+++ /dev/null
-<GENUS name="Aachenosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Aachen lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="multidens">
- <AUTHOR name="Smets" year="1888"/>
- <PROPERTAXON nonanimal="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Actually a piece of petrified wood.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Abavornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>great-great-grandfather bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="bonaparti">
- <MEANING><LOW>Jose</LOW> Bonaparte's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="TsNIGIRI" id="56/11915" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.1 mm)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4605" content="coracoid shaft"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Abelisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Abel's lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6.5" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull lacking tip of snout, much of jaws, & parts of roof" museum="MC" id="11098" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Known only from a partial skull, 80cm long. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Abrictosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
- <MEANING>
- awake lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="B54" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="A.100" content="partial skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="consors" original="Lycorhinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1974"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Suggested as the female(?) form of another <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Abrosaurus" type="with">
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <SPECIES name="dongpoi">
- <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1989"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Peng, Shu" year="1999"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen including skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gigantorhinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>giant-snouted</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="dongpoi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Two different species names have been used in conjunction with the
-same type material. <NOMEN name="Abrosaurus gigantorhinus"/> was used first, but
-in a dissertation, and hence was not a valid name by ICZN rules. The
-first version of the name to be published in accord with ICZN rules
-was <NOMEN name="A. dongpoi"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Acanthopholis" type="with">
- <MEANING>spine scute</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="horrida" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1867"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, postcranial elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="eucercus" status="dubium">
- <MEANING>well-tailored</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55551" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55552" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55553" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55554" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55555" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55556" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hughesii" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55463-55490" content="dorsal vertebrae, 7 caudal vertebrae, transverse process, 3 phalanges, 7 dermal plates, ?4 metapodials"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="keepingi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55491-55526" content="dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, 3 transverse processes, 13 dermal plates, ?rib, ?chevron, ?metatarsal, ?2 phalanges, ?fragmentary ilium, ?2 indeterminate bones"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macrocercus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 cervical, dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae"/>
- <REMAINS content="osteoderms"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="platypus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <MEANING>flat-footed</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="caudal centra, phalanx"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stereocercus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, dermal spine"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>Much <LINK content="iguanodont"/> material has mistakenly been
- assigned to various members of this genus.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Achelousaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Achelosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>Acheloos' lizard"</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="485" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="591" content="partial skull, nearly complete spine, pelvis, ?femur" age="subadult"/>
- <SPECIES name="horneri">
- <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Achelousaurus"/> was an intermediate between
-<NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/>.
-It is named after a shape-changing river god. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Achillobator" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="giganticus">
- <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norell, Clark" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <ESSAY><P>A large <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/> with unusual pelvic features.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Acracanthus" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1947"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Czaplewski, Cifelli, Langston" year="1994"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>high spine</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Acrocanthosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>high spine lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="2000" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="3500" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Texas, Utah"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-59" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-58" content="partial postcranium" type="para"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="atokensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Stovall, Langston" year="1950"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altispinax">
- <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This large animal had long vertebrae along its back, possibly forming a
-sail. The vertebral spines were 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) high along the neck
-and tail, possibly up to 50 cm (20 inches) along the back. It was once
-classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/>, since, like
-<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, it had long vertebral spines. But the rest of
-the animal is little like <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, and even the "fin"
-is different. It may be a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
-<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Actiosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Adasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Ada's <LOW>(evil spirit in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS musum="GIN" id="100/20" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Although often classified as a <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>,
-it may be closer to <LINK content="birds"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aegyptosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Egyptian lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII61" content="3 centra; left scapula (partial), humerus, & radius; right ulna; left tibia & femur" comment="destroyed in World War II" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="baharijensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>from Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aeolosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Eolosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>Aeolus' <LOW>(god of wind)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 tail vertebrae, ulna, radius, metacarpal, pubis, ischium, dermal plates"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27174" content="5 caudal vertebrae, right ulna, metacarpal, left pubis, right ischium"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27175" content="right ulna & radius"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27176" content="osteoderm"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27177" content="osteoderm"/>
- <SPECIES name="rionegrinus">
- <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1987"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MJG-R" id="1" content="7 anterior caudal vertebrae; partial forelimbs; right tibia, fibula, & astragalus; fragments" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MACN-RN" id="147" content="15 articulated caudal vertebrae" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aepisaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Aepysaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Aepyosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Aeposaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Oepysaurus"/>
- <MEANING>high lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MNHN" id="1868-242" content="humerus" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="elephantinus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1853"/>
- <MEANING>elephantine</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aetonyx" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="palustris">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Afrovenator" type="with">
- <MEANING>African hunter</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UC OBA" id="1" content="skull lacking much of mandibles & parts of snout & roof; cervical vertebrae (some articulated); incomplete dorsal & caudal series; ribs; pelvis; nearly complete forelimbs; hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
- <SPECIES name="abakensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, J. A. Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil, Sues" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Agathaumas" type="with">
- <MEANING>great wonder</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <REMAINS nuseum="AMNH" id="4000" content="partial sacrum, pelvis" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="sylvestris" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1872"/>
- <MEANING>woodland</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="milo" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="monoclonius">
- <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1994"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus"/>
- <MEANING>one-sticked</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
- <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prorsus">
- <SYNONYM name="Triceratops prorsus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>The first <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> genus to be named.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aggiosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="nicaensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Ambayrac" year="1913"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Crocodylomorpha"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Agilisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>agile lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="louderbecki">
- <AUTHOR name="Peng" year="1992"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZDM" id="6011" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="multidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Either a primitive <LINK content="ornithopod"/> or possibly a
-<LINK content="fabrosaurid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Agrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>wild/hunting lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1891"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Originally thought to be an early find from Australia, this has since
-been re-identified as a mislabelled specimen of British dinosaur <NOMEN
-name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Agustinia">
- <MEANING>Agustin <LOW>Martinelli</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer) one</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
- <SPECIES name="ligabuei" original="Augustia">
- <MEANING><LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="fragmentary dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; hindlimb elements; osteoderms"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Tall osteoderms lined the back of this unusual <LINK content="sauropod"/>.
- They seem to have been mobile, a case of parallel evolution with
- <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. The samllest were leaf-shaped, while the
- largest ones were split into halves, each half bearing an outward-pointing
- spike.</P>
- <P><NOMEN name="Agustinia"/> may be related to <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>
- or to <LINK content="rebbachisaurids"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alamosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Ojo</LOW> Alamo <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="21"/>
- <MASS value="30000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="10,486" content="left scapula" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" content="right ischium" type="para"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15658" content="caudal centrum"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15560" content="30 most anterior caudal vertebrae (articulated); 25 chevrons; ischia; left scapulocoracoid; right forelimb lacking phalanges, 2 sternal plates, 3 fragmentary ribs"/>
- <SPECIES name="sanjuanensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1922"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The only North American <LINK content="sauropod"/> from the Late
-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Albertosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Alberta lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
- <MASS value="1800"/>
- <MASS value="2500"/>
- <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <PLACE name="Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Alabama, Georgia" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="028" content="tooth" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="033" content="teeth" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="034" content="premaxillary teeth" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
- <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5600" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5601" content="incomplete skull" type="para"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="807" synonym="arctunguis" content="sacrum with sacral vertebrae, left scapulocoracoid & forearm, left pelvis, associated limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
- <SYNONYM name="sarcophagus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium" original="Ornithomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="libratus">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="subadult"/>
- <MEANING>big <LOW>&</LOW> gracile</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="olseni">
- <SYNONYM name="Alectrosaurus olseni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="periculosus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>C. M.</LOW> Sternberg's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Albisaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="scutifer">
- <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alectrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Alectra's/unmarried lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="500" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6554" content="most of right hindlimb, pubic fragment" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6368" content="right humerus, first phalanx of manual digit II, ungual of manual digit I, 4 fragmentary caudal vertebrae" comment="some of this material belongs to a therizinosaur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="21784" q="1" content="2 fragments"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/50" content="partial skeleton including partial maxilla & nasal"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/51" content="partial skeleton including hindlimbs"/>
- <SPECIES name="olseni">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="periculosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aletopelta" type="with">
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <SPECIES name="coombsi">
- <MEANING>Coombs'</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Ford, Kirkland" year="2001"/>
- <SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alexornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="antecedens">
- <AUTHOR name="Brodkorb" year="1976"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>Alex<LOW>ander Wetmore's</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Algoasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Algoa <LOW>Bay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Port Elizabeth Museum" content="fragmentary dorsal vertebra, femur, incomplete scapula, phalanx, ungual" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="bauri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1904"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="baini" author="du Toit" year="1926"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be a <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alioramus" type="with">
- <MEANING>different branch</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="GI" id="3141/1" content="incompete skull, mandibles, distal part of metatrasus" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="remotus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
- <MEANING>remote</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had a long, bumpy ridge with bony knobs along the top of the snout. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aliwalia" type="with">
- <MEANING>Aliwal <LOW>North (in South Africa) one</LOW></MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1886-XV-39" content="proximal end of left femur" type="co"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1876-VII-B124" content="distal end of left femur" type="co"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
- <SPECIES name="rex">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>king</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Although <NOMEN name="Aliwalia"/> remains are far from complete, they
-seem to indicate that this creature was the first really large predatory
-<LINK content="dinosaur"/>, possibly on the same scale as some
-<LINK content="carnosaurs"/>. It was fairly primitive, but perhaps somewhat
-more advanced than <NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Allosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>different lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, S. Dakota, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <SPECIES name="fragilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A., Portugal"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <MASS value="1700"/>
- <MEANING>fragile</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1930" content="2 dorsal centra, tooth, proximal phalanx of pedal digit III, portion of humerus" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1931" synonym="lucaris" content="a few cervical, 6 dorsal, & 2 sacral vertebrae; incomplete scapulocoracoid; radius; ulna; manual phalanx"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1879" synonym="Camptonotus amplus" content="pes" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="693" content="skeleton" comment="pathologic"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UUVP" id="6000" content="skull, first caudal vertebra, chevrons, ribs, forelimbs, pedal elements" type="neo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="4753" content="skeleton" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5731" synonym="Hypsirophus discurus" content="neural spine" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="12868" content="skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="4734" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="para"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8867" content="9 cervical, 10 dorsal, 2 sacral, & 7 caudal vertebrae; cervical & dorsal ribs; 6 chevrons; pubes; ischia; ilial fragments"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2323" content="8 cervical, 11 dorsal, & 2 sacral centra; many neural processes of dorsal vertebrae; right ilium, ischium, & femur; incomplete ribs"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8423" content="maxillae; 5 dorsal, 5 sacral (coossified), & 3 caudal centra; ilial fragments; broken ischia & pubes; femora; left pes; manual elements"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8335" content="right maxilla, teeth"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8405" content="5 coossified sacral centra, lateral metatarsal, manual & pedal phalanges"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="7336" content="left astragalus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8302" content="right manual digit III"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8257" content="right manual digit II"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1890" content="jugal, premaxilla, 2 vertebrae, ilium, astragalus, 2 unguals, 2 phalanges" synonym="atrox"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2315" content="left dentary with 12 teeth" comment="pathologic" synonym="ferox"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplexus" status="dubiumQ" original="Epanterias">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <MASS value="3000"/>
- <MASS value="5000"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5767" content="anterior dorsal centrum, anterior dorsal neural arch, axis, vertebra, coracoid, fragmentary limb bone" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="atrox" original="Creosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ferox">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
- <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lucaris">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maximus">
- <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
- <REMAINS content="dorsal neural arch" type="holo"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="medius">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
- <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Tetanurae" incertae="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P150070" content="left astragalus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp2.">
- <REMAINS museum="SAM" id="1475" content="pedal ungual"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tendagurensis" status="dubium" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="tandurensis" author="D. A. Russell" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trihedrodon" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>of the</LOW> three-sided tooth</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valens">
- <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="whitei" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the most famous and popular <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> is known primarily from the Morrison Formation.
-It probably hunted <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>,
-<LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, and perhaps gigantic
-<LINK content="neosauropods"/> like <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>. Its main rival was
-the slightly smaller <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> There is debate over the taxonomy of these species. Some feel that most of them
-should be lumped into <NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/> while others would
-split them into several genera (<NOMEN name="Creosaurus"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Epanterias"/>, <NOMEN name="Saurophaganax"/>, etc.)</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alocodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>wing tooth</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 2" content="left maxillary tooth crown" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 1" content="premaxillary tooth crown" type="para"/>
- <SPECIES name="kuehni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Altirhinus" type="with">
- <MEANING>high snout</MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="kurzanovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Norman" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>Kurzanov's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="orientalis">
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon orientalis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This bulbous-snouted <LINK content="iguanodont"/> was previously
-referred to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon orientalis"/>. It shows some
-<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>-like features. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Altispinax" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>high spined <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <PLACE name="Belgium, Germany" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="University of Marburg" id="N 84" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="dunkleri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1884"/>
- <MEANING>Dunkler's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lydekkerhueneorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1994"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="lydekkeri-huenensis" author="Pickering" year="1984"/>
- <MEANING>Lydekker's <LOW>and von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oweni">
- <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="parkeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The name <NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> was once used to indicate
-remains of a theropod with high vertebral spines, similar to those of
-<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. In fact, the type material for this species
-is merely teeth, teeth which can not confidently be assigned to the same
-animal as the skeletal remains. The bones were reassigned to a new
-species of <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>, another high-spined theropod.
