama lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ulna, tail vertebra"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kelmayisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Kelmayi lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="petrolicus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla, dentary"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganticus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Grady" year="1993"/>
+ <LENGTH value="22" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebral column"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Kelmayisaurus giganticus"/> has not been described,
+and may be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kentrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Kenthrosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ pointed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <MASS value="450"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal elements from several individuals"/>
+ <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1915"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Ethiopian <LOW>(African)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES q="1" name="longispinus" original="Stegosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <MEANING>long-spined</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This small <LINK content="stegosaur"/> had triangular plates running
+down its neck that gave way to spikes on its back and tail. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kentrurosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Centrurosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1917"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Kentrorosaurus" author="Young" year="1944"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Kentruruosaurus" author="Bakker" year="1996"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ pointed tail lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kepodactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Garden <LOW>Park</LOW> finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, partial forelimb"/>
+ <SPECIES name="insperatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Harris, Carpenter" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kitadanisaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="arm, partial leg, partial jaws, teeth"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ Large for a deinonychosaur.
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kizylkumavis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="cretacea">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Klamelisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Klameli lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="17"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao X." year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Suggested as the adult form of <NOMEN name="Bellusaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Koparion" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ scalpel <LOW>tooth</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="upper tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="douglassi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be a tiny, early <LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Koreanosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1979"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Korean lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Korea"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femur"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kotasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Kota <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yamanpalliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kritosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ separated lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="navajovius" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcrania"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1984"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ southern
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="breviceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grallipes">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="horneri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anasazisaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incurvimanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus incurvimanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="latidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marginatus" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="navajovius"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="notabilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus australis"/> is the only well-known
+<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> from the Southern Hemisphere. It may not
+belong to the same genus as the poorly known type of
+<NOMEN name="Kritosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Anasazisaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Naashoibitosaurus"/>
+may be variants of <NOMEN name="K. navajovius"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kulceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lake horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kulensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kunmingosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Kunming lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wudingensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Kuszholia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ birds' road
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly flightless. </P>
+
+<P> Named after <I>Kus Zholi</I>, the Kazakh term for The Milky Way. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Labocania" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ La Bocana <LOW>Roja Formation one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="anomala" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1974"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ anomalous
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>
+ Although classified as a <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>,
+ the remains of this <LINK content="theropod"/> are too scrappy to place it
+ with any certainty.
+ </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Labrosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greedy lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lucaris">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ferox">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fragilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="medius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stechowi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus roechlingi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Laelaps" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Koch" year="1839"/>
+ <MEANING>Laelaps <LOW>(mythological leaper)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="explanatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="falculus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon mirandis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gallicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hazenianus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incrassatus2" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laevifrons" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big-footed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Laevisuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lucky/left/light crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/613" content="cervical vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/614" content="cervical vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/696" content="cervical vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="indicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>Indian</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lagerpeton" type="with">
+ <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="0.45"/>
+ <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimb, hips, vertebrae, foot, miscellaneous elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="canarensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lagosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ rabbit crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
+ <MASS value="0.09"/>
+ <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="talampayensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
+ <MEANING>from Talampaya <LOW>National Park</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lilloensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Marasuchus lilloensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <REFER page="Marasuchus"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lambeosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lambei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="7 specimens, 10 skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="clavinitalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laticaudus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1941"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, postcranial elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnicristatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton, skull"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big-crested
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="paucidens" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The "hatchet-shaped" crest of <NOMEN name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/> had a
+large, hollow part pointing forward from above the eyes and a spike jutting
+backward. The crest of <NOMEN name="L. magnicristatus"/> had a larger hollow
+section and barely any spike, looking more like <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>
+and its relatives. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lametasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lameta <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="indicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Matley" year="1923"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Ankylosauria"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Indian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lanasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wool lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
+ <SPECIES name="scalpridens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gow" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Lycorhinus angustidens"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lancangosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Datousaurus bashanensis"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lancanjiangosaurus" type="with">
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cachuensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Laopteryx" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ stone wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Laosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ stone lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="celer">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="consors">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1925"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minimus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Orodromeus minimus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rex">
+ <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Laplatasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ La Plata lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial tail, limb elements, dermal armor"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Titanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 tail vertebrae, scute"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Madagascar
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Antarctosaurus wichmannianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lapparentosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Albert F. de</LOW> Lapparent's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="4 partial postcrania, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Madagascar
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>This material was originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Bothriospondylus madagascariensis"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Largirostrisornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ large rostrum bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sexdentoris">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ six-toothed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10531" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Leaellynasaura" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Leaellyn <LOW>Rich's</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull fragments, teeth, postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="amicagraphica">
+ <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Leaellynasaura"/> is known from the
+mid-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> of Australia, which was close to the South
+Pole at the time. It had very large eyes, which some have interpreted as an
+adaptation to the long period of winter darkness which occurs near the south
+pole. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lectavis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="brevipedalis">
+ <MEANING>short-footed</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ bed <LOW>(=Lecho Formation)</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Leipsanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Lepanosaurus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="noricus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1918"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lenesornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Le<LOW>v Alexandrovich</LOW> Nes<LOW>sov's</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi" original="Ichthyornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Leptoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ slender horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="55"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 skulls (3 complete), skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Montanoceratops cerorhynchus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Bipedal or facultatively quadrupedal. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Leptospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ slim vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lesothosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lesotho lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 skulls, skeletal material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1978"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ diagnostic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <SYNONYM status="objective" name="Fabrosaurus australis"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Norman" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> could be a junior synonym of
+<NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/>. Although the type material of
+<NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> is very similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>
+material, the <NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> material is very poor,
+and not quite good enough to tell if these two are indeed the same. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> is the best known
+non-<LINK content="genasaurian ornithischian"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lessemsaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Don</LOW> Lessem's lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="sauropoides">
+ <MEANING><LINK content="sauropod"/>-like</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial articulated spine" comment="mainly neural arches" type="holo"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lestornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ thief bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lewisuchus" type="with">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="admixtus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lexovisaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Lexovsaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Hoffstetter" year="1957"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lexovix <LOW>(tribe)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 partial postcrania, skeletal elements (juvenile to adult)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sarcolestes leedsi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="vetustus" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Plates formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/> were
+actually the gill rakers of a large <LINK content="fish"/>
+(<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Leedsichthys"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Liaoningornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longiditrus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly the earliest <LINK content="ornithuran bird"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Liaoxiornis" type="with">
+ <LENGTH value="0.06"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="delicatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Chen" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>delicate</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This tiny <LINK content="bird"/> is the smallest known adult
+<LINK content="dinosaur"/> from the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
+under 2½ inches in length, despite its unusually long pygostyle. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Liassaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LINK content="Lias"/> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="huenei" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Europe"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia" museum="Warwick Museum"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Libycosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="petrocchi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonarelli" year="1947"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Artiodactyla"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+Originally described as an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but shown by
+de Lapparent in 1954 to be the synonym of a <LINK content="mammalian"/>
+species.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ligabueino" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's little <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="andesi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>from the</LOW> Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Likhoelesaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="ingens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="ingens"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Likhoel lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+May be the same as <NOMEN name="Basutodon ferox"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Liliensternus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
+ <MASS value="400" q="1"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="130"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
+ <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="liliensterni" original="Halticosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1934"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial subadult skeletons"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="airelensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Curry, Galton" year="1993"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth, vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus" original="Halticosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ angular-orbited
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Limaysaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Novas" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Limay lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tessonei" original="Rebbachisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Limnosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ marsh lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lingyuanornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Lingyuan bird</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="parvus">
+ <MEANING>small</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR year="1999" name="Ji Q., Ji S."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lirainosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Lirainasaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>slender <LOW>(Basque)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="astibiae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sanz, J. E. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martínez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Humberto</LOW> Astiba's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="anterior caudal vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS type="para" content="occipital part of skull, isolated teeth, dorsal & caudal vertebrae, coracoid, sternal plate, humeri, fragments of ilium & pubis, femors, tibia, osteoderms"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lisboasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seiffert" year="1973"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Mesoeucrocodylia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lisbon lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lonchodectes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lance biter
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Loncosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ chief(?) lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="end of femur, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Argentinian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Longchengornis" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Langchengornis"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>Dragon Town <LOW>(Chaoyang)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="sanyanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> three <LOW>feudal states of the</LOW> Yan <LOW>Kingdom</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10530" content="incomplete skeleton with skull fragments"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Longisquama" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ long scales
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="insignis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1970"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Longosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Long's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="longicollis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lophorhothon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ crested snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alabama, N. Carolina"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mississippi" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton, skeletal elements"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="atopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1960"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be a <LINK content="hadrosaurine"/> or a young
+<NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus"/>. Had a small bump in front of its eyes. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Loricosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="scutatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lourinhanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="cervical, dorsal, & caudal vertebrae; ribs; chevrons; pelvic girdle; hindlimbs; gastroliths"/>
+ <REMAINS content="eggs with embryos"/>
+ <SPECIES name="antunesi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mateus" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lourinhasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dantas, Sanz, Da Silva, Ortega, Dos Santos, Cachco" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="17"/>
+ <MASS value="15000"/>
+ <MASS value="20000"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcrania, tail vertebrae, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="alenquerensis" original="Apatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>, and then to
+<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>, new material shows that this Portuguese
+species to belong to a separate genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Luanpingosaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="jingshanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cheng"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chen" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lucianosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Luciano <LOW>Mesa</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wildi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lufengocephalus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lu-feng <LOW>Series</LOW> head
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tawae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1974"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tawasaurus minor"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lufengosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lu-Feng <LOW>Series</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 30 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="huenei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="changduensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="huenei"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lukousaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lukou <LOW>Bridge</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="yini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lurdusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ weighty lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <SPECIES name="arenatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="5000"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MMHN GDF" id="1700" content="partial skull postcranium missing parts of pelvis & pes"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Previously known as <NOMEN name="Gravisaurus"/>. A bulky, massively
+constructed <LINK content="iguanodont"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lusitanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Lusitanian <LOW>(=Portuguese)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull fragment, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="liassicus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Probably a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> of some kind. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Lycorhinus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wolf snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
+ <SPECIES name="angustidens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="angusticeps" author="Gow" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="consors">
+ <SYNONYM name="Abrictosaurus consors" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tucki">
+ <SYNONYM name="Heterodontosaurus tucki" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Thulborn" year="1970"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally thought to be a mammal, since its sharp tusks look like
+canine teeth. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Macelognathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Macrodontophion" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zborzewski" year="1834"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Macrophalangia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big phalanges
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Canadian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elegans">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Macroscelosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Münster"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big limb lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Macrurosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big-tailed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="semnus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1896"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="platypus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis platypus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Madsenius" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Magnosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ large lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nethercombensis" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth, postcranial fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Magulodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ cheek tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="muirkirkensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Muirkirk
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Magyarosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Maggiarosaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Magyars' <LOW>European tribe</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dacus" original="Titanosaurus">
+ <PLACE name="Hungary, Romania"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial remains from at least 10 individuals"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" content="osteoderm"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="dacus"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fibula"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Hungarian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
+ <PLACE name="Romania"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Transylvanian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A dwarf <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Maiasaura" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ mother lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 200 skeletons (from embryo to adult), eggs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="peeblesorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Horner, Makela" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Babies have been found of this <LINK content="duck-bill"/>. They hatched
+in great earthen nests, like those of crocodiles or mallee fowl, and were
+watched over by the parents. The nests, each containing 20-30 eggs, were
+grouped in colonies for better protection against predators. </P>
+
+<P> Infant <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> about three feet long have been found.
