From ffedd6a68cc4abe71450a0d504c7f0db8393a9d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Mike Taylor Date: Thu, 29 Aug 2002 01:23:16 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Added new "examples" directory, perhaps eventually to be merged with ../test -- contains my experiments at making an almost completely unconfigured Zebra XML repository. --- examples/README | 4 + examples/dinosauricon/.cvsignore | 13 + examples/dinosauricon/Makefile | 7 + examples/dinosauricon/UNUSED-taxa.xml | 7475 +++++++++++ examples/dinosauricon/bib1.att | 3 + examples/dinosauricon/records/genera.xml |20603 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ examples/dinosauricon/zebra.cfg | 3 + 7 files changed, 28108 insertions(+) create mode 100644 examples/README create mode 100644 examples/dinosauricon/.cvsignore create mode 100644 examples/dinosauricon/Makefile create mode 100644 examples/dinosauricon/UNUSED-taxa.xml create mode 100644 examples/dinosauricon/bib1.att create mode 100644 examples/dinosauricon/records/genera.xml create mode 100644 examples/dinosauricon/zebra.cfg diff --git a/examples/README b/examples/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fad743 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/README @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +You could argue that these examples all belong in ../test, along with +the gils, usmarc, cddb and dmoz examples. You may well be right, but +I am keeping them separate at the moment, because they are +toys-in-progress rather than working test-cases. diff --git a/examples/dinosauricon/.cvsignore b/examples/dinosauricon/.cvsignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5e5fc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/dinosauricon/.cvsignore @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +dict-0.mf +gmatch-0.mf +isamcA-0.mf +isamcB-0.mf +isamcC-0.mf +isamcD-0.mf +isamcE-0.mf +isamcF-0.mf +norm..LCK +recdA-0.mf +recdB-0.mf +reci-0.mf +state..LCK diff --git a/examples/dinosauricon/Makefile b/examples/dinosauricon/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..345e09f --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/dinosauricon/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +DBFILES = *.mf *..LCK zebrasrv.pid + +isamcA-0.mf: records/genera.xml + zebraidx -t grs.sgml update records + +clean: + rm -f $(DBFILES) diff --git a/examples/dinosauricon/UNUSED-taxa.xml b/examples/dinosauricon/UNUSED-taxa.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd08f38 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/dinosauricon/UNUSED-taxa.xml @@ -0,0 +1,7475 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These were large, often huge predators. Some +of the carcharodontosaurines are the largest known carnivores ever to walk +upon the Earth, even larger than .

+ +

A recent find of a group of differently-aged carcharodontosaurines (the +genus is yet to be publicly named) in association with each other suggests +that these enormous carnivores may have hunted in packs. Interestingly, +the largest known land animals of all time, +such as , lived alongside these largest +land predators of all time. It is possible that packs of South American +carcharodontosaurines, each measuring up to 45 feet long, might have +preyed upon herds of 130+-foot-long titanosaurs.

+ +

There are some cranial similarities +between carcharodontosaurines and , another +group of Gondwanan (Southern Hemisphere) carnivores. This may be due to +convergence, but some have proposed that carcharodontosaurines are not +, but more +closely related to abelisaurs. But other characteristics, such as the +three-fingered hand (neoceratosaurs have four fingers), cast doubt on this +idea.

+ + + + + + + + + 's taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This recently discovered group has +proven difficult to place. The original member, , was originally given its own family in . When was first +discovered, it proved a bafflement. It had -like +features (the skull, a keeled breastbone), unbirdlike features (the tail), +features like (pinched +middle metatarsal), and some features completely unique (the single, +hooked claw on its stubby arms). (NOTE: Some of these fossils have been +reassigned to the very closely related .)

+ +

The discovery of , a creature seemingly +transitional between the more primitive and +the more derived mononykines, showed that all three probably belonged +to the same group. They are now generally though to be primitive birds, +although some think they may be related to . +(One piece of alvarezsaur ankle found by O. C. Marsh in the late 1800's was +actually assigned to the genus .)

+ +

Alvarezsaurs were small, terrestrial animals with +long legs. Their niche is far from certain. Since their stubby forearms +were built so powerfully, it has been suggested that they used them for +digging. (In fact, some think that their sterna were keeled as a digging +adaptation, similar to moles, and that they evolved keeled sterna +separately from birds, which evolved it for flying.) The overall body plan +of alvarezsaurs is not that of a burrower, but it has been suggested that +they might have fed on colonial insects, ripping into nests with their +single-clawed hands.

+ + + + + + + + + + without apses + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + side necks + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hidden necks + + + + + + + + + + true cryptodirans + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Anapsida is a clade of of with no fenestrae +(openings) in the back of their skulls. It includes large herbivores like +pareiasaurs as well as modern-day turtles. During the , "The Age of Reptiles", turtles grew to great +sizes. Some, like , were the size of a +car!

+ +

In traditional usage, Anapsida included all +without antorbital fenestrae. It has now been restricted to those sharing +more recent ancestry with chelonians (turtles) than with other extant +amniote groups. Membership is mostly the same, but excludes basalmost + (e.g. ) and +basal romeriids (e.g. ). +

+ +

Within Reptilia, anapsids are probably the most distant relatives of +.

+ + + + + + + + + + + animals + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Among Earth's enormously vast array of animals, belong to the clade, +which is characterized by the possession of a backbone.

+ + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Ankylosaurs include the most heavily armored +dinosaurs of all, the "tanks" of the . The +entire back was covered with bony plates, studs, and spikes. So was the +head, right down to the eyelids! (Bony eyelids have been found in and , which are so +distantly related within Ankylosauroidea as to suggest that all +ankylosauroids had bony eyelids, at least primitively.)

+ +

Some nodosaurids bore very large spikes along their sides, the largest +often sprouting from the shoulders. These may have been used as defense, +weapons in rivalry, or both.

+ +

These animals are known from all +continents except South America and Africa. They were most prevalent in +Laurasia (the northern supercontinent).

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

A large club at the end of the tail +distinguishes ankylosaurines and shamosaurines from the more primitive + They probably used this club to give +crippling blows to potential predators. A similar structure existed in the + , as well as the +glyptodonts, an extinct group of giant South American related to armadillos. Ankylosaurines also had +shorter, more triangular skulls than other ankylosaurs and no spikes along +their sides.

+ +

Polacanthines were once classified as +nodosaurids, but are now recognized as a distinct clade closer to the +Ankylosaurinae. It was recently thought that they had small tail clubs, +but this has been refuted.

+ +

Shamosaurines had narrow snouts, especially compared to the very wide +snouts of ankylosaurines. This may reflect different niches.

+ +

Many ankylosaurines had complex, looping nasal passages, possibly to +enhance their sense of smell.

+ + + + + + + + archosaur forms + + + + + + + before lizard forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + archosaur forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ruling lizards + + + + + + + + + false crocodiles + + + + + + + + cross ankles + + + + + + + + beside crocodiles + + + + + + + + + + + crocodiles + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + beside Crocodylomorpha + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + bird crocodiles + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Archosauromorpha includes all with +four-chambered hearts, an evolutionary innovation that permitted them +higher activity levels and terrestrial dominance throughout the .

+ +

The forms shown here were once all included in +Archosauria in the "grab-bag" taxon "Thecodontia" -- any archosaur that +wasn't a , a , or +a . This form of classification was abandoned +once knowledge about these animals increased.

+ +

The non-archosaur archosauromorphs, or "protoarchosaurs", show fairly +wide diversity, from small hunters with insanely long necks like to large, beaked herbivores like the +rhynchosaurs to the megalancosaurids, bizarre climbers with prehensile +tails.

+ +

The two major groups of Archosauria proper are rather poorly named. +Pseudosuchia means "false crocodiles", yet it includes true ones. +Ornithosuchia was named after the creature , and defined as all animals sharing more recent ancestry with +birds than with crocodiles. Unfortunately, subsequent analyses have shown +that was not an ornithosuchian, +but a pseudosuchian!

+ +

Pseudosuchians became the dominant +terrestrial animals after the demise of the two previous "dynasties" -- the "" +and the non- . They +diversified into many niches: armored herbivores (aetosaurs), big +carnivores (rauisuchians), tiny sprinters (), and water-dwellers (parasuchians and ). There is evidence that many pseudosuchians +may have been agile, active creatures, unlike the only modern +pseudosuchians () which have reverted to a +sluggish lifestyle.

+ +

But by the end of the they had been +outcompeted by their fellow archosaurs, the ornithosuchian . Dinosaurs and pterosaurs would continue to +dominate terrestrial and aerial niches until the end of the , far longer than any previous or subsequent +terrestrial "dynasty" (and they still dominate aerial niches!). Of +all the pseudosuchians, only the aquatic crocodylomorphs survived beyond +the .

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + birds + + + + + + + + + + + + pygostyles ("Parson's noses") + + + + + + + + + + + modern bird chests + + + + + true birds + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ancient birds + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lizard tails + + + + + + + + + + + +

Birds evolved from small, possibly "sickle-clawed" + probably sometime during the (some have suggested the ), +as did their close relatives the . The +earliest known definite bird is the European , a small flying predator from the Late Jurassic. +The North American has been interpreted as a +Late Triassic bird that is more "advanced" than , but few /bird +researchers agree with this at present.

+ +

Pygostylian birds are characterized by a +pygostyle, a fusion of the vertebrae at the end of the tail. This trait +seems to have evolved convergently in at least one () and at least one + ().

+ +

Ornithothoracean birds, a large subset of pygostylians that includes +, have a "modern-style" thorax and an alula, +or "bastard wing" -- a group of feathers associated with the first finger +that aids maneuverability in flight.

+ +

Unlike the other two groups of +flying , and +, the hindlimbs of birds are not in any way coupled with +the wings, and remain free for running. Due to this and other pieces of +evidence, some dinosaur researchers argue that birds did not evolve from a +tree-dwelling ancestor, as the other groups are thought to have. Recent +studies suggest that could run fast enough to +take off from the ground, bolstering this hypothesis, commonly known as the +"Ground Up" hypothesis.

+ +

But many disagree with this idea, arguing that flight in birds evolved as +it seems to have in bats and pterosaurs -- from the "Trees Down". +They hold that bird ancestors were scansorial coelurosaurs which leaped from +tree to tree, then evolved into gliders, and from there to fliers. The +facts that has claws sharply recurved for +climbing and that its first toe is reversed for perching support this +idea.

+ +

As of now, the fossil evidence does not clearly favor either the +"Trees Down" or "Ground Up" hypotheses of the evolution +of flight in birds.

+ +

The hypothesis that birds descended from +dinosaurs has been around for a long time. Thomas Huxley (a.k.a. "Darwin's +bulldog") proposed such a relationship based on similarities between + and dinosaurs. This view was dismissed by +Gerhard Heilmann, who noted that dinosaurs lack clavicles, which are not +only present in birds but fused to form the furcula, or "wishbone". +Heilmann's suggestion that birds and dinosaurs descended separately from +"thecodont" (basal ) stock held fast for +most of the 1900's.

+ +

Heilmann's view was finally dispelled by the discovery that some dinosaur fossils (such as those of ) do in fact have clavicles. In forms (such as , , ), they are even +fused to form furculae. These elements had often been mistaken for rib +fragments. Additionally, clavicles are reduced or missing in some modern +birds, and were likely so for many other theropods.

+ +

A more recent objection to the dinosaur-bird link is the claim that +embryological evidence shows the digits in the hands of modern birds to be +II-III-IV, not I-II-III as in coelurosaurs and other . In fact, the story may be quite a bit more +complicated. It is not certain that the element that has been interpreted +as a vestigial digit I is in fact digit I. Furthermore, other studies show +that frame shift can cause some birds to have digits aligned differently +than in other birds, even with the same species.

+ +

Opponents of the dinosaurian theory of bird origins have yet to +propose an explicit alternate theory, generally stating that birds +evolved from basal of some kind. They +also have yet to explain why such an enormous degree of convergence +would appear between birds and terrestrial +when they represent separate niches.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + flesh-eating lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

The taxon Carnosauria once included all large , from large to to . More recent +research shows that most of these are more closely allied to other groups. +Today, only the allosaurids and their relatives are considered true +carnosaurs (The precise definition: all animals sharing a more recent +common ancestor with than with ).

+ +

Many carnosaurs bore crests atop their heads. +The primitive forms and (one of the few dinosaurs from Antarctica) had +ridges along the tops of their snouts. In +this culminated in a large, vertical crest. had +paired crests above the eyes, especially prominent in +.

+ +

Carnosaurs did not survive to the end of the +. They may have been out-competed by and . But in +their heyday they included the largest known land predators of all time. +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

One of the two main lineages of ceratopsids (a.k.a. horned +dinosaurs"), most centrosaurines bore large horns on their noses. Unlike +most members of their sister group, the , +their neck frills tended to be relatively short, although often +accentuated by two large spikes at the top, or spikes all along the rim of +the frill as in . Their snouts were also +short.

+ +

The advanced pachyrhinosaurins had a large, blunt bony growth in place +of the nasal horn. This may have formed the core of a horny pad in life, +or possibly the core of a gigantic nasal horn.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + new ceratopsians + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This group of herbivores contains the frilled , including the horned dinosaurs. Like many other +groups of dinosaurs, they inhabited only Asia and North +America.