-This species was called <NOMEN name="A. altispinax"/>. But further study
-indicated that it could not confidently be said to belong to the genus
-<NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>. Hence, it was placed in a new genus and
-is now known as <NOMEN name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>.
-<NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> is now a dubious species. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alvarezsaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Don Gregorio</LOW> Alvarez's lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="54" content="partial spine, girdles, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
- <SPECIES name="calvoi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The most primitive <LINK content="alvarezsaur"/> known. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alwalkeria">
- <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee, Creisler" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>Al<LOW>ick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <MASS value="3" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ISI" id="R 306" age="juvenileQ" type="holo" content="end of snout, vertebrae, femur, astragalus"/>
- <SPECIES name="maleriensis" original="Walkeria">
- <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1987"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Alxasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Alxa <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="350"/>
- <MASS value="400"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88402" content="right dentary, 5 crushed cervical vertebrae, 2 cervical ribs, 7 crushed ?posterior dorsal vertebrae, 6 dorsal ribs, rib fragments, sacrum with anterior sacral ribs, 20 caudal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88301" content="verebral & appendicular remains, ribs"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88510" content="appendicular remains"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88501" content="5 crushed & disarticulated dorsal vertebrae, first & incomplete second sacral vertebrae, right metcarpal I, left metacarpal III, 4 manual phalanges, ungual phalanges, posterior tip of left ilium, both ends of right & proximal end of left femora, noth ends of left and proximal end of right tibiae, proximal ends of fibulae, pedal phalanges, 3 pedal unguals"/>
- <SPECIES name="elesitaiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Alxasaurus"/> was the most primitive
-<LINK content="therizinosauroid"/>. Many claim that it is more similar to
-"normal" <LINK content="theropods"/> than other therizinosauroids are. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amargasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>La</LOW> Amarga <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <SPECIES name="cazaui">
- <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MACN-N" id="15" content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, forelimb, hindlimb, ilia, astragalus" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="groeben" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Amargasaurus"/> had two rows of long spines along the back
-of its neck, possibly forming a double sail. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ambiortus" type="with">
- <MEANING>uncertain origin</MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="pectoral girdle, forelimb, partial sternum & furcula, back vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="dementjevi">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amblydectes">
- <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
- <MEANING>blunt biter</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ammosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
- <MEANING>sand lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="major">
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus major" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="solus">
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus solus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ampelosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>vineyard lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-247" content="3 articulated dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-38" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-59" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-92" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-93" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-94" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-148" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-24" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-25" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-26" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-27" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-46" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-55" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-58" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-63" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-64" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-65" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-95" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-96" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-97" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-98" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-99" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-100" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-101" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-124" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-127" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-147" content="caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-60" content="ribs"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-72" content="chevrons"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-139" content="chevrons"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-23" content="sternal plates"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-80" content="sternal plates"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-22" content="coracoid"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-161" content="coracoid"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-351" content="coracoid"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-21" content="scapula"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-145" content="scapula"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-1" content="humerus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-79" content="humerus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-81" content="humerus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-86" content="humerus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-175" content="humerus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-372" content="humerus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-56" content="ulna"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-83" content="ulna"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-300" content="ulna"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-85" content="radius"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-57" content="pubis"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-123" content="ilium"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-84" content="ischium"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-20" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-40" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-44" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-61" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-78" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-210" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-201" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-261" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-137" content="tibia & fibula"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-138" content="tibia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-144" content="tibia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-173" content="tibia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-48" content="fibula"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-88" content="phalanges"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-136" content="osteoderm"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-192" content="osteoderm"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-204" content="osteoderm"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-325" content="osteoderm"/>
- <SPECIES name="atacis">
- <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amphicoelias" type="with">
- <MEANING>double cavities</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="AMNH" id="5764" content="2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, pubis, tooth, scapula, coracoid, ulna"/>
- <SPECIES name="altus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fragillimus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="150000" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>very fragile</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="latus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
- <MEANING>broad</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Amphicoelias fragillimus"/> was named for an enormous,
-crumbling vertebra which has since been lost (if it ever existed). Only a
-drawing remains, which claims that the vertebra was 2.4 m tall.
-It may have represented an enormous individual of
-<NOMEN name="A. altus"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amphisaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Barkas" year="1870"/>
- <MEANING>double lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amtosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Amt<LOW>gay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial braincase" type="holo" museum="N°" id="3780/2"/>
- <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Tumanova" year="1978"/>
- <MEANING>great</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be an early
-<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amurosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Amur <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Russia"/>
- <SPECIES name="riabinini">
- <AUTHOR name="Bolotsky, Kurzanov" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>Riabinin's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Amygdalodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>almond tooth</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MLP" id="46-VIII-21-1" content="7 teeth (4 complete), fragmentary presacral & caudal vertebrae, incomplete scapula, partial pubis, rib fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cabrera" year="1947"/>
- <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anabisetia" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="saldiviai" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Coria, Calvo"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Coria" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anamantarx" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Lucas, Estep" year="1998"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Animantarx"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anasazisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Anasazi <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="horneri">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
- <MEANING>duck lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="annectens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="copei">
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton Formation
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Saskatchewan
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anatotitan">
- <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chapman, Brett-Surman" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- duck titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="13"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota"/>
- <SPECIES name="copei" original="Anatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5730" content="complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5886" content="complete skeleton" type="para"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps" status="dubium" original="Anatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="616" content="right dentary with teeth" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had a very long, low, flat skull. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anchiceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- near horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <SPECIES name="ornatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5251" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5259" content="braincase, brow horns" type="para"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UW" id="5419" content="skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="802" content="skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="8538" content="complete postcranium" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MNC" id="8535" content="skull" synonym="longirostris"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longirostris">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="ornatus"/>
- <MEANING>long-snouted</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anchisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
- <MEANING>
- near lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Connecticut, Massachusetts"/>
- <SPECIES name="polyzelus" original="Megadactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hitchcock" year="1865"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="201" content="fragmentary skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1883" content="skull, 18 presacral vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, left forelimb, ilium, pubes, right hindlimb" synonym="colurus"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="2125" content="partial appendicular & axial remains"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="capensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="colurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
- <SYNONYM name="polyzelus" status="q"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="major">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Connecticut, Arizona"/>
- <PLACE name="Nova Scotia" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="208" content="3 presacral vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="209" synonym="Ammosaurus solus" content="pelvis, podes"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MNA" id="G2 7233" content="lower parts of skeleton" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sinensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus sinensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="solus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ammosaurus major"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P><NOMEN name="Anchisaurus colurus"/> may represent another gender (female?)
-of <NOMEN name="A. polyzelus"/>. <NOMEN name="A. major"/>, the type
-species of <NOMEN name="Ammosaurus"/>, may also be a synonym of
-<NOMEN name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Andesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="132" type="holo" content="articulated vertebrae (4 posterior dorsal, 21 caudal), nearly complete left ischium, incomplete right humerus & femur, incomplete elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="delgadoi">
- <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Angaturama" type="with">
- <MEANING>noble one</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="front part of jaws" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="limai">
- <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Angelinornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Kashin" year="1972"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
- <MEANING>
- Angelina <LOW>Mikhaylovna Sudilovskaya's</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Angustinaripterus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- narrow nostril wing
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="longicephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="He, Yan, Su" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-headed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anhanguera" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- old devil
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <SPECIES name="santanae">
- <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="blittersdorffi">
- <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aniksosaurus" status="unpublished">
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="darwini" status="unpublished">
- <MEANING>Darwin's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Hails from the Bajo Barreal Formation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Animantarx" type="with">
- <MEANING>animate <LOW>(living)</LOW> fortress</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <SPECIES name="ramaljonesi">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>Ramal Jones'</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Originally published (as a <I>nomen nudum</I>) as
- <NOMEN name="Anamantarx"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ankistrodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1865"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Epicampodon"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ankylosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Anchylosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Ancylosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>fused lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
- <MASS value="4500"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming, Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5895" content="skull, scapulocoracoid, vertebrae (7 cervical, 10 dorsal, 4 caudal), ribs, osteoderms" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5214" content="tail club"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="1243999" age="juvenile" content="tooth"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="120195" age="juvenile" content="worn tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="magniventris">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1908"/>
- <MEANING>large-sided</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="acinacodens" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tutus">
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anodontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>toothless lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lambei">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anoplosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>weaponless lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="curtonotus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
- <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
- <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" type="holo" content="anterior end of left ramus of mandible, 5 or 6 cervical centra, 12 dorsal vertebrae, 6 sacral centra, neural arches (mostly dorsal), incomplete coracoids, proximal end of scapula, pieces of ribs, ends of right humerus & left femur, partial metatarsals, phalanges, left tibia, fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus" status="dubium">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithopoda" incertae="1"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; neural arch"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once thought to be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but is probably a
-primitive <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> (or a combination of fossils from
-both). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anserimimus" type="with">
- <MEANING><NOMEN name="Anser" nolink="1"/> <LOW>(goose)</LOW> mimic</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SPS GIN AN MPR" id="100/300" content="partial appendicular skeleton including incomplete forelimb, pectoral girdle, & incomplete pes" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="planinychus">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1988"/>
- <MEANING>flat-clawed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Antarctosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>non-northern lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina, Chile, Uruguay"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Nat'l Museum (Buenos Aires)" id="6804" type="holo" content="incomplete cranium including braincase, mandible?, cervical vertebra, scapula, radius, ulna, pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
- <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="P13019" content="right femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AC" id="2300" content="partial left pubis" synonym="giganteus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brasiliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Arid, Vizotto" year="1971"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial fragments"/>
- <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="wichmannianus"/>
- <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="jaxarticus" status="dubium" q="1">
- <MISSPELLED name="jaxartensis"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1938"/>
- <MEANING>Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="septentrionalis">
- <SYNONYM name="Jainosaurus septentrionalis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anthodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="serrarius">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Antrodemus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
- <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial tail vertebra" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="valens" status="dubium" original="Poekilopleuron">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="atrox">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ferox">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fragilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lucaris">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
- <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stechowi">
- <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus stechowi" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus sulcatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus tendagurensis" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This may be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, but remains
-are too incomplete to be sure. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Anurognathus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="ammoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Doederline" year="1923"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- tailless <I>or</I> anuran <LOW>(frog)</LOW> jaw
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Apatodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>deceptive tooth</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mirus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Apatornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1873"/>
- <MEANING>deceptive <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <SPECIES name="celer" original="Ichthyornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Apatosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- deceptive lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="21"/>
- <LENGTH value="26"/>
- <MASS value="30000"/>
- <MASS value="35000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="ajax">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, braincase"/>
- <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="excelsus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="excelsus" original="Brontosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 partial postcrania, skull, jaw, postcranial elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- grand
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laticollis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="ajax"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="louisae">
- <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1915"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton, postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minimus">
- <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- least
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete pelvic section"/>
- <MEANING>
- montane
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="yahnahpin">
- <SYNONYM name="Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This genus is more popularly known as <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>,
-but <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/> has long been considered a junior synonym of
-<NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>. There is a minority opinion that
-<NOMEN name="A. excelsus"/> does represent a valid genus (named
-<NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>) separate from <NOMEN name="A. ajax"/>. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/> was shorter but bulkier than its relatives
-<NOMEN name="Barosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Apsaravis" type="with">
- <MEANING>Apsar bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ukhaana">
- <MEANING><LOW>from</LOW> Ukhaa <LOW>Tolgod</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Norell, Clarke" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with fragmentary skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aragosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Aragón<LOW>, Spain</LOW>lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="18"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, forelimb, ischium, pubis, scapula"/>
- <SPECIES name="ischiatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscialoni, Casanovas, Santafe" year="1987"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aralosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Aral <LOW>Sea</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, limb bones, vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="tuberiferus">
- <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Classified as a <LINK content="gryposaurin hadrosaurine"/>, but
-may be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Arambourgiania">
- <MISSPELLED name="Arambourgiana"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Camille</LOW> Arambourg's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Jordan"/>
- <SPECIES name="philadelphiae" original="Titanopteryx">
- <AUTHOR name="Arambourg" year="1959"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This genus was originally called
-<NOMEN name="Titanopteryx"/> ("titanic wing"), but that name was already
-given to an insect(!) </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Araripedactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> finger
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="phalanx from 5th digit"/>
- <SPECIES name="dehmi">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1977"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Araripesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
- <SPECIES name="castilhoi">
- <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1971"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Araucanoraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Araucan <LOW>chicken</LOW> raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <MASS value="30"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- Argentinian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A sickle-clawed predator, probably a <LINK content="paravian"/> or a
-<LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Archaeoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ancient horned face
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs"/>
- <SPECIES name="oshimai">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Azuma" year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Archaeopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>ancient wing/feather</MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Archäopteryx"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Archaeopterix"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Archeopteryx"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Archopteryx"/>
- <LENGTH value="0.45"/>
- <MASS value="0.3"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="isolated feather impression" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="lithographica" status="conservandum">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
- <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Nopcsa" year="1927"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete, all with feather impressions)"/>
- <MEANING>stone-written</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bavarica">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1993"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
- <MEANING>Bavarian</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassipes">
- <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macrura" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1862"/>
- <MEANING>large-tailed</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oweni" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Petronievics" year="1917"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="recurva">
- <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1984"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
- <MEANING>recurved</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="siemensii">
- <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1897"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The origin of <LINK content="birds"/> is associated with this creature,
-the "first bird" (nicknamed "Archie"). Although it resembled other small
-<LINK content="theropods"/> so much that one skeleton was for years
-mistakenly identified as <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, it bore feathers
-identical to those of <LINK content="modern flying birds"/>. When it was
-first discovered in 1861, early evolutionists quickly recognized it as the
-"missing link" between birds and more primitive <LINK content="reptiles"/>.