+The eggs were much smaller, on level with those of today's largest birds. The
+relatively tiny baby <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> had a lot of growing to
+do before they could become 30- to 40-foot-long fully grown duck-bills. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> had a very small, spiky crest in front of its
+eyes. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Majungasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Majunga lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial dentary, teeth, tail vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="crenatissimus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lavocat" year="1955"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>, but material is too
+scant to be certain. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Majungatholus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Majunga dome
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <PLACEn name="Egypt, India" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="adult individual (nearly complete skull, most of tail), immature individual (incomplete skull, spine except for tail, ilium, ribs), etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="atopus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sues, Taquet" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>. was originally thought to be a
+<LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>. Then it was synonymized with
+<NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/>, an <LINK content="abelisaur"/> known from part
+of a jawbone. More recently, <NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/> material has been
+judged too poor to make synonymy certain. </P>
+
+<P> This animal had a small horn above its eyes. The skull was nearly 60cm
+long. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Malawisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Malawi lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Malawi"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ischium, pubis, partial scapula, sternal plates, premaxilla, dentaries, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dixeyi" original="Gigantosaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1928"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Maleevosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1984"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Carpenter" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Maleevus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1987"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="disparoserratus" original="Syrmosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
+ <MEANING>disparately serrated</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mamenchisaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Mamemchisaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchiosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchisaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Mammenchisaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Menenchisaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Mamenxi <LOW>Ferry</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="22"/>
+ <LENGTH value="25"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="constructus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1954"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="anyuensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="He, Yang, Cai, Li, Liu" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="changshouensis" original="Omeisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fuxiensis" original="Zigongosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhao, Chu" year="1976"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gongjianensis" status="nudum" original="Omeisaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhen" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hochuanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young, Zhao" year="1972"/>
+ <MASS value="11500"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="jingyangensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen with skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sinocanadorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zheng" year="1995"/>
+ <LENGTH value="26"/>
+ <MASS value="17500"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, partial skull, neck vertebrae, ribs"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese-Canadian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="yangi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="yaochinensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="He, al." year="1996"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pi, Ouyang, Ye" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="youngsi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ouyang"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mandschurosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Manchurian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="amurensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="jiainensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Luo, Zhang, Li" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="amurensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laosensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Mongolian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Manospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>porous vertebra</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="gigas" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
+ <MEANING>giant</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="3982" content="2 dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Marasuchus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Arcucci" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ mara crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
+ <MASS value="0.1"/>
+ <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lilloensis" original="Lagosuchus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The name <NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> was given to some specimens
+formerly referred to <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>. However, the type specimen
+of <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/> is too fragmentary to be sure that the
+<NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> specimens are the same animal as it. </P>
+
+<P> This genus is named after the mara, a South American hare-like
+relative of guinea pigs. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Marmarospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ marble vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus robustus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Marshosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah, Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bicentisimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1976"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bicentennial <LOW>(of the U.S.A.)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Massospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ large vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Lesotho, Namibia, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="carinatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 80 partial skeletons (juvenile to adult), 4 skulls, isolated elements, gastroliths, etc."/>
+ <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="harriesi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hislopi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="huenei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rawesi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="schwarzi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A nest of six eggs, 26 inches long and 22 inches in diameter, may belong
+to <NOMEN name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Megacervixosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big-necked lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Tibetan
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Megadactylus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ big finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Megadontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big-toothed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Microvenator celer"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fierce
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Megalancosaurus">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Megalosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ big lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Melagosaurus" author="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ritgen" year="1826"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <MASS value="900"/>
+ <MASS value="1500"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, France"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>William</LOW> Buckland's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Tetanurae" incertae="1"/>
+ <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="argentinus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Loncosaurus argentinus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bradleyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Proceratosaurus bradleyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bredai">
+ <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chubutensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cloacinus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1858"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="conybearei">
+ <SYNONYM name="bucklandii"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crenatissimus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Majungasaurus crenatissimus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dabukaensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="destructor">
+ <SYNONYM name="Nuthetes destructor" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dunkleri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Altispinax dunkleri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hesperis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Walkersaurus hesperis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="horridus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Hungary"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Hungarian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="incognitus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iliosuchus incognitus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="inexpectatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1966"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ unexpected
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus ingens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="insignis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps, Lennier" year="1870"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, postctranial elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lonzeensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lydekkeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus lydekkeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="matleyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani">
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nethercombensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus nethercombensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="obtusus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Henry" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ obtuse
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pannoniensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="parkeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron bucklandii"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ varyingly-sided
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Phillips'</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pombali" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rawesi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="saharicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="africanus" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="schmidti">
+ <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron schmidti" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="superbus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Erectopus superbus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tanneri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Torvosaurus tanneri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="terquemi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ <PLACE name="China" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Tibetan
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wetherilli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This was the first non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
+<LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be formally named and described
+(<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> had been discovered earlier, but wasn't published
+until later.) Along with <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/>, it was one of the original animals placed in
+<LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Early restorations showed it as quadrupedal(!) In fact, it and other
+<LINK content="torvosaurids"/> had very short forelimbs, even for
+<LINK content="theropods"/>. </P>
+
+<P> This genus has over the years been used as a grab-bag for all kinds of
+<LINK content="theropod"/> species, and even some non-theropods.
+There is much taxonomic sorting to be done on these. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Megaraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>big raider</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MCF-PVPH" id="79" content='"sickle claw", metatarsal, ulna, finger'/>
+ <SPECIES name="namunhuaiquii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>foot-lanced</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. If so, it would be the
+largest one, beating out <NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/>. Its "sickle claw" was
+14 inches long. This claw inspired its specific name, which is Mapuche for
+"foot lance". </P>
+
+<P> It has been suggested that this may be the adult version of the
+<LINK content="avialan"/> <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. They are from the same
+time and place, and there is no overlapping material between them.
+More material must be found to verify or falsify this.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Melanorosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Melanosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ black mountain lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="readi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial limbs, partial pelvis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="thabanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gauffre" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Meniscoessus">
+ <SPECIES name="caperatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Merosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="newmani" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>Newman's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="knee joint"/>
+ <REMAINS content="etc." q="1"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>Based on remains originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus harrisonii"/>.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mesadactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ mesa finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ornithosphyos">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen, Padian" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Metriacanthosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ medium spine lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="parkeri" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>short</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="reynoldsi" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>Reynolds'</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Perhaps a <LINK content="sinraptorid"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microcephale" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ small head
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial crania"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Yet to be described. Based on two 2-inch-wide skull tops.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sulcidens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="gobiensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Tiny and bipedal.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microcoelus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Microsaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ small hollow
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Patagonian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microdontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small-toothed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dayensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microhadrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nanshiungensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Nanxiong
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Micropachycephalosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Micropachycephale"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ small <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hongtuyanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1978"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Micropachycephalosaurus"/> bears the dubious honor of the <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
+ with the longest generic name, with 23 letters and 9 syllables. For such a
+ huge name, it was actually a pretty small dinosaur, one of the smallest of
+ all non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaurs.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microsaurops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Microcoelus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ small lizard face
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Microvenator" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small hunter
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="1.2"/>
+ <MASS age="juvenile" value="3" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="celer">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chagyaensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Li" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> When first found, <NOMEN name="Microvenator"/> was associated with the teeth of the
+ larger <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>. Hence it was reconstructed with an oversized head and
+ informally dubbed <NOMEN name="Megadontosaurus ferox"/> ("fierce, big-toothed lizard").</P>
+
+<P> Although sometimes classified as a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>, it is too
+ primitive.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mifunesaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Mifune <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth, metatarsal, tibia, phalanx"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Minmi" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Minmi <LOW>Crossing one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="paravertebrata">
+ <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1980"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ vertebrate-like(?)
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This animal has the shortest genus name of any
+ non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
+
+ Once considered an <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/> due to a supposed club at the end of its tail,
+ but the club turned out to be an artifact of preservation. Instead, it is
+ probably a very primitive <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mochlodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ barred tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="suessi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon suessi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="priscus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon robustus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mongolosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Mongolisaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Mongolian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, basioccipital, neck vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="haplodon" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Monkonosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Monko <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 vertebrae, sacrum, 3 plates"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lawulacus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Monoclonius" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ one stick
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 skulls"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="albertensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="apertus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="belli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cutleri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus cutleri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dawsoni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fissus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pterygoid"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="flexus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lowei" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="crassus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="montanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Brachyceratops montanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ nose-horned
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="recurvicornis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase, 3 horns, fragments"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be the subadult of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus or a valid genus
+with paedomorphic (juvenile-like) features.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Monolophosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ single crest lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="jiangi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Currie" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="jiangjiunmiaoi" status="nudum">
+ <SYNONYM name="jiangi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mononychus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Schüppel" year="1824"/>
+ <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="olecranus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mononykus olecranus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mononykus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="olecranus" original="Mononychus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with a large</LOW> olecranon <LOW>process (elbow)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Characteristics of the odd, singly-digited forelimbs seem to indicate
+ proficiency at digging. These include a large olecranon and possibly the
+ keel on the sternum. A mole-like lifestyle has been proposed, but this
+ does not agree with the long, cursorial hindlimbs. Instead, it is possible
+ that <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> filled an ant-eating niche, similar to today's
+ numbats and aardvarks.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Montanazhdarcho">
+ <AUTHOR name="Padian, Ricqles, Horner" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Montana <NOMEN name="Azhdarcho"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Montanoceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1951"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Montana horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus" original="Leptoceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1942"/>
+ <MEANING>horn-nosed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Bore a small horn on its nose. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Morinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Morini <LOW>(ancient French tribe)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="typus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Morosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>moronic lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="impar">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ <MEANING>
+ agile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="becklessi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lentus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marchei" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally assigned to a now-defunct genus (synonymous with
+ <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>), <NOMEN name="Morosaurus agilis"/> awaits a new generic name. It might be
+ related to <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Moshisaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary humerus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mussaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Mussasaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ mouse lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="eggs, 10 skeletons and 4 skulls (juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Vince" year="1979"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Patagonian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/> is known only from infant specimens, which
+ were extremely small (nine inches long). The eggs were
+ not much more than an inch long. <NOMEN name="Coloradisaurus"/> may be
+ the adult version.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Muttaburrasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Muttaburra lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="langdoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bartholomai, Molnar" year="1981"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 fragmentary)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <REMAINS museum="QM" id="F14921" content="skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Unlike other <LINK content="ornithopods"/>, <NOMEN name="Muttaburrasaurus"/>
+ may have replaced all of its teeth simultaneously, instead
+ of one at a time.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Mymoorapelta" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Mygatt-Moore <LOW>Quarry</LOW> shield
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium, vetrebrae, ribs, ulna, metacarpal, armor, pedal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="maysi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Carpenter" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Naashoibitosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Naashoibito <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ostromi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a variant of <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nanantius" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="eos">
+ <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>dawn</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="tibiotarsus" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial tibiotarsus, vertebra" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valifanovi">
+ <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fairly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ dwarf opposite <LOW>bird (=<LINK content="enantiornithean"/>)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> About the size of the average <LINK content="songbird"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Nannosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dwarf lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth molds"/>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ agile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rex">
+ <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nanotyrannus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie" year="1988"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dwarf tyrant
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lancensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nanshiungosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Nanxiong lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brevispinus">
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebral column (excluding tail), pelvis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-spined
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bohlini">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, You" year="1997"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="presacral vertebrae, ribs"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauridae" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nanyangosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Nanyang lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="zhugeii">
+ <MEANING>Zhuge <LOW>Liang</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 11821" type="holo" content="8 dorsal, 6 sacral & 36 caudal vertebrae; 3 proximal chevron; humerus; radius; ulna; incomplete manus; partial ischium; femur; tibia; fibula; astragalocalcaneum, pes"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Sangping Fm.-->
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Lü, Huang, Li, Dong" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Hails from the Sangping Formation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nectosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Merriam" year="1905"/>
+ <SPECIES name="navajovius" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Versluys" year="1910"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nedcolbertia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Edwin H. (</LOW>Ned<LOW>)</LOW> Colbert's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="justinhoffmani">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, S. K. Madsen, Burge" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>Justin Hoffman's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="whittlei" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1996"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="justinhoffmani"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ This species was originally to be named after its discoverer (Whittle),
+ but instead was named after the young boy who won a contest to have
+ it named after himself.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nemegtosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Nemagtosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Nemegitosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nowinski" year="1971"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pachi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/> may be the body of <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, but
+further material is needed to be certain. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Neosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ new lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Missouri
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Neosodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="de la Moussaye" year="1885"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ new type <LOW>of</LOW> tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="praecursor">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Neovenator" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ new hunter
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="para"/>
+ <REMAINS content="phalangeal material"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="salerii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Martill, Barker" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nesodactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ island finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Cuba"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hesperius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1969"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ western
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Neuquenornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="volans">
+ <MEANING>flying</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chiappe"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Calvo" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Neuquén <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Neuquensaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Neuquén <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 individuals (vertebrae, humerus, femur, armor; limb bones, pelvis, majority of tail, two osteoderms)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="australis" original="Titanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ southern
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Armor scutes from this animal were originally thought to be from an
+ <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Loricosaurus"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Newtonsaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>Newton's lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="cambrensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Zanclodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1899"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Wales"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ngexisaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dapukaensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1982"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nigersaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Nigerian lizard</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
+ <SPECIES name="taqueti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>Taquet's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This animal had numerous small teeth, arranged similarly to the
+ "dental batteries" of <LINK content="cerapods"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ninghsiasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1965"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Niobrarasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Dilkes, Weishampel" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Niobrara <LOW>chalk</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, 2 chevrons, ribs, scapulocoracoid, ilium, forelimb, hindlimb, astragalus, calcaneum, armor"/>
+ <SPECIES name="coleii" original="Hierosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1936"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nipponosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Nippon <LOW>(=Japan)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Russia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton (juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sachalinensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nagao" year="1936"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Sakhalin <LOW>Island</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be the young of another <LINK content="lambeosaurin"/> genus.
+
+ Found in 1935 on the island of Sakhalin, which belonged to Japan at the
+ time (hence the name).