+ +

is the most primitive known +ceratopsian. The back of its skull hints at the giant neck frill of later +ceratopsians. Its powerful parrot-like beak, for which the genus was named +("parrot lizard"), features an extra bone. This bone, the rostral bone, is +unique to ceratopsians.

+ +

The creatures on this page were all bipedal. From such as these came +the quadrupedal . Coronosaurs were generally +larger, although at least one bipedal ceratopsian () grew to a fairly large size. Bipedal ceratopsians +persisted until the end of the , co-existing with +the more advanced .

+ +

(See for a discussion on the "s" in +Ceratopsia).

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Unlike their sister group, the , +ceratopsines (a.k.a. chasmosaurines), placed more emphasis on brow horns +than the nasal horn, to the point that some barely had a nasal horn at +all, hence names like ("without nose-horn +face") and ("two-horned face").

+ +

Their neck frills were longer than those of centrosaurines, except in +the lineage leading to , wherein they became +short and completely solid, with no parietal fenestrae.

+ +

There has been some disagreement over the name of this group and all +other groups named after the genus . For years +they have been known as Ceratopsidae, Ceratopsia, etc. Some have pointed +out that this is not correct Greek, and that the "s" should be dropped, +hence Ceratopidae, Ceratopia. But the names with "s" have become deeply +entrenched in terminology, and are used on this +site.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Coelophysoids were a group of early +. Most were characterized by a kink in the +front of the upper snout, similar to the snout kink of the . (In fact, some have considered spinosaurids to +be late-surviving coelophysoids.) It was once thought that this kink, +which allowed some mobility for the premaxilla, would have weakened the +skull. But it is now known to have been internally strengthened, and ideas +that coelophysoids could not have been true predators have been dismissed. +

+ +

and the similar +and were medium-small hunters, larger than +the tiny procompsognathines. , , and were the largest +coelophysoids, about 15 to 20 feet long.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + hollow-tailed lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + maniraptor forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pinched metatarsals + + + + + + + + + + big-handed raiders + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + beside + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true maniraptors + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pneumatic braincase lizards + + + + + + + + + + tyrant raiders + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Coelurosauria once included all the small . +It was the sister group to , which included +all the big theropods. This system of theropod classification has become +very much outdated, but the original names are still kept for certain +actual groups. If the more primitive forms of the old Coelurosauria are +excluded and a few other forms are added (including ), they do form a monophyletic group. Interestingly, +this group that once contained only small theropods now includes , one of the largest theropods, indeed, one of +the largest land predators of all time.

+ +

Coelurosaurs are an enormously diverse group. They include , , , , , and the incredibly varied birds.

+ +

Skin impressions are known from several coelurosaurs. +A partial impression, possibly from the tail of a +shows scales like those seen in other dinosaurs. All other +coelurosaur skin impressions, such as those of , +, , , , and birds like +, +show feathers or feather-like integument. Such integument may have been +present in the earliest coelurosaurs, then lost in gigantic forms, much as +gigantic tend not to have hair.

+ +

The advanced coelurosaurs make up +Maniraptoriformes. All +maniraptoriforms sharing a more recent ancestor with than with birds are arctometatarsalians. All sharing +a more recent ancestor with birds than with +are maniraptors. It is not certain whether some groups (coelurids, +compsognathids, ornitholestids, etc.) belong to one of these two groups +or fall outside of Maniraptoriformes.

+ +

Arctometatarsalia originally included , +avimimids, tyrannosauroids, troodontids, and ornithomimosaurs. It was +named for the arctometatarsalian foot of these animals, wherein the +middle metatarsal is pinched at the top. This trait, an adaptation for +running, is now thought to have evolved separately in caenagnathids +and possibly in all five of the groups. +have an extreme version of this feature.

+ +

includes all +animals that share more recent ancestry with birds than with +deinonychosaurs. Several primitive avialans have been found with +dromaeosaurid-like "sickle claws" (a hyperextendable second digit +with a large, very curved claw) on their feet, including and the . It was also realized not long ago that the +"first bird", , had a hyperextendable +second toe. This trait may be a basal trait for all paravians.

+ + + + + + + + + crowned lizards + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This group includes all of the quadrupedal . Coronosaurs tend to be larger and have larger +neck frills than more primitive ceratopsians. There has been much dispute +as to whether the front limbs of coronosaurs were held fully erect or +sprawling to various degrees. An intermediate posture seems most likely.

+ +

The most primitive coronosaurs, like the well-known , lacked horns, although they bore small bumps on +their noses. , the most primitive known +ceratopsoid, possessed a true horn on its nose. In addition to the nasal +horn ceratopsomorphs like possessed brow +horns above their eyes.

+ +

The function of the neck frills in these and other ceratopsians is not +certain. They may have borne colorful displays, protected the neck from +predators, anchored powerful cheek muscles, or performed a combination of +these functions. In , one gender (male?) has +a much wider frill than the other, supporting the idea that these were +used as sexual displays.

+ +

Hailing from the very latest stretch of +the , ceratopsids were the pinnacle of + evolution. They included some of the very +largest , such as the mighty . They are only known from North America (unless the +Asian is really a ceratopsid).

+ +

Skin impressions are known from both centrosaurine ceratopsids () and ceratopsine ceratopsids (). They both show large, flat scales interspersed +with larger, round tubercles.

+ +

The genera listed here, plus other +were once grouped in the family Protoceratopsidae (=Protoceratopidae), +since they all had claws instead of hooves. Most now consider this a +paraphyletic (and hence invalid) grouping. There may, however, be a +monophyletic (hence valid) group of basal coronosaurs which would be +termed Protoceratopsidae.

+ + + + + + + + + + (crocodile) forms + + + + + (crocodile) forms + + + + + + + + + intermediate true crocodylians + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' (crocodile) taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + short rostrums + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Crocodylomorphs originated around the same time as the . They were the only +to survive the , and survive to the present day +in the form of crocodylians. Of all living animals, crocodylians are the +closest relatives to dinosaurs (excluding , +which are dinosaurs). Unlike other living (except for birds), crocodylians have a +four-chambered heart and a semi-upright stance.

+ +

Some "primitive" crocodylomorphs may have been more active and agile +than today's crocodylians, which have evolved a relatively sluggish +lifestyle.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

The most striking +feature of the dromaeosaurids was the large second claw of the foot, which +was highly mobile and could swing back and forth, thus giving it the +nickname "switchblade claw" or "sickle claw". Similar claws were present +on the feet of other primitive , as well as + (which may be paravians) and, to a lesser +extent, . Troodontids were once included in +Deinonychosauria because of their "sickle claws", but they are usually now +recognized as relatives of (a.k.a. +"ostrich mimics").

+ +

The attack strategy of a dromaeosaurid was possibly to leap at its +prey, feet and arms extended. This posture would be balanced by the long, +stiff tail. The dromaeosaurid would grab onto its prey with cruel, +grasping hands, then tear out the unfortunate creature's throat or guts +with the eviscerating foot-claws.

+ +

The energy and quickness needed to carry out such a maneuver is one +piece of evidence used in the debate over whether were cold-blooded or warm-blooded.

+ +

These dinosaurs may have hunted in packs, as shown by one find where +three skeletons were found near a skeleton of +the herbivore . But another dromaeosaurid +find shows a solitary locked in combat with a +. It may be that these creatures used +whatever hunting strategy fitted the situation, as wolves () do today, or that behavior varied between +species, as in gregarious lions () +and solitary tigers ().

+ +

Dromaeosaurids were probably very close to + ancestry, as shown by their bird-like hip arrangement +(unusual for non- ), +extremely stiffened tails, and their similarity to the feathered, flying +. In fact, the most recently published +deinonychosaur, , shows impressions +of feathers or feather-like integument (not too much of a surprise, +since feathered dinosaurs less closely related to birds had already been +found). They may have even been secondarily flightless, +like modern-day birds.

+ +

"'Raptors" were one of the major stars of the blockbuster movie +Jurassic Park. Although this movie and its sequel, Jurassic Park +2: The Lost World boasts the most accurate dinosaurs in the history of +movies, there are a significant number of errors, especially with the +"'raptors". The most obvious problem is that they were much too big. Real + were about the size of jackals. Even 's big brother wasn't as +big as Jurassic Park's "'raptors".

+ +

The reason for this is probably as follows. Michael Crichton wanted to +use a fierce, approximately man-sized predator. was ideal. But he also wanted the name for plot reasons. Luckily for him, there was one +dinosaur researcher who believed the two dinosaurs were similar enough to +be in the same genus, which by virtue of seniority would be called . So, Crichton used but +called it . (Since then, new studies of the +skulls have shown them to be separate genera.)

+ +

For the movie they decided to bump the size up. They also gave it a +more -like head, unlike 's, which has a rather concave snout.

+ +

Interestingly, while the movie was being made, a new dromaeosaurid was +found which was even larger than the movie's "'raptor". The discovery of +this new dinosaur () showed that there actually +must have been a -like creature about the same +size as the ones in Jurassic Park, an intermediate in size between + and . In fact, some +undescribed forms may fit the bill.

+ +

So the "'raptor" in Jurassic Park is probably a decent +approximation of a real, undescribed dromaeosaurid (not a , though), except for some further inaccuracies, like +the flexible tail, the incorrect hands, and the lack of feathers.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + fearfully great lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lizard-like ischia + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true saurischians + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + plant-eating dinosaurs + + + + + + + +

There are three major types of dinosaur. +includes all of the carnivorous dinosaurs, as well as their modern-day +descendants, the . consists of long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs, +including , the largest land +animals of all time. The third group, , +contains many diverse forms of beaked, herbivorous dinosaurs.

+ +

Although the major groups of +dinosaurs are clearly recognized, there +is some debate about their relationships to each other and to the +ancestors of dinosaurs. About the only thing that can be confidently +stated about early dinosaurian/ evolution is +that the following evolutionary lineage occured: + +ancestral ornithodiran + | + +--> + | + +--> + | + +--> + | + +--> + | + +--> + | + \/ + +

+ +

are thought to have split off from this +lineage probably before (some don't think +pterosaurs are particularly closely related to dinosaurs at all). +Ornithischians probably split off somewhere before , +but perhaps between and +Neotheropoda. Sauropodomorphs could have split off anywhere before +Neotheropoda, but after Ornithischia, or possibly with it.

+ +

The confusion about dinosaur ancestry leads to the question "What is a +dinosaur?" The original definition of Dinosauria, as stated by Sir Richard +Owen in 1842, was a group of large (which he +considered a type of ) consisting of , , and , the only non- dinosaur +genera described at that time (save for and +, which Owen thought to be aquatic, -like creatures, and some mainland European forms +like and , +which Owen had not examined).

+ +

Dinosauria was traditionally divided into the orders Ornithischia +("bird hips" -- a misleading term) and Saurischia ("lizard hips"). For +much of the history of paleontology, the status of Dinosauria as a real +group has been considered dubious -- Ornithischia and Saurischia were +separated from each other and sometimes were themselves split up. More +recently, however, cladistic analysis has reaffirmed Dinosauria as a +natural group. It is defined as the most recent common ancestor of (which are now considered saurischians) and + (an ornithischian), plus all of that +ancestor's descendants. (As some have noted, it might have been more +proper to use and +as anchors instead of birds and , but this +phylogenetic definition has priority, and, by all cladistic studies, +represents the same group anyway. Besides, the type specimens of and are rather poor.)

+ +

This definition has lead to some disagreement as to whether certain +primitive ornithodirans are dinosaurs or not. Some include all of the +genera shown in the above lineage in Dinosauria, whereas others don't even +consider to be true dinosaurs. On these +pages is considered the most primitive known true +dinosaur, and probably a primitive theropod, due to such characteristics +as highly reduced manual digits IV and V (neotheropods have no digit V and +either no digit IV or a reduced one).

+ +

+ +The uncertainty revolving about the origins of the major dinosaur groups +has also caused another debate. Traditionally, Sauropodomorpha has been +grouped with Theropoda in Saurischia, sister group to the Ornithischia. +This is due to the fact that both saurischian groups have a primitive +lizard-like hip bone arrangement, with the pubis pointing forward (except +for some advanced groups), while ornithischians have a derived, +superficially bird-like arrangement where a process on the pubis points +backwards. (In birds and some bird-like theropods, the pubis itself +points backwards.)

+ +

But a minority claim that early sauropodomorphs show more similarities +to early ornithischians than to theropods. They classify Sauropodomorpha +and Ornithischia in Phytodinosauria ("plant dinosaurs") as a sister taxon +to Theropoda.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Diplodocids included some of the hugest creatures to walk upon the +Earth. and +probably weighed in at 45-60 metric tonnes.

+ +

These animals have been the focus of several computer-assisted studies +in biophysics. One study suggests that diplodocids could actually crack +their tails like whips, causing loud sonic booms. Another study, focusing +on the other end of the animals, suggests that they could not hold their +heads very high, and thus may have fed on low-growing vegetation. This +goes against previous thought that evolved their +long necks to reach into the trees.

+ +

Recently a diplodocid was found with non-bony dermal spines along its +back. Since non-bony structures are rarely preserved, it is not certain +how widely throughout this feature +existed.

+ + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Members of this group had long, whip-like tails +(possibly used for defense), peg-like teeth, and high vertebral spines. +The extremely long spines of some diplodocimorphs, such as + and , +may have formed large dorsal sails, like those of the + and the + .