-</P>
-
-<P> In many ways, <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> was unlike modern birds.
-Like non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, it had a bony
-tail (short for a theropod, very long for a bird), teeth, and clawed fingers.
-It also had a hyperextendable "switchblade" claw on each foot, like its
-relatives the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. But it was a bird and
-featured avian characteristics, like a reduced number of tail vertebrae and
-unserrated teeth. </P>
-
-<P> Here is a table of known <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> specimens (which
-are named after where they were first displayed):
-<DIAGRAM>
-<B>Specimen Found Recognized Complete</B>
-(feather) 1860
-London 1861
-Berlin 1876 X
-Maxberg 1956
-Haarlem 1855 1970
-Eichstätt 1951 1970 X
-Solnhofen 1987 X
-<NOMEN name="A. bavarica"/> 1992 1993 X
-</DIAGRAM> </P>
-<P>The Solnhofen specimen may represent a new genus and species, <NOMEN
-name="Wellnhoferia grandis"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Archaeoraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>ancient raider <I>or</I> <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>/<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/></MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Microraptor"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Aves" incertae="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="liaoningensis">
- <MEANING>from Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olson" year="2000"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Stephen Czerkas, Sylvia Czerkas"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="A Messy Situation"> This name has an ugly, if brief, history
-behind it. Here is an attempt to sum it up. </P>
-
-<P>The name "Archaeoraptor liaoningensis" was originally published in a
-National Geographic article in 1999. Pictures of the type specimen,
-supposedly a link between <LINK content="Aves"/> and more primitive, <LINK
-content="deinonychosaur"/>-like animals, were also published, but there
-was no formal diagnosis. Furthermore, the article disclaimed itself as a
-formal description and announced that the animal would be properly
-described later. Thus, at that point in time, according to ICZN rules, the
-name "Archaeoraptor" was a <I>nomen nudum</I>, completely unofficial.</P>
-
-<P>Shortly after publication, it became clear that the hindpart (tail,
-hindlimbs) of "Archaeoraptor" was from a different animal than the rest of
-it. This was discovered because the more complete counterslab to the
-hindpart had been found, and indicated that that part belonged to a basal
-<LINK content="paravian"/>, possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.
-The forepart was determined to be <LINK content="avian"/>. At that point I
-decided to use the unofficial name "Archaeoraptor" for the avian forepart,
-which was the major part of the supposed specimen.</P>
-
-<P>The hindpart and its counterslab were described in 2000 as <NOMEN
-name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. But, unbeknownst to the authors, Storrs
-Olson, a paleornithologist, had already formally designated the hindpart as the
-type specimen of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>, publishing a
-minimal description in an obscure journal. (The intent was to remove the
-infamous name of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> from the field of
-paleornithology.) Thus, as of this writing, the name <NOMEN
-name="Microraptor"/> should be considered a junior objective synonym of
-<NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> by ICZN rules. The avian section should
-be considered <LINK content="Aves"/> <I>innom.</I></P>
-
-<P>Many consider Olson's publication unwarranted and irresponsible. There
-will be a petition to the ICZN to formally reject the name <NOMEN
-name="Archaeoraptor"/> and conserve the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>.
-In the hope that it succeeds, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>
-for the basal paravian, despite ICZN rules.</P>
-
-<P>The avian section has yet to be formally described and named.</P>
-
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Archaeornis">
- <MISSPELLED name="Archaeonis"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Archeornis"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Petronievics"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Petronievics, Woodward" year="1917"/>
- <MEANING>ancient bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="siemensii">
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx siemensii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Archaeornithoides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Archaeornis"/> <LOW>(=<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>)</LOW> form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="1" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull (juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="deinosauricus">
- <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski, Wellnhofer" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- dinosaurian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A poorly known dinosaur, <NOMEN name="Archaeornithoides"/> has been
-classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/> because of its unserrated
-teeth, but it may be some kind of <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, perhaps a
-juvenile <NOMEN name="Byronosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Archaeornithomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
- <MEANING>
- ancient <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="asiaticus" original="Ornithomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
- <MEANING>
- Asian
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial hand, metatarsi, vertebrae, limb elements, claws"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bissektensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Arctosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- arctic lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Canada"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="osborni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Adams" year="1875"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May or may not be a <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Argentinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Argentinian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="35" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, tibia, fragmentary ribs, sacrum"/>
- <SPECIES name="huinculensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Coria" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Probably the largest known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Argyrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- silver lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
- <REMAINS content="forelimb"/>
- <REMAINS content="other material" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="superbus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
- <MEANING>
- superb
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aristosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- best lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="erectus">
- <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- erect
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aristosuchus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
- <MEANING>best crocodile</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="pusillus" original="Poekilopleuron" status="dubiumQ">
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1876"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178" content="partial sacrum, pubes" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178a" content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R179" content="manual ungual"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R899" content="manual ungual"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R5194" content="femur"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R6426" content="ischium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oweni">
- <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus oweni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Romania"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 caudal vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Calamosaurus foxi"/>. Along with
- <NOMEN name="Calamospondylus oweni"/>, a confusing taxonomic situation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Arkansaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Arkanosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Arkansan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Arkansas"/>
- <SPECIES name="fridayi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Sattler" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Arrhinoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- without nose-horn face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="brachyops">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1925"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-faced
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="utahensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Torosaurus utahensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Utah
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Inappropriately named, since it did have a nasal horn. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Arstanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Arstan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial maxilla, hindlimb material, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="akkurganensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Suslov, Shilin" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Once thought to be potentially <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, re-analysis
-suggests that this species is <LINK content="iguanodontian"/>,
-probably <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Arthurdactylus">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sir</LOW> Arthur <LOW>Conan Doyle's</LOW> finger
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="conandoylensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Frey, Martill" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sir Arthur</LOW> Conan Doyle's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Arthurdactylus"/> had the longest wings proportional
-to its size of any flying animal. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Asiaceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Asian horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="salsopaludalis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina, Cherepanov" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Microceratops sulcidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Asiahesperornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="bashanovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Prizemlin" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Asian <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Asiamericana" type="with">
- <MEANING>Asia-American <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="asiatica">
- <MEANING>Asian</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Actinopterygii"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>These teeth were though to be from a <LINK content="spinosaurid"/>,
- but are actually those of a saurodontid <LINK content="fish"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Asiatosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Asian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <MEANING>
- Mongolian
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium" q="1">
- <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
- <REMAINS museum="KPE" id="8001" content="tooth (46mm)"/>
- <PLACE name="Korea"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Astrodon" status="dubium">
- <MISSPELLED name="Astrond"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Astrood"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Astrodom"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Johnston" year="1859"/>
- <MEANING>
- star tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="johnstoni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="montanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus montanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus nanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pusillus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus valdensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Maryland's state <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (excluding the Baltimore
-oriole, of course). Sometimes synonymized with <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Astrodonius">
- <MISSPELLED name="Astrodontius"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
- <MEANING>
- star tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="johnstoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Astrodon johnstoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pusillus">
- <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Atlantosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>
- Atlantis lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="montanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- montane
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ajax">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus amplus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="excelsus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laticollis">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus laticollis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="louisae">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minimus">
- <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- least
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Atlasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Atlas' <LOW>(mountain range and giant of Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="imelakei">
- <MEANING>Imelake's <LOW>(giant of Arabian mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Monbaron, D. A. Russell, Taquet" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="13"/>
- <LENGTH value="14"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Atlascopcosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Atlas Copco's <LOW>(mining company)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="loadsi">
- <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>William</LOW> Loads'</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aublysodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- backwards tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="80" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal material" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="mirandis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- <MEANING>
- crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="explanatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="horridus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancinator">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lateralis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="mirandis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="molnari">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>Probably a juvenile of another genus.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Aucasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Auca <LOW>Mahuevo</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="garridoi" status="nudum">
- <MEANING><LOW>Alberto</LOW> Garrido's <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Coria"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Dingus" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen with pelvic soft tissue impressions"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MASS value="700"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <ESSAY> <P>Similar to the larger <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/>, but with
-proportionally longer arms, a longer and lower skull, and bumps instead of
-horns.</P>
-
-<P>The single specimen was buried at the bottom of a shallow lake, in
-sediment that became the Anacleto Member of the Rio Colorado Formation.
-Part of its skull was broken apart.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Augustia" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Zariquiey" year="1927"/>
- <MEANING>august <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ligabuei">
- <SYNONYM name="Agustinia ligabuei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- This name was preoccupied by a beetle.
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Austroraptor" status="unpublished">
- <MISSPELLED name="Austraptor"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ozraptor"/>
- <MEANING>
- southern raider
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Austrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- southern lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, partial limb bones"/>
- <SPECIES name="mckillopi" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1933"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Avaceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ava <LOW>Cole</LOW>'s horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skull, skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" content="skull" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="lammersi">
- <AUTHOR name="Dodson" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>
-genus, or a subadult of its own genus (possibly
-non-<LINK content="ceratopsid"/>). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Avalonia" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Abalonia"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Walcott" year="1889"/>
- <SPECIES name="sanfordi">
- <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Avalonianus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
- <SPECIES name="sanfordi" original="Avalonia">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Avimimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <MASS value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="portentosus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1981"/>
- <MEANING>0</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Some have suggested that the small, toothless(?)
-<NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> was feathered. It had little ridges running along
-its arms that may represent anchor points for feather shafts, although
-<LINK content="birds"/> generally have bone "pimples" for anchor points
-instead of straight ridges. </P>
-
-<P> This animal is difficult to classify. Its metatarsals were pinched, like
-those of <LINK content="arctometatarsalians"/>,
-<LINK content="caenagnathids"/>, and advanced <LINK content="alvarezsaurs"/>.
-It may belong to any or none of these groups. It had some very bird-like
-traits, and its head was somewhat similar to <LINK content="oviraptorids"/>.
-It has even been suggested that it may be a chimera made up of two different
-animals, but a recent find seems to dispel this idea. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> may be related to <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
-and/or <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Avipes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird foot
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="MTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
- <SPECIES name="dillstedtianus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a "<LINK content="lagosuchian"/>" or even a very early
-<LINK content="theropod"/>. Tiny, whatever it was. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Avisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <SPECIES name="archibaldi">
- <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman, Paul" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gloriae">
- <AUTHOR name="Varrichio, Chiappe" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally thought to be a non-<LINK content="avian"/>
-<LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Azendohsaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Azendoh <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary, isolated teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="laaroussi" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Dutuit" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Azhdarcho" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dragon
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <SPECIES name="lancicollis">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bactrosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Batractosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- club<LOW>-spined</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="material from at least 6 skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="johnsoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prynadai">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1939"/>
- <SYNONYM name="johnsoni"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tanius sinensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bagaceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skulls (5 complete), fragmentary postcrania (juvenile & adult)"/>
- <SPECIES name="rozhdestvenskyi">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had a small nasal horn. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bagaraatan" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small hunter
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="mandible, partial pelvis & hindlimb, back and tail vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="ostromi">
- <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bahariasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
- <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1934"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bambiraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>Bambi <LOW>(fictional fawn)</LOW> raider</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="feinbergorum">
- <MEANING><LOW>Ann and Michael</LOW> Feinberg's </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Burnham, Derstler, Currie, Bakker, Zhou, Ostrom" year="2000"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Olshevsky" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <LENGTH value="1" age="subadult"/>
- <MASS value="3" age="subadult"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="specimen" age="subadult" type="holo"/>
- <ESSAY><P>This tiny, long-armed, <LINK content="bird"/>-like creature was originally
- thought to be a juvenile <LINK content="velociraptorine"/>. It has the
- largest brain-to-body ratio of any non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaur.</P>
- <P><I>see also</I>: <REFER page="http://www.bambiraptor.com/" title="The Bambiraptor Home Page"/></P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Baptornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- diving bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <SPECIES name="advenus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Barapasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big-legged lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="18"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 partial skeletons (missing skull & feet)"/>
- <SPECIES name="tagorei">
- <AUTHOR name="Jain, Kutty, Roy-Chowdhury, Chatterjee" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Barosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- heavy lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <LENGTH value="27"/>
- <MASS value="10000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="lentus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, partial tail"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1899"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Gigantosaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeletons, elements"/>
- <MEANING>
- African
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1961"/>
- <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="limb bones"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Barosaurus africanus"/> may represent a separate genus
-(<NOMEN name="Tornieria"/>). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Barsboldia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Rinchen</LOW> Barsbold's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, metatarsus"/>
- <SPECIES name="sicinskii" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Baryonyx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- heavy claw
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="9.5"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="1500"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="walkeri">
- <MEANING>Walker's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Charig, Milner" year="1987"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skeleton, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> possessed a number of characteristics that set
-it apart from other <LINK content="theropods"/>. The skull and (numerous)
-teeth were rather crocodile-like. Unlike most <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
-the neck lacked a strong S-curve. There was a foot-long claw (for which the
-genus is named) on each hand. A piscivorous (fish-eating) lifestyle has been
-suggested for this 30-foot long predator, since fish teeth
-(<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Lepidotes"/>) and imprints of fish scales have been
-found in its belly. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bashunosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="kaijiangensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuang" year="1996"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Basutodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="ferox">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bathygnathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1854"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenacodontidae"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Batrachognathus">
- <MEANING>
- frog jaw
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
- <SPECIES name="volans">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1948"/>
- <MEANING>
- flying
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> So-named for its large, grotesque head. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Becklespinax">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Samuel H.</LOW> Beckle's spined <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 vertebrae, partial metatarsus, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="altispinax" original="Acrocanthosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <MEANING>
- tall-spined
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <REFER page="Altispinax"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Beelemodon" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1997"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal elements" q="1"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Mentioned as an "omnivorouscarnivorous" <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Beipiaosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Beipiao lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.2"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton with integument impressions"/>
- <SPECIES name="inexpectus">
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Tang, Wang" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>
- unexpected
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The fourth non-<LINK content="avian"/> discovered to have feathers or
-feather-like integument, from the same Early Cretaceous Chinese deposits
-as the other four (<NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
-most recently <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>).