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Noasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>N<LOW>or</LOW>o<LOW>este (Northwest) </LOW>A<LOW>rgentina</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="15"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull & foot elements, vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="leali">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> was a smaller predator which sported a huge hyperextendable
+"switchblade" claw on each foot, much like those of
+<LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="troodontids"/>. The claws were
+different in structure, having a pit for the flexor muscle attachment
+instead of a knob as in the other two groups. The evolution of such
+superficially similar structures in three separate groups of small
+<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> <LINK content="theropods"/> is a striking
+example of convergent evolution. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nodocephalosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ node head lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <SPECIES name="kirtlandi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sullivan" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Kirtland <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nodosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ node lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming, Kansas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="textilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="coleii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ischyrus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hoplosaurus ischyrus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="landerensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegopelta landerensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hierosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Noguerornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Noguera <LOW>River</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gonzalezi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lacasa-Ruiz" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nomingia" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska, Watabe, Currie, Tsogtbataar" year="2000"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <TIME value="LK" section="latest"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The only non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> known
+to have a pygostyle (a fusion of vertebrae at the end of the tail).</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Noripterus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="complicidens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ lake wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="2.1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several incompete specimens"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Normannognathus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Normandy jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial jaws"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, J.-J. LePage, G. LePage" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Notoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ southern horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary (lost)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bonarelli" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tapia" year="1918"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, but could
+ be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Notohypsilophodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ southern <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="cervical, dorsal, sacral & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; partial scapula; coracoid; humerus; ulnae; partial femur; tibiae; fibulae; astrgalus; calcaneum; 13 pedal phalanges (including 3 unguals)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="comodorensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Martínez" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ May be a <LINK content="dryosaurid"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nqwebasaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <SPECIES name="thwazi">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Klerk, Forster, Sampson, Chinsamy, Ross" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS nickname="Kirky" type="holo" content="70% of an articulated skeleton, including fragmentary cranium (frontals, parietal, partial basicranium, sclerotic ring), 7 postaxial cervical vertebrae, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, pubic shaft, partial femora, tibiae, fibulae, pedes, isolated centra and neural arches"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>The first named <LINK content="dinosaurian"/> genus with a
+ click sound (the "q" represents a palatal click, made against the roof of
+ the mouth).</P>
+ <P>The first digit had a very large claw.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nurosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Nuoerosaurus"/>
+ <LENGTH value="26"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="qaganensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1992"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nuthetes" type="with">
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary & postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="destructor" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ destroyer
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ The armor originally assigned to this species more likely belongs to a
+ <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nyasasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Nyasaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nyctodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Nyctosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> finger
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Nyctosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lamegoi" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1953"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Occidentalia">
+ <MEANING>western <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon occidentalis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Odontorhynchus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Pelzeln" year="1868"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ toothed beak
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="aculeatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stolley" year="1936"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The type specimen for this name has been lost.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ohmden lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia, tarsus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="liasicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Oligosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ few lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="adelus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Omeisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Mount</LOW> O-mei lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="junghsiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1939"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, partial skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="changshouensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus changshouensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fuxiensis2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="junghsiensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gongjianensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus gongjianensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sinensis" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="tianfuensis"/>
+ <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai, Gao" year="1984"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="zigongensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tanimoto" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Tail clubs assigned to this genus are probably from large <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>
+individuals. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Omosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Osmosaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ arm lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hastiger">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1901"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="durobrivensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lennieri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="vetustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Onychosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ claw lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Hungarian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ tail <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> cupped behind
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton (missing head & neck)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Borsuk-Bialynicka" year="1977"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once classified as a <LINK content="camarasaur"/>, but now
+thought to be an advanced <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Could be the body of
+<NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Features of the hip and tail suggest that this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
+may have been capable of rearing up into a tripod position, possibly
+for feeding. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Oplosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ armored lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1852"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
+ <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Orcomimus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Triebold" year="1997"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pelvis, hindlimb"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Orinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>mountain lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornatotholus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ ornate dome
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
+ <SPECIES name="browni" original="Stegoceras">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithocephalus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird head
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus antiquus" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithocheirus" type="none">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird hand
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <SPECIES name="clifti">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="blavatschi">
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Czech Republic"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Fritsch"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bunzeli">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Austria"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="compressirostris">
+ <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> compressed rostrum</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bowerbank" year="1845"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="curtus">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="daviesi">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="diomedius">
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fittoni">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hilsensis">
+ <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1885"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="microdon">
+ <MEANING>small-toothed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sagittirostris">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with a</LOW> sagittal rostrum
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sedgewicki">
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="LK">
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The deposits this creature comes from are either Cenomanian or
+redeposited Albian.</P>
+
+<P> Thirty-six species of <NOMEN name="Ornithocheirus"/> have been named.
+Many are probably dubious or in need of reconsideration.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithodesmus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>bird link</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae, sacrum, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="cluniculus" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="latidens">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pteranodontoidea"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once identified as a <LINK content="troodontid"/>, this scrappy specimen
+may instead to belong to some kind of <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Ornithodesmus latidens"/> is not related to
+<NOMEN name="O. cluniculus"/>, but is instead a type of
+<LINK content="pterosaur"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithoides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird form
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="oshiensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides mongoliensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornitholestes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird thief
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="11"/>
+ <MASS value="13"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, postcrania"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hermanni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1903"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/19"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/21"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/28"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithomerus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird femur
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithomimidorum" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING><LINK content="ornithomimids"/>'</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ An erratum given for two separate animals which von Huene wished to transfer to <LINK content="Ornithomimidae"/>
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithomimoides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mobilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ mobile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="barasimiensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="mobilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithomimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="velox">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <MASS value="175" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcrania"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ speedy
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1920"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragments including toe claws"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus altus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="angustus">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus" status="dubium" original="Coelosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
+ <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asiaticus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeornithomimus asiaticus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bullatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gallimimus bullatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="currelli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus currelli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska" year="1990"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1933"/>
+ <MASS value="100"/>
+ <MASS value="170"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="1 skeleton, 2 fragmentary postcrania"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elegans">
+ <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus elegans" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus ingens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1903"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pedal ungual"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minutus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Mononykinae"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial metatarsus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ minute
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="samueli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sedens" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ <REMAINS content="sacrum, fragmentary ilium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary metatarsal"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Maniraptoriformes" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The archetypical "<LINK content="ostrich mimic"/>". </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus affinis"/> was originally placed in
+<NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> (and then <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/>)
+because of <LINK content="ornithomimid"/>-like toe claws, but the material
+is too indeterminate to assign confidently to any known
+<LINK content="theropod"/> genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithopsis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird face
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hulkei" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="conybearei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="eucamerotus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Eucamerotus foxi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ well-chambered
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="greppini">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="manseli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="suffosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithopterus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1838"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bird wing
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithostoma">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1871"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bird mouth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1904"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="orientalis">
+ <PLACE name="Russia"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bogolubov" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>oriental</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithosuchus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1894"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
+ <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bird crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ornithotarsus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Ornithosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ bird ankle
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Orodromeus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Egg</LOW> Mountain runner
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="makelai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Horner, Weishampel" year="1988"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Laosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb, veretbrae"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ least
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Eggs formerly assigned to this genus have turned out to belong to
+<NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Orosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Peters" year="1862"/>
+ <MISSPELLED nme="Orosauravus" author="Norman" year="1985"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ mountain lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="capensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Orthogoniosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ straight-sided <LOW>tooth</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="matleyi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Das-Gupta" year="1931"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="raptorius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ raiding
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rawesi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Orthomerus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ straight femur
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dolloi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, femur, tibia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Dollo's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="weberae" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary hindlimb"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Oshanosaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Othnielia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Othniel <LOW>Charles Marsh's one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rex" original="Nanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ king
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="multidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nisti">
+ <SYNONYM name="Drinker nisti" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Otogornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="genghisi">
+ <MEANING>Genghis <LOW>Khan</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Otog<LOW>-qi</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>Originally placed in <LINK content="Enantiornithes"/>, but
+ may be an <LINK content="ambiortiform"/>.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ouranosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ brave <LOW>(monitor)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1976"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Niger
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> was remarkable in having a sail along its
+back, like that of the <LINK content="theropod"/> <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>
+and the <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Oviraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ egg raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <MASS value="25"/>
+ <MASS value="35"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons (some complete), eggs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="philoceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rinchenia mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="yanshini">
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ingenia yanshini" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> had a crest on its head, grasping hands, and
+an unusual penchant for being fossilized in interesting positions. The first
+one was found near what was thought to be the nest of a
+<NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, presumably intent on snatching an egg. This
+gave it its name, which means "<LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving egg
+raider". </P>
+
+<P> In fact, analysis of the fetuses inside the eggs have since shown it to
+be the <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>'s own nest. More recently, another oviraptorid
+(possibly <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>) has been
+found which died in a sandstorm while sitting on a nest of its own brood.
+These two discoveries show that <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> probably cared
+for its offspring, as <LINK content="birds"/> and
+<LINK content="crocodylians"/> do today. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> was featured in the book <U>Dinotopia</U>,
+where it was renamed <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Ovinutrix"/> ("egg nurse"),
+since that was its function in the book's utopian society of prehistoric
+animals and humans. Strangely enough, the name given in the
+fictional book has turned out to fit the animal better than its actual name.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ovoraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ egg raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="djadochtari" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Velociraptor mongoliensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Djadokhta <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ozraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Oz <LOW>(=Australia)</LOW> raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UWA" id="82469" content="distal fragment of tibia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="subotaii">
+ <AUTHOR year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Subotai's <LOW>(character in <U>Conan the Barbarian</U>)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally identified as the remains of a <LINK content="turtle"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pachycephalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ thick-headed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skull, skull fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wyomingensis" original="Troodon" status="conservandum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1931"/>
+ <MEANING>from Wyoming</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grangeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="reinheimeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This, the largest of <LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>, had a skull dome 10
+ inches thick.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pachyrhinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ thick nose lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alaska, Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="12 partial skulls, disarticulated material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="canadensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1950"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Canada
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="horneri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Achelousaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/> had a large horny pad covering the top of its face,
+possibly supporting a truly gigantic horn, as well as several small,
+straight horns on the middle of its frill. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pachysauriscus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ajax">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pachysaurops">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1961"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/> face
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pachysaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ thick lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ajax" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ great
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wetzelianus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pachyspondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ thick vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="orpenii" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeoctonus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeonornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Emmons" year="1857"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ old wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="end of radius"/>
+ <SPECIES name="thomsoni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1981"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally classified as <LINK content="archaeopterygian"/>,
+ but may be <LINK content="deinonychosaurian"/> or <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ old bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeosauriscus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Palaeosaurus2"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="cylindrodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cylindrically-toothed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeosaurus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ old lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riley, Stutchbury" year="1836"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ diagnostic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeosaurus2" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ old lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="fraserianus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Palaeoscincus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ old <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Scincus"/> <LOW>(skink)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="costatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="africanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asper" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="latus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ broad<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tutus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This dubious genus, based on teeth, was one of the first American
+<LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named. <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus costatus"/> may belong to
+<NOMEN name="Panoplosaurus mirus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus latus"/>
+may belong to <NOMEN name="Edmontonia"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Panoplosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ completely armored lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <MASS value="3500"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen with complete cranium, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mirus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1919"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="logiceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia logiceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parahesperornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. America"/>
+ <SPECIES name="alexi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Martin" year="1984"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Hesperornis" q="1">
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Parahesperornis gracilis"/> may belong in <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>, as it was originally placed.
+Its feathers were rather hair-like. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Paraiguanodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="incolapaludalis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus johnsoni"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Paranthodon">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Paracanthodon"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Anthodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull with teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Palaeoscincus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1910"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ African
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parapsicephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Arthaber" year="1918"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ adjoined arch head
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="purdoni" original="Scaphognathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1888"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pararhabdodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Rhabdodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain, France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck & back vertebrae, humerus, end of ulna, cranial and postcranial material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="isonense">
+ <AUTHOR name="Casanovas-Cladellas, Santafe-Llopis, Isidro-Llorens" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parasaurolophus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="walkeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1922"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Utah" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cyrtocristatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1961"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tubicen">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1931"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus walkeri"/> had the largest crest of any
+<LINK content="duck-bill"/>. It was a long, hollow tube which extended back from
+the skull, curving downwards. There may be a notch in its spine where the
+crest habitually rested. </P>
+
+<P>The crest of <NOMEN name="P. cyrtocristatus"/> was similar, but smaller.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parascaniornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>near <NOMEN name="Scaniornis"/> <LOW>(Scanian bird)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="stensioi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Sweden"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pareiasaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parksosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1937"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>William</LOW> Parks' lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
+ <MASS value="70"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="warrenae" original="Thescelosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
+ <MEANING>Warren's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Paronychodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> beside claw tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth (adult & juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lakeside
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="caperatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="explanatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parrosaurus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1945"/>
+ <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Parvicursor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small runner
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (with pelvis, hindlimb, parts of tail and back)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="remotus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Karhu, Rautian" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ remote
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pasquiaornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Pasquia <LOW>Hills</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="early" value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hardiei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tankei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Patagonykus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Patagonian claws
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <SPECIES name="puertai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Transitional between basal <LINK content="alvarezsaurids"/>
+(like <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/>) and <LINK content="mononykines"/>
+(like <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Patagopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Patagonian wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.75"/>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MACN" id="N 03" content="specimen"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="N 11" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
+ <REMAINS content="other specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="deferrariasi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Alvarenga, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Professor Oscar</LOW> de Ferrarias'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>' wings were quite short, indicating that it had lost
+the ability to fly. Although reconstructed as having a short tail with no
+pygostyle, it probably did have a pygostyle. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Patagosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Patagonian lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="18"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="12 skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fariasi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Patricosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ paternal lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary femur & sacral vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="merocratus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pawpawsaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Paw Paw <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="campbelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lee" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Bony eyelids have been preserved from this species.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pectinodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ comb tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="bakkeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Peishansaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Beishan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw with tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="philemys" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be a
+ <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pekinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Pekin lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="olseni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pelagornis2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1866"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lartet" year="1857"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Enaliornis"/>
+ <MEANING>sea bird</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pelecanimimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ pelican mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pectoral girdle, sternum, forelimb, skin impressions"/>
+ <SPECIES name="polyodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalloni, Moratalla, Ortega, Rasskin-Gutman" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ many-toothed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Despite being a member of a mostly toothless group, <NOMEN name="Pelecanimimus"/> had
+ more teeth than any other <LINK content="theropod"/> (over 220)! </P>
+
+<P> Tissue impressions of this animal show a small dewlap or throat pouch
+(hence the name). They were also originally thought to show 4
+structures, possibly related to feathers, but further analysis shows them
+to be imprints of muscle fibers. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pellegrinisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Lake</LOW> Pellegrini lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <LENGTH value="25"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, partial femur"/>
+ <SPECIES name="powelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Salgado" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pelorosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Pelerosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Pelosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Pelrorosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Polorosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Telorosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ monstrous lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="24"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, humerus, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimb elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="conybearei" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1850"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Oplosaurus armatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1852"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hulkei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithopsis hulkei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="humerocristatus" status="dubium" original="Cetiosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsii" status="dubium" original="Ornithopsis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mackesoni" status="dubium" original="Dinodocus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1884"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="manseli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="megalonyx">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gigantosaurus megalonyx" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="praecursor">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The skin bore small, hexagon-like tubercles.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Peltosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1873"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sauropelta"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ shield lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pentaceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ five horn lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="2500"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="9 skulls, skeletons (some complete)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fenestratus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1930"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="sternbergi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ windowed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A recently discovered skull (over 3m long) gives
+<NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> the title of Terrestrial Animal with the
+Largest Head, formerly held by <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Peteinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ winged lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Italy"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete postcranium, partial skeleton"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".6"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zambelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Phaedrolosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ gleaming lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia, phalanges, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ilikensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Phobetor" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Krøyer" year="1844"/>
+ <MEANING>Phobetor <LOW>(god of fear)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="parvus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Balhurina" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ small
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had odd, upwardly curving, narrow jaws. </P>
+
+<P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Phobetor"/> is preoccupied by a
+<LINK content="fish"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Phuwiangosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Phu Wiang lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="25"/>
+ <LENGTH value="30"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons, skull material"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skeletal material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sirindhornae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Martin, Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Phyllodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ leaf tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="henkeli" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Piatnitzkysaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>A.</LOW> Piatnitzky's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="250"/>
+ <MASS value="300"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="floresi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Picrodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ sharp tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="herveyi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pinacosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ plank lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="grangeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 35 specimens (some juvenile)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mephistocephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Pereda-Superbiola, Li, Dong"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="articulated specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ninghsiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1935"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="grangeri"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A group of about 20 juveniles was recently found, fueling speculations that
+ these animals may have formed herds based on age.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pisanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Pisano's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="merti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1967"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The earliest well-known <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. Once classified as a
+ <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Piveteausaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Taquet, Welles" year="1977"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Piveteau's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase, skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="divesensis" original="Eustreptospondylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Plataleorhynchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platalea"/> <LOW>(spoonbill)</LOW> beak
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="end of snout"/>
+ <SPECIES name="streptophorodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Howse, Browner" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous).