+ +

Some of these animals, like the dicraeosaurids, made it into the +Cretaceous, but not to the end of the Mesozoic Era.

+ +

There is a possible diplodocimorph named , known +from a drawing of a crumbling neural arch. Based on comparison to +other diplodocimorphs, it would have been about 50m long and weighed about +120-150 tonnes, making it by far the largest land creature of all time! +Unfortunately, the actual specimen has been lost, presumably disintegrated, +for a long time (if it ever, indeed, existed).

+ + + + + + + + + opposite birds + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Enantiornitheans were a large group of which +evolved alongside modern-style birds, or , +during the . Their name ("opposite birds") +refers +to the articulation of the scapula with the coracoid, opposite to that of +modern birds. Like neornitheans, advanced enantiornitheans were toothless. +These two lineages, along with , +, and , +represent the five known lineages of toothless +.

+ +

Enantiornitheans achieved a fair degree of +diversity, beginning as +small, perching fliers, with some developing into shorebirds. They +ranged from sparrow- to vulture-size.

+ +

Although apparently more plentiful than their neornithean cousins +during the Cretaceous, enantiornitheans, like all non-neornithean +dinosaurs, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Why neornitheans +survived while they did not remains a mystery.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These "duck-billed" were mostly non-crested, +although some, like and , +had small, spiky crests. Hadrosaurines include the largest + of all time, such as the enormous +, which was on par with small- to medium-sized +.

+ +

Before the discovery of , dinosaurs were +generally thought to be +all quadrupedal. ' long hindlimbs and relatively +short forelimbs indicated otherwise. It was originally reconstructed +standing upright, like a human. Now it is thought that all hadrosaurs, +indeed, all were facultatively +quadrupedal, able to move on all fours or on two legs, with the back +horizontal in all positions.

+ +

The old genus has recently been sunk into +, except for one separate species, for which +the generic name was coined.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These are commonly known as the "duck-billed" dinosaurs, since their +beaks bore a superficial resemblance to those of ducks. They were the last, +largest, and most numerous of the .

+ +

More "primitive" hadrosauroids like +had small thumb-spikes, +like the larger thumb-spikes of other . +This digit was lost entirely in hadrosaurids. +and an unnamed hadrosauroid possessed large sails on their backs, like those +of and +.

+ +

Hadrosaurids are divided into two subfamilies, the generally non-crested +hadrosaurines and the lambeosaurines, which developed large hollow crests +on their heads. At least one scientist considers them to be two separate families, +with closer to the hadrosaurids and + closer to the lambeosaurids.

+ +

It was once thought that the duck-bills, like their namesakes, were +aquatic. This notion seemed to be supported when a fossilized "mummy" of a +hadrosaurid was discovered, showing what appeared to be webbed fingers on +the hands. The hollow crests of the lambeosaurines were supposed to be for +air storage, since they connected to the nasal passages.

+ +

This theory is largely out of favor now. The "webbed" fingers, upon +closer scrutiny, more closely resemble desiccated hoof pads. The crests +could not have functioned as air storage, since they were rigid and +inflexible. Air sucked out of them would have created a vacuum. And the +rugged teeth of the hadrosaurids strongly indicate that they ate rough, woody +plant material, not soft seaweed. The teeth in the jaw were aligned in great +"batteries", so that if one wore out there was another one behind it to +replace it. Some hadrosaurid jaws contained as much as 2,000 teeth!

+ +

It seems that duck-bills led a largely terrestrial life. They would walk +primarily on all fours, as shown by the hoof-like nails and supporting pads +on the hands, but were easily capable of switching to bipedal locomotion.

+ + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These are the only known marine of the +! Hesperornithiforms had adapted to life in +the oceans of Laurasia, and are best known from the +North American interior, which was covered by a large sea during much of the +.

+ +

Unlike the major modern-day group of marine birds (penguins), +which have flipper-like wings, hesperornithiforms propelled +themselves with large, (presumably) webbed feet, like loons +and grebes. Their wings had atrophied to tiny, useless things, and their +feet were set so far back that walking must have been extremely awkward. +Thus, they probably spent very nearly all of their time in the water.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Heterodontosaurids were a group of small, primitive + +from the . They +were all fairly similar to each other. Some species, such as +, bore small tusks while others, like +, were tuskless. It has been suggested +that perhaps only one gender bore tusks, and what are currently considered +separate +species may only be separate genders of the same species.

+ +

Heterodontosaurids were traditionally considered primitive +, although they bear a number of similarities to + as well.

+ + + + + + + + + + fish flippers + + + + + + + + + + dawn ichthyosaurs + + + + + + + fish lizards/' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + true ichthyosaurs + + + + + + small pelves (hips) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Despite their name, ichthyosaurs were neither nor +, but +a group of uncertain origin that evolved into +completely marine forms. Like sharks, they had dorsal fins and a tail +fin that swept side-to-side.

+ +

Ichthyosaurs arose during the , but did not +make it to the end of the . They were gone +before the K/T Extinction, which killed off other large marine + and the non- +. +

+ +

Unlike all other advanced , ichthyosaurs +had more than five digits. It was once thought that they might be related +to very early tetrapods like , which had +as many as eight digits, but it seems more likely that they developed the +extra digits from an ancestor with five digits, although this is the only +known case of this happening in all of Tetrapoda. (Usually digits are +lost.)

+ + + + + + + + + 's taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true iguanodonts + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + spiked sterna + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

The major characteristic of these medium- to large-sized herbivores is +a spiky thumb, possibly used for defense against predators. When +, the first non- + to be scientifically described, was first put +together, its thumb-spike was +incorrectly placed on the nose, giving it the look of a reptilian +rhinoceros!

+ +

The animals listed here cover the transition from early, +-like iguanodontians to the medium-sized + to the archetypal to the +, the end result of + evolution. The evolution of the iguanodontian +thumb can be seen along this line as well: small in +, at its maximum +in , then tiny or absent in +.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These "duck-billed" bore large, hollow +crests on their heads. The crests of and + were semicircular. + crests were similar, but with a spike jutting +out at the back of the crest. had a very +long crest pointing backwards from the head. + was the "duck-billed unicorn", with a narrow +spike pointing forward from above its eyes.

+ +

The lambeosaurine crests may have been used as sexual displays. For many +lambeosaurine genera, there are two forms known, one with a smaller +crest, one with a larger crest. These were originally classified as different +species, although in some cases they may just be different genders.

+ +

In addition to visual display, the tubular crests, which connected to the +nasal passages, may also have been used as giant trumpets, allowing the +lambeosaurines to let out great, deep, resonant bellows across the +prehistoric landscape. Another idea is that the crests enhanced their sense +of smell, allowing them to detect giant predators.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + Lepidosauria forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + scaly lizards + + + + snouted heads + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Lepidosauromorphs include all with +overlapping scales. Two types of lepidosauromorph remain alive today: + (tuatara) and the squamates +(lizards and their descendants, snakes).

+ +

During the late , there were huge, marine +squamates known as mosasaurs. They went extinct at the end of the +, along with all non- +.

+ + + + + + + + + + large nares + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

The name Macronaria ("large nostrils") refers to the enlarged nasal +openings of this group. Like all , their nostrils +were situated atop their head, nearly above the eyes. Macronarians +had crests of varying sizes formed by high nasal bones. In some +specimens, these bones were not completely preserved, leaving the skull +looking rather low, like those of . For this +reason, many were once classified with them.

+ +

Basal (non-titanosauriform) macronarians, or +"camarasaurs", were fairly typical sauropods of small to average size. +They had boxy skulls and spatulate teeth. Embryonic "camarasaur" material +indicates that some laid eggs with diameters of 24 cm.

+ +

Most of the animals listed above as +non-titanosaurian titanosauriforms have been included at some time in the +family Brachiosauridae, but their exact relations to one another are +poorly understood at this time. Among these animals are some of the +largest land animals of all time, such as , +, and the new . +Some had very high nasal crests and forelimbs longer than hindlimbs.

+ +

It was once thought that the large crest of "brachiosaurs" was a +snorkeling device. Since then it has been shown that if a + were to be submerged at such a depth as to +need a raised blowhole on its head, the pressure on its chest would be so +great that its lungs would collapse. Instead, it is likely that +"brachiosaurs", and probably all sauropods, were terrestrial.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + before beasts + + + + single holes + + + + + + + + + + Theria forms + + + + + + + + + + + symmetrical teeth + + + + + branch beasts + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + beasts + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + middle beasts + + + + + + + + boreal beasts + + + + + southern beasts + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pouches + + + + + + + + + Australian possums + + + + + + + + + fused fingers + + + + + 's taxon + + + two front teeth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true beasts + + + + + placenta + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + without teeth + + + + + + + + + + after beasts + + + + + + + + + + + + + + insect-eaters + + + + + + fierce ones + + + + + Carnivora forms + + + + meat-eaters + + + + + + rulers + + + + Chiroptera forms + + + + hand wings + + + + + skin wings + + + + + + Primates forms + + + + + + + primary ones + + + + + + + + + large limbs + + + + + + + + + + (rabbit) forms + + + + + + + + + + Rodentia forms + + + + + Rodentia forms + + + + + + + + + + + + Ungulata forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + hooves + + + + + + + + tubular teeth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + southern ungulates + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + odd number of fingers + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tethys Sea beasts + + + + sirens (alluring marine creatures of Greek mythology) + + + + + + linked beam + + + + + probosces + + + + + + + + + + + + + even number of fingers + + + + + whales + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + African beasts + + African shrews + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Laurasian beasts + + + + + + animal friends + + + + + + + + + + + + + + whale-hippo forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Mammals originated around the same time as the +, but remained in their shadow throughout the +. After the K/T extinction, they diversified to +fit the niches that the dinosaurs left empty, as well as many other niches. +Go us! Dinosaurs may be cool, but who's on top of the food chain now, eh? +I have to go eat some .

+ + + + + + + + + new ceratosaurs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These were mostly medium-large predators which displayed some primitive +characteristics, such as four manual digits, one of which was lost in +the more "advanced" , the other great branch of +. Although never quite as diverse (or numerous) as the +tetanurans, neoceratosaurs had some variety. Most were medium-large +predators, but there were also tiny ones like + and . + seems to have had a large "sickle claw" on +each foot, like the tetanuran and +. Many neoceratosaurs had ornate horns on +their heads, like and the carnotaurines.

+ +

Neoceratosaurs were generally robust with "tall" heads. Some had a small +opening in front of the antorbital fenestra, similar but probably +convergent to the maxillary fenestra of tetanurans. Neoceratosaurs had six +or seven fused sacral vertebrae, more than other theropods.

+ +

During the , neoceratosaurs inhabited the southern, or Gondwanan, +continents. If, as a few suspect, the mighty +are abelisauroids, they may have even been the dominant Gondwanan predators +(although it seems more likely that they are +). Neoceratosaurs persisted to the end of the +.

+ + + + + + + + + + + new birds + + + + + old jaws + + + + + + + + + + (tinamou) forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + new jaws + + + + + + ' (chicken) and 's (duck) taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This group contains all modern, toothless . +They are divided into paleognathans (ratites and tinamous) and neognathans +(all other modern birds). Beyond that, classification gets tricky -- +there are about as many schemes as there are scientists studying avian +phylogeny. Neornithean systematics is highly volatile at the moment, so +don't be surprised if you see changes here.

+ +

When all the other died +out at the end of the , neornithean +birds made an attempt to fill the empty niches left by the large predatory +. In South America, large, ground-dwelling, +carnivorous phorusrhacids evolved and lasted until fairly recently. But +today, with few exceptions, birds are aerial, not terrestrial.

+ +

In the skies, however, these last descendants of the mighty dinosaurs +still reign supreme. They beat out in the + (in the smaller niches) and today they keep + from flying during the day. There are over +twice as many living species of bird as living species of mammal. They are +the last vestige of the dinosaurs' dominion.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + bird-like ischia + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ceratopsia and Ornithopoda + + + + + + + + + + + margin heads + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Ornithischia includes the +"bird-hipped" , so called because the pubis +seems to run backwards and parallel to the ischium as +in (in actuality, a process on the pubis grew +backwards). Some dislike this name since certain + had more bird-like hips (especially +birds themselves!). They prefer the name Predentata, which refers to the +predentary bone in the front of the lower jaw. This bone is unique to +these dinosaurs.

+ +

Apart from certain , ornithischians were the only +beaked dinosaurs. They were all herbivorous (save for a few possible +omnivores, like ), and included a very wide +variety of forms: , +, +, , and +.

+ +

The earliest ornithischians were small, bipedal plant eaters, like + and . Most later +ornithischian lineages became quadrupedal as they evolved into bigger forms, +although some, like the and +, retained at least some degree of +bipedality throughout.

+ + + + + + + + + + + bird necks + + + + + + Pterosauria forms + + + + + + + + Dinosauria forms + + + + + Dinosauria forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Ornithodira ("bird necks") is divided into two major sections. +Dinosauromorpha includes and their early +ancestors, the "lagosuchians". These ancestors were very small, about +1.5 to 3.5 feet long. They were probably carnivorous or insectivorous.

+ +

The other group, Pterosauromorpha, includes , +the so-called "flying " (although + are also considered reptiles under the cladistic +system). There are two possible non-pterosaurian pterosauromorphs: +, an animal which may have +glided on membranes supported by its hindlimbs; and +, a small, poorly understood creature.