-<NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' integument seems somewhat similar to that
-of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>, but longer -- 5 cm on the average and
-up to 7 cm on the arms. The ends seem to have branching structures. </P>
-
-<P> Apart from the integument, <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, a primitive
-<LINK content="therizinosaur"/>, has features which show therizinosaurs to be
-<LINK content="coelurosaurian"/> <LINK content="theropods"/>, not
-<LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> or <LINK content="ornithischian"/> relatives as
-sometimes thought. Unlike most other theropods, therizinosaurs have
-four functional toes, like sauropodomorphs and some ornithischians.
-But <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' feet, which have reduced inner toes,
-show that the therizinosaur condition evolved from a three-toed ancestor.
-</P>
-
-<P> The head was relatively larger than that of other therizinosaurs, and
-it had some features similar to the related
-<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bellusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- beautiful lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skull, postcrania (from 17 individuals)"/>
- <SPECIES name="sui">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
- <NOMEN name="Klamelisaurus"/> may represent the adult form of this animal.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Belodon">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1842"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bennettazhia" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- Bennett's <LINK content="azhdarchid"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Betasuchus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>ornithomimid genus</LOW> B crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
- <SPECIES name="bredai" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bienosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Mai N.</LOW> Bien's lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lufengensis">
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crichtonii" status="nudum">
- <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Michael</LOW> Crichton's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <REMAINS content="mandible, skull fragments, etc."/>
- <ESSAY><P>
-A small biped (about 1 meter tall) with armored cheeks.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bihariosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Bihor lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Romania"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, skeletal fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="bauxiticus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marinescu" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bilbeyhallorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Burge, Bird, McClelland, Cicconetti" year="1999"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Cedarpelta"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Blikanasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Blikana lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb"/>
- <SPECIES name="cromptoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, van Heerden" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bogolubovia" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Nikolai</LOW> Bogolubov's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Europe"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Boluochia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Boluochi <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="zhengi">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>Zheng's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had a hooked beak and sharp talons. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Borogovia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- borogove <LOW>(creature in "Jabberwocky", a poem by Lewis Carroll)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilicrus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1987"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bothriospondylus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Bathriospondylus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Bothrospondylus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Bothryospondylus"/>
- <MEANING>
- furrowed vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="suffosus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
- <REMAINS content="back and hip verebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alenquerenis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elongatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
- <MEANING>
- elongated
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium" q="1">
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1895"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <PLACE name="Europe" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
- <MEANING>
- great
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubiumQ" original="Marmarospondylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brachiosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- arm lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="22"/>
- <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="30000"/>
- <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="altithorax">
- <AUTHOR name="Riggs" year="1903"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
- <MEANING>
- high-chested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="atalaiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hip & limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brancai">
- <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fraasi">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
- <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nougaredi" status="dubiumQ" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Algeria"/>
- <REMAINS content="sacrum, forelimb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> At one time the largest known land animal of all time, <NOMEN
-name="Brachiosaurus"/> has since been superceded in height by <NOMEN
-name="Sauroposeidon"/> and in mass by South American <LINK
-content="titanosaurs"/> such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brachyceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- short horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1.8"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeletons (subadult or juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="montanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Montana
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius dawsoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ovatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus ovatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brachylophosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- short crest lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1953"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Canada
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="goodwini">
- <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1988"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="1 specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brachypodosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- short-legged lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
- <SPECIES name="gravis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Chakravarti" year="1934"/>
- <MEANING>
- heavy
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> or a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brachyrophus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- short roof<LOW>ed vertebra</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="altarkansanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bradycneme" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- heavy leg
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="draculae" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Count</LOW> Dracula's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brasileodactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Brazilian finger
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial lower jaw"/>
- <SPECIES name="araripensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brasileosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Brazilian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="pachecoi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1931"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Breviceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- short horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 skulls, partial postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="kozlowskii" original="Protoceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had a small nasal horn/bump. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brontoraptor" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Redman" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- thunder raider
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Brontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- thunder lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="excelsus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ajax">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="louisae">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="montanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bruhathkayosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>huge body lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="radius, ilium, ischium, partial femur, tibia, caudal centrum"/>
- <SPECIES name="matleyi">
- <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Although originally identified as a friggin' <U>huge</U>
-<LINK content="theropod"/>, <NOMEN name="Bruhathkayosaurus"/> seems more
-likely to be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>, if it is, indeed,
-<LINK content="animalian"/>. The fossil identified as its tibia
-is 25% longer than the tibia of <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Bugenasaura" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- large cheek lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="infernalis">
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1995"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, back vertebrae, 2 fingers"/>
- <MEANING>
- infernal <LOW>(from Hell Creek River)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="garbanii" original="Thescelosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1976"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, hindlimb"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The specific name of
-<NOMEN name="Bugenasaura infernalis"/> refers to the Hell Creek Formation,
-where it is from. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="B. garbanii"/> has been tentatively reassigned from
-<NOMEN name="Thescelosaurus"/> to <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
-could represent the body of the <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>
-<NOMEN name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>, which is also from Hell Creek. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Byronosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Byron <LOW>Jaffe'</LOW>s lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <SPECIES name="jaffei">
- <MEANING><LOW>Byron</LOW> Jaffe's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Norell, Mackovicky, Clark" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This is the first <LINK content="troodontid"/> known to have
-unserrated teeth, like those of <LINK content="birds"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Caenagnathasia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Asian <NOMEN name="Caenagnathus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="7" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="9" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <REMAINS content="two pairs of dentaries"/>
- <SPECIES name="martinsoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Currie, Godfrey, Nessov" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Caenagnathus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- recent jaw
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="collinsi">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Calamosaurus" status="dubium">
- <MEANING>reed lizard</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1891"/>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="BMNH" id="R901" content="2 associated cervical vertebrae" comment="one nearly complete, the other missing neural arch"/>
- <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium" original="Calamospondylus2">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Calamospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="sacrum" comment="lost"/>
- <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1866"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Calamospondylus2" type="with">
- <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fox" year="1866"/>
- <SPECIES name="foxi">
- <SYNONYM name="Calamosaurus foxi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Callovosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1988"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="Callovian"/> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus leedsi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Camarasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- chambered lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <MASS value="18000"/>
- <SPECIES name="supremus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>
- supreme
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 partial specimens, braincase, mandibles"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="annae">
- <AUTHOR name="Ellinger" year="1950"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="douglassi">
- <SYNONYM name="Uintasaurus douglassi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="excelsus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 specimens, elements"/>
- <MEANING>
- grand
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="impar">
- <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus impar" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lentus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leptodirus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="supremus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lewisi" original="Cathetosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen, James" year="1988"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ribs, forelimb, pubis, ischia"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A skin impression may or may not belong to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Camelotia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- named after Camelot
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pubis, ischium, femur, tibia, phalanges"/>
- <SPECIES name="borealis">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>
- boreal
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Camposaurus" type="with">
- <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <SPECIES name="arizonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Arizona
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Camptonotus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Camptonodus"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Uhler" year="1864"/>
- <SPECIES name="dispar">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Camptosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
- <MEANING>
- flexible lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="dispar" original="Camptonotus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="10 skeletons (juvenile to adult), elements"/>
- <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptonotus amplus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="browni">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
- <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="depressus" q="1" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming, S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilia, vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="medius">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
- <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nanus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
- <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
- <MEANING>
- dwarf
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prestwichii" original="Cumnoria">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1880"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontoidea" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Camptosaurus depressus"/> may not even represent an
-<LINK content="ornithopod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Campylodon">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cuvier, Valenciennes" year="1832"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Campylodoniscus"/>
- <MEANING>
- bent tooth
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Campylodoniscus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Campylodon"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="ameghinoi" status="dubiumQ" original="Campylodon">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Campylognathoides">
- <AUTHOR name="Strand" year="1928"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Campylognathus"/> form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens (some complete)"/>
- <SPECIES name="liasicus" original="Campylognathus">
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="indicus">
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <MEANING>
- Indian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="zitteli">
- <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Campylognathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Reuter" year="1890"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Campylognathoides"/>
- <MEANING>curved jaw</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Capitalsaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>capital <LOW>(Washington, D.C.)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="District of Columbia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Carcharadontosaurus" author="Holtz" year="1994"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Carcharodonsaurus" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Carchrodontosaurus" author="White" year="1973"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
- <MEANING>
- shark-toothed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="14"/>
- <MASS value="7000" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="8000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Niger"/>
- <REMAINS content="isolated teeth, partial skeletons"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
- <REMAINS content="anterior part of dentary"/>
- <SPECIES name="saharicus" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1925"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>the</LOW> Sahara <LOW>Desert</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> has been known for a while from
-scrappy remains, but only in recent years have new finds shown what a huge
-creature it was, rivalling <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and other <LINK
-content="carcharodontosaurines"/> as one of the largest land predators of
-all time. </P>
-
-<P> A recently unearthed <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> specimen was
-reported to have the largest head of any <LINK content="theropod"/>,
-although it seems that the skull was reconstructed too long. A realistic
-estimate for head length is 153 cm, which is less than <NOMEN
-name="Giganotosaurus"/>' 165 cm. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cardiodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>heart tooth</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="rugulosus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Carnosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <MEANING>flesh lizard</MEANING>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Carnosauria"/>, in reference to indeterminate
-large <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Carnotaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> bull
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with skin impressions"/>
- <SPECIES name="sastrei">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was an unusual <LINK content="theropod"/>.
-The name refers to the small horns it bore above its eyes. The arms were
-extremely small and underdeveloped, even more so than those of the <LINK
-content="tyrannosaurids"/>. The forearms were so short that the hands
-appeared to sprout almost directly from the elbows. Remains are very
-complete, with skin impressions that show rows of large, non-bony,
-semiconical scales along the right side of the body. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was featured in the book <U>The Lost
-World</U>, where it was given amazing, chameleon-like powers of skin
-camouflage. Even if this is blatantly unscientific, it would've looked
-kind of cool on the big screen. (Unfortunately, <NOMEN
-name="Carnotaurus"/> wasn't put in the movie.) </P>
-
-<P>Although originally dated as Early Cretaceous, the sediments this dinosaur
-is from appear to be Late Cretaceous instead.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Caseosaurus" type="with">
- <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
- <SPECIES name="crosbyensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A "<LINK content="herrerasaur"/>" of some kind. Originally referred to
-<NOMEN name="Chindesaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Catenoleimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>lineage remainder</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="anachoretus">
- <MEANING>reclusive</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4606" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.2 mm)"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cathayornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Cathay <LOW>(=China)</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="yandica">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Jin, Zhang" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="caudatus">
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Sinornis"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cathetosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- upright lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lewisi">
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lewisi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Caudipteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- tail feathers
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value=".7"/>
- <LENGTH value=".9"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12340" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
- <SPECIES name="zoui">
- <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-4-A" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-9-A" type="para" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BPM" id="0001" q="1" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Currie, Norell, Ji S." year="1998"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Vice-Premier</LOW> Zou <LOW>Jiahua</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dongi">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12344" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
- <MEANING>Dong's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header="A Feathered Dinosaur"> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> is one of
-the few non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> for which
-feathery impressions are known. The only others come from the same site
-and have also only recently been discovered. <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
-specimens were at first mistaken for <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
-specimens. </P>
-
-<P> As the name implies, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had a special
-assemblage of feathers on its tail, possibly for ornamental purposes.