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Platanavis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="nana">
+ <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platanus"/> <LOW>(sycamore tree)</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Plateosauravus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/> ancestor
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus cullingworthi" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Plateosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Platysaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ flat lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <MASS value="700"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany, Switzerland, France"/>
+ <PLACE name="Sweden" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="around 100 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 10 skulls, isolated elements, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="engelhardti">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1837"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="carinatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elizae" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1907"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="erlenbergiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1905"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fraasi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus fraasi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fraasianus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="integer">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fraas"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1915"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1913"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-headed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="obtusus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus obtusus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ ornate
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dimodosaurus poligniensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
+ <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="reinigeri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stormbergensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1915"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="torgeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus torgeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trossingensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Trossingen
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Plegadornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wetmore" year="1962"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Brehm" year="1855"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Plegadis"/> <LOW>(ibis)</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pleurocoelus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Plaurocoelus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocaelus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocoelis"/>
+ <MEANING>hollow side</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull elements, teeth, vertebrae, tibia, fibula, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="nanus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
+ <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
+ <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
+ <MEANING>montane</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pusillus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="suffosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus altus"/> was once thought to be the adult form of
+<NOMEN name="P. nanus"/>, but more recently is has been suggested as an
+entirely different sauropod. The Texan material assigned to this genus
+also may not belong. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pleuropeltus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ side shield
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pneumatoarthrus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1870"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Chelonia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ pneumatic joint
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Podokesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ swift foot lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Connecticut"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton (destroyed in a fire)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Talbot" year="1911"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Holyoke
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>. Some consider it synonymous with
+<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Podopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>foot wing</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Selys-Longchamps" year="1871"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sharovipteryx mirabilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Poekilopleuron" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleuron"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleurum"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Poicilopleuron"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Poikilopleuron"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ varying side
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps" year="1838"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forelimb elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>2</LOW> Buckland's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gallicum">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus2 foxi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus poikilopleuron" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pusillum">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aristosuchus pusillus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="schmidti" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kiprijanov" year="1883"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ribs, tibia fragment"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Polacanthoides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Polacanthus"/> form
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ponderosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Polacanthus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ many spines
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="foxii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1881"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1925"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="foxii"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marshi">
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pereda-Superbiola"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rudgwickensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1996"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, humerus, tibia, ribs, armor"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Polyodontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ many-toothed lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ grand
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Polyonax" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ master <LOW>of</LOW> many
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb fragments, horn core fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mortuarius" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ponerosteus" status="unpublished">
+ <MEANING>
+ rotten bone
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="exogyrarum" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
+ <MEANING><NOMEN nolink="1" name="Exogyra"/>'s <LOW>(shell from the same formation)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1878"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Poposaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1915"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Poposauridae"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Prenocephale" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ sloping head
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <SPECIES name="prenes">
+ <REMAINS content="complete skull with partial postcranium"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ sloping
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Stegoceras" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1918"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis" original="Troodon" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull fragments"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Preondactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Preone <LOW>Valley</LOW> finger</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="buffarinii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>N.</LOW> Buffarini's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Norian" section="early"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian" section="middle"/>
+ <PLACE name="Italy"/>
+ <REMAINS content="articulated skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" comment="digested"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forelimb elements"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.5"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>The most primitive known <LINK content="pterosaur"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Priconodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Princonodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ punctured tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Priodontognathus" status="dubium">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Priodontosaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ saw tooth jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once included a partial femur now referred to
+<NOMEN name="Dacentrurus phillipsii"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Priscavolucris" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gomez" year="1979"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Chondrichthyes"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ ancient bird
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Probactrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Bactrosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alashanicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Alashan <LOW>Desert</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lu" year="1991"/>
+ <REMAINS content="posterior of skull, postcrania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a basal <LINK content="styracosternan"/>, the sister group to
+<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>, or something in between. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Proceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1906"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratops montanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Proceratosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bradleyi" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1910"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="divesensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Once thought of as the ancestor of <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>,
+another theropod with a nasal horn/crest, it is now recognized as a
+<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, the earliest one known. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Procerosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Procerosaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Procheneosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Matthew" year="1920"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Cheneosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="praeceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus praeceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="convincens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus convincens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus cranibrevis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus erectofrons" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Procompsognathus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <MASS value="1"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, vertebrae, pubes, hindlimb, radius, ulna, partial manus, scapulocoracoid"/>
+ <SPECIES name="triassicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="Triassic"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Prodeinodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Deinodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Tibet
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Proiguanodon" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="van den Broeck" year="1900"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon" q="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Prosaurolophus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 20 skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greatest
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH q="1" value="15"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="blackfeetensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the land of the</LOW> Blackfeet <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="breviceps" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-faced
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greatest
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possible ancestor to <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 specimens, including feather remains"/>
+ <SPECIES name="robusta">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The recently discovered <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
+("before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>") seems to have actually
+lived much later than <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>, although
+it is more primitive. In fact, it may not even be an
+<LINK content="avialan"/> as first thought, but a more basal
+<LINK content="maniraptor"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> was about turkey-sized. Its forelimbs,
+proportionally shorter than those of flying animals, bore long,
+symmetrical feathers. Since all flying birds have symmetrical feathers,
+<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> probably could not fly. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protiguanodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Proiguanodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliense">
+ <SYNONYM name="Psittacosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protoavis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <LINK content="birds"/> / first bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="0.35"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal material from at least 2 individuals (possibly chimeric)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="texensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> When this Triassic creature was first discovered, its describer declared it
+the earliest <LINK content="bird"/>. This has been met with some skepticism, since the next
+bird (chronologically) does not occur until the Late Jurassic
+(<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>). Some believe <NOMEN name="Protoavis"/> to be a chimera, made up of
+parts of different animals. Some bones may belong to a <LINK content="pterosaur"/>,
+others to some kind of <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (juvenile & adult), eggs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Granger, Gregory" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grangeri" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fleury" year="1992"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kozlowskii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Breviceratops kozlowskii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lahey" year="1993"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> There are two forms of <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, the "gracile" form, with low
+ frill and flat snout, and the "robust" form with raised frill and a high
+ bump on the nose. These probably represent the two genders. </P>
+
+<P> One spectacular find from Mongolia shows a <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/> locked
+in combat with a <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>. The two were buried by a sandstorm as they
+fought. </P>
+
+<P> Eggs formerly assigned to this animal have turned out to belong to
+<NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protognathosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Protognathus"/> ("fore jaw") lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
+ <SPECIES name="oxyodon" original="Protognathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protognathus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Basilewsky" year="1950"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fore jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="oxyodon">
+ <SYNONYM name="Protognathosaurus oxyodon" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protohadros" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> / first hadros<LOW>aurid</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="byrdi">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Gary</LOW> Byrd's
+ </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Head" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known (if not quite the earliest). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protorosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protorosaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="belli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Protrachodon" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Proposed to give a type genus to the taxon Protrachodontidae, which
+ had been named earlier.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pseudolagosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ false <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pubes, femur, tibia, vertebrae, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="major">
+ <AUTHOR name="Arcucci" year="1987"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greater
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Psittacosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ parrot lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="25"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="remains from over 85 individuals"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chaoyangi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wang" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus youngi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="guyangensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zheng" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu" year="1997"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, forelimb, gastrolith impressions"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meileyingensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao, Zheng, Rao" year="1988"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="neimongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="osborni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="protiguandonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sattayaraki">
+ <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1992"/>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary, maxilla fragment"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sinensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="material from over 20 individuals"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from China
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tingi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="osborni"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="xinjiangensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao" year="1988"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="material from over 10 individuals"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1962"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="sinensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was originally classified in <LINK content="Ornithopoda"/>,
+ mainly due to its bipedal stance. One specimen was actually named
+ <NOMEN name="Protiguanodon"/> ("before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>", <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> being a typical
+ ornithopod). But <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was soon recognized as being closer
+ to <LINK content="ceratopsids"/> than ornithopods. In fact, it represents a
+ transitional phase from early, ornithopod-like <LINK content="ornithischians"/>
+ to the large, mostly quadrupedal <LINK content="neoceratopsians"/>. </P>
+
+<P> This genus has more valid species than any other non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
+ <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. Some think it should be split into more genera,
+ although there have been no formal proposals. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ptenodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Gray" year="1845"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wing finger
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ptenodracon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wing dragon
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pteranodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>wing without tooth</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dozens of specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="7"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="eatoni">
+ <MEANING>Eaton's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marshi">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
+ <MEANING>western</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oregonensis">
+ <MEANING>from Oregon</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1928"/>
+ <PLACE name="Oregon"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ikuwo, Hasegawa, Otsuka" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Pterodactylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="9.2"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>George</LOW> Sternberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="walkeri">
+ <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the most popular <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>,
+<NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/> had no teeth, barely any tail, and a large crest
+on its head. The long crest of <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>
+and <NOMEN name="P. ingens"/> stuck out behind,
+while <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>'s crest was more vertical. </P>
+
+<P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Longicepia"/> Miller, 1972 was
+ proposed as a subgenus name for <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>,
+ but since this is the type species, the subgeneric name is, by default,
+ <NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/>. <NOMEN name="Geosternbergia"/>
+ is the subgeneric name for <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>
+ (<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sternbergia"/> was
+ preoccupied). It is sometimes used as a separate
+ genus name. <NOMEN name="Occidentalia"/> has been proposed as
+ the subgeneric name for the dubious species
+ <NOMEN name="P. occidentalis"/>. Thus, these species are fully rendered as
+ <B><I>P. (P.) longiceps</I></B>,
+ <B><I>P. (Geosternbergia) sternbergi</I></B>, and
+ <I><B>P.</B> (Occidentalia) occidentalis</I>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pterodactylus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Ptero-dactyle"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Cuvier" year="1809"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Rafinesque" year="1815"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wing finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus" original="Ornithocephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Soemmering" year="1812"/>
+ <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="arningi">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cerinensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1973"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassipes" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassirostris">
+ <SYNONYM name="Scaphognathus crassirostris" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Germanodactylus cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elegans">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>elegant</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracile">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandipelvis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> grand pelvis <LOW>(hip)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kochi">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicollum">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diopocephalus longicollum" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="manseli">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus">
+ <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="micronyx">
+ <MEANING>small-clawed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dermodactylus montanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pleydelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1865"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="suevicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus suevicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="suprajurensis">
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Goldfuss" year="1831"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The genus was initially named as <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> by Cuvier in 1809
+ with no type species (which was permissible back then). The creature named
+ <NOMEN name="Ornithocephalus antiquus"/> by Soemmering in 1812 was recognized by
+ Lydekker to be the same as Cuvier's <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>, so he
+ transferred <NOMEN name="O. antiquus"/> to the older genus <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>.
+ Rafinesque later emended the spelling of <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> to
+ <NOMEN name="Pterodactylus"/> in 1815.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pterodaustro" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wing <LOW>of the</LOW> south
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
+ <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
+ <SPECIES name="guinzaui">
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <PLACE name="Chile"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chong" year="1976"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This filter-feeding <LINK content="pterosaur"/> used its smaller upper teeth to comb out its lower teeth.
+ The lower teeth fit outside the upper teeth. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Pterodaustro"/> had tiny fingers (except for the wing finger)
+ and very large feet for a pterosaur.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pteropelyx" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Pteroplax"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wing pelvis
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="grallipes" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marginatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="selwyni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pterospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wing vertebrae
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="trielbae" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1914"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Puntanipterus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="globosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Sanchez" year="1974"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ puntano wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Pyroraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>forest</LOW> fire raider</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="olympius">
+ <MEANING><LOW>from the base of Mt.</LOW> Olympe <LOW>(Provence)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Allain, Taquet" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ungual phalanx, pedal & other limb bones, 2 vertebrae, teeth"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Named for the fact that it was found after a forest fire.</P>
+<P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Variraptor"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Qantassaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>QANTAS <LOW>(airline)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="intrepidus">
+ <MEANING>intrepid</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="dentary & tooth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Qinlingosaurus" type="with">
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="luonanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Quaesitosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Qaesitosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Questiosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Questosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ extraordinary lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="orientalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Bannikov" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ eastern
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Like its close relative <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Quaesitosaurus"/> is only
+ known from skull material. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Quetzalcoatlus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Quetzalcoatl <LOW>(feathered serpent god of the Aztecs)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="northropi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lawson" year="1975"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="11"/>
+ <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="220" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="forelimb bones"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="5.5"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Currie, Russell" year="1982"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rachitrema">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Ichthyopterygia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rahona" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Griveaud" year="1975"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cloud/menace
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ostromi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rahonavis ostromi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rahonavis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cloud/menace bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial limbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ostromi" original="Rahona">
+ <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This raven-sized creature appears to be somewhere between
+ <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/>. It had a "sickle claw",
+ like dromaeosaurids, and feathered wings, like birds (feather
+ impressions were not preserved, but anchor points are evident along the
+ wing's bones, as in many <LINK content="modern birds"/>).