+ +

Some do not consider pterosaurs to be close relatives of dinosaurs: +

+ +

All ornithodirans walked +with a fully upright stance, like that of most . +The group is named for the S-shaped neck found in most members.

+ +

The only living ornithodirans, birds, are highly endothermic (or +"warm-blooded"), but there is still debate as to the metabolic rate of +extinct ornithodirans. The idea that they were endothermic has gained +much acceptance in recent times, but some still maintain that they were +ectothermic (or "cold-blooded"). Others think that they may have had +intermediate metabolisms, or alternate types of physiology. But everyone +agrees that the upright stance of ornithodirans indicates a high level +of activity, regardless of metabolic rate.

+ +

It has been suggested that the fur-like integument seen in some pterosaur +fossils and the feathers seen in some dinosaurs (fossil and living) might be +homologous.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These are commonly known as the +"ostrich mimics" or "ostrich dinosaurs" (although, technically, + are dinosaurs -- and if you think about +it, isn't it ostriches who are ornithomimosaur mimics?). They were possibly +the fastest of dinosaurs, with conjectured running speeds of 40-50 1. +They all had very large eyes, like their possible relatives the +.

+ +

A peculiar feature of the ornithomimoids is the toothless, beaked mouth. +This may indicate that they were one of the few groups of +non- to abandon a +predatory lifestyle, possibly assuming an herbivorous or omnivorous mode of +life similar to that of modern-day ostriches. Early ornithomimosaurs such as + and still had teeth, +although they were quite small.

+ +

Ornithomimoids were all fairly similar. They had lost the first, inner +toe, a dewclaw in most theropods. The ornithomimids are especially difficult +to distinguish from each other, and for this reason some feel that they +should all be lumped into one genus, .

+ +

Ornithomimosaurs were fairly similar in size, from the most primitive ones +at 2 meters long to the advanced ones at 3.5-4m. The exception is the giant +ornithomimoid

+ + + + + + + + + + bird feet + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true ornithopods + + + + + + 's taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This group has at various times included nearly all bipedal +. By now many forms once included here have +been recognized as primitive members of other largely quadrupedal groups +(, ), +creatures too primitive to belong to any major ornithischian clade +(, ), +or members of their own group (). +Ornithopoda still includes "hypsilophodonts" and + (including , +or duck-billed dinosaurs), and possibly +as well.

+ +

It was once thought that the animals listed on this page formed a clade: +Hypsilophodontia, sister clade of . But newer +studies indicate that this group was paraphyletic. The only definite +hypsilophodont is itself.

+ +

The animals on this page were small or tiny bipedal runners which may +have lived lifestyles similar to those of such modern-day + as deer, gazelles, and kangaroos. From creatures +such as these came the larger, semi-quadrupedal iguanodonts.

+ + + + + + + + + + bird tails + + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Ornithurans include modern birds () and +their relatives. Except for neornitheans, ornithurans retained small +teeth in their jaws, except at the front of the upper jaw (premaxilla).

+ +

Four main types are known: the flightless patagopterygiforms, +the aquatic , the seaside-dwelling +ambiortimorphs, and the extremely diverse neornitheans. All lived in the +, and all except neornitheans died out at the +end of the Cretaceous.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This group includes the oviraptorids and the caenagnathids. The latter +are a somewhat poorly known group, known mainly by hands and feet, which +are fairly -like.

+ +

Oviraptorids were a very peculiar group of . +Their mouths were entirely toothless, forming beaks. They were sometimes +classified with the , another group of +toothless theropods. However, they lack the arctometatarsalian foot of +the ornithomimids and other +theropods.

+ +

One oviraptorid specimen was found huddled atop a nest of its own eggs, +its wing-like arms spread over them. Apparently it was protecting its brood +when a sand avalanche buried and killed it. (The head of the +specimen is missing, so it is not certain which type of oviraptorid it is, +although it may well be .)

+ +

It is not certain whether oviraptorosaurs made it to the very end of +the . There is no evidence of them from very +late sediments, so they may have died out +right before the K/T Extinction. But some dinosaur groups are only known to +have died out in the K/T Extinction because their teeth have been found from +that time. Since oviraptorosaurs had no teeth, and teeth preserve better than +other remains, they may have made it to the end but not left any evidence +that we have yet found.

+ + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + 's taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This was an odd group of , characterized by an +extremely thick skull roof, often lined with small bumps and spikes. The +most commonly accepted explanation for these thick "bone-heads" is that +they were used to butt heads in mating displays similar to those of +bighorn sheep.

+ +

Pachycephalosaurs were once classified as , +mainly because of their bipedal stance. But they seem to be more closely +related to the , due to similarities such +as a ridge along the back of the skull, which evolved into a frill among +the ceratopsians.

+ +

The genera listed here were the "flat-headed" pachycephalosaurs. They +were sometimes grouped into the family Homalocephalidae, although this is +probably paraphyletic.

+ +

Pachycephalosaurs, known only from the northern hemisphere +(with few possible exceptions), are fairly +rare, leading some to theorize that they may have inhabited environments +that were not conducive to fossilization, such as mountains.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Pachycephalosaurids were the "dome-headed" pachycephalosaurs. Their skull +roofs were immensely thickened to create a large dome of solid bone on the +top of their skulls. The dome was adorned by bumps and spikes, which grew +quite long in . The spine was strengthened, +possibly for head-on butting.

+ +

, at around 25 feet in length, was +by far the giant of the group. Most other species were less than 10 feet +long. was one of the smallest +non- dinosaurs.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Pterodactyloids included the largest flying animals of all time. Giants +like could grow to have wingspans over 30 +feet, possibly weighing over 500 pounds.

+ +

These short-tailed came in a wide +variety of forms, from the forceps-beaked to +the sieve-toothed to the toothless +. Several had enormous crests atop their heads.

+ +

Pterodactyloid diversity declined throughout the +. By the end there were only a few giant +forms, the smaller niches having all been taken over by +. This last remnant went extinct at the end of the +, as did all +save for .

+ + + + + + + + + winged lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Although they were the only other flying , +pterosaurs were not closely related to . Their +wings had a very different structure. Birds support their wings with their +second finger (or possibly third, if the frame shift hypothesis is true), +while pterosaurs used the fourth. Additionally, pterosaurian +wings were largely made up of skin membranes strengthened by fibers, while +avian wings consist mainly of feathers.

+ +

Pterosaurs originated at about the +same time as the +. They began as small, long-tailed forms, +sometimes called "rhamphorhynchoids". From these came larger, +short-tailed forms, which make up the group +.

+ +

There is a recent theory that pterosaurs were not archosaurs, but +derived from some type of basal . +For more: +

+ +

Pterosaurs were unique among in that at least some +of them were covered with hair, similar but not homologous to + hair. Although in some cases fibers in the wing +membrane have been mistaken for hair, some fossils such as those of + ("hairy demon") do show hair on the head, +neck, and torso, much like modern-day bats.

+ + + + + + + + + + + lizard feet + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true sauropods + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + new sauropods + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Sauropods were giant, long-necked plant-eaters. +All sauropods were quite large. Even the smallest ones were about as big as +the largest members of other dinosaur groups.

+ +

Early sauropods like resembled +"", especially +. As sauropod evolution progressed, +they became larger and more diverse. There were crested forms +(), armored forms +(), a plated form (), +sailback forms (some ), and a +club-tailed form (), but they were +never quite as diverse as the other two major dinosaurian groups, + and .

+ +

The eusauropods shown here were often grouped together in Cetiosauridae, +but it is probably a paraphyletic grouping. Vulcanodontidae, consisting of +the non-eusauropod sauropods, is also probably paraphyletic.

+ +

There is a wide variance +of opinion about this group, if it is a group. Some hold that the +club-tailed , the long-necked euhelopodines +(, , and ), and some of their relatives form a distinct clade. +More recently, other studies have strewn these animals all over Sauropoda, +placing as a basal , + as a "" +just outside , and +as a relative of !

+ + + + + + + + + + + + Sauropoda forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon/thunder lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + before Sauropoda + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Sauropodomorphs were the long necked, herbivorous, lizard-hipped +, including the largest land animals of all +time.

+ +

The primitive sauropodomorphs listed +here are commonly called +"prosauropods". These were semi-quadrupedal herbivores from the + and with large, +hooked claws on their feet. They were once thought to be omnivorous, since + teeth found with them were often mistakenly +thought to be the teeth of the prosauropods themselves. Instead, they were +the largest herbivores of their day (although primitive ones may have been +omnivorous).

+ +

It is not certain whether "prosauropods" gave rise to the larger +, or if they are just the sister group to +Sauropoda. No cladistic analysis has yet been done to test "prosauropod" +monophyly. All to date have simply assumed monophyly based on the +fact that prosauropods lack a digit that sauropods possess, lack of a digit +usually being a derived trait, not a primitive one.

+ +

+The taxon Brontosauria was originally designated for a group containing +Sauropoda and Prosauropoda, considered paraphyletic by its author. Here +it has been cladistically translated as the node containing Sauropoda +and Prosauropoda (sensu Wilson & Sereno), although this definition +has not yet been used formally, to my knowledge.

+ + + + + + + + + + lizard faces + + + + + + + creepers + + + + + Romer's taxon + + + + + + + + + two apses + + + + + + + + + + + new diapsids + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lizards + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Sauropsida is one of the two great lineages of + (the other being , +which includes ). All sauropsids, except for +primitive forms like mesosaurids, belong to the clade Reptilia.

+ +

Reptilia was once a "grab-bag" taxon for every amniote that was neither +a nor a mammal. It was divided into four sections based +on the number and alignment of certain holes in the back of the skull +(temporal fenestrae): Anapsida (no holes), Synapsida (a low hole), +Euryapsida (a high hole), and Diapsida (two holes -- includes +).

+ +

Reptilia has since been re-defined as a clade: all the descendants of the +most recent common ancestor of the four living groups considered reptiles: + (turtles), (tuatara), + (lizards and snakes), and +(crocodiles and kin). This definition excludes some creatures once considered +reptiles (Synapsida -- formerly called "mammal-like reptiles"), and +includes some creatures previously not considered reptilian + -- birds).

+ +

The groups Anapsida and Diapsida are still used as clades within Reptilia, +slightly modified from their traditional meanings (Anapsida now excludes +the most primitive sauropsids; Diapsida now includes birds). "Euryapsida", +which included marine reptiles such as and +, is now recognized as an unnatural grouping of +various aberrant diapsid lineages which lost their lower temporal +fenestrae.

+ +

The is often called "The Age of Reptiles" +because of the reptilian dominance during most of that era. Dinosaurs ruled +the land, ruled the skies, and a great variety +of marine reptiles , plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, +etc.) ruled the oceans. Most of these creatures died out in the K-T +extinction (ichthyosaurs died out earlier; champsosaurs, a freshwater +lineage, later).

+ + + + + + + + + + lizard fins + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + true sauropterygians + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Sauropterygians were a group of marine reptiles of uncertain origin. At times +allied to or , they are probably +, possibly a basal lineage of either + or .

+ +

Their limbs had evolved into +flippers, which they used to swim through the + seas. The advanced sauropterygians, plesiosaurs, +came in two main body forms. Pliosaurs had long, large heads, and short necks, +similar to the distantly related . Plesiosauroids +had extremely long necks with tiny heads, looking something like a cross +between a and a . +All sauropterygians were carnivorous.

+ +

Placodonts may or may not have been sauropterygians. They were +large, probably sluggish creatures somewhat similar in form to today's + and +(manatees and dugongs). Their broad teeth splayed outward from their mouths. +It has been suggested that they used them to crush +shells.

+ +

Sauropterygians died out at the end of the , +along with all non- . +There have been reports of modern-day populations of plesiosauroids, but +these have either turned out to be other animals (rotting basking shark +carcasses) or deliberate hoaxes (the Loch Ness monster).

+ + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Spinosauria once included all theropods with tall vertebral spines. Some +of these creatures, such as and +, have since been allied to other groups.

+ +

Spinosaurs all have -like conical teeth. Their +long snouts have kinks like those of and some +early . It is thought that they used these for +fishing, possibly in conjunction with other carnivorous activities.

+ +

Baryonychines have more teeth at the end of their lower jaw than +spinosaurines. Spinosaurines are characterized by straight, unserrated +teeth.

+ + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These primarily herbivores had two rows of +plates and/or spikes going down the back.

+ +

Although the spikes, which were usually found on the tail, were certainly +used for defense, the exact purpose of the plates is unknown. They could +not have made very effective armor, since they left the sides completely +exposed. Perhaps they performed a similar function to the sails of +, , and +, whatever that +function was (possibly heat regulation, sexual display, or both).

+ +

Stegosaurs did not last to the end of the , +but died out during the , possibly due to +competition from other herbivores or from a +change in flora (the transition from gymnosperms to angiosperms) which they +could not adapt to. One creature which was thought to be a + stegosaur () +has turned out to be a ! (This is not the only +time marine remains have been mistaken for +stegosaur remains -- the plates of + turned out to be gill +rakers from a fish!)