-There are bands of dark and light on the tail feathers. These may
-be remnants of the animal's pigmentation, something that is hardly
-ever preserved.</P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had very short forelimbs and symmetrical
-feathers, meaning that it did not fly. It legs were long, perhaps for
-running and/or wading. A recent study has suggested that it was capable of perching.</P>
-
-<P header="Relationships"> The original cladistic analysis placed <NOMEN
-name="Caudipteryx"/> as a basal <LINK content="avialan"/>, but many now
-think it was a more basal <LINK content="maniraptor"/>, probably related
-to <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. The original analysis did not allow
-for the possibility that it was not <LINK content="eumaniraptoran"/>.</P>
-
-<P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx dongi"/> is a synonym of
-<NOMEN name="C. zoui"/>. It is also possible that IVPP V 12340 and BPM
-0001 belong to a new species.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Caudocoelus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- tail vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
- <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Caulodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- stalk tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="diversidens" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leptoganus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="praecursor">
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cearadactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ceará finger
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <SPECIES name="atrox">
- <AUTHOR name="Leonardi, Borgomanero" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cedarosaurus" type="with">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="weiskopfae">
- <MEANING><LOW>Carol</LOW> Weiskopf's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Brooks" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cedarpelta" type="with">
- <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> shield</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <SPECIES name="bilbeyhallorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="disarticulated skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Centemodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1856"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Centrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- pointed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="15 skulls, skeletons, juvenile material"/>
- <SPECIES name="apertus" original="Monoclonius">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1904"/>
- <MEANING>windowed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="albertensis">
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Alberta
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cutleri" status="dubium" original="Monoclonius">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="flexus">
- <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius flexus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longirostris">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
- <SYNONYM name="apertus"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-nosed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
- <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius nasicornis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
- <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="occipital condyle, horn cores"/>
- <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
- <MEANING>
- Montana's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alticornis">
- <SYNONYM name="Triceratops alticornis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="belli">
- <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="horridus">
- <SYNONYM name="Triceratops horridus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="paucidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
- <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same as another <LINK content="ceratopsine"/> genus,
-perhaps <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ceratosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- horned lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="500"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
- <MEANING>
- nose-horned
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dentisulcatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
- <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnicornis">
- <MEANING>big-horned</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, several specimens"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Greppin" year="1870"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="roechlingi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="roechlinqi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="willisobrienorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>Willis O'Brien's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="magnicornis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/> was a common Jurassic predator that
-sported a large horn on the snout and two smaller ones above the eyes.
-</P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="C. ingens"/> may have been a humongous African <LINK
-content="ceratosaur"/>, among the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
-</P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="C. magnicornis"/> and <NOMEN name="C. dentisulcatus"/>
-may be junior synonyms of <NOMEN name="C. nasicornis"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cetiosauriscus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <SPECIES name="stewarti">
- <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1980"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindquarters, vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brancai">
- <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="glymptonensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="greppini" status="dubiumQ" original="Ornithopsis">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1922"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Switzerland"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1905"/>
- <SYNONYM name="stewarti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsii">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longus" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
- <MEANING>
- long
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Usually classified as a <LINK content="diplodocid"/>, but that may need
-reevaluation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cetiosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- whale lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="14"/>
- <LENGTH value="18"/>
- <SPECIES name="medius" status="conservandum">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brachyurus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-tailed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- short
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="conybearei">
- <AUTHOR name="Melville" year="1849"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Brachiosauridae" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, chevron"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="epioolithicus" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus"/>
- <MEANING>after <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="glymptonensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus glymptonensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="greppini">
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hypoolithicus" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1841"/>
- <SYNONYM name="medius"/>
- <MEANING>under <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus leedsi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsii">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longus">
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- long
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mogrebiensis" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1955"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <PLACE name="Algeria" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="several skeletons"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oxonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1880"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rigauxi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rugulosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Cardiodon rugulosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Owen originally considered <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/> to be a
-crocodile-like creature, and thus did not include it in the original
-description of the taxon <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>, which he published
-the same year as <NOMEN name="C. medius"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Changchengornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Great Wall <LOW>of China</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="hengdaoziensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Chiappe, Ji S." year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Changtusaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Changdusaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Chendusaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Chengdusaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Changdu <LOW>basin</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="laminaplacodus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chaoyangia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chaoyang <LOW>County one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="beishanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhang" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had long toes, possibly for wading. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chaoyangsaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Chaoyangosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="MJ" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng, Xu" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="liaosiensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>The oldest known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, although not quite the most basal.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chaoyoungosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- <SPECIES name="liaosiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus liaosiensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Charonosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Charon's <LOW>(ferryman to Hell in Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="jiayinensis">
- <MEANING>from Jiayin</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Zan, Jin" year="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skull with fragmentary crest"/>
- <REMAINS content="elements from dozens of specimens"/>
- <LENGTH value="13"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Hails from the Yuliangze Formation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chasmosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>
- chasm <LOW>(skull opening)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="1500"/>
- <SPECIES name="belli" original="Monoclonius">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="8 skulls, skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevirostris">
- <AUTHOR name="Kaiseni" year="1933"/>
- <SYNONYM name="belli"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-nosed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis" original="Monoclonius">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Canada
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 skulls"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kaiseni">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
- <SYNONYM name="canadensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mariscalensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lehman" year="1989"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="12 skulls, juvenile specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
- <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="russelli">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 skulls"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Pentaceratops sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chassternbergia">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
- <MEANING>
- Cha<LOW>rle</LOW>s <LOW>M.</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cheneosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- goose lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tolmanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurus altispinus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chialingosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Jia-ling <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="kuani" status="conservandum">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chuhsiensis" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
- <SYNONYM name="kuani"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This <LINK content="stegosaur"/>'s plates were rather spiky. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chiayusaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Chiayasaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Chiayuesaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Chiayüsaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Chiryuesaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Jiayu<LOW>gan</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Asiatosaurus mongoliensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- lake<LOW>-dwelling</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chienkosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="ceratosauroides">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>-formed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chihuahuasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sonorasaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Chihuahua lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chilantaisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ch'i-lan-t'ai <LOW>Lake</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="tashuikouensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maortuensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, teeth, other remains"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sibiricus" status="dubium" original="Antrodemus">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1914"/>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <PLACE name="Russia"/>
- <REMAINS content="metatarsal"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauria" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 foot claws, hand claw"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Probably either a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
-<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
-
-<P> The claws assigned to <NOMEN name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis"/> seem instead to
-be from a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>. <NOMEN name="C. maortuensis"/>
-may also be a therizinosaur, or a <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chindesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinde <LOW>Point</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="30"/>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="bryansmalli">
- <AUTHOR name="Murray, Long" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chingkankousaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="scapula"/>
- <SPECIES name="fragilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
- <MEANING>
- fragile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chinshakiangosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Chinsakiangosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Chinshakiang lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="zhongheensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chuhghoensis" status="unknown">
- <SYNONYM name="zhongheensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May have been the largest "prosauropod". </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chirostenotes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- slender hand
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, 3 feet, hand, sacrum, mandible, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="pergracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elegans">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rarus">
- <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus rarus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Caenagnathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cracraft" year="1971"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
- <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes sternbergi"/> may be the same as
-<NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>, perhaps a different gender. Some material
-may belong to a new species. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chondrosteosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- cartilage bone lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="gigas" status="dubiumQ" original="Chondrosteus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="becklessi">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus">
- <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus magnus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="megalus">
- <AUTHOR name="Fox"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- big
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chondrosteus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Chondrosteosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- cartilage bone
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chuandongocoelurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Chuandongosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Chuandong <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, possibly also partial hindlimb, pelvis, fibula, scapula"/>
- <SPECIES name="primitivus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
- <MEANING>
- primitive
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chuanjiesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Chuanjie <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="anaensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Fang, Pang, Lü, Zhang, Pan, Wang, Li, Cheng" year="2000"/>
- <MEANING>from A'na</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="LFCH" id="1001" content="9 cervicals, 17 caudals, 2 ribs, limb & limb girdle elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="MJ" section="earliest" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <ESSAY><P>Originally published as <B><I>C. a'naensis</I></B>, but the
- ICZN does not permit non-alphabetic characters in any taxon's name.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chubutisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="insignis">
- <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Although originally placed in its own family, <NOMEN
-name="Chubutisaurus"/> was considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>
-despite not having front legs longer than hind legs, like <NOMEN
-name="Brachiosaurus"/>. More recent analyses suggest that it
-is a very primitive <LINK content="titanosaur"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Chungkingosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chongqing lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton, 3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="jiangbeiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cimoliornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1846"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <MEANING>
- chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cionodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Cinodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- column tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="arctatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kyzylkumense">
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Citipati" type="with">
- <MEANING>pyre lord</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="osmolskae">
- <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Halszka</LOW> Osmólska's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/978"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" museum="IGM" id="100/979" content="partial postcranium overlying a nest with elongatoolithid eggs"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IGM" id="100/971" content="embryonic skeleton inside elongatoolothid egg"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <REMAINS content="skull with associated cervical vertebrae" museum="IGM" id="100/42"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH q="1" value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The specimen assigned to <NOMEN name="Citipati sp."/>
-had previously been assigned to <NOMEN name="Oviraptor philoceratops"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cladeiodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Claderodon"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Cladyodon"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Kladeisteriodon"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Kladyodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- branch tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lloydi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Teratosaurus suevicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Claorhynchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- broken snout
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
- <SPECIES name="trihedris" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
- <MEANING>
- three-sided
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> or a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Claosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <MEANING>
- broken lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium with skull fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="agilis" original="Hadrosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <MEANING>
- agile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1903"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="annectens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Clarencea" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Clarenceia" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Clarencia" author="Brink" year="1959"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Clarenica" author="Young" year="1964"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Clarensia" author="Gow, Kitching" year="1988"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Brink" year="1959"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Clasmodosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- measured fragment lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="spatula" status="dubium" original="Clasmodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
- <MEANING>
- spatula<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Clepsysaurus" type="none">
- <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1851"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
- <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Clevelanotyrannus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Currie" year="1987"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Nanotyrannus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Cleveland tyrant
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coelophysis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- hollow form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <MASS value="15"/>
- <MASS value="30"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="several hundred skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
- <SPECIES name="bauri" status="conservandum" original="Coelurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1964"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Podokesaurus holyokensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Holyoke
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicollis">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="posthumus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Syntarsus rhodesiensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="willistoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus willistoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>, a very common little hunter of the Late
-Triassic, came in two forms, "robust" and "gracile". These two forms, or
-"morphs", probably represent the two genders. </P>
-
-<P> There was a recent disagreement over the proper name for <NOMEN
-name="Coelophysis"/>. The type specimen (that is, the specimen used to
-define the genus) was rather fragmentary. Most of our knowledge of <NOMEN
-name="Coelophysis"/> comes instead from dozens of very well-preserved
-specimens found at a site called Ghost Ranch. Some scientists recently
-argued that the Ghost Ranch <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> might not
-necessarily be the same as the original <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
-specimen. They proposed a new name for the Ghost Ranch dinosaurs - <NOMEN
-name="Rioarribasaurus"/>. But by this time the association of the name
-<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> with the Ghost Ranch material had become
-heavily entrenched in dinosaur terminology. The ICZN (International
-Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) voted to redefine the type specimen
-of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> as one of the Ghost Ranch specimens. So the
-name <NOMEN name="Rioarribasaurus"/> has been officially dropped. </P>
-
-<P> The original type material, which may or may not belong to the same kind
-of animal as the neotype, has been given its own (dubious) genus:
-<NOMEN name="Eucoelophysis"/> ("true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>"). </P>
-
-<P> A <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> skull from the Carnegie Museum of
-Natural History became the first dinosaur fossil to be taken into space on
-January 22, 1998 when the Endeavor Space Shuttle took off for Mir Space
-Station. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coelosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Anonymous (Owen)" year="1854"/>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coeluroides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/> form
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="India, Kazakhstan"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="largus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- large
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coelurosauravus" type="with">
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <SPECIES name="elivensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauravidae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> ancestor
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coelurosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>
- hollow tail lizard
- </MEANING>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Coelurosauria"/>, in reference to
-some indeterminate small <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coelurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- hollow tail
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial material (single individual?)"/>
- <SPECIES name="fragilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <MEANING>
- fragile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
- <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- agile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bauri">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="daviesi">
- <SYNONYM name="Thecospondylus daviesi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hermanni">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornitholestes hermanni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicollis">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coloborhynchus" type="none">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
- <MEANING>
- stunted snout
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="clavirostris">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Anhangueridae"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Colonosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coloradia" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Blake" year="1863"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="brevis">
- <SYNONYM name="Coloradisaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coloradisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull" type="holo"/>
- <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Coloradia">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1978"/>
- <MEANING>
- short
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the adult version of <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Colossosaurus" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>colossal lizard</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Cadbury" year="2000"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Comodactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Como <LOW>Bluff</LOW> finger
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
- <SPECIES name="ostromi">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1981"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Compsognathus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- delicate jaw
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <MASS value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="France, Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
- <SPECIES name="longipes">
- <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1859"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-footed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="corallestris">
- <AUTHOR name="Demay, Thomel" year="1972"/>
- <SYNONYM name="longipes"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="primus">
- <SYNONYM name="Sinosauropteryx prima" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the very smallest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK
-content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
-
-<P> There has been disagreement over the poorly preserved hand. One early
-restoration with a finned forelimb has been rejected. Usually it is
-depicted with two fingers, although it may well have had the usual
-theropod three, as its closest relative <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
-did. Recently, a bone previously identified as left metacarpal I was
-re-diagnosed as the first phalanx of the first digit, bolstering this
-idea.</P>
-
-<P> The type specimen of <NOMEN name="Compsognathus corallestris"/> probably represents
-the adult form, while the type specimen of <NOMEN name="C. longipes"/> is
-probably a juvenile. The adult was found with 10 eggs and a skeleton
-inside. At first it was thought that the skeleton was of a fetal <NOMEN
-name="Compsognathus"/>, and that the animal gave live birth (ovoviviparity),
-but it turned out to be a <LINK content="lizard"/> (<NOMEN nolink="1"
-name="Bavarisaurus"/>). This is direct evidence of <NOMEN
-name="Compsognathus"/>' predatory nature. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Compsosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- delicate crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="solus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Conchoraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- conch raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Concornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Cuenca <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with feather impressions"/>
- <SPECIES name="lacustris">
- <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscalioni" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- lakeside
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Confuciusornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Confucius' bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="sanctus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Gu, Zhang" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- holy
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="hundreds of complete specimens with feather impressions"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chuonzhous">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
- <REMAINS content="leg"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dui">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meidus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
- <SYNONYM name="chuonzhous"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="shuzi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
- <SYNONYM name="suniae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="suniae">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete specimen(s?)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have a true beak.