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rapator" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="other bones" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ornitholestoides" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Ornitholestes"/>-formed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Has been suggested as an <LINK content="ornitholestid"/>, a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>,
+ or an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rayososaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Rayoso <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial scapula, partial fibula, femur, fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="agrionensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tessonei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>May be a species of <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>.<P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rebbachisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Ait</LOW> Rebbach lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="garasbae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lavocat" year="1954"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tasmenensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Algeria, Niger, Tunisia"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tessonei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This animal sported a large sail on its back, like the <LINK content="theropod"/>
+ <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>. Its tallest
+ spines reached a height of about 4½ feet (1.5m). </P>
+
+<P><NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus tasmenensis"/> was not a <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>
+at all. No holotype specimen was ever designated for it, and some thing
+referred to it may belong to <NOMEN name="Jobaria"/>. </P>
+</ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Regnosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Regni <LOW>(ancient English tribe)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial dentary and pubis, rib, tail spines, scute"/>
+ <SPECIES name="northamptoni" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1848"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/> and/or the same as <NOMEN name="Craterosaurus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Revueltosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Revuelto <LOW>Creek</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico, Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="callenderi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhabdodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Rabdodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fluted tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, teeth, skeletal material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="priscus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
+ <PLACE name="Austria, France, Romania, Spain"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1900"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
+ <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="septimanicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Le Loeuff" year="1991"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhadinosaurus" type="with">
+ <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 humeri, 2 vertebrae" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="alcinus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhamphinion" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="jenkinsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Padian" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak nape-of-the-neck
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhamphocephalus">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak head
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bucklandi">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="depressirostris">
+ <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> depressed snout</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1859"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prestwichi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1880"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ beak snout
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
+ <SPECIES name="intermedius">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ intermediate
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassipes">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gemmingi">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="jessoni" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
+ <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps">
+ <MEANING>
+ long-headed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="muensteri">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="Callovian" section="late"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhodanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Rhône <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ludgunensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus ludgunensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhoetosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Rhaetosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Rheteosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Rhoetos' <LOW>(mythological Greek giant)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="20000"/>
+ <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hindlimb elements, pelvic fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brownei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1925"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rhopalodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="wangenheimi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fischer de Waldheim"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ricardoestesia" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Richardoestesia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Richard Estes' <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Currie, Rigby, Sloan" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rileya" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Howard" year="1888"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Riley's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="bristolensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rileyasuchus bristolensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rileyasuchus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Riley's crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bristolensis" original="Rileya">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Bristol
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rinchenia" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Rinchen <LOW>'s one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" original="Oviraptor">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>, as originally assigned. Had a more upright crest
+ than that of <NOMEN name="Oviraptor philoceratops"/>.
+</P>
+<P>This genus is named for the father of its namer. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Rioarribasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Rio Arriba <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="colberti" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1991"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bauri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Riojasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="incertus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ uncertain
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Riojasuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>County</LOW> crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tenuisceps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Roccosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Rocco lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tetrasacralis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="van Heerden"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anderson, Cruikshank" year="1978"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>with</LOW> four sacral <LOW>(hip) vertebrae</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saichania" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ beautiful <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="chulsanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Khulsan
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saltasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Salta <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements, jaws, armor"/>
+ <SPECIES name="loricatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saltoposuchus">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ <MEANING>quick foot crocodile</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saltopus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>quick foot</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="elginensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchia" incertae="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sanchusaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS content="partial caudal vertebra"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ Referred by some to <NOMEN name="Gallimimus sp."/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sanghonghesaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Sanghonghe lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sanpasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Sanba lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yaoi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="imperfectus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ imperfect
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Some bones assigned to this genus are in fact <LINK content="sauropodan"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Santanadactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="araripensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Buisonje" year="1980"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brasilensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="spixi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bennett" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pricei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Santanaraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> raider</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="placidus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS museum="MN" id="4802-V" content="partial postcranium with soft tissue impressions"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sarcolestes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ flesh thief
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
+ <SPECIES name="leedsi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sarcosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial pelvis, femur, vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="woodi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1921"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus andrewsi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saturnalia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Saturnalia <LOW>(Roman winter solstice festival)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tupiniquim">
+ <AUTHOR name="Langer, Abdala, Richter, Benton" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>native</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <REMAINS content="semi-articulated skeleton including most of presacral vertebral series, pectoral girdle, right humerus, partial right ulna, pelvic girdle with sacral series, left femur, most of left hindlimb" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons including impression of mandibular ramus with teeth & postcranial elements" type="para"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sauraechinodon" status="nudum">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Saurechinodon"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Sauraechmodon"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Falconer" year="1861"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Echinodon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard prickly tooth
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saurolophus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard crest
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="osborni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1912"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="angustirostris" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="krischtofovici" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus maximus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sauropelta" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard shield
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="3200"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimens (1 with skull), postcranial elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="edwardsorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saurophaganax" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard-eater master
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dorsal neural arch"/>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greatest
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This gigantic <LINK content="carnosaur"/> may be a huge, late species of
+ <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saurophagus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Swainson" year="1831"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard eater
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stovall"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ray" year="1941"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greatest
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sauroplites" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry soldier)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium, ribs, armor"/>
+ <SPECIES name="scutiger" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sauroposeidon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>lizard Poseidon <LOW>(Greek god of, among other things, earthquakes)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="proteles" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Franklin" year="1999"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wedel, Cifelli"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="rib, cervical vertebrae"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P> This new <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>-like <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
+ was perhaps the tallest. With its head raised, it stood 60 feet (nearly
+ 20 m) tall. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saurornithoides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard bird form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <MASS value="13"/>
+ <MASS value="27"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asiamericanus" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1985"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Asiamerican
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="inequalis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stenonychosaurus inequalis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="isfarensis" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tadzhikistan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial frontal"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="junior">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1974"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ younger
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saurornithoides2" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard bird form
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Caudocoelus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Saurornitholestes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ lizard-bird thief
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="5"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragments from 3 individuals"/>
+ <SPECIES name="langstoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1978"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sazavis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="prisca">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ clay bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scaphognathus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1861"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ canoe jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="two specimens"/>
+ <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="crassirostris" original="Pterodactylus">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassipes">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="purdoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Parapsicephalus purdoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scaphonyx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1908"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. America"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scelidosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ limb lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="200"/>
+ <MASS value="250"/>
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="harrisonii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1868"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="oehleri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tatisaurus oehleri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was an early <LINK content="dinosaur"/> which marks a transitional
+ stage between the small, bipedal <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> and the larger, heavily
+ armored <LINK content="ankylosaurs"/>. Some consider it a primitive ankylosaur,
+ but it also bears a strong resemblance to primitive
+ <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. It or something like it probably gave rise to both
+ groups. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was most likely quadrupedal. There were interesting tricorns
+ behind the ears. The back was studded with large, bony scutes.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scipionyx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Scipio <LOW>Africanus and Scipione Breislak's</LOW> claw
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.6"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Italy"/>
+ <REMAINS content="juvenile skeleton missing parts of legs and tail, impressions of soft anatomy"/>
+ <SPECIES name="samniticus">
+ <AUTHOR name="dal Sasso, Signore" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This extremely well-preserved <LINK content="theropod"/> shows traces of the
+ intestines, windpipe, liver, and muscle fibers.
+
+ Previously known as the "Benevento theropod".
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scleromochlus" type="with">
+ <LENGTH value="0.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
+ <REMAINS content="imprints of skeletons (partial and complete)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="taylori">
+ <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1907"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This miniscule animal may be part of the lineage that led to flying
+ <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>. It had long, thin legs which may have supported a
+ flap of skin.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scolosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Scalosaurus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cutleri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scrotum" type="with">
+ <MEANING>scrotum</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="humanum" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brookes" year="1783"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus bucklandii" status="q"/>
+ <MEANING>human</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Scutellosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ little shield lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <MASS value="10"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons, scutes"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lawleri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1981"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> was a small, semi-bipedal, long-tailed
+ <LINK content="dinosaur"/> similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. In fact, it was often
+ included with that genus in Fabrosauridae (=Lesothosauridae). But
+ it seems instead to be an early form of <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>. The back
+ was covered in small, bony scutes.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Secernosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ separate lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase, postcranial elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="koerneri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the few <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> from the Southern hemisphere.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Segisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Segi <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1" q="1"/>
+ <MASS age="subadult" value="5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial subadult postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="halli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Camp" year="1936"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Segnosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ slow lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/80" content="mandible, partial limbs, pelvic girdle, spine fragments" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/81" content="tibia, fibula"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/82" content="partial hindlimb, rib fragments, ilia, fragmentary ischium, pubis"/>
+ <SPECIES name="galbinensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Perle" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Seismosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ quake lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="50" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="30000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial pelvis, chevrons, ribs, other elements, gastroliths"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hallorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gillette" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. May be a large <NOMEN
+name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sellosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ saddle lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="21 partial skeletons (some juvenile; 3 with partial skulls), skeletal elements, gastroliths"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fraasi">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="gracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hermannianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus hermannianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shamosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Shamo <LOW>(=Gobi Desert)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 specimens (including complete skull and armor)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="scutatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shanshanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Shanshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="90" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Was once allied with <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shantungosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Shandong lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <TIME section="early-middle" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1973"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly the largest <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shanxia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Shanxi <LOW>Province one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tianzhenensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barrett, You, Upchurch, Burton" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shanyangosaurus" type="with">
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <MEANING>Shanyang <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="niupanggouensis">
+ <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Shaanxi-->
+ <REMAINS museum="NWUV" id="1111" content="partial sacrum, proximal scapula, humeri, femur, metatarsal IV (left and right), partial phalanx, pedal ungual"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.75" q="y"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5" q="y"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>from Niupanggou</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sharovipteryx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cowen" year="1981"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Sharov's wings
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kirghizia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton with membrane impression"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mirabilis" original="Podopteryx">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This animal possessed a uropatagium, a flap of skin stretching between its
+ long legs and its tail. It seems similar to <NOMEN name="Scleromochlus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shunosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Shu lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (including 5 skulls)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ziliujingensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The only <LINK content="sauropod"/> known to have had a tail club.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shuosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chou" year="1979"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Shunosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Shu lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shuvosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="inexpectatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1993"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchia"/>
+ <MEANING>unexpected</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Shuvuuia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skulls, postcranial material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="deserti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Norell, Clark" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This is the only <LINK content="alvarezsaurid"/> for which the skull material is
+well-known. Its jaw shows definite <LINK content="avian"/> characteristics. </P>
+
+<P> This turkey-sized creature was quite similar to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>. Some bones
+previously assigned to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> have been reassigned to
+<NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Chemical analysis of <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/> seems to reveal that it had feathers, or at least
+feather-like structures. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Siamosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="suteethorni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Ingavat" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Siamotyrannus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> tyrant
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
+ <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pelvis, tail"/>
+ <SPECIES name="isanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Proposed as an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, but that may not be the
+case. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Sijilmassa lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <SPECIES name="brevicollis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Previously known as "<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> B". May belong to
+<NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Siluosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Silu <LOW>(Silk Road)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="zhangqiani">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Silvisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ forest lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ <SPECIES name="condrayi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Eaton" year="1960"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinocoelurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="fragilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fragile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="santensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Rao" year="1992"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Roughly <LINK content="sparrow"/>-size. Was capable of perching.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinornithoides" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese bird form
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.1"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, partial foot, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinornithosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Chinese bird-lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="millenii">
+ <MEANING>of the <LOW>second</LOW> millen<LOW>n</LOW>ium <LOW>[<I>sic</I>] C.E.</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, Wu" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="1" age="subadultQ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V12811" content="nearly complete specimen with integument impressions" age="subadultQ"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>The fifth non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> with
+ remains of feathers or feather-like integument to be published. Of the five
+ known so far (all from the same Chinese locality),
+ <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> is the one most closely related to
+ <LINK content="birds"/>. It has long been suspected that
+ <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/> (a.k.a. "'raptors") were
+ feathered -- this animal is the first proof of that.</P>
+
+ <P><NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus millenii"/> has been diagnosed as a
+ primitive, or basal, deinonychosaur. Its arms are
+ proportionally very long -- 80% as long as the legs -- and its shoulder
+ joint has features like those of flying birds. </P>
+
+ <P>The authors of this species have interpreted it as evidence for a
+ "Ground Up" model of flight evolution (see
+ <LINK content="Avialae"/>). However, it may instead lend credence to the
+ idea that deinonychosaurs, and perhaps other coelurosaurs, are secondarily
+ flightless (like <LINK content="ratite"/> birds), since it has more flight
+ characteristics than more advanced deinonychosaurs.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinosauropteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese lizard <LOW>with</LOW> feathers
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.7"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 complete skeletons (one juvenile) with tissue impressions"/>
+ <SPECIES name="prima">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>first</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was one of the most exciting paleontological
+ discoveries of this century. Skin impressions seem to show a coat of
+ small, feather-like structures (although some dispute this). </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is important for at
+ least two reasons. First of all, it is a major piece of evidence in favor of
+ the argument that <LINK content="birds"/> are descended from
+ <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. Secondly, depending on its exact phylogenetic
+ position, it shows that at least some non-<LINK content="avian"/>
+ <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> were feathered.