+ + + + + + + + + + + fused apses + + + + + lizards + + + + + + + true pelycosaurs + + + + + + + + + 's taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + beast apses + + + + + + + terrible heads + + + + + + + + + + + + + + beast heads + + + + + dog teeth + + + + + + + true cynodonts + + + + + + + + + + + + Mammalia forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Once called -like , +the animals shown here are no longer considered reptiles. Instead, they were +the non-mammalian members of a separate lineage. Their skin was +not scaly like true reptiles.

+ +

Synapsids were the first terrestrial vertebrates to truly dominate the +landscape. There were two main "waves", the "pelycosaurs" (non-therapsid +synapsids) in the Permian and then the therapsids in the +.

+ +

"Pelycosaurs" were probably cold-blooded. They ranged from large +herbivores like to snaggle-toothed, +sail-backed predators like . +The advanced ones show the beginnings of the mammalian tooth pattern -- incisors, +canines, and molars.

+ +

Some (but probably not all) therapsids were warm-blooded, fur-covered, +and milk-giving. They varied from the beaked, tusked, and herbivorous +dicynodonts to the sleek, predatory . +By the end of the Triassic, most of these forms had died out, replaced by + (including ). The +only survivors were a group of small, furry cynodonts: the mammals.

+ + + + + + + + + + + stiff tails + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + new tetanurans + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Tetanurae consists of the advanced , +including and their ancestors. Tetanurans are +characterized by three fingers or less, an opening in the skull between the +antorbital fenestra and the naris (nostril) called the maxillary fenestra, and +stiffened tails (Tetanurae means "stiffened tails").

+ +

The non-neotetanuran groups listed +here are sometimes grouped together in a group sometimes called +Megalosauria or Megalosauroidea, although this is probably a paraphyletic +group, as shown here. Most "megalosaurs" were large carnivores. Some think + and Torvosauridae (=Megalosauridae) make a +group, sharing enlarged, sickle-shaped thumb claws.

+ +

was the first +non- to be +described. The family Megalosauridae was once a grab-bag for all sorts of +large theropods: , , +large , large +etc.

+ +

Neotetanurans, an advanced group of tetanurans, had complex air +passages in their vertebrae and ribs. The furcula, a bone which is not always +preserved, has been found in a +() and several , so +it seems to be a neotetanuran trait as well.

+ + + + + + + + + + four feet + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + double lives + + + + + Amniota forms + + + + + + + Amniota forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Among terrestrial vertebrates, belong to +Amniota, a clade characterized by the ability to procreate on land. Of the +two main branches of amniotes, dinosaurs belong to +, which includes other + as well. The sister clade to Sauropsida, +, includes .

+ + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These Asian pose some taxonomic problems. They were +originally classified as , although they have +some features very uncharacteristic for theropods. Their hips are +bird-like, although some theropods such as the and themselves have +bird-like hips as well. The front of the snout is a toothless beak, +although , , +and several lineages have toothless beaks as well. +But the feet, which have four functional, forward-facing toes, are utterly +unlike any other theropod feet. Except for some , all theropods have three functional toes and a +reduced dewclaw.

+ +

Another theory was that they were an +outgroup to the , since ornithischians have +bird-like hips (although they are only superficially bird-like), beaks, and, +in the most primitive ornithischians, four toes. It has also been proposed +that they are late-surviving relatives of +"", since their teeth and feet are +similar to those of "prosauropods". (They are similar enough that +one jawbone from the Early Jurassic of China was published as the earliest +therizinosaur, although it is more likely a "prosauropod".)

+ +

The discovery of , +a therizinosaur more primitive than those previously known, seemed to bolster +the theropod theory, as it had some +features. More recently, the discovery of an even more primitive +therizinosaur, , solidifies the therizinosaurs' +status as theropods, since it has a dewclaw. Interestingly, it also has +impressions of feathers or feather-like integument.

+ +

There is still disagreement over which coelurosaurian group +therizinosaurs are related to. They have been allied with , , and . has +oviraptorosaur-like features in its pelvis.

+ + + + + + + + + + beast feet + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + new theropods + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Theropoda is an incredibly diverse group of . Most of the Mesozoic theropods were sharp-toothed +predators, although there have been a few toothless, possibly herbivorous +groups. During the (or possibly ), some theropods evolved into feathered, flying +forms. Their descendants are today's .

+ +

The group Theropoda ("beast feet") was named early on in +paleontological history, along with ("bird +feet" - a major group). It almost seems as +though the names were somehow mixed up and improperly assigned, since +theropods have bird-like feet and ornithopods have somewhat more -like feet, but the names stuck and it's far too late to +change them now.

+ +

The non-neotheropod genera shown above +are often informally referred +to as "herrerasaurs". "Herrerasaurs" may be basal theropods, as shown +here, basal , or even basal . They had many primitive features, such as five +digits on the hands, although the outer two were very small and had no +claws.

+ +

The more advanced +theropods, or neotheropods, are divided into two groups. The ceratosaurs +retained four digits on the hand (the outer one reduced), while the more +advanced only have three. Ceratosaurs were +further characterized by extra openings in cervical and dorsal centra, +fused pelvic bones and tarsals (in adults), and some modifications of the +tibia and fibula.

+ +

It is possible that Ceratosauria as shown here is a paraphyletic group, +characterized only by primitive features. Neoceratosaurs may be share more recent +ancestry with tetanurans than with coelophysoids.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + Thyreophora forms + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Thyreophora includes the "armored ", a +group of primarily quadrupedal with bony +plates, scutes, and/or spikes protecting their backs from theropod +predators. Some +also exhibited armor like this.

+ +

was +once classified as a , but it is really the earliest and most primitive +known member of this clade of armored dinosaurs. It was small, like +"fabrosaurids", but more robust and with bony scutes as armor.

+ +

The more advanced thyreophorans, like , were +larger and fully quadrupedal. Creatures like this are thought to have +given rise to the two major lineages of thyreophorans, the plated and the heavily armored .

+ + + + + + + + + + ' taxon + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

These primarily Cretaceous animals represent the last group of before the great K/T extinction. Bony plates have +been found with some specimens, indicating that they were armored, like +.

+ +

South American forms such as were some +of the largest land animals of all time, probably larger than the gigantic + of the . + has been estimated at 80-100 metric +tonnes. Others, like , , and , may have been +of similar size.

+ +

Argentinian egg material has been attributed to titanosaurs. The eggs are +typically 11-12cm in diameter, some up to 17cm. From relatively +small eggs like these came creatures which would grow thousands of times +larger! Eggs have also been attributed to , a +European titanosaur. Recently, Argentinian titanosaur eggs containing +fossilized embryos with skin impressions were discovered. The impressions +show non-overlapping scales, like those seen in many other + skin impressions.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

The phylogeny above is somewhat tentative.

+

Troodontids (formerly known as +saurornithoidids) were remarkable in +having the largest E.Q. (encephalization quotient) of all non- . Intelligence-wise, they may +have been on level with some modern-day . The large +brain, huge eyes, and grasping hands of these +may indicate a nocturnal, predatory lifestyle. However, their teeth may +indicate omnivory.

+ +

The feet were equipped with "switchblade claws", similar to those of +. They were once placed with the +dromaeosaurids in , but this grouping +has been questioned. They share some features with , such as a pinched middle metatarsal +(possibly a speed adaptation), features of the braincase, and large eyes. +They have also been placed in basal , basal , and as sister group of the - group.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This was the last group of huge predatory +, including the +ever-popular ("king of the tyrant +lizards"), a 40+ foot-long monster, largest of all land predators, +excluding some .

+ +

For all their size and strength, tyrannosaurids had remarkably small arms +with only two fingers on the hand, the third digit having degenerated to +near nothingness.

+ +

The near lack of forelimbs in tyrannosaurids (and to a lesser extent in +some other large predatory dinosaurs) poses an interesting problem: How +did they deal with tripping? A recent study of which incorporated data from studies of fall +trauma suggests that if were to trip while running +at top speed, the force of its fall would crush it. Therefore, it may be +that and other large tyrannosaurids restrained +themselves to a more conservative speed.

+ +

There have been some proposals that and +perhaps other large tyrannosaurines were scavengers rather than predators, +since they had such tiny arms and couldn't run at top speed. But in +today's world there are no such things as true terrestrial scavengers +(vultures are aerial, not terrestrial, and can cover much more ground with +much less effort). All other terrestrial animals that eat carrion will +also hunt for their prey. It is likely that +fell into this category -- a hunter who wouldn't pass up an opportunity +for a "free meal". Its huge head, muscular neck, and dagger-like teeth +would easily have made up for its tiny arms, and its main prey, , probably had similar problems in +running at top speed, as they also had small forearms (albeit not nearly +as small as tyrannosaurid forearms) and large body size. Large +tyrannosaurines could almost certainly run faster than any animal of their +size. Their legs were similar to those of their close relatives the (a.k.a. "ostrich mimics"), often considered +the fastest (running) dinosaurs of all.

+ + + + + + + + + + + vertebrae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + jawed mouths + + + + + cartilaginous fish + + + + + + + bony fish + + + + + + + + ray fins + + + + + flesh fins + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ Within the group of animals that have backbones, + belong to the tetrapods, or terrestrial + vertebrates. +

+ + diff --git a/examples/dinosauricon/bib1.att b/examples/dinosauricon/bib1.att new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a03a72 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/dinosauricon/bib1.att @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# $Header: /home/cvsroot/idis/examples/dinosauricon/Attic/bib1.att,v 1.1 2002-08-29 01:23:16 mike Exp $ +# Bare-bones BIB-1 attribute set file for Zebra +reference Bib-1 diff --git a/examples/dinosauricon/records/genera.xml b/examples/dinosauricon/records/genera.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ba8741 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/dinosauricon/records/genera.xml @@ -0,0 +1,20603 @@ + + Aachen lizard + + + + + +

Actually a piece of petrified wood.

+ + + + + Abel's lizard + + + + + + + + awake lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + giant-snouted + + + +

Two different species names have been used in conjunction with the +same type material. was used first, but +in a dissertation, and hence was not a valid name by ICZN rules. The +first version of the name to be published in accord with ICZN rules +was .

+ + + + + spine scute + + + + + + + Acheloos' lizard" + + + + + + + gigantic + + + + + + + + + + high spine + + + + high spine lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ada's (evil spirit in Mongolian mythology) lizard + + + + + + Egyptian lizard + + + + + + Aeolus' (god of wind) lizard + + + + + + + + + high lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + African hunter + + + + + + + great wonder + + + + + + + + + + + agile lizard + + + + + wild/hunting lizard + + + + + +

Originally thought to be an early find from Australia, this has since +been re-identified as a mislabelled specimen of British dinosaur .

+ + + + + Agustin Martinelli's (discoverer) one + + + Giancarlo Ligabue's + + + + + + Ojo Alamo Mountains lizard + + + + + + Alberta lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Alectra's/unmarried lizard + + + + + + + + + + + Alexander Wetmore's bird + + + + Algoa Bay lizard + + + + + different branch + + + + + + + + Aliwal North (in South Africa) one + + + + + + different lizard + + + + wing tooth + + + + + high snout + + + + + high spined one + + + + Don Gregorio Alvarez's lizard + + + + + + Alick Walker's one + + + + + Alxa Desert lizard + + + + + + + + La Amarga Canyon lizard + + + + + uncertain origin + + + + + + blunt biter + + + + + sand lizard + + + + + + vineyard lizard + + + + + double cavities + + + + + + double lizard + + + + + + + Amtgay lizard + + + + + Amur Province lizard + + + + almond tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Anasazi (North American tribe) lizard + + + + + + duck lizard + + + + + + Edward Drinker Cope's + + + + + from the Edmonton Formation + + + + + + + + + from Saskatchewan + + + + + + + + + duck titan (giant of Greek mythology) + + + + + + + + near horned face + + + + + + + + near lizard + + + + + + Andes Mountains lizard + + + + + + noble one + + + + + + + Angelina Mikhaylovna Sudilovskaya's bird + + + + + + narrow nostril wing + + + + + + old devil + + + + + + +

A small of some kind.

+ + + + + animate (living) fortress + + + + + + + + + + + fused lizard + + + + + + + toothless lizard + + + + Lawrence M. Lambe's + + + + + weaponless lizard + + + + (goose) mimic + + + + + non-northern lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + tailless or anuran (frog) jaw + + + + + deceptive tooth + + + + + + + + + deceptive vertebrae bird + + + + + deceptive lizard + + + + + + + + + + Aragón, Spainlizard + + + + + + + Aral Sea lizard + + + + + + + + + + Camille Arambourg's one + + + + + + Araripe Plateau finger + + + + + + + Araripe Plateau lizard + + + + + + + Araucan chicken raider + + + + + + + + ancient horned face + + + + + ancient wing/feather + + + + + + + + + + ancient raider or / + + from Liaoning Province + + + + + + + + + + + ancient bird + + + + + + + + (=) form + + + + + + + + ancient + + + + + + + + arctic lizard + + + + + + + Argentinian lizard + + + + + + + + + + silver lizard + + + + + + + + + best lizard + + + + + + erect + + + + + + + best crocodile + + + + + + + + + + + +

May be a synonym of . Along with + , a confusing taxonomic situation.

+ + + + + + + Arkansan lizard + + + + + + +

May be a primitive .

+ + + + + + without nose-horn face + + + + + + + + Arstan lizard + + + + + + + Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's finger + + + + + + + Asian horned face + + + + + + + + + + + Asian + + + + + Asia-American one + + Asian + + + + + +

These teeth were though to be from a , + but are actually those of a saurodontid .