-Although toothless, it is probably independent of the two major radiations
-of toothless birds, <LINK content="enantiornitheans"/> and <LINK
-content="neornitheans"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Coniornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="altus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1893"/>
- <MEANING>
- tall
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A freshwater <LINK content="hesperornithid"/>, possibly a species of
-<NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Corythosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Corinthian <LOW>helmet</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <MASS value="3500"/>
- <MASS value="4000"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="10 skulls, associated postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="casuarius">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>
- cassowary<LOW>-like</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bicristatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
- <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
- <MEANING>
- double-crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevicristatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
- <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="convincens">
- <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="excavatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1923"/>
- <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="frontalis">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="intermedius">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
- <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="selwyni">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the "<LINK content="helmeted duck-bills"/>", with a large, hollow,
-semicircular crest. One gender (female?) had smaller crests. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Craspedodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- edge tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Belgium"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1883"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Crataeomus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="lepidophorus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- scale-bearing
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii">
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus pawlowitschii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Craterosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bowl lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="pottonensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1874"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Creosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- flesh lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="atrox">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="potens" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cretornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="Cretaceous"/> bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Criorhynchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- battering ram snout
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="simus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Various other species have been named in this genus, which
-may be the same as <NOMEN name="Tropeognathus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cristatusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- crested lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="premaxillae, partial maxilla, dentary, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="lapparenti" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>de</LOW> Lapparent's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> or <NOMEN
-name="Suchomimus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cryolophosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- frozen crested lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial cranium, mandibles, pelvis, femur, vertebrae, fibula, tibiotarsus, metatarsals"/>
- <SPECIES name="elliotti">
- <AUTHOR name="Hammer, Hickerson" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This is the oldest known <LINK content="carnosaur"/> (and the oldest
-known <LINK content="tetanuran"/>, for that matter). Also the only <LINK
-content="theropod"/> known from Antarctica, and the first <LINK
-content="dinosaur"/> from there to be described. It had an unusual crest
-projecting upwards from between its eyes. </P>
-
-<P>Before formally published, this animal was referred to in literature as
-<NOMEN name="Elvisaurus"/>, named for its pompadour-like crest.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cryptodraco">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <MEANING>
- hidden dragon
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="eumerus">
- <SYNONYM name="Cryptosaurus eumerus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cryptosaurus" status="dubium">
- <MEANING>
- hidden lizard
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
- <SPECIES name="eumerus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This genus was renamed <NOMEN name="Cryptodraco"/> because the name
-<NOMEN name="Cryptosaurus"/> was thought to be preoccupied, but this was
-not the case. (The other animal, a lizard, was actually named
-<NOMEN name="Cystosaurus" nolink="1"/>.) </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ctenochasma">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1852"/>
- <MEANING>
- comb opening
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 specimens (some complete)"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Pterodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1851"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="porocristata">
- <MEANING>porous-crested</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1975"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1972"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This animal filter-fed using the 260 tiny teeth in its jaws. <NOMEN
-name="Ctenochasma porocristata"/> had a porous crest on its head. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cumnoria">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
- <MEANING>
- Cumnor's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dispar">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cuspirostrisornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- pointed rostrum bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian" section="late" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="houi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>Hou <LOW>Jifeng</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="jifengi">
- <SYNONYM name="houi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10897" content="complete skeleton"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cycnorhamphus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
- <MEANING>
- swan beak
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
- <SPECIES name="suevicus" original="Pterodactylus">
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1855"/>
- <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="canjuerensis">
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Cycnorhamphus canjuerensis"/> had a crest on the underside of its
-jaw. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Cylindricodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Inglis, Sawyer" year="1979"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jaeger" year="1828"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- cylindrical tooth
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dacentrurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrurosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dicentrurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dacenturus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
- <MEANING>
- very pointed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="England, France, Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcrania (1 nearly complete), 4 sacra, femora"/>
- <SPECIES name="armatus" original="Omosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
- <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hastiger" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1877"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lennieri">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1893"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial femur"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="vetustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The first <LINK content="stegosaur"/> to be discovered. <NOMEN
-name="Dacentrurus"/> was rather primitive, and had no plates, only spikes.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dachongosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Dachungosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Dachong lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="yunnanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Yunnan <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dakosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1856"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Damalasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Damala lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="laticostalis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>
- great
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Perhaps a <LINK content="brachiosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dandakosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Dandak<LOW>ranya Forest</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="end of pubis"/>
- <SPECIES name="indicus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1982"/>
- <MEANING>
- Indian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Danubiosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Danube <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="anceps" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Daptosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="agilis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
- <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Daspletosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- frightful lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <MASS value="3500"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="torosus">
- <MEANING>muscular</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1970"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons (one nearly complete), skulls (1 complete), 3 partial hindlimbs, partial spine, partial upper jaw"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dasygnathoides">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithosuchus"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dasygnathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1877"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="MacLeary" year="1819"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dasygnathoides"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Datousaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big head/chieftain lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="14"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
- <REMAINS content="jaws" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="bashanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Deinocheirus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- terrible hand
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="mirificus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz" year="1970"/>
- <REMAINS content="forelimbs"/>
- <REMAINS content="ribs, vertebrae" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/64"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The incredible <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is known only from two
-enormous, eight-foot-long (2.5m) arms with 10-inch claws. The arms are
-similar to those of <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>, although the digits
-and claws are more curved. <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> may have been on
-the same scale as the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>. It lived
-alongside <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, another bizarre theropod with
-huge arms. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Deinodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Dinodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- terrible teeth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="horridus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus arctunguis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus2">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="explanatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="falculus">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incrassatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kenabekides">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus kenabekides" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lateralis">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="libratus">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="periculosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named,
-this dubious tooth taxon could be the same thing as <NOMEN
-name="Gorgosaurus"/> or <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Deinonychus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- terrible claws
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="50"/>
- <MASS value="75"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Utah"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 9 skeletons (adult and subadult), teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
- <MEANING>counterbalancing</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1969"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="koreanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>from Korea</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Koreanosaurus sp."/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Deltadromeus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- delta runner
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="3500"/>
- <MASS value="4000"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <REMAINS content="femora"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="agilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Duthiel, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varicchio, J. A. Wilson" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- agile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dendrorhynchoides">
- <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
- <MEANING><NOMEN name="Dendrorhynchus"/> form</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="curvidentatus" original="Dendrorhynchus">
- <REMAINS museum="GMV" id="2128" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>curve-toothed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dendrorhynchus">
- <AUTHOR type="first"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>family</LOW> tree <LOW>of</LOW> <NOMEN name="Rhamphorhynchus"/></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="curvidentatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Denversaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Denver lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="schlessmani">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia schlessmani" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dermodactylus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <MEANING>skin finger</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="metacarpal fragment"/>
- <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
- <MEANING>
- montane
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Deuterosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>second <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="biarmicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Eichwald" year="1860"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Dianchung lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Tianchungosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- </MISSPELLED>
- <SPECIES name="lufengensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elegans" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Diceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Lull" year="1907"/>
- <MEANING>two-horned face</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="cranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="hatcheri" original="Triceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1907"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Considered for a long time as a species of <NOMEN
-name="Triceratops"/>, this genus was recently resurrected. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Diclonius" type="with">
- <MEANING>double stick</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="pentagonus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis"/>
- <MEANING>
- five-sided
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="calamarius" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1883"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="perangulatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dicraeosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>forked lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="13"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <SPECIES name="hansemanni">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium missing forelimbs, 2 partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brancai">
- <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sattleri">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcrania"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Didanodon">
- <MISSPELLED name="Didamodon"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1902"/>
- <SPECIES name="altidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dilophosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1970"/>
- <MEANING>double-crested lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <MASS value="300"/>
- <MASS value="450"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <SPECIES name="wetherilli" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1954"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons, fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="breedorum">
- <MEANING>The Breeds' <LOW>(including William J.)</LOW></MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="77270"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sinensis" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1993"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> sported a pair of thin crests running
-from above the nostrils to the back of the head. (At least, <NOMEN
-name="D. breedorum"/> [which may very well be a junior synonym of <NOMEN
-name="D. wetherilli"/>] and <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> did -- that part
-of the skull is unknown for <NOMEN name="D. wetherilli"/> <I>sensu
-stricto</I>.) These frills were probably ornamental in nature. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was featured in the blockbuster movie
-<U>Jurassic Park</U>. Considerable liberties were taken with the
-restoration. Real <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> were much larger than their
-Jurassic Park counterparts. There is no evidence that they had neck frills or poison
-glands. In fact, <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was the largest predator in
-its environment and had no need to be poisonous. Furthermore, Jurassic Park's
-dilophosaurs had jaws simplified beyond recognition (the cool kink was
-utterly smoothed out). </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> had taller, more robust crests. It may not
-belong to this genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dimodosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Pidancet, Chopard" year="1862"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dimorphodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>two form teeth</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
- <TIME value="MJ"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="macronyx">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
- <MEANING>
- big-clawed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dinheirosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="lourinhanensis">
- <MEANING>from Lourinhã</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Mateus" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dinodocus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- terrible beam
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mackesoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus mackesoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dinosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fischer de Waldheim" year="1847"/>
- <MEANING>
- terrible lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="gresslyi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1856"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
- The name <NOMEN name="Dinosaurus" nolink="1"/> was first given to
- a species of <NOMEN name="Rhopalodon"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dinotyrannus">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>terrible tyrant</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Diopocephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1885"/>
- <MEANING>
- two appearance head
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.4"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="longicollum" original="Pterodactylus">
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Diplodocus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- double beam
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="27"/>
- <MASS value="6000"/>
- <MASS value="20000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <SPECIES name="longus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <MEANING>
- long
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="2 skulls, partial tails"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="carnegiei">
- <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1901"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, 2 skulls, elements"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Andrew</LOW> Carnegie's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hallorum">
- <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Seismosaurus hallorum"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hayi">
- <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1924"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with braincase"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
- <SYNONYM name="longus"/>
- <MEANING>
- lakeside
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="reedi">
- <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1990"/>
- <SYNONYM name="carnegiei"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once known as the longest <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (although others
-have now replaced it). </P>
-
-<P> A recent find with skin impressions show a row of spines going down
-the back. Other <LINK content="sauropods"/> may have shared this trait.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Diplotomodon" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
- <MEANING>
- double cutting tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="horrificus" status="dubium" original="Tomodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
- <MEANING>
- horrific
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Extremely similar to <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Diracodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- neck point tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="laticeps">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus laticeps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stenops">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dolichosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- long crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Doratodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Doratorhynchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- spear snout
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="validus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
- <MEANING>
- valid
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dorygnathus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- spear jaw
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <SPECIES name="banthensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1860"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mistelgauensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1971"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Doryphorosaurus">
- <MEANING>
- spear-bearing lizard
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
- <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Draconyx" type="with">
- <MEANING>dragon claw</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="loureiroi">
- <AUTHOR name="Mateus, Antunes" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="maxillary teeth, 3 caudal centra, chevron, distal epiphyses of right humerus & femur, epiphyses of tibia & fibula, manual phalanx, 3 manual unguals, various pedal elements"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dracopelta" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dragon shield
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial rib cage, armor"/>
- <SPECIES name="zbyszewskii">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dravidosaurus" type="with">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropterygia"/>
- <MEANING>
- Dravid<LOW>anadu</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="blanfordi">
- <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1979"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Drinker" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Edward</LOW> Drinker <LOW>Cope's one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="adult (tooth, tail vertebrae, partial toes), subadult (partial jaws, centra, partial limbs), juvenile (tooth, centra, humerus, toe, femur, astragalus, radius, metatarsals)"/>
- <SPECIES name="nisti">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Galton, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possessed a flexible tail. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dromaeosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- running lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
- <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skull, pedal elements, fragments"/>
- <REMAINS content="toe claw" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="albertensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1922"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Alberta
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="abradens">
- <SYNONYM name="Zapsalis abradens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <MEANING>
- crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="explanatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="falculus">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium" original="Coelurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
- <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lateralis">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minutus">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dromiceiomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
- <MEANING>
- emu mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <MASS value="100"/>
- <MASS value="150"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <SPECIES name="brevitertius" original="Struthiomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
- <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="samueli" original="Struthiomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <REMAINS content="specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Somewhat longer-limbed than other <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>.