+ <LINK content="Deinonychosaurs"/>, <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>, and
+ <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/> are closer to
+ birds than <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is, and, indeed, after
+ <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was published, feathered
+ animals from all three of these groups were found
+ (<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
+ <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, respectively). It may also be that
+ <LINK content="ornitholestids"/>, <LINK content="coelurids"/>,
+ <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, <LINK content="troodontids"/>, and even
+ <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/> were closer to birds than
+ <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was, making them probably feathered
+ (or secondarily featherless) as well. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had three fingers, suggesting that its
+close relative <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/> (whose exact digit count has
+been debated) did too. </P>
+
+<P> Like <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, one specimen of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was
+ found with a lizard in its gut. Another had remains of a small mammal.
+ One specimen had two tiny eggs (about 37mm × 26mm) inside it, but died
+ before it could lay them. It had a dual oviduct system. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had more tail vertebrae (64) than any
+<LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="triassicus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="Triassic"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sinraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Chinese raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dongi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Currie, Zhao" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Dong <LOW>Zhiming's</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hepingensis" original="Yangchuanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1992"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, scapula, hip"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Siroccopteryx" type="with">
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Sirocco wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial upper jaw"/>
+ <SPECIES name="moroccensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mader, Kellner" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Morocco
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Smilodon" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lund" year="1842"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ saber tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="crenatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laevis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon laevis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Songlingornis" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Sonlingornis"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <MEANING>Songling <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="linghensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>from the Ling River</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (including skull parts)" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10913" type="holo"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sonorasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Sonora lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, ribs, scapula, hip bones, limb elements, tail & back vertebrae, gastroliths, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="thompsoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>Mistakenly assigned to <LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>,
+ <LINK content="Prosauropoda"/>, and <LINK content="Therizinosauroidea"/>
+ before official publication.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sordes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ demon
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="pilosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ hairy
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Soroavisaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ sister <LOW>to</LOW> <NOMEN name="Avisaurus"/>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sphenospondylus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wedge vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Spinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ spine lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="6000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae, hindlimb elements, teeth (destroyed in World War II); neck vertebra, fragmentary dentaries, dorsal neural arch"/>
+ <SPECIES name="aegyptiacus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Egyptian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maroccanus" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Moroccan
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The gigantic <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> has been estimated at up to
+fifty feet long. It was possibly the longest <LINK content="theropod"/>,
+but not the biggest, since it was more lightly built than the heavier
+<NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and <LINK
+content="carcharodontousaurines"/>.</P>
+
+ <P>As remarkable as its length was, even more interesting was the huge sail
+ along the back, formed by long vertebral spines, up to six feet in height
+ at places. The exact nature of this bizarre sail is not known. It may have
+ been used for heat dissipation, like the ears of modern-day elephants.
+ Or perhaps it was a sexual signal. Similar structures were present in
+ the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> and the
+ <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>, two
+ <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> living at the same time and area as
+ <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. Some primitive amphibians and proto-mammals
+ such as <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Dimetrodon"/> and
+ <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Edaphosaurus"/> also bore similar sails back in the
+ Permian. Such parallelism across so many diverse groups is a strange
+ phenomenon.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Spinosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>spine crocodile</MEANING>
+ <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="caseanus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P> Once thought to be a <LINK content="pseudosuchian"/>, but may be a
+ <LINK content="theropod"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Spondylosoma" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ vertebral body
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, postcranial elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="absconditum" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1942"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Squalodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Grateloup" year="1840"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Cetacea"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Staurikosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Southern</LOW> Cross <LOW>(constellation)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="20"/>
+ <MASS value="30"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="pricei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1970"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Llewellyn Ivor</LOW> Price's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stegoceras" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ roof horn
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <MASS value="55"/>
+ <SPECIES name="validum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skull, postcrania"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ valid
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bexelli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis">
+ <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale brevis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="browni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornatotholus browni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonense">
+ <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale edmontonensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="formosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lambei">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1945"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="validum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Troodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stegopelta" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ roof shield
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="landerensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Williston" year="1905"/>
+ <MEANING>from Lander</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>Once thought to be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Nodosaurus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stegosaurides" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Stegosauroides"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae, elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="excavatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ excavated
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>, the latest one known.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stegosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>roofed lizard</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="1800"/>
+ <MASS value="2500"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, fragmentary postcrania"/>
+ <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altispinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus"/>
+ <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="armatus2">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crassus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Priconodon crassus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="discurus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hypsirophus discurus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="duplex">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hastiger">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laticeps" status="dubiumQ" original="Diracodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longispinus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <MEANING>from Madagascar</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marshi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="priscus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stenops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, postcrania, 4 braincases"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow-faced
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="armatus" status="q"/>
+ <MEANING>hoofed</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> had an extremely small head for its size. It did not
+ have enough brain matter to coordinate the movements of a 20- to
+ 25-foot-long animal, and so it had a ganglion, or nerve center, in its
+ hips to control the movement of the hindquarters. This so-called "second
+ brain" (although it wasn't a real brain) was actually larger than the
+ brain. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> was the largest <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. Its largest plates were
+over two feet high and wide. </P>
+
+<P> Recent finds show that the plates were in two alternating rows, not
+two paired rows. The tail spikes were held horizontally, not vertically.
+Small bony ossicles covered at least the the throat and hips. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="S. laticeps"/> may belong in a separate genus (<NOMEN name="Diracodon"/>), as may
+<NOMEN name="S. stenops"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Steneodactylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow finger
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="pergracilis" status="unpublished">
+ <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stenonychosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow claw lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="inequalis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ unequally<LOW> clawed</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stenopelix" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Stenopelyx"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow pelvis
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stenotholus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow dome
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="kohlerorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Giffin, Gabriel, Johnson" year="1988"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stephanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Stephan's lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="marginatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="intermedius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus intermedius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stereocephalus" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lynch Arribalzaga" year="1884"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ paired head
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tutus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stereosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
+ <MEANING>paired lizard</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sternbergia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jordan" year="1925"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sterrholophus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
+ <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Triceratops flabellatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stokesosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Stokes' lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
+ <REMAINS content="premaxilla, braincase" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1974"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Cleveland<LOW>-Lloyd Quarry</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Iliosuchus"/>. The two may be very early
+ <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. The braincase assigned to this species
+ has tyrannosauroid features, although it does not necessarily belong to
+ this genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Strenusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ strenuous lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="precerus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Riojasaurus incertus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Streptospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ reversed vertebrae
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altdorfensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cuvieri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ grand
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greater
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="meyeri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="recentior" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1851"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Struthiomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1917"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ ostrich mimic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
+ <MASS value="150"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="altus" original="Ornithomimus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tall
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="currelli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus edmontonicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="samueli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tenuis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus tenuis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Struthiosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ostrich lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Austria, France"/>
+ <PLACE name="Hungary, Spain" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial remains" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="austriacus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Austrian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alcinus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rhadinosaurus alcinus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ludgunensis" status="dubium" original="Rhodanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
+ <REMAINS content="armor plates"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii" status="dubium" original="Crataeomus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="transylvanicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Transylvanian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="theropod"/> (hence the name).
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stygimoloch" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> Moloch <LOW>(Ammonite/Phoenician god)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="25"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 skull fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="spinifer">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="garbanii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/> was unusual (and cool) in having bony spikes around its
+dome, somewhat similar to the <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>
+<NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Known from vertebrae and a hindlimb, <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch garbanii"/> has been
+assigned to the Hell Creek <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
+might be the body of <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Stygivenator">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> hunter
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="500" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="molnari" original="Aublysodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Formerly known as the "Jordan <LINK content="theropod"/>".
+Could be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Aublysodon"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Styracosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ spike lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
+ <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="albertensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1913"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Alberta
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="borealis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="parksi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ boreal
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="makeli" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Czerkas, Czerkas" year="1990"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Einiosaurus procurvicornis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ovatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial frill, fragments"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="parksi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1947"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="albertensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sphenocerus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> In addition to a large nasal horn, <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>
+was equipped with horns lining the edge of its frill. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Succinodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="putzeri">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1941"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Mollusca"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Suchomimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>crocodile mimic</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH age="subadult" value="11"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial subadult skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tenerensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This <LINK content="baryonychine"/> had a two-foot-high sail over its
+ hips. Some think it may be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Suchoprion">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Sugiyamasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Sugiyama lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Supersaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ super lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="30"/>
+ <LENGTH value="40"/>
+ <MASS value="45000"/>
+ <MASS value="55000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, ischium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="vivianae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. Stood 27 feet (8m) high
+ at the shoulders and had at 40 foot (12m) long neck. </P>
+
+<P> "Ultrasaurus macintoshi" was to be a name for some giant
+<LINK content="sauropod"/> bones from the Morrison Formation, but before it was
+ published the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/> was given to a smaller, dubious Korean
+ sauropod (which was originally though to be larger because they
+ misidentified a humerus as an ulna). The giant American sauropod's name was
+ changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/>. More recent analysis indicates that this creature
+ is made up of bones from <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
+ and a large <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>, so the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/> is
+ defunct.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Symphyrophus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Symphyrosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ solid roof
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="musculosus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Brachyrophus altarkansanus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Syngonosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Sygmosaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ fused side lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Syntarsus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ fused ankle
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="13"/>
+ <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1969"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. Zimbabwe, S. Africa"/>
+ <REMAINS content="30 skeletons"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Rhodesia <LOW>(=Zimbabwe)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="colberti">
+ <SYNONYM name="Rioarribasaurus colberti" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kayentakatae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rowe" year="1989"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Kayenta <LOW>0</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Syntarsus kayentakatae"/> had two small crests, similar to those of
+larger coelophysoids like <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/>.</P>
+
+<P>Individuals thought to be <NOMEN name="S. kayentakatae"/> juveniles
+have been reevaluated as adults of a distinct form to be given its own
+genus (provisionally called "Shake-N-Bake theropod").</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Syrmosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ crawling lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="viminicaudus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus grangeri"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Szechuanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Szechuan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="campi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <MASS value="100"/>
+ <MASS value="150"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="yandonesis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus yandonensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="zigongensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1993"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Zigong
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The skeletons assigned to <NOMEN name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/> may not belong to the same species
+ as the type material (teeth).
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Talarurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wicker tail
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 5 specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="plicatospineus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tangvayosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Tang Vay lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="hoffeti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Allian, Taquet, Battail, Dejax, Richir, Veran, Limon-Duparcmeur, Vacant, Mateus, Sayarath, Khenthavong, Phouyavong" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Josué-Heilmann</LOW> Hoffet's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Laos"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+ May be the same as <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus falloti"/>.
+ </P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tanius" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>H. C.</LOW> Tan's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="73 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sinensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from China
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prynadai">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tanystropheus" type="none">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tanystrophaeus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1855"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
+ <MEANING>stretched vertebra</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="bauri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicollis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="posthumus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Halticosaurus longotarsus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ after death
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="willistoni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tanystrosuchus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <NOMEN name="Tanystropheus"/> crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="posthumus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tapejara" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ancient being
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1989"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skulls"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="imperator">
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <MEANING>emperor</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Skin impressions show that <NOMEN name="Tapejara imperator"/>
+and an unnamed species had a stretch
+of skin supported by two crests on its head, one above its nostrils, the other
+behind its eyes. This may have been for sexual display.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tapinocephalus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Therapsida"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tarascosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tarasqué <LOW>(Spanish dragon)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="salluvicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Le Loeff, Buffetaut" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tarbosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ alarming lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="efremovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus efremovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bataar">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lanpingensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="periculosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus turpanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tarchia">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ brainy <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="7 specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gigantea" original="Dyoplosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1956"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gigantic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kielanae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="gigantea"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tatisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Ta-Ti <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
+ <SPECIES name="oehleri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Simmons" year="1965"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/> or a more primitive
+ <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Taveirosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Taveiro <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="costai" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-D. A. Russell" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tawasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Dawa lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="minor">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Technosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Texas</LOW> Techno<LOW>logical University</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
+ <SPECIES name="smalli">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tecovasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tecovas <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Arizona, Texas"/>
+ <PLACE name="France" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="murrayi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tehuelchesaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Tehuelche <LOW>tribe</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="benitezii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich, Gimenez, Cúneo, Puerta, Vacca" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Aldino</LOW> Benitez' <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MPEF-PV" id="1125" content="dorsal, sarcal & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; girdle & limb (fore and hind) elements, associated skin impressions"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P> The (incomplete) dorsal centra of this animal bear similarities to the Asian
+ <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis"/>. The
+ girdle and limb elements, on the other hand, resemble
+ <NOMEN name="Patagosaurus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Teinurosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1929"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ stretched tail lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Caudocoelus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Teleocrater" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1956"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ <MEANING>far bowl</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Telmatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1903"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ marsh lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Romania, France, Spain"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skulls (some with postcrania)"/>
+ <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" original="Limnosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Transylvanian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dolloi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus dolloi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prynadai">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Very primitive for such a late-occurring <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. Its skull
+ was more similar to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and its kin. </P>
+
+<P> Spherical eggs found in clutches of two to four have been
+ tentatively assigned to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tenantosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tendaguria" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Tendaguru <LOW>beds one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="tanzaniensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Heinrich, Wild" year="2000"/>
+ <MEANING>from Tanzania</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tenontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ tendon lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
+ <MASS value="900"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tillettorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Oklahoma"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 25 skeletons, skeletal elements, teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dossi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Winkler, Murray, Jacobs" year="1997"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This primitive <LINK content="iguanodont"/> had an extremely long tail. </P>
+
+<P> One specimen was found in association with several <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>, suggesting
+ that it may have been preyed upon by packs of these small
+ <LINK content="theropods"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Teratosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ monster lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="suevicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lloydi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cladeiodon lloydi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
+ <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="trossingensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Trossingen
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Termatosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Meyer, Plieninger" year="1844"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tetragonosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ four-sided lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="praeceps">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ forehead?