+ + + + + + Asian lizard + + + + + + + + + + star tooth + + + + + + + + star tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + Atlantis lizard + + + + + montane + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + least + + + + + + Atlas' (mountain range and giant of Greek mythology) lizard + + Imelake's (giant of Arabian mythology) + + + + + + + + + Atlas Copco's (mining company) lizard + + + + + + + + backwards tooth + + + + + + + + + august one + + + + + This name was preoccupied by a beetle. + + + + + + + + southern raider + + + + + + southern lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ava Cole's horned face + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + bird mimic + + + + + + + + bird foot + + + + + + bird lizard + + + + + + Azendoh village lizard + + + + + + + dragon + + + + + + + club-spined lizard + + + + + + + + small horned face + + + + + + + small hunter + + + + + + + Baharîya Oasis lizard + + + + + + + + Bambi (fictional fawn) raider + + Ann and Michael Feinberg's + + + + + + + + diving bird + + + + + + big-legged lizard + + + + + + + heavy lizard + + + + + + + + + Rinchen Barsbold's one + + + + + + + heavy claw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + fierce + + + + + + + + + + + frog jaw + + + + + + + Samuel H. Beckle's spined one + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + Beipiao lizard + + + + + + + beautiful lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + Bennett's + + + + + + + ornithomimid genus B crocodile + + + + + + + + + + + + Bihor lizard + + + + + + + Blikana lizard + + + + + + + + + Nikolai Bogolubov's one + + + + + + Boluochi one + + + + + + borogove (creature in "Jabberwocky", a poem by Lewis Carroll) + + + + + + + + + + furrowed vertebra + + + + + + + + arm lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

At one time the largest known land animal of all time, has since been superceded in height by and in mass by South American such as .

+ + + + + + short horned face + + + + + + + short crest lizard + + + + + + + short-legged lizard + + + + + + short roofed vertebra + + + + + + + + + + heavy leg + + + + + + Count Dracula's + + + + + + + Brazilian finger + + + + + + Brazilian lizard + + + + + + + + + + + short horned face + + + + + + + + thunder raider + + + + + + thunder lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + huge body lizard + + + + + + large cheek lizard + + + + + Byron Jaffe's lizard + + + + + Asian + + + + + + + + + recent jaw + + + + + + + + + + + + reed lizard + + + + + + + reed vertebra + + + + + reed vertebra + + + + + + + + + + + lizard + + + + + + + + + chambered lizard + + + + + + + + supreme + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

A skin impression may or may not belong to this . +

+ + + + + + named after Camelot + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + flexible lizard + + + + + + + + + + + bent tooth + + + + + + + -like one + + + + + + + + form + + + + + + + + + curved jaw + + + + + capital (Washington, D.C.) lizard + + + + + + + + + shark-toothed lizard + + + + + + + + + heart tooth + + + + + + + + + flesh lizard + +

A misspelling of , in reference to indeterminate +large material.

+ + + + + + flesh-eating bull + + + + + + + + + + + Cathay (=China) bird + + + + + + upright lizard + + + + + + + + + tail feathers + + + + + + + + tail vertebra + + + + + + stalk tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ceará finger + + + + + + + + + + + + + + pointed lizard + + + + + + + horned face + + + + + + + + horned lizard + + + + + + + -like one + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Usually classified as a , but that may need +reevaluation.

+ + + + + + whale lizard + + + + + + + + + + + short-tailed + + + + + + + + short + + + + + + + + + + after the Oolite + + + + + + + + + + + with a crested humerus + + + + + + + under the Oolite + + + + + + + + + + + long + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Owen originally considered to be a +crocodile-like creature, and thus did not include it in the original +description of the taxon , which he published +the same year as .

+ + + + + + Great Wall of China bird + + + + + + + + + + Changdu basin lizard + + + + + + Chaoyang County one + + + + + + + Chaoyang County lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + Charon's (ferryman to Hell in Greek mythology) lizard + + from Jiayin + + + +

Hails from the Yuliangze Formation.

+ + + + + + + chasm (skull opening) lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + short-nosed + + + + + + from Canada + + + + + + + + + + + + + with a recurved horn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Charles M. Sternberg's one + + + + + + + + + goose lizard + + + + + + + + + + Jia-ling River lizard + + + + + + + + + + + Jiayugan lizard + + + + + + lake-dwelling + + + + + + from Asia + + + + + + + + + + -formed + + + + + + + + + + Chihuahua lizard + + + + + + Ch'i-lan-t'ai Lake lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Probably either a late or an early +.

+ +

The claws assigned to seem instead to +be from a . +may also be a therizinosaur, or a .

+ + + + + + Chinde Point lizard + + + + + + + + Ch'ing-kang-kou village lizard + + + + + + + Chinshakiang lizard + + + + + + + + slender hand + + + + + + cartilage bone lizard + + + + + + + + + + cartilage bone + + + + + + + Chuandong + + + + + Chuanjie lizard + + + from A'na + + + + + + Chubut Province lizard + + + + + + + Chongqing lizard + + + + + + + + + + chalk () bird + + + + + + + column tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + branch tooth + + + + + + + + + + broken snout + + + + + + + broken lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + measured fragment lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Cleveland tyrant + + + + + + hollow form + + + + + + + + + + + + antique + + + + + + + + + form + + + + + + + + + + + ancestor + + + + + + + hollow tail lizard + + +

A misspelling of , in reference to +some indeterminate small material.

+ + + + + + hollow tail + + + + + + + + + + stunted snout + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Los Colorados Formation one + + + + + + + + + + Los Colorados Formation lizard + + + + + + + Como Bluff finger + + + + + + delicate jaw + + + + + + + + delicate crocodile + + + + + + + conch raider + + + + + + + Cuenca Province bird + + + + + + Confucius' bird + + + + + + chalk () bird + + + + + + Corinthian helmet lizard + + + + + + + + + edge tooth + + + + + + + + + scale-bearing + + + + + + + + + + bowl lizard + + + + + + + flesh lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + bird + + + + + + battering ram snout + + + + + + crested lizard + + + + + + frozen crested lizard + + + + + + + + hidden dragon + + + + + + + + + hidden lizard + + + + + + + + comb opening + + + + + + + + porous-crested + + + + + + + + +

This animal filter-fed using the 260 tiny teeth in its jaws. had a porous crest on its head.

+ + + + + + + Cumnor's one + + + + + + + + + + + + pointed rostrum bird + + + + + + + swan beak + + + + + + Swabian + + + + + + +

had a crest on the underside of its +jaw.

+ + + + + + + + + + cylindrical tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + very pointed lizard + + + + + + + + Dachong lizard + + + + + + + + + + + Damala lizard + + + + + + Dandakranya Forest lizard + + + + + + Danube River lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + agile + + + + + + frightful lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + big head/chieftain lizard + + + + + + + terrible hand + + + + + + + + + terrible teeth + + + + + + + + terrible claws + + + + + + + + + + delta runner + + + + + + + + + form + + + + + + + + family tree of + + + + + + + Denver lizard + + + + + + + + skin finger + + + + + Dianchung lizard + + + + + + two-horned face + + + + + double stick + + + + + five-sided + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + forked lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + double-crested lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + two form teeth + + + + + + from Lourinhã + + + + + + + terrible beam + + + + + + + + + + terrible lizard + + + + + +

+ The name was first given to + a species of . +

+ + + + + + terrible lizard + + + + + + + terrible tyrant + + + + + + + + + two appearance head + + + + + + double beam + + + + + + + + + + double cutting tooth + + + + + + neck point tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + long crocodile + + + + + + + + + + + spear snout + + + + + + spear jaw + + + + + + + spear-bearing lizard + + + + + + + + + + + dragon shield + + + + + + + + Dravidanadu lizard + + + + + + + + + + Edward Drinker Cope's one + + + + + + + running lizard + + + + + + + + + emu mimic + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Somewhat longer-limbed than other . + may be ancestral to +.

+ + + + + + + + + gracile + + + + + + + + oak lizard + + + + + + + + form + + + + + + + + wounding lizard + + + + + + + + Junggar Basin wing + + + + + + + + + + + + dynamic lizard + + + + + + imperial + + + + + + + + + + + + + + gigantic + + + + + + + hard-to-catch lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + bad brightness (tooth enamel) + + + + + + hard-to-place lizard + + + + + + + + + coarse joint + + + + + + double beam lizard + + + + + + + prickly tooth + + + + + + + +

Possibly a basal related to . Also suggested as a .

+ + + + + + + + + William Edmark's one + + + + + + + the Edmonton Group's one + + + + + + + + Edmonton Group lizard + + + + + + + + + E. Fraas' one + + + + + + + + + bison lizard + + + + + + + light lizard + + + + + + + + + agile + + + + + + + + + + + Phil Tippett's studio's + + + + + + + +

remains are not complete, and it was +originally classified with the , or +"ostrich mimics". Placement is still uncertain, although most likely it is +some type of .

+ + + + + + foot lizard + + + + + + + + + marsh wing + + + + + + + + marsh lizard + + + + + + small + + + + + + + + Elvis Aaron Presley's lizard + + + + + Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität lizard + + + + + + + Emba River lizard + + + + + + ocean's bird + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + opposite bird + + + + + + + enigmatic lizard + + + + + + + + dawn alula bird + + + + + + + + dawn + + + + + + + + + + + dawn horned face + + + + + Canadian + + + + + + + + dawn + + + + + + dawn + + + + + + Carol Jones' + + + + + + + dawn + + + + + + dawn raider + + + + + + + east/dawn wing + + + + + + + heavy lizard + + + + + + + + buttressed vertebrae + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + erect foot + + + + + + + + Erlik's (king of the dead in Mongolian mythology) lizard + + + + + + + + + good spine + + + + + + + + + + + + well-chambered + + + + + + + + true + + + + + + well-tailored lizard + + + + + + + + good tibia lizard + + + + + + strong + + + + + + + true + + + + + + + + + + true + + + + + + + + true + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + well-armored head + + + + + + + + + + + good foot lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + European claw tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + well-limbed lizard + + + + + + + + + well-reversed vertebra + + + + + + + + + + + + Jean Fabre's lizard + + + + + + + + + windowed lizard + + + + + + Frenguelli's lizard + + + + + + from the Ischigualasto Group + + + + + + + + Fukui Prefecture lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + lightning beast + + + + + + + + Futaba Group lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + flat-headed + +

+ Originally placed in , then in + by Sauvage in 1883, now known to + be a relative of . +

+ + + + + (chicken) mimic + + + + + + + + fowl finger + + + + + + + P. Galton's one + + + + + + + + + + + Gansu Province's one + + + + + gargantuan bird + + wine-loving + + + + + + + + gargoyle lizard + + + + + + Garuda mimic + + + + + + + + + gas company lizard + + + + + + + + Zulma Gasparini's lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + knee lizard + + + + + + + + biting jaw + + + + + + + + + + George Sternberg's one + + + + + + crane lizard + + + + + + + German finger + + + + + + + + + +

may be an adult . may +represent its own genus.

+ + + + + + giant southern lizard + + + + + + + + + + gigantic lizard + + + + + + big-clawed + + + + + + + + gigantic lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + gigantic limb + + + + + + + + + + + giant spine lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + Charles Whitney Gilmore's lizard + + + + + + + + + + (giraffe) Titan + + + + + + + + + shield + + mimicking + + + + + + + jaw lizard + + + + + + + + minute + + + Gobi Desert wing + + + + + + Gobi Desert lizard + + + + + + + Gojira (=Godzilla) lizard + + + + + + + + Gondwana titan (giant of Greek mythology) + + Fausto L. de Souza Cunha's (discoverer) + + + + + + + + + Kung Pu (feudal Ministry of Public Works) lizard + + + + + + + Gongxian County lizard + + + + + + Gorgon lizard + + + + + + + + + Goyot/adorned head + + + + + + + + gracile horned face + + + + + + gracile crocodile + + + + + + + + + + heavy lizard + + + + + + + + + + + heavy dome + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + robust + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Griffon (mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion) bird + + + + long-tailed + + + + + + + Griffon (mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion) lizard + + + + + + + problematic + + + + + + + + + hooked claw + + + + + + African + + + + + + + + + + + from the Transvaal + + + + + + + hook-nosed lizard + + + + + Rio Guaiba Hydrographic Basin lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + from China + + + + + + + + + + + ancestor + + + + + + + + + + bulky lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + nimble lizard + + + + + + + + simple spine lizard + + + + + + + + + simple spine + + + + + + + + + + + Oskar Harger's one + + + + + + Harpy (bird-woman monster of Greek Mythology) mimic + + + + + + + + + + Hecate's (a demon) lizard + + + + + Transylvanian + + + + + + + Heishan lizard + + + + + + + marsh foot + + + + + + + + + seven towns bird + + + + + Andrews' + + + + + + + pygmy + + + Herbst's lizard + + + + + + Herrera's lizard + + + + + + + + + + western bird + + + + + + + differently toothed lizard + + + + + + + + + different lizard + + + + + + from the + + + + + + + + + + Charles M. Sternberg's + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Hirono-machi lizard + + + + + + + Hisano-hama lizard + + + + + Istrian lizard + + + + Holbotu one + + + + even head + + + + + + + + + + + + hoplite (ancient Greek infantry) lizard + + + + + + + Othniel Charles Marsh's + + + + + + + armored lizard + + + + + + strong + + + + + + + + from the dawn of the Cretaceous + + + Khorezm Oasis bird + + + + + + young bird ankle + + + + + + +

May be a juvenile of .