-<NOMEN name="Dromiceiomimus samueli"/> may be ancestral to
-<NOMEN name="D. brevitertius"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dromicosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dryosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
- <MEANING>
- oak lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="altus" original="Laosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <MEANING>
- tall
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, infant specimen, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="canaliculatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki" original="Dysalotosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="lettow-vorbecki"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Virchow" year="1919"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dryptosauroides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/> form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- grand
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dryptosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>
- wounding lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="aquilunguis" original="Laelaps">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1866"/>
- <MEANING>
- eagle-clawed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="explanatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="falculus">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gallicus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1867"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kenabekides" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hay" year="1899"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
- <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
- <MEANING>
- big-footed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="medius" status="dubium" original="Allosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1888"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="potens">
- <SYNONYM name="Creosaurus potens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="saharicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once considered a <LINK content="megalosaur"/> (in fact, it was at one
-time used as a subgenus of <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/>), this
-medium-sized predator is now recognized as a basal <LINK
-content="coelurosaur"/>, albeit a very late-occurring one. </P>
-
-<P> Some other large-ish, late-surviving, basal coelurosaurs, like <NOMEN
-name="Deltadromeus"/> seem to have some commonalities with <NOMEN
-name="Dryptosaurus"/>. Together they may form a clade (Dryptosauridae).
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dsungaripterus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Junggar <LOW>Basin</LOW> wing
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <SPECIES name="weii">
- <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brancai" q="1">
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dynamosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dynamic lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
- <MEANING>
- imperial
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" content="lower jaws, vertebrae, ribs" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dyoplosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Dioplosaurus"/>
- <SPECIES name="acutosquameus">
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dysalotosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- hard-to-catch lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dypsalotosaurus" author="Galton" year="1973"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dysalatosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Dysalotasaurus" author="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
- <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dysganus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bad brightness <LOW>(tooth enamel)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="encaustus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth, tooth fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bicarinatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="haydenianus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="peiganus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dyslocosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- hard-to-place lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="17"/>
- <LENGTH value="18"/>
- <MASS value="5000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
- <SPECIES name="polyonychius">
- <AUTHOR name="MacIntosh, Coombs, D. A. Russell" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- many-clawed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> It is unclear whether <NOMEN name="Dyslocosaurus"/> remains came from the
-0 Formation or the Lance Formation. This uncertainty gives it its
-name. It may come from the Late Jurassic, like most other diplodocids, or
-it may be from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), and therefore the
-latest <LINK content="diplodocid"/> known. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dystrophaeus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- coarse joint
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="scapula, ulna, partial forefoot"/>
- <SPECIES name="viamalae" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Dystylosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- double beam lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="edwini">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Echinodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Echinosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- prickly tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.6" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="becklessi">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1861"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary skulls, scutes"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> related to <NOMEN
-name="Scutellosaurus"/>. Also suggested as a <LINK
-content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Echizensaurus" status="unpublished">
- <TIME value="K"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Edmarka" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>William</LOW> Edmark's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="left jugal, ribs, scapulocoracoid"/>
- <SPECIES name="rex">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Krails, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- king
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Torvosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Edmontonia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group's one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="logiceps">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1928"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis">
- <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rugosidens" original="Palaeoscincus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Texas, Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="schlessmani" original="Denversaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, teeth, armor fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Edmontonia schlessmani"/> may be the same as
-<NOMEN name="E. rugosidens"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Edmontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="13"/>
- <MASS value="3000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="regalis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens, 7 skulls"/>
- <MEANING>
- regal
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altispinus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1993"/>
- <SYNONYM name="regalis"/>
- <MEANING>
- tall-spined
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="annectens" original="Claosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, Montana, Saskatchewan, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 specimens, skull elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="copei">
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="annectens"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor">
- <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor2">
- <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis" original="Thespesius">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1926"/>
- <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
- <REMAINS content="several skulls (1 complete)"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Saskatchewan
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Efraasia">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1973"/>
- <MEANING>
- E. Fraas' <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="diagnostica">
- <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Einiosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bison lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 skulls, elements from individuals of various ages"/>
- <SPECIES name="procurvicornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with</LOW> forward-curving horn
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The nasal horn of <NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> curved forward, looking
-something like a bottle-opener. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Elaphrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- light lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="200"/>
- <SPECIES name="bambergi">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelurus agilis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gautieri">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="iguidensis">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="philtippettorum" status="nudum" q="1">
- <MEANING>Phil Tippett's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus" q="1" museum="USNM" id="8415"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Elaphrosaurus"/> remains are not complete, and it was
-originally classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, or
-"ostrich mimics". Placement is still uncertain, although most likely it is
-some type of <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>, possibly
-a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Elmisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- foot lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="45" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="rarus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1981"/>
- <MEANING>
- rare
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elegans" original="Ornithomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
- <MEANING>
- elegant
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Elmisaurus elegans"/> may belong to <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes"/>,
-possibly <NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Elopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- marsh wing
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="3"/>
- <MASS value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Romania"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora, etc."/>
- <REMAINS content="cranium" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="nopcsai" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1913"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Franz</LOW> Nopcsa's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This Transylvanian <LINK content="theropod"/> may be a <LINK
-content="paravian"/> (possibly even a <LINK content="neornithean"/>) or a
-<LINK content="troodontid"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Elosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- marsh lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="parvus">
- <AUTHOR name="Peterson, Gilmore" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
- <MEANING>
- small
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Elvisaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Holmes" year="1993"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Cryolophosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>Elvis <LOW>Aaron Presley</LOW>'s lizard</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Emausaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- E<LOW>rnst-</LOW>M<LOW>oritz-</LOW>A<LOW>rndt </LOW>U<LOW>niversität</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="ernsti">
- <AUTHOR name="Haubold" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Usually considered a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>, but may
-be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Embasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Emba <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Russia"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="minax" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Enaliornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ocean's bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Europe"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull fragments, neck vertebrae, femur, tarsometatarsus"/>
- <SPECIES name="barretti">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1876"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sedgwicki">
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Enantiornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="leali">
- <AUTHOR name="Walker" year="1981"/>
- <PLACE name="S. America"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="martini">
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="walkeri">
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- opposite bird
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" wingspan="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> About the size of a vulture. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Enigmosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- enigmatic lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial pelvis"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eoalulavis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dawn alula bird
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.17" wingspan="1"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium, with impressions of feathers and soft anatomy"/>
- <SPECIES name="hoyasi">
- <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Chiappe, Perez-Moreno, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega, Poyata-Ariza" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have an alula, or
-"bastard wing" -- a group of feathers attached to digit I which aids in
-flight control. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eobrontosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- dawn <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="yahnahpin" original="Apatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Filla, James, Redman" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dawn horned face
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- Canadian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eoenantiornis" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Eoenantiornithes"/>
- <MEANING>
- dawn <LINK content="enantiornithean"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="buhleri">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Feduccia" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eohadrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dawn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="caroljonesi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1997"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Eolambia caroljonesa"/>
- <MEANING>
- Carol Jones'
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eolambia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dawn <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="latest" value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <SPECIES name="caroljonesa">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- Carol Jones'
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The "proto-<LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>". Was originally going to
-be called <NOMEN name="Eohadrosaurus"/>, until its lambeosaurine affinities
-were ascertained. It is the earliest <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known
-(although <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eoraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- dawn raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="several nearly complete skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="lunensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Forster, Rogers, Monetta" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the Valley of</LOW> the Moon</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>, from the Late Triassic, is the most primitive
-known <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (assuming it's not too primitive to
-be a true dinosaur). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eosipterus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- east/dawn wing
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimbs, forelimbs, misc."/>
- <SPECIES name="yangi">
- <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eotyrannus" type="with">
- <MEANING>dawn tyrant</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <SPECIES name="lengi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Naish, Martill, Barker, Newbery" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Gavin</LOW> Leng's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="subadult"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This <LINK content="theropod"/> may be an early member of
-<LINK content="Tyrannosauroidea"/>, a precursor to the "tyrants" of later
-times. It hails from the Wessex formation of the Isle of Wight.
-Unlike the later <LINK content="Tyrannosauridae"/>, it retained three
-fingers.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Epachthosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Epachtosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>heavy lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MACN-CH" id="1317" type="holo" content="partial dorsal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="18689" content="6 posterior dorsal vertebrae, fragmentary sacrum, ilium fragment, pubis"/>
- <REMAINS content="well-preserved specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="sciuttoi">
- <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P> A newer, well-preserved specimen of this animal may show that
- <NOMEN name="Epachthosaurus"/> is an unarmored(!)
- <LINK content="titanosaur"/>, as the specimen lack osteoderms.
- </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Epanterias" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Empaterias"/>
- <MEANING>
- buttressed <LOW>vertebrae</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="amplexus">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ephoenosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1839"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Epicampodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1885"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Erectopus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>
- erect foot
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="200"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="France, Egypt, Portugal"/>
- <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="insignis">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="superbus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
- <SYNONYM name="sauvagei"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <MEANING>
- superb
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Erlikosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Erlicosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Erlik's <LOW>(king of the dead in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="160"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, foot, vertebrae, humerus, partial hindlimb"/>
- <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Perle"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1980"/>
- <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eshanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Eshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="deguchiianus">
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Clark" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Hikaru</LOW> Deguchi's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="mandible"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Although originally classified as a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>,
-there are (as yet unpublished) speculations that this species might be a
-<LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> instead. If a <LINK
-content="therizinosaur"/>, it would be the earliest one known, indeed, the
-earliest <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> known, and would push back the
-hypothesized origin of that group by a great amount of time.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Euacanthus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- good spine
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="vectianus" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>of the Isle of Wight</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Tennyson" year="1987"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eucamerotus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
- <MEANING>
- well-chambered
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eucentrosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- true <NOMEN name="Centrosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eucercosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
- <MEANING>well-tailored lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus">
- <SYNONYM name="Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eucnemesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- good tibia lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="fortis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
- <MEANING>
- strong
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eucoelophysis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <MASS value="15"/>
- <MASS value="30"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="baldwini" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sullivan, Lucas" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <REFER page="Coelophysis"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eudimorphodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- true <NOMEN name="Dimorphodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- <SPECIES name="ranzii">
- <AUTHOR name="Zambelli" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Euhelopus">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1956"/>
- <MEANING>
- true <NOMEN name="Helopus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <MASS value="20000"/>
- <MASS value="24000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="zdanskyi" original="Helopus">
- <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Euoplocephalus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Erroplocephalus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euoploasaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euoplology"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euplocephalus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Europlocephalus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Europecephalus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1910"/>
- <MEANING>
- well-armored head
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5.8"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="40 specimens, 15 skulls, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="tutus" original="Stereocephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="acutosquameus" original="Dyoplosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1924"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magniventris">
- <SYNONYM name="Ankylosaurus magniventris" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/> may be the same as
-<NOMEN name="E. tutus"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eupodosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Boulenger" year="1981"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Nothosauridae"/>
- <MEANING>
- good foot lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eureodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Euronychodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- European claw tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="portucalensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-Russel" year="1991"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <MEANING>
- Portuguese
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asiaticus" status="dubium" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- Asian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Euskelosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Entelosaurus" author="D. E. Russell" year="1971"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euscelesaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euscellosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euscelosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Euskelesaurus" name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <MEANING>
- well-limbed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="1800"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
- <REMAINS content="16 fragmentary skeletons, hundreds of bones"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial tibia" synonym="Orinosaurus capensis"/>
- <SPECIES name="browni">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1866"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="africanus">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="browni"/>
- <MEANING>African</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="capensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1906"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fortis">
- <SYNONYM name="Eucnemesaurus fortis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="molengraaffi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gigantoscelus molengraaffi" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Eustreptospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- well-reversed vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="4"/>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="200"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="250"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadultQ" content="skeleton, limb elements"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="oxoniensis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
- <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="divesensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Explorornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>discovered bird</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <SPECIES name="nessovi">
- <MEANING>Nessov's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS content="distally incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.5 mm)" type="holo" museum="PO" id="4819"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="walkeri" q="1">
- <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4825" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 6.5 mm)"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Panteleev" year="1993"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4818" content="incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.3 mm)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
- <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4817" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of dorsal fossa- ~5.3 mm)"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Fabrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Jean</LOW> Fabre's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial dentary with teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="australis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
- <MEANING>
- southern
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Might be the same as the better-known <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. A
-family named after it, Fabrosauridae, has been proposed to include it,
-<NOMEN name="Agilisaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Gongbusaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Fenestrosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor"/>
- <MEANING>
- windowed lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Frenguellisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Frenguelli's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1986"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Fukuiraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> plunderer</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="kitadaniensis">
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Azuma, Currie" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.2" age="subadult"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" content="elements of skull, vertebral column, and fore- and hindlimbs"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Originally thought to be a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>, this animal,
-originally called <NOMEN name="Kitadanisaurus"/>, is instead
-a basal <LINK content="carnosaur"/>. The large manual unguals were confused
-for the signature "switchblade" second pedal ungual of
-<LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>. The interdental plates were also
-thought to be a deinonychosaurian trait.</P>
-<P>A close relationship has been proposed with the Australian
-<NOMEN name="Allosaurus sp."/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Fukuisaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="premaxilla, maxilla, dentaries, parietal, teeth, vertebrae, sacrum, digits"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Fulengia" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="Carroll, Galton" year="1977"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Fulgurotherium" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lightning beast
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <SPECIES name="australe" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora" type="holo"/>