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-headed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
+ <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Texasetes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Texas resident
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebral centra, cranial fragment, partial scapluocoracoid, ends of ilia, limb elements, armor"/>
+ <SPECIES name="pleurohalio">
+ <AUTHOR name="Coombs" year="1995"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Teyuwasu" type="with">
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <MEANING>big lizard <LOW>(Tupi language)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="barbarenai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mischlat" year="1999"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>M. C.</LOW> Barbarena's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS content="right femur & tibia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Thecocoelurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ socket hollow tail
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="daviesi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecospondylus daviesi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Thecodontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ socket tooth lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="40" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="70" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, Wales"/>
+ <SPECIES name="antiquus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1843"/>
+ <REMAINS content="over 100 elements (juvenile to adult), skull, partial skeletons"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="49984" content="tibiae, radius, 2 unguals, tail vertebra, ?tooth" synonym="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ antique
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="browni2" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ diagnostic
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dubius" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ doubtful
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elizae">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus elizae" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gibbidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Galtonia gibbidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ gracile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hermannianus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1918"/>
+ <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, tibia, ischium"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor2" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lesser
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The most primitive well-known <LINK content="sauropodomorph"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Thecospondylus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ socket vertebra
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Europe"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial sacrum"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horneri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="daviesi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus2 foxi"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally classified as a small <LINK content="theropod"/>
+ ("coelurosaur"), but may be <LINK content="ornithischian"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Therizinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ reaper/scythe lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial forelimb, foot, vertebrae, hindlimb, claws, tooth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="ribs, eggs" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cheloniformis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ turtle-formed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was named for remains from the southern Gobi Desert,
+ which included huge claws measuring up to 28 inches (and that's without the
+ horny sheath that covered them in life!) as well as seven-foot-long arms
+ and some flattened ribs. They were originally thought to be remains of a
+ giant <LINK content="turtle"/>-like creature (hence the specific name
+ <NOMEN name="T. cheloniformis"/>). </P>
+
+<P> More remains were found in Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia, and Inner Mongolia
+ in the late 50's, including a partial forelimb, partial hindlimbs, and a
+ tooth. The new discoveries showed that <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was not a
+ turtle at all, but a <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, probably a new kind of
+ <LINK content="theropod"/>. (The ribs of the first specimen may belong to a
+ <LINK content="sauropod"/>.) </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was kept in its own group for a long time.
+ Only recently have scientists discovered its close relation to the bizarre
+ segnosaurs (now known as <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/>). </P>
+
+<P> One of the most striking characteristics of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>
+ (apart from the myriad of striking characteristics it shares with other
+ therizinosaurs) is the huge, blade-like claws on the hand. Other
+ therizinosaurs had them, but none as insanely large
+ as those of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Many ideas have been postulated about these claws. It has been suggested
+ that therizinosaurs used them to rip open giant termite nests, like
+ anteaters and aardvarks. But the idea that an animal of
+ <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>' size (over 30 feet long) could subsist on a
+ diet of insects seems rather unlikely. </P>
+
+<P> Instead, the claws may be analogous to those of the
+ extinct giant ground sloths and chalicotheres (relatives of horses).
+ Members of both of these groups were quite large in size and bore huge,
+ blade-like claws on their hands. They were both herbivorous, as
+ therizinosaurs probably were. It has been suggested that they used their
+ claws when browsing to bring foliage closer to their mouths. They would
+ also have come in handy as defensive weapons. </P>
+
+<P> The giant <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is another mysterious
+ theropod known mostly from gigantic arms. Strangely enough, it comes from
+ the same time and place as <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Huge fossilized eggs found in Mongolia (13cm diameter, 45cm long) have been
+ attributed to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, or possibly <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Therosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Fitzenger" year="1843"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon mantelli"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ beast lizard
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Thescelosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wonderful lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MASS value="300"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
+ <REMAINS content="1 complete specimen, 8 partial skeletons, elements, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="neglectus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1913"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ neglected
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="neglectus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="garbanii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with preserved ?heart, cartilaginous sternal ribs and plates attached to ribs, ?tendons attached to vertebrae" nickname="Willo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp2.">
+ <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="warrenae">
+ <SYNONYM name="Parksosaurus warrenae" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P header='A "Hearty" Fossil'> A new specimen of this genus may be the first
+dinosaur fossil with a preserved heart. If the structure is the heart, it confirms predictions, based on
+living dinosaurs (<LINK content="neornithean birds"/>) and the dinosaurs'
+closest living relatives (<LINK content="crocodylians"/>) that dinosaurs
+had four-chambered hearts. The structure is similar to that of birds,
+suggesting high levels of activity. <I>see</I> <REFER
+page="http://www.dinoheart.org/"/></P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Thespesius" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ mighty <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Nebraska"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, pedal phalanx"/>
+ <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ western
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ agile
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amurensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="annectens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="arctatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="calamarius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grallipes">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marginatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="selwyni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stenopsis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1875"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ narrow-faced
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Thotobolosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Thobol lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Africa"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mabeatae" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tianchisaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tianchiasaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tenchisaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Teinchisaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Lake</LOW> Tian Chi <LOW>(Heavenly Pool)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="cranial fragments, vertebrae, limb elements, scutes"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferima">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sam </LOW>Ne<LOW>ill, Laura </LOW>De<LOW>rn, Jeff
+ </LOW>Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard </LOW>A<LOW>ttenborough,
+ Bob </LOW>Pe<LOW>ck, Martin </LOW>Fe<LOW>rrero, Ariana
+ </LOW>Ri<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>Ma<LOW>zzello's</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/> is named after the cast members
+ of the movie <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tianchungosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Tianchung lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Might be a misspelling of <NOMEN name="Dianchungosaurus"/>, a <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tianzhen lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pang, Zheng" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tichosteus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ wall bone
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lucasanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="aequifacies" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tienshanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tien Shan <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Teishanosaurus" author="Dong" year="1990"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, ?17 caudal vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="chitalensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1937"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Timimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tim <LOW>Rich and Tim Flannery's m</LOW>imic
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femora (juvenile and adult)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hermani">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally classified as an early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Titanopteryx" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Enderlein" year="1935"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Titans' wings
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="philadelphiae">
+ <SYNONYM name="Arambourgiania philadelphiae" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Titanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Titan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ <SPECIES name="indicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="5500"/>
+ <MASS value="7500"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Indian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus araukanicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="blanfordi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="indicus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="colberti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jain, Bandyopadhyay" year="1997"/>
+ <LENGTH value="20"/>
+ <REMAINS content="postcranium without hindlimbs"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dacus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus dacus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="falloti" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Laos"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus hungaricus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Macrurosaurus semnus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Lydekker's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus madagascariensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nanus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ dwarf
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="rahioliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mathur, Srivatsava" year="1987"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="India"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Iuticosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Titanosaurus2" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Titan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="montanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tochisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ostrich lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nemegtensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Osmólska" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tomodon" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Dumeril" year="1853"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ cutting tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="horrificus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diplotomodon horrificus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tonouchisaurus" type="with">
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="complete hand, foot"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, since
+ the hand had two fingers.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tornieria">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sternfield" year="1911"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Gustav</LOW> Tornier's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="africana">
+ <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robusta">
+ <MISSPELLED name="gigantea" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sternfeld" year="1911"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Torosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ punctured lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="7000"/>
+ <MASS value="8000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Saskatchewan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="5 partial skulls, elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="latus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ broad
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gladius">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="utahensis" original="Arrhinoceratops">
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Utah
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/> once had the largest known head of any land animal, with an
+ eight-foot-long skull making up half its body length
+ (excluding the tail). Recently, a <NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> skull was found with
+ an even larger skull. </P>
+
+<P> <REFER page="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/3404/"
+title="The Torosaurus Home Page"/> </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Torvosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ savage lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
+ <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tanneri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Trachodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ rough tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary, tooth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="maxilla" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="affinis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus affinis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="agilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="altidens" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="mirabilis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amurense">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="annectens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="arctatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="breviceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="calamarius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cavatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus cavatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="foulkii">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="grallipes">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="imperfectus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sanpasaurus imperfectus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longiceps2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1897"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-headed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="marginatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minor">
+ <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="selwyni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named. Probably the
+ same thing as another <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Trialestes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1982"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Triassolestes">
+ <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Tillyard" year="1918"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Trialestes"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
+ </MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tribelesodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Basani" year="1886"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Triceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ three horns face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <MASS value="4500"/>
+ <MASS value="8000"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Alberta, Saskatchewan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="around 50 skulls, many partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="horridus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ horrid
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="albertensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1949"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull parts"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Alberta
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="alticornis" status="dubium" original="Bison">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ tall-horned
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevicornis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="prorsus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ short-horned
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="calicornus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="elatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="eurycephalus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Schlaikjer" year="1935"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull including cheek and brow horns"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="galeus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nose horn"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hatcheri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Diceratops hatcheri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ingens" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1915"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
+ <REMAINS content="8 vertebrae, 2 ribs"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ greatest
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
+ <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="obtusus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ obtuse
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="prorsus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="serratus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ serrated
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sylvestris">
+ <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas sylvestris" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, the largest <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, was different from other
+ <LINK content="ceratopsines"/> in having a short, completely solid frill
+ (in contrast to the large "windows" in those of other ceratopsines,
+ especially <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>). This 30-foot-long herbivore has often been
+ portrayed in combat with its largest predator, <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>.
+
+ <NOMEN name="Triceratops prorsus"/> may be synonymous with <NOMEN name="T. horridus"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Trimucrodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ triply-pointed tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cuneatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tripriodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="caperatus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Mammalia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Triprotodon" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ three fore teeth
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="caperatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Troodon" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Troödon"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ wounding tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <MASS value="50"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Wyoming"/>
+ <SPECIES name="formosus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, 20 skeletons, eggs with embryos"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Heptasteornis andrewsi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bakkeri" status="dubium" original="Pectinodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="formosus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bexelli">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="brevis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras brevis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cristatus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras edmontonense" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="isfarensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides isfarensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="minutus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="validus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The creature we know as <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was once called <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/>. The
+ genus <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was first named (as <I>Troödon</I>) for some sharp teeth
+ (one of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named).
+ These were mistakenly identified as those of (among other things) a
+ monitor lizard, a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Stegoceras"/>), and a
+ carnivorous <LINK content="hypsilophodont"/>! They were later recognized
+ as identical to those of the more complete <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/> specimens, so
+ the younger name was dropped in favor of the older. </P>
+
+<P> Eggs formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Orodromeus"/> have turned out to be <NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. Some have
+ been found in dirt nests. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Troodon bakkeri"/> may be a distinct species, or even genus (<NOMEN name="Pectinodon"/>). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tropeognathus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ keel jaw
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mesembrinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
+ <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
+ <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tsagantegia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tsagan Teg <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longicranialis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ long-skulled
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tsintaosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Qingdao lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 skulls, elements from at least 4 individuals"/>
+ <SPECIES name="spinorhinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ spine-nosed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tanius chingkankouensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="spinorhinus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This "unicorn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>" had a thin, hollow crest jutting
+forward. Some argued that the crest was an artifact of preservation
+(an altered snout bone), but another specimen was found with
+the same feature. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tsuchikurasaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tugulusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tugulo <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimb, rib, vertebral centrum"/>
+ <SPECIES name="faciles" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ easy
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tuojiangosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tiejiangosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tuojiongosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tueojiangosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Tuo River lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="multispinus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Li, Zhou, Zhang" year="1973"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ multi-spined
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had fifteen pairs of triangular plates down the back and two pairs of
+ spikes on the tail. The best-known Asian <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tupuxuara" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Tupuxuara <LOW>(a familiar spirit)</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens, misc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="leonardii">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1988"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longicristatus">
+ <MEANING>long-crested</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Turanoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Turanian <LOW>Platform</LOW> horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tardabilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina" year="1989"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Could be the only Asian <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, possibly a <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tylocephale" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ swollen head
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bexelli" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tylosteus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ swollen bone
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="oblitum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1872"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis"/>
+ <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tyrannosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ tyrant lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="rex" status="conservandum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="14"/>
+ <MASS value="4500"/>
+ <MASS value="7000"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ king
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="CM" id="9380" content="skeleton lacking some neck vertebrae, forelimbs, most of tail"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="CM" id="7541" content="nearly complete skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="008" content="skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="009" content="pelvis, hindlimb, skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="555" content="skeleton" nickname="The Wankel Specimen"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="559" content="back part of braincase"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="980" content="skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="U. of Notre Dame" content="dentaries, incomplete pelvis, etc." q="1" nickname="The Rigby Giant"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="DIS" id="101" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Ill. State Geo. Survey" content="metatarsal"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="private" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Mr. Zed"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Bowman College" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Bowman"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Dakota Dinosaur Museum" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Royal Saskatchewan Museum" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Scottie"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="Madison Museum, U. of Wis." content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="PR2081" content="skeleton lacking tail tip, forelimb, foot"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="118742" content="maxilla"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="131583" content="maxilla, dentaries"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NMMNH" id="P-1013-1" content="fragmentary skull, chevron"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23844" content="skull material, etc.?"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23845" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5027" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5117" content="braincase"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5881" content="hindlimb"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.6.1" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.12.1" content="postorbital, partial spine, hindlimbs"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="82.50.11" content="maxilla"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="1400" content="skull fragments, ribs, chevrons, ischia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9379" content="braincase"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9380" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="DMNH" id="2827" content="partial hindlimb"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="4100" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Fox"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Steve"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="6183" content="hindlimb without foot"/>
+ <REMAINS age="juvenile" museum="TMM" id="41436-1" content="left maxilla" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="2033" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="3033" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="SDSM" id="12047" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MMS" id="51-2004" content="front part of braincase" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="358563" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" content="partial skeleton" age="subadult" synonym="Albertosaurus megagracilis"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="CMNH" id="7541" content="complete skull" synonym="Gorgosaurus lancensis"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile" nickname="Tinker"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="amplus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bataar">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="4000"/>
+ <MASS value="5000"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ warrior/hero
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-1" content="skeleton lacking forelimb" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-2" content="complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-3" content="skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-6" content="partial scapulocoracoid"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-91" content="partial snout"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-1" content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-5" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/3" content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="GIM SPS" id="100/59" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NSM" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V836" content="fragmentary scapula"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton" synonym="Gorgosaurus novojilovi"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" museum="NIGP" id="V4733" synonym="luanchuanensis" content="tooth"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" content="tooth" synonym="lanpingensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="efremovi" original="Tarbosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>I. A.</LOW> Efremov's
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
+ <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PEN AN SSR" id="551-3" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="gigantus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR year="1990"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
+ <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Dynamosaurus imperiosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Lance <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lancinator">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="bataar" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="lanpingi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1986"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="lanpingensis"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="bataar" q="1"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="stanwinstonorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="torosus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Daspletosaurus torosus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhai, Zheng, Tong" year="1978"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="bataar"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, possibly the most popular <LINK
+content="dinosaur"/> ever, was for a long time the largest known
+terrestrial predator. But new discoveries of <LINK
+content="carcharodontosaurines"/> have recently ousted the "king of the
+tyrant lizards" from its title. But there still remains the possibility
+that an even larger <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> specimen may be found some day.