+ + + + + Huabei lizard + + differently-formed + + + + + + + + Huan River wing + + + + + + + Huayang lizard + + + + + + + butterfly vertebra lizard + + + + + + + + Chinese-Japanese + + + + + + + Khulsan foot + + + + + + + + + + + + woodland lizard + + + + + + + + woodland lizard + + + + + + Gideon Mantell's + + + + + + + below the top lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + high ridge lizard + + + + + + + + high stride + + + + + + ("high ridge" -- iguanid ) tooth + + + + + + + + + + high roof + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Iberian intermediate bird + + + + + + + + + + fish-like vertebrae bird + + + + + + tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + gracile + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + from the Lakota Formation + + + + + + + + + + Gideon Mantell's + + + + + + + from Mongolia + + + + + + + + eastern + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + forerunner + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

This was the first to be scientifically +recognized. Along with and + it was one of the first three creatures to be +placed in .

+ +

was originally restored as a four-legged, +rhinoceros-like beast. Later the "nasal horn" turned out to be a thumb spike. +Its posture was changed to bipedal, since its hindlimbs were so much longer +than its forelimbs. Nowadays it, like other large +, is thought to have been facultatively bipedal, +that is, primarily quadrupedal, but capable of moving on two legs as well.

+ +

as shown here may be a paraphyletic genus, with +some species, such as , closer to +. As with most old genera, there is some +taxonomic sorting to be done. The type species () +is based on very poor material.

+ +

and +were rather gracile and long-spined, while and + were more robust and short-spined.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ilium (hip bone) like a crocodile + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Indian lizard + + + + + + + Indian crocodile + + + + + + + + Ingeni-Khobur (in the Gobi Desert) one + + + + + + + + In Tendreft lizard + + + + + + + irritator + + + + + + + Isan lizard + + P. Attavipach's + + + +

The earliest known .

+ + + + + + Ischigualasto Group lizard + + + + + + + + + + strong/equally-handed lizard + + + + + + Itemir (in the Kyzyl Kum Desert) one + + + + + + + + Jutes' (Germanic tribe) lizard + + + + + + + + + + Jain's lizard + + + + + + + + Werner Janensch's one + + + + + + + Jaxartes River lizard + + + + + + + + + Genghis Khan's one + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Jensen's lizard + + + + + + + + + Jiangjunmiao lizard + + + + + + + + + Jingshan lizard + + + + + + Jobar (creature of Tuareg mythology) + + + + + + + + + + + + Jubbulpore one + + + + + + + + + + + Konstantin Alekseyevich Yudin's bird + + + + + + Jura wing + + + + + + + + Jurassic Park lizard + + + + + + + Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff + Goldblum, Sir Richard Attenborough, Bob + Peck, Martin Ferrero, Wayne Knight, + Ariana Richards, & Joseph Mazzello's + + + + + + + + Kaga lizard + + + + + + Kai River lizard + + + + + + rainbow serpent + + + + + + + + Kangnas farm lizard + + + + + + + + + + Katsuyama lizard + + + + + + Kelmayi lizard + + + + + + + pointed lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + pointed tail lizard + + + + + + + + + + Garden Park finger + + + + + + + Kitadani Formation lizard + + + + + + + from the Cretaceous + + + Kyzyl Kum Desert bird + + + + + + Klameli lizard + + + + + + + scalpel tooth + + + + + + + + Korean lizard + + + + + + Kota Formation lizard + + + + + + + separated lizard + + + + + + + lake horned face + + + + + + Kunming lizard + + + + + + + birds' road + + + + + + La Bocana Roja Formation one + + + + + + + + + greedy lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Laelaps (mythological leaper) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + big-footed + + + + + + + + + + lucky/left/light crocodile + + + + + + + + + + + + rabbit crocodile + + + + + + + + Lawrence M. Lambe's lizard + + + + + + + + Lameta Group lizard + + + + + + + Indian + + + + + + + wool lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + stone wing + + + + + + stone lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + gracile + + + + + + + + + + + + + La Plata lizard + + + + + + + Albert F. de Lapparent's lizard + + + + + + large rostrum bird + + + + + + Leaellyn Rich's lizard + + + + + + + + short-footed + + + + bed (=Lecho Formation) bird + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lev Alexandrovich Nessov's bird + + + + + + slender horned face + + + + + + + + + slim vertebra + + + + + + + + + + Lesotho lizard + + + + + + Don Lessem's lizard + + -like + + + + + + + + + thief bird + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lexovix (tribe) lizard + + + + + + + Liaoning Province bird + + + + + + + + + lizard + + Friedrich von Huene's + + + + + + + + + + +

+Originally described as an , but shown by +de Lapparent in 1954 to be the synonym of a +species. +

+ + + + + Giancarlo Ligabue's little one + + + + + + + + + + + fierce + + + + + Likhoel lizard + +

+May be the same as . +

+ + + + + + Hugo Rüle von Lilienstern's one + + + + + + + + + + + + + Limay lizard + + + + + + + marsh lizard + + + + + + + + Lingyuan bird + + + + + slender (Basque) lizard + + + Humberto Astiba's + + + + + + + + Lisbon lizard + + + + + + + + lance biter + + + + + + chief(?) lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + long scales + + + + + + + + + + + Long's lizard + + + + + + + + + crested snout + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lourinhã Formation lizard + + + + + + + Lourinhã Formation lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + Luciano Mesa lizard + + + + + + Lu-feng Series head + + + + + + + + + + Lu-Feng Series lizard + + + + + + + Lukou Bridge lizard + + + + + + + + + + weighty lizard + + + + + + Lusitanian (=Portuguese) lizard + + + + + + wolf snout + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + big phalanges + + + + + + Canadian + + + + + + + + + + + + big limb lizard + + + + + + + big-tailed lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + large lizard + + + + + + + + cheek tooth + + + + + + + + Magyars' European tribe lizard + + + + + + + + mother lizard + + + + + + + Majunga lizard + + + + + + Majunga dome + + + + + + + + + Malawi lizard + + + + + + + + Eugene Alexandrovich Maleev's lizard + + + + + + + + + + Eugene Alexandrovich Maleev's one + + + + + + + + + + + Mamenxi Ferry lizard + + + + + + + + + Manchurian lizard + + + + + + porous vertebra + + + + giant + + + + + + + + + + + mara crocodile + + + + + + + + marble vertebra + + + + + robust + + + + + + + Othniel Charles Marsh's lizard + + + + + + + + + large vertebra + + + + + + + big-necked lizard + + + + + + + big finger + + + + + + + + + big-toothed lizard + + + + + + + + fierce + + + + + + + + + + + big lizard + + + + + + big raider + + + + + + + + black mountain lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Newman's + + + + + + + + mesa finger + + + + + + + medium spine lizard + + + + + + + + + small head + + + + + + small horned face + + + + + + + + small hollow + + + + + + Patagonian + + + + + + + + + + small-toothed lizard + + + + + + small + + + + + + + small + + + + + + + + + small lizard face + + + + + + small hunter + + + + + + + + + Mifune Group lizard + + + + + + Minmi Crossing one + + + + + + + + barred tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Mongolian lizard + + + + + + Monko County lizard + + + + + + + one stick + + + + + + + + single crest lizard + + + + + + + one claw + + + + + + + + one claw + + + + + + + Montana + + + + + + + Montana horned face + + + + + + + Morini (ancient French tribe) lizard + + + + + + + + + + moronic lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + robust + + + +

Originally assigned to a now-defunct genus (synonymous with + ), awaits a new generic name. It might be + related to . +

+ + + + + + + + + + + mouse lizard + + + + + + + + Muttaburra lizard + + + + + + + Mygatt-Moore Quarry shield + + + + + + + Naashoibito Member lizard + + + + + + + + dawn + + + + + + + + + + dwarf opposite bird (=) + + + + + + + dwarf lizard + + + + + + + + + dwarf tyrant + + + + + + + + + Nanxiong lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + Nanyang lizard + + Zhuge Liang's + + + +

Hails from the Sangping Formation.

+ + + + + + + + + + Navahos' (North American tribe) + + + + + + + Edwin H. (Ned) Colbert's one + + + + + + + + Nemegt Formation lizard + + + + + + + + new lizard + + + + + from Missouri + + + + + + + + new type of tooth + + + + + + + + + new hunter + + + + + + + + + island finger + + + + + + flying + + + + + Neuquén Province bird + + + + + + + Neuquén Group lizard + + + + + + + + + Newton's lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nigerian lizard + + + + Taquet's + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Niobrara chalk lizard + + + + + + + Nippon (=Japan) lizard + + + + + Noroeste (Northwest) Argentina lizard + + + + + + + + node head lizard + + + + + + node lizard + + + + + + + + Noguera River bird + + + + + + + from the Gobi Desert + + + + + + + + + + lake wing + + + + + + + Normandy jaw + + + + + + + southern horned face + + + + + + southern + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + destroyer + + +

+ The armor originally assigned to this species more likely belongs to a + . +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + night (bat) finger + + + + + + night (bat) lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + western one + + + + + + + + + toothed beak + + + + + +

The type specimen for this name has been lost.

+ + + + + + Ohmden lizard + + + + + + + few lizard + + + + + + + + + + Mount O-mei lizard + + + + + + + + + + arm lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + claw lizard + + + + + + Hungarian + + + + + + + tail vertebrae cupped behind + + + + + + + armored lizard + + + + + armed + + + + + + + + + mountain lizard + + + + + + + + + + ornate dome + + + + + + + bird head + + + + antique + + + + + + bird hand + + + + + + + + + + + with a compressed rostrum + + + + + + Georges Cuvier's + + + + + + + + + + + gigantic + + + + + + small-toothed + + + + + + + + +

The deposits this creature comes from are either Cenomanian or +redeposited Albian.

+ +

Thirty-six species of have been named. +Many are probably dubious or in need of reconsideration.

+ + + + + bird link + + + + + + + + + + +

Once identified as a , this scrappy specimen +may instead to belong to some kind of .

+ +

is not related to +, but is instead a type of +.

+ + + + + + bird form + + + + + + + + + + bird thief + + + + + + + + + bird femur + + + + + + gracile + + + + + + ' + + +

+ An erratum given for two separate animals which von Huene wished to transfer to +

+ + + + + form + + + + + + + bird mimic + + + + + + + + bird face + + + + + + + + bird wing + + + + + + + bird mouth + + + + + + + + + bird crocodile + + + + + + + bird ankle + + + + + + + + + + Egg Mountain runner + + + + + + + + + + mountain lizard + + + + + + + + + + straight-sided tooth lizard + + + + + + + + + + raiding + + + + + + + + + + straight femur + + + + + + + + + + Othniel Charles Marsh's one + + + + + + + Genghis Khan's + + + + Otog-qi bird + + + + + + brave (monitor) lizard + + + + + + + egg raider + + + + + + + + + + egg raider + + + + + + Djadokhta Formation + + + + + + + Oz (=Australia) raider + + + + + + + + + thick-headed lizard + + + + + + + + thick nose lizard + + + + + + + + + -like one + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + face + + + + + + + thick lizard + + + + + Ajax (hero of the Trojan War) + + + + + + gigantic + + + + + + + great + + + + + + + + + + + thick vertebra + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + old wing + + + + + + + + old bird + + + + + + -like one + + + + + + cylindrically-toothed + + + + + + + + + + + + + + old lizard + + + + + + + diagnostic + + + + + + + + old lizard + + + + + + + + + + + old (skink) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + broad-toothed + + + + + + + + + +

This dubious genus, based on teeth, was one of the first American + to be named. may belong to +, and +may belong to .

+ + + + + + completely armored lizard + + + + + + + + one beside + + + + + + one beside + + + + + + + + + + + + + one beside + + + + + + + + adjoined arch head + + + + + + one beside + + + + + + + one beside + + + + + + near (Scanian bird) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + William Parks' lizard + + + + + + + + one beside claw tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + small runner + + + + + + + Pasquia Hills bird + + + + + + Patagonian claws + + + + + + + Patagonian wing + + + + + + + Patagonian lizard + + + + + + + paternal lizard + + + + + + Paw Paw Formation lizard + + + + + + comb tooth + + + + + + Robert Bakker's + + + + + + + + + + Beishan lizard + + + + + + Pekin lizard + + + + + + + + sea bird + + + + + pelican mimic + + + + + + + Lake Pellegrini lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + monstrous lizard + + + + + + + + + + + shield lizard + + + + + + five horn lizard + + + + + + + + + winged lizard + + + + + + gleaming lizard + + + + + + Phobetor (god of fear) + + + + + + Phu Wiang lizard + + + + + + + + leaf tooth + + + + + + A. Piatnitzky's lizard + + + + + + + + + sharp tooth + + + + + + plank lizard + + + + + + + Pisano's lizard + + + + + + + + Piveteau's lizard + + + + + + (spoonbill) beak + + + + + + dwarf + + + + (sycamore tree) bird + + + + + + + ancestor + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + flat lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + (ibis) bird + + + + + + + + hollow side + + + + + side shield + + + + + + + + + + + + pneumatic joint + + + + + + swift foot lizard + + + + + + foot wing + + + + + + + + + + + + + varying side + + + + + + + + form + + + + + + + + + + + many spines + + + + + + + many-toothed lizard + + + + + + grand + + + + + + + master of many + + + + + + + rotten bone + + + 's (shell from the same formation) + + + + + + + + + + + gracile + + + + + + + sloping head + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Preone Valley finger + + + N. Buffarini's + + + + + + + punctured tooth + + + + + + + + saw tooth jaw + + + + + + + + ancient bird + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + + + one before horned lizard + + + + + + + + one before horned lizard + + + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + + one before / first bird + + + + + + + one before horned face + + + + + + + + + ("fore jaw") lizard + + + + + + + fore jaw + + + + + + + + + one before / first hadrosaurid + + + + + + + + + + + + + one before + + + + + + + + + + one before + + + +

Proposed to give a type genus to the taxon Protrachodontidae, which + had been named earlier.