+And it <U>was</U> the largest known predator of its time, at the end of
+the Mesozoic Era.</P>
+
+<P> The most complete <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> skeleton, a female(?)
+<NOMEN name="T. rex"/> (=<NOMEN name="T. stanwinstonorum"/>) nicknamed "Sue",
+was recently sold for over $7 million by Sotheby's to corporate benefactors
+on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum. </P>
+
+<P header="Odd Remains"> Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from
+Saskatchewan was referred to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>. At 43cm in length and
+2.4L in volume, this is the largest known coprolite from a carnivore. Tiny,
+well-crushed bone fragments indicate that the meal was a small subadult
+<LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
+
+<P> Eggs tentatively assigned to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> may belong
+to an Asian species of <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>. </P>
+
+<P header="Classification"> The various species included here in <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> are
+sometimes placed in other genera. <NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/> was originally
+<NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus"/>, and sometimes <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus bataar"/> is also
+included in that genus. Others put <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/> into its
+own genus, <NOMEN name="Jenghizkhan"/>. Still others consider
+<NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/> to be the subadult stage of
+<NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus novojilovi"/> and <NOMEN name="T. lancensis"/>
+were thought by some to be pygmy <LINK content="tyrannosaurins"/>,
+and were accorded their own genera (<NOMEN name="Maleevosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Nanotyrannus"/>, respectively). But they seem instead to
+be juveniles. <NOMEN name="T. novojilovi"/> likely belongs to
+<NOMEN name="T. bataar"/> or <NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/>, and
+<NOMEN name="T. lancensis"/> likely belongs to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>.
+<NOMEN name="T. megagracilis"/> also likely belongs to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>,
+representing the subadult stage. It is sometimes placed in
+<NOMEN name="Dinotyrannus"/>. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="T. luanchuanensis"/> and <NOMEN name="T. lanpingensis"/>,
+both dubious tooth taxa, probably belong to either <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>
+or <NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Tyreophorus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Thyreophora"/>, in reference
+ to indeterminate <LINK content="ankylosaurian"/> material. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Udanoceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Udan<LOW>-Sayr</LOW> horned face
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull (missing frill), partial pelvis, scapula, coracoid, fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="tschizhovi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1992"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The largest bipedal <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>. Its jaw was very deep.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ugrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>ugly lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial premaxilla, nose horn, fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="olsoni" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cobabe, Fastovsky" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Uintasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Uinta <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="douglassi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1919"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ultrasauros">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ ultra lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="macintoshi" original="Ultrasaurus2">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ultrasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ ultra lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Korea"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial femur, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="tabriensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> This animal was once thought to be a huge <LINK content="sauropod"/>, and
+ described as a species of Ultrasaurus, a huge North American
+ sauropod. Unfortunately, Ultrasaurus macintoshi was not officially described
+ at that time, so this Korean species accidentally became
+ the type species of <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/>. The name of the North American species was
+ changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros macintoshi"/>. </P>
+
+<P> The "humerus" of this animal turned out to be a femur, so it was not as large
+ as originally thought.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Ultrasaurus2" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Kim" year="1983"/>
+ <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Umarsaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1992"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Barsboldia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Unenlagia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ half-bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> One of the closest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to
+ <LINK content="birds"/>, this South American creature had a back-turned pubis,
+ like <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and birds. It also had a shoulder joint
+ that would allow flapping. <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> itself was too big to fly, so it was
+ probably secondarily flightless, like modern-day
+ <LINK content="ratites"/>. </P>
+
+<P> It was found in the same area as the larger <NOMEN name="Megaraptor"/>. It has been
+ suggested that they could be the same, <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> being the
+ juvenile or subadult form.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Unicerosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Baugh"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Armstrong" year="1987"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Gnathostomata" incertae="1"/>
+ <MEANING>one horn lizard</MEANING>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Unquillosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Unquillo <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ceibalii">
+ <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Originally claimed to be a giant, 35 feet (11m) in length. </P>
+
+<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Utahraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Utah raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <MASS value="1000"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <REMAINS content="claws (hand & foot), tibia, lachrymal, premaxilla, tail vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="ostrommaysorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Gaston, Burge" year="1993"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom and Mays'
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="spielbergi" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonar, Lassieur, McCafferty, Voci"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="ostrommaysorum"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Steven</LOW> Spielberg's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The largest definite <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Valdoraptor">
+ <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsi"/>
+ <SPECIES name="oweni" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Valdosaurus">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Baldosaurus"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="canaliculatus" original="Dryosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1975"/>
+ <PLACE name="England, Romania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements (including femora)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="dextrapoda" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1998"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton, Taquet" year="1982"/>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femora"/>
+ <MEANING>from Niger</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Variraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Var <LOW>Department</LOW> raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <MASS value="50"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MDE"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mechinorum" status="dubiumQ">
+ <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff, Buffetaut" year="1998"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Anne and Patrick</LOW> Mechin's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Vectensia" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Delair" year="1982"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Vectisaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Velocipes" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ speedy foot
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial bone (fibula?)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="guerichi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Velociraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ speedy raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <MASS value="7"/>
+ <MASS value="15"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
+ <PLACE name="Russia" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons (adult & juvenile)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="langstoni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Saurornitholestes langstoni" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <SYNONYM name="Bambiraptor feinbergorum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Velocisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ speedy lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tibia, astragalus, foot"/>
+ <SPECIES name="unicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This animal's middle metatarsal was greatly enlargened, while the outer ones
+ were reduced. This was probably an adaptation for running, opposite to
+ that of many running <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> (whose outer metatarsals
+ became stronger, greatly reducing the inner one).</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Venaticosuchus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1971"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Volkheimeria" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Wolfgang</LOW> Volkheimer's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pelvis, hindlimb"/>
+ <SPECIES name="chubutensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Sometimes considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Vorona" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="berivotrensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Forster, Chiappe, Krause, Sampson" year="1996"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possessed a "switchblade" foot claw, like those of <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/>
+ and other basal <LINK content="paravians"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Vulcanodon" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ volcano tooth
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Zimbabwe"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, scapula"/>
+ <SPECIES name="karibaensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1972"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The teeth (found in rock of volcanic origin) which this genus was named
+ after actually came from a predator that may have eaten it.
+ <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> was similar to "<LINK content="prosauropods"/>", but probably the
+ earliest <LINK content="sauropod"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Wakinosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Wakino <LOW>Subgroup</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="incomplete tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="satoi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Okazaki" year="1992"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Proposed as a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>, but, hey, it's just a tooth
+(an incomplete one at that). It could be anything.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Walgettosuchus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Walgett crocodile
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Australia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebra"/>
+ <SPECIES name="woodwardi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Walkeria" type="with">
+ <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fleming" year="1823"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>Alick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="maleriensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Alwalkeria maleriensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Walkersaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>Walker's lizard</MEANING>
+ <MASS value="300" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="snout fragments, teeth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hesperis" original="Megalosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Waldman" year="1974"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>western</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Wannanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Wannan lizard"
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull roof, mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
+ <SPECIES name="yansiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1977"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Wuerhosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Wuerho lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="homheni">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, 3 tail vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium without limbs"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The last of the <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Wyleyia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>J. F.</LOW> Wyley's <LOW>one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1973"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Wyomingopteryx" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1994"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Wyoming wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Wyomingraptor" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Wyoming raider
+ </MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Based on material assigned to <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, to be
+re-described by Robert Bakker.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Xenotarsosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ strange ankle lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, leg elements"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bonapartei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Martínez, Giminez, Rodriguez, Bochatey" year="1986"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>José</LOW> Bonaparte's
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Xiaosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ small/dawn lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth, partial mandible, postcranial material"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dashanpensis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="multidens">
+ <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Probably either a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/> or a primitive
+ <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Xuanhanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulae, forelimbs"/>
+ <SPECIES name="qilixiaensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Xuanhuasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="niei" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1986"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Possibly a relative of <NOMEN name="Chaoyangsaurus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yaleosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Yale <LOW>University</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="colurus">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus colurus" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yandangornis" type="with">
+ <TIME value="Santonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <LENGTH value=".6"/>
+ <MEANING>Yandang <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZMNH" id="M1326" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton (missing parts of forelimbs, skull, and tail)"/>
+ <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
+ <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Cai, Zhao" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+<ESSAY><P>Classified as a <LINK content="bird"/> by its authors, but may
+not be. If it is an <LINK content="avian"/>, it is the only one known to
+combine a long tail (at least 20 vertebrae; <I>sans</I> pygostyle; about
+half total length) and a lack of teeth (in the premaxilla, at least). The
+holotype was found in association with the <LINK content="pterosaur"/>
+<NOMEN name="Zhejiangopterus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yandusaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Yandu <LOW>(=Zigong)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
+ <TIME value="Callovian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 nearly complete skeletons"/>
+ <SPECIES name="hongheensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="He" year="1979"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="multidens">
+ <AUTHOR name="He, Cai" year="1983"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Othnieliidae"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="T" id="6001" content="incomplete skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> <NOMEN name="Yandusaurus multidens"/> seems to be a different type of <LINK content="ornithopod"/>
+ than the type species, and will be given a new generic name.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yangchuanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Yang-chu'an <LOW>District</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10"/>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ <MASS value="3500"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs, feet, or end of tail"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="hepingensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor hepingensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="longqiaoensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="magnus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pelvis, femur"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ great
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="yandonensis" original="Szechuanosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yaverlandia" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Yaverland <LOW>Point (on the Isle of Wight) one</LOW>
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull fragment"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bitholus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1971"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ doubly domed
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Usually considered a very primitive <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, although
+ one recent study suggests that it is more advanced, despite its early
+ occurrence.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yezosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Obata, Muramoto" year="1977"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yimenosaurus" type="with">
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, limb elements, etc."/>
+ <SPECIES name="youngi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Bai" year="1990"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Bai, Yang, Wang" year="1990"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yingshanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Yinshanosaurus"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Yunshanosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Yingshan lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="jichuanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> Had broad spikes on its shoulders.
+</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yubasaurus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="He" year="1975"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yungavolucris" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="bretincola">
+ <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Yunga bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Yunnanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Yünnanosaurus"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Yunnan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 2 skulls"/>
+ <SPECIES name="huangi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="robustus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1951"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="huangi"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ robust
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>A <LINK content="sauropod"/>-like maxilla assigned to this genus
+is now thought to actually be from a sauropod.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zanclodon" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="laevis" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ lucky/left/light
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="bavaricus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sandberger" year="1894"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ Bavarian
+ </MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus plieningeri" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
+ <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1900"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="schutzii" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1900"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sileiacus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1910"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zapsalis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ through shears
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="abradens" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Paronychodon lacustris"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zatomus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="sarcophagus" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
+ <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zephyrosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Zephyr's <LOW>(god of the west wind)</LOW> lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae"/>
+ <SPECIES name="schaffi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1980"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zhejiangopterus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Zhejiang <LOW>Province</LOW> wing
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <TIME section="early-middle" value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="four specimens"/>
+ <SPECIES name="linhaiensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Cai, Feng" year="1994"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zhyraornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="kashkarovi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MEANING>
+ Dzhyra<LOW>kuduk waterwell</LOW> bird
+ </MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zigongosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Zigong lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zizhongosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>
+ Zizhong lizard
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pubis, humerus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="chuanchengensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="huangshibanensis" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zuniceratops" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Zuni <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> horned face</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
+ <MASS value="200"/>
+ <MASS value="250"/>
+ <TIME section="middle" value="Turonian"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <SPECIES name="christopheri">
+ <MEANING>Christopher's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wolfe, Kirkland" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P> The first known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> with brow horns, and the
+oldest named American ceratopsian. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Zupaysaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <MEANING>devil lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="LTr"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial vertebra, pelvic bones, shoulder bones, complete skull, etc."/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>If you were really bored and felt like going through the whole Genus List
+alphabetically one by one, you can stop now. (Or, if you're going backwards,
+quit now; you'll never make it). </P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
projects / idzebra-moved-to-github.git / commitdiff