+ + + + + + false + + + + + + + + parrot lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + wing finger + + + + + + + + wing dragon + + + + + wing without tooth + + + + + + + + wing finger + + + + + antique + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + elegant + + + + + + + with a grand pelvis (hip) + + + grand + + + + + + + + + + greatest + + + + small-clawed + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

The genus was initially named as Ptero-dactyle by Cuvier in 1809 + with no type species (which was permissible back then). The creature named + by Soemmering in 1812 was recognized by + Lydekker to be the same as Cuvier's Ptero-dactyle, so he + transferred to the older genus Ptero-dactyle. + Rafinesque later emended the spelling of Ptero-dactyle to + in 1815. +

+ + + + + + wing of the south + + + + + + + + wing pelvis + + + + + + wing vertebrae + + + + + + + + + + puntano wing + + + + + forest fire raider + + from the base of Mt. Olympe (Provence) + + + + + + + QANTAS (airline) lizard + + + + + + + + + + + extraordinary lizard + + + + + + + Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent god of the Aztecs) + + + + + + + + + + + + cloud/menace + + + + + + + + + + cloud/menace bird + + + + + + raider + + + + + + + + + Rayoso Formation lizard + + + + + + Regni (ancient English tribe) lizard + + + + + + + Revuelto Creek lizard + + + + + + + fluted tooth + + + + + + + + + + + +

May be a . +

+ + + + + + + + + /beak nape-of-the-neck + + + + + + /beak head + + + + + + beak snout + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + long-tailed + + + + long-headed + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Rhône River lizard + + + + + + + + + + + Rhoetos' (mythological Greek giant) lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Richard Estes' one + + + + + + + + Riley's one + + + + + + + + + + Riley's crocodile + + + + + + + Rinchen 's one + + + + + + Rio Arriba County lizard + + + + + + Edwin H. Colbert's + + + + + + + + + + La Rioja Province lizard + + + + + + + + La Rioja County crocodile + + + + + + + + + + Rocco lizard + + + + + + + with four sacral (hip) vertebrae + + + + + + + beautiful one + + + + + + Salta Province lizard + + + + + + quick foot crocodile + + + + quick foot + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ Referred by some to . +

+ + + + + + + Sanghonghe lizard + + + + + + + Sanba lizard + + + + + + Santana Formation finger + + + + + + Santana Formation raider + + + + + + + + + + flesh thief + + + + + + + flesh-eating lizard + + + + + + Saturnalia (Roman winter solstice festival) + + + native + + + + + + + + + + lizard prickly tooth + + + + + + lizard crest + + + + + + + + lizard shield + + + + + + + + + lizard-eater master + + + + + + + + lizard eater + + + + + + + greatest + + + + + + + lizard hoplite (ancient Greek infantry soldier) + + + + + + lizard Poseidon (Greek god of, among other things, earthquakes) + + + + + + + + + + lizard bird form + + + + + + + + + + + lizard bird form + + + + + + + + + lizard-bird thief + + + + + + + + + + + clay bird + + + + + + + canoe jaw + + + + + + + + + + + + limb lizard + + + + + + + + + + Scipio Africanus and Scipione Breislak's claw + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + scrotum + + + + human + + + + + + little shield lizard + + + + + + + + separate lizard + + + + + + + Segi Canyon lizard + + + + + + + + slow lizard + + + + + + + + quake lizard + + + + + + + + + saddle lizard + + + + + + + Shamo (=Gobi Desert) lizard + + + + + + + Shanshan County lizard + + + + + + + + + + Shandong lizard + + + + + + + + Shanxi Province one + + + + + + + Shanyang Formation lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + Sharov's wings + + + + + + Shu lizard + + + + + + + + + + Shu lizard + + + + + + + + unexpected + + + + + + bird + + + + + + + Siam (=Thailand) lizard + + + + + + Siam (=Thailand) tyrant + + + + + + + + Sijilmassa lizard + + + + + + Silu (Silk Road) lizard + + + + + + forest lizard + + + + + + + Chinese + + + + + + Chinese bird + + + + + + Chinese bird form + + + + + + Chinese bird-lizard + + of the second millennium [sic] C.E. + + + + + + + + + Chinese lizard with feathers + + + + + + + + Chinese lizard + + + + + + + + Chinese raider + + + + + + + + + + + saber tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sonora lizard + + + + + + + + demon + + + + + + + southern + + + + sister to + + + + + + + wedge vertebra + + + + + + + + + spine lizard + + + + + + + + + spine crocodile + + + + + vertebral body + + + + + + + + + + + Southern Cross (constellation) lizard + + + + + + + + + roof horn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lawrence M. Lambe's + + + + + + + + + + + + + roof shield + + + + from Lander + + +

Once thought to be a synonym of .

 + + + + + + -like one + + + + + roofed lizard + + + + + + + + narrow finger + + + + + + + + + narrow claw lizard + + + + + + unequally clawed + + + + + + + + narrow pelvis + + + + + + + narrow dome + + + + + + + + + + + Stephan's lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + paired head + + + + + + + + + + paired lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Stokes' lizard + + + + + + + + + strenuous lizard + + + + + + + + + + reversed vertebrae + + + + + + + ostrich mimic + + + + + + + + + ostrich lizard + + + + + + + River Styx (Hell Creek Formation) Moloch (Ammonite/Phoenician god) + + + + + + + + + River Styx (Hell Creek Formation) hunter + + + + + + + + + + spike lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + boreal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

In addition to a large nasal horn, +was equipped with horns lining the edge of its frill.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + crocodile mimic + + + + + + + + + + + + Sugiyama lizard + + + + + + super lizard + + + + + + + + + + + solid roof + + + + + + + + + + + + fused side lizard + + + + + + + + + fused ankle + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

had two small crests, similar to those of +larger coelophysoids like .

+ +

Individuals thought to be juveniles +have been reevaluated as adults of a distinct form to be given its own +genus (provisionally called "Shake-N-Bake theropod").

+ + + + + + crawling lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + Szechuan Province lizard + + + + + + wicker tail + + + + + + Tang Vay lizard + + + Josué-Heilmann Hoffet's + + + + + + H. C. Tan's one + + + + + + + + stretched vertebra + + + + + + + + + + + after death + + + + + + + + + + + + + crocodile + + + + + + + + + ancient being + + + + + + + + + + + Tarasqué (Spanish dragon) lizard + + + + + + alarming lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + brainy one + + + + + + + Ta-Ti village lizard + + + + + + + + Taveiro village lizard + + + + + + Dawa lizard + + + + + + lesser + + + + + + + Texas Technological University lizard + + + + + + + + Tecovas Member lizard + + + + + Tehuelche tribe lizard + + + Aldino Benitez' (discoverer) + + + + + + + + stretched tail lizard + + + + + + + + + + far bowl + + + + + + marsh lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tendaguru beds one + + + from Tanzania + + + + + + tendon lizard + + + + + + + + monster lizard + + + + + Swabian + + + + + + + + + lesser + + + + + + + + + + from Trossingen + + + + + + + + + + + + four-sided lizard + + + + + + forehead? + + + + + + + short-headed + + + + + + + + + + + Texas resident + + + + + + + + + + + + socket hollow tail + + + + + + + + + socket tooth lizard + + + + + + + + + + socket vertebra + + + + + + reaper/scythe lizard + + + + + + + + + + beast lizard + + + + + + wonderful lizard + + + + + + + + + mighty one + + + + + + Thobol lizard + + + + + + + + + Lake Tian Chi (Heavenly Pool) lizard + + + + + + + + Tianchung lizard + + + + + + Tianzhen lizard + + + + + + wall bone + + + + + + Tien Shan Mountains lizard + + + + + + + + + Tim Rich and Tim Flannery's mimic + + + + + + + + Titans' wings + + + + + + + + + Titan lizard + + + + + + + Titan lizard + + + + + + + + + ostrich lizard + + + + + + + cutting tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Gustav Tornier's one + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + punctured lizard + + + + + + + + + + savage lizard + + + + + + + + + + rough tooth + + + + + + + + thief + + + + + + + + + thief + + + + + + + + + + + three horns face + + + + + + + + + + triply-pointed tooth + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + three fore teeth + + + + + + + + + + wounding tooth + + + + + + + + + keel jaw + + + + + + Tsagan Teg one + + + + + + Qingdao lizard + + + + + + + + + + + Tugulo Group lizard + + + + + + + + + Tuo River lizard + + + + + + + Tupuxuara (a familiar spirit) + + + + + + + Turanian Platform horned face + + + + + + swollen head + + + + + + + swollen bone + + + + + ornate + + + + + + tyrant lizard + + + + + + + + + king + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + I. A. Efremov's + + + + + + + + + + gigantic + + + + + + + + + from the Lance Formation + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

, possibly the most popular ever, was for a long time the largest known +terrestrial predator. But new discoveries of have recently ousted the "king of the +tyrant lizards" from its title. But there still remains the possibility +that an even larger specimen may be found some day. +And it was the largest known predator of its time, at the end of +the Mesozoic Era.

+ +

The most complete skeleton, a female(?) + (=) nicknamed "Sue", +was recently sold for over $7 million by Sotheby's to corporate benefactors +on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum.

+ +

Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from +Saskatchewan was referred to . At 43cm in length and +2.4L in volume, this is the largest known coprolite from a carnivore. Tiny, +well-crushed bone fragments indicate that the meal was a small subadult +.

+ +

Eggs tentatively assigned to may belong +to an Asian species of .

+ +

The various species included here in are +sometimes placed in other genera. was originally +, and sometimes is also +included in that genus. Others put into its +own genus, . Still others consider + to be the subadult stage of +.

+ +

and +were thought by some to be pygmy , +and were accorded their own genera ( and +, respectively). But they seem instead to +be juveniles. likely belongs to + or , and + likely belongs to . + also likely belongs to , +representing the subadult stage. It is sometimes placed in +.

+ +

and , +both dubious tooth taxa, probably belong to either +or .

+ + + + + + +

A misspelling of , in reference + to indeterminate material.

+ + + + + + Udan-Sayr horned face + + + + + + ugly lizard + + + + + Uinta County lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + ultra lizard + + + + + + + + + + + ultra lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + half-bird + + + + + + + + + + one horn lizard + + + + + Unquillo River lizard + + + + + + + + Utah raider + + + + + + + + + + Wealden Group raider + + + + + + + + + Wealden Group lizard + + + + + + + Var Department raider + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + from the Wealden Group + + + + + + + speedy foot + + + + + + speedy raider + + + + + + + + + speedy lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + Wolfgang Volkheimer's one + + + + + + + bird + + + + + + volcano tooth + + + + + + + Wakino Subgroup lizard + + + + + + Walgett crocodile + + + + + + + Alick Walker's one + + + + + + + + + + Walker's lizard + + + + + + + western + + + + + + Wannan lizard" + + + + + + + Wuerho lizard + + + + + + J. F. Wyley's one + + + + + + + + + Wyoming wing + + + + + + + Wyoming raider + + + +

Based on material assigned to , to be +re-described by Robert Bakker.

+ + + + + + strange ankle lizard + + + + + + small/dawn lizard + + + + + + + Xuanhan County lizard + + + + + + + + Xuanhan County lizard + + + + + + + Yale University lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + Yandu (=Zigong) lizard + + + + + + Yang-chu'an District lizard + + + + + + + + + Yaverland Point (on the Isle of Wight) one + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Yingshan lizard + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Yunga bird + + + + + + + Yunnan Province lizard + + + + + + + + + + lucky/left/light + + + + + + + Bavarian + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + through shears + + + + + + + + + + + + flesh-eating + + + + + + Zephyr's (god of the west wind) lizard + + + + + + + Zhejiang Province wing + + + + + + + + + + Dzhyrakuduk waterwell bird + + + + + + Zigong lizard + + + + + + + + + Zizhong lizard + + + + + + Zuni (North American tribe) horned face + + + + + + + + devil lizard + diff --git a/examples/dinosauricon/zebra.cfg b/examples/dinosauricon/zebra.cfg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7d87b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/examples/dinosauricon/zebra.cfg @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# $Header: /home/cvsroot/idis/examples/dinosauricon/Attic/zebra.cfg,v 1.1 2002-08-29 01:23:16 mike Exp $ +# Bare-bones master configuration file for Zebra +attset: bib1.att -- 1.7.10.4