- <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <REMAINS content="postcranial elements, teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Futabasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- Futaba <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gadolosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Saito" year="1979"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The name might be a mistransliteration of "<LINK content="hadrosaur"/>".</P>
-<P>It has been suggested that this may be a juvenile of
-<NOMEN name="Arstanosaurus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Galesaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="planiceps">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Galesauridae"/>
- <MEANING>flat-headed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
- Originally placed in <LINK content="Crocodylia"/>, then in
- <LINK content="Dinosauria"/> by Sauvage in 1883, now known to
- be a relative of <LINK content="mammals"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gallimimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Gallus"/> <LOW>(chicken)</LOW> mimic
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="bullatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz, Barsbold" year="1972"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="400"/>
- <MASS value="500"/>
- <MEANING>pneumatic</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens (some juvenile)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <SYNONYM name="Sanchusaurus sp."/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The largest <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>, excluding <NOMEN
-name="Deinocheirus"/>. A stampeding herd (flock?) of <NOMEN
-name="Gallimimus"/> was featured in the move <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gallodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus"/>
- <MEANING>
- fowl finger
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Galtonia">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>P.</LOW> Galton's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Pennsylvania"/>
- <REMAINS content="premaxillary teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="gibbidens" original="Thecodontosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gansus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="yumensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Liu" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Gansu <LOW>Province's one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gargantuavis" type="with">
- <MEANING>gargantuan bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="philoinos">
- <MEANING>wine-loving</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS content="synsacrum, femur" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="synsacrum fragment" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="K"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This enormous <LINK content="bird"/> may be related to
- <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- gargoyle lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <SPECIES name="parkpini">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
-May be the same as <NOMEN name="Mymoorapelta"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Garudimimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Garuda mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="85" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="brevipes">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-footed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY> <P> <NOMEN name="Garudimimus"/> is easily distinguishable from
-other <LINK content="ornithomimoids"/> by the small crest in front of its
-eyes. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/> (for which no
-skull material is known).</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gasosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- gas <LOW>company</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus, pelvis, femur, other postcranial elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="constructus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gasparinisaura" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Zulma</LOW> Gasparini's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="0.8"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="cincosaltensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gastonia" type="with">
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="burgei">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Genusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- knee lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium, end of pubis, tibia, fibula, femur, tarsus, vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="sisteronis">
- <AUTHOR name="Accaire, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard, Taquet" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Genyodectes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- biting jaw
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="tip of snout"/>
- <SPECIES name="serus">
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1901"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> It is not known exactly which formation <NOMEN name="Genyodectes"/>
-came from. It may be the same animal as another <LINK
-content="abelisaur"/>, possibly <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Geosternbergia">
- <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1978"/>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Geo<LOW>rge</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Geranosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- crane lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw"/>
- <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Germanodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
- <MEANING>
- German finger
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus" original="Pterodactylus">
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Wieman" year="1925"/>
- <MEANING>
- crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rhamphastinus">
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="late"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Unwin" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Germanodactylus cristatus"/> may be an adult <NOMEN
-name="Pterodactylus kochi"/>. <NOMEN name="G. rhamphastinus"/> may
-represent its own genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Giganotosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- giant southern lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="13.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="14.3"/>
- <MASS value="6000"/>
- <MASS value="8000"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="carolinii">
- <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>Carolini's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Giganotosaurus"/>, a recently discovered South American
-<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>, outsized the largest known <NOMEN
-name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> by a full five feet in length and two tons in
-weight. Except for a new, unnamed carcharodontosaurinae, it was the
-largest known carnivore ever to walk upon the surface of the Earth. Unlike
-<NOMEN name="T. rex"/>, it may have hunted animals far, far larger than
-itself -- <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>, largest land animals of all time.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gigantosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- gigantic lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="megalonyx" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- big-clawed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gigantosaurus2" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="africanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gigantoscelus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Gigantoscelis"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic limb
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="molengraaffi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1916"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gigantspinosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Gigantospinosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- giant spine lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sichuanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gilmoreosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Charles Whitney</LOW> Gilmore's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" original="Mandschurosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimens"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="arkhangelskyi">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapula, sacrum"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ginnareemimus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kaneko" year="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
- <REMAINS content="metatarsal III (pinched), vertebrae, etc."/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Hails from the Sao Khua Formation. May be an <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.</P>
-<P>The spelling will be changed for the final description.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Giraffatitan">
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Giraffa"/> <LOW>(giraffe)</LOW> Titan
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="22"/>
- <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="30000"/>
- <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, several skulls, limb elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="brancai" original="Brachiosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Usually placed in <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>, but there are
- no shared derived traits between <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
- (the type species) and <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan brancai"/> to support
- this placement.</P>
-
- <P> <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan"/>'s nasal crest is the highest one known
- for <LINK content="sauropods"/>. It was also one of the largest sauropods. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Glyptodontopelta" type="with">
- <MEANING><LINK content="glyptodont"/> shield</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mimus">
- <MEANING>mimicking</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS content="armor"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gnathosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- jaw lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="jaw pieces, skull, specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="sublatus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1833"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The jaw pieces this species is based on were first
-thought to be <LINK content="crocodilian"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gobipteryx" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="minute">
- <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="1974"/>
- <MEANING>minute</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> wing
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="eggs, embryos"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gobisaurus" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>
- Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gojirasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Gojira <LOW>(=Godzilla)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5.5"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="150" q="1"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="200" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" content="individual (ribs, vertebrae, chevron, scapula, gastralia?, pubis, tibia, metatarsal, tooth)"/>
- <SPECIES name="quayi">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gondwanatitan" type="with">
- <MEANING>Gondwana titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="faustoi">
- <MEANING>Fausto <LOW>L. de Souza Cunha</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Kellner, de Azevedo" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MN" id="4111-V" content="incomplete skeleton"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gongbusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Kung Pu <LOW>(feudal Ministry of Public Works)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="shiyii" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhao, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wucaiwanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1989"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gongxianosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Gongxian <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, premaxilla"/>
- <SPECIES name="shibeiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="He, Wang, Liu S., Zhou, Liu T., Cai, Dai" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gorgosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Gorgon lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="2500"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="over twenty skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="libratus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="horridus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lance <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancinator">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1923"/>
- <SYNONYM name="libratus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once considered the same as <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>, new
-discoveries have shown <NOMEN name="Gorgosaurus"/> to be distinct. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="G. sternbergi"/> is represented by a juvenile specimen,
-probably the same species as <NOMEN name="G. libratus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Goyocephale" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Goyot/adorned head
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, nearly complete postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="lattimorei">
- <AUTHOR name="Perle, Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Graciliceratops" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- gracile horned face
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>The holotype specimen was previously referred to <NOMEN name="Microceratops gobiensis"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gracilisuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- gracile crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="stipanicicorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gravisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- heavy lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tenerensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Chabli" year="1988"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Norman" year="1989"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Lurdusaurus arenatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gravitholus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- heavy dome
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
- <SPECIES name="albertae">
- <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Alberta
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gresslyosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ajax">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens2">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="terquemi">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus terquemi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="torgeri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Griphornis" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Gryphornis"/>
- <MEANING>Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="longicaudatus" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
- <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Griphosaurus">
- <MEANING>
- Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Gryphosaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1862"/>
- <SPECIES name="problematicus" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
- <MEANING>problematic</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicaudatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Griphornis longicaudatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gryponyx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- hooked claw
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="africanus">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- African
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="taylori" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="transvaalensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1912"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Transvaal
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gryposaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- hook<LOW>-nosed</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skulls (10 complete), postcrania, skin impressions"/>
- <SPECIES name="notabilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incurvimanus" original="Kritosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1920"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="latidens">
- <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="selwyni">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Named for its "Roman nose". </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Guaibasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Rio</LOW> Guaiba <LOW>Hydrographic Basin</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="two incomplete specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="candelariensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Ferigolo, Ribeiro" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>from Candelária</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This animal was originally placed as a basal <LINK content="saurischian"/>.
-Further work has refined it position to just outside <LINK content="Neotheropoda"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gurilynia" type="with">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial humeri, coracoids"/>
- <REMAINS content="lower forelimb" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="nessovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>
- Nessov's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A large enantiornithean. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gwyneddosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bock" year="1945"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Lepidosauria"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Gyposaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Griposaurus"/>
- <SPECIES name="capensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="erectus">
- <SYNONYM name="Aristosaurus erectus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sinensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropodomorpha" incertae="1"/>
- <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" museum="SAFM" id="990" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
- <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hadrosauravus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> ancestor
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="latidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hadrosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Gadrosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- bulky lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranium, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="foulkii" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1858"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="annectens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="breviceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cavatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
- <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="milo">
- <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas milo" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1870"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor2">
- <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1948"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="navajovius">
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="notabilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="paucidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> was the first American
-non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be described
-from a partial skeleton, and the first non-neornithean dinosaur skeleton to
-be put on exhibit. It is New Jersey's state fossil. </P>
-
-<P> Discovery of <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> back in 1858 showed that some
-dinosaurs were bipedal, correcting erroneous restorations of
-<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> as four-footed
-animals (although nowadays <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>, and all other <LINK content="iguanodonts"/> are
-thought to be only semi-bipedal).</P>
-
-<P> Despite being the genus which a large group of dinosaurs
-(<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>) is named after,
-<NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> is not well known. Missing the skull, the type
-specimen is indistinguishable from other <LINK content="hadrosaurines"/>.
-It may belong to a <LINK content="gryposaurin"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hallopus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Halticosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- nimble lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="mandibular fragment, vertebrae, humerus, ilium, femur, metatarsal"/>
- <SPECIES name="longotarsus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-ankled
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="liliensterni">
- <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus liliensterni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus orbitoangulatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Might be a <LINK content="coelophysid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Haopterus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Hao wing</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wang, Lü" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="well-preserved specimen with nearly complete skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- simple spine lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <LENGTH value="22"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Wyoming"/>
- <SPECIES name="priscus" original="Haplocanthus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="delfsi">
- <AUTHOR name="McIntosh, Williams" year="1988"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Apatosaurus" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Mook" year="1917"/>
- <MEANING>
- least
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="sacrum, pelvis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="utterbacki">
- <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
- <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Haplocanthosaurus"/> has been classified as either a
-primitive <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>, a primitive <LINK
-content="macronarian"/>, or the sister group to <LINK
-content="Neosauropoda"/>. <NOMEN name="H. minimus"/> may be a <LINK
-content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Haplocanthus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
- <MEANING>
- simple spine
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="priscus">
- <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus priscus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hargeria">
- <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1903"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Oskar</LOW> Harger's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Harpymimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Harpy <LOW>(bird-woman monster of Greek Mythology)</LOW> mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="okladnikovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> retained ten or
-eleven conical teeth in its lower jaw. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hecatosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Hecatasaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
- <MEANING>
- Hecate's <LOW>(a demon)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- Transylvanian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Heishansaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Heishan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS content="armor" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="pachycephalus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- <MEANING>
- thick-headed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally classified as a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, but
-may be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Helopus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Wagler" year="1832"/>
- <MEANING>
- marsh foot
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Heptasteornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- seven towns bird
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
- <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Herbstosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="pigmaeus">
- <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1974"/>
- <MEANING>pygmy</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Herbst's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Herrerasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Herrera's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="200"/>
- <MASS value="350" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, postcranial material"/>
- <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hesperornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- western bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <SPECIES name="regalis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <MEANING>
- regal
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassipes">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Parahesperornis gracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rossica">
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hesperosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>western lizard</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="mjosi">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Heterodontosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Heterosaurus" author="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
- <MEANING>
- differently toothed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.9"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <MASS value="10"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, skull, fragmentary jaw"/>
- <SPECIES name="tucki">
- <AUTHOR name="Crompton, Charig" year="1962"/>
- <MEANING>Tuck's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Heterosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- different lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="neocomiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Cornuel" year="1850"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> <LINK content="Neocomian"/>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hierosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1909"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Nodosaurus textilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="coleii">
- <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hikanodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Keferstein" year="1834"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hironosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
- <MEANING>
- Hirono<LOW>-machi</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebra"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hisanohamasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- Hisano-hama lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Histriasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Istrian lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Croatia"/>
- <SPECIES name="boscarollii">
- <MEANING><LOW>Dario</LOW> Boscarolli's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Dalla Vecchia" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Holbotia" type="with">
- <MEANING>Holbotu <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <SPECIES name="ponomarenkoi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Originally assigned to the <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>, but
- actually a <LINK content="bird"/>, perhaps similar to
- (or the same as) <NOMEN name="Ambiortus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Homalocephale" type="with">
- <MEANING>even head</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="calathocercos">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Honghesaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1981"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hoplitosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
- <MEANING>
- hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with armor plates"/>
- <SPECIES name="marshi" original="Stegosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1901"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hoplosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- armored lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ischyrus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- strong
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Horezmavis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="eocretacea">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> dawn <LOW>of the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Khorezm <LOW>Oasis</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hortalotarsus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- young bird ankle
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="skirtopodus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1894"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="q"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Huabeisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Huabei lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="allocotus">
- <MEANING>differently-formed</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Pang, Cheng" year="2000"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Huanhepterus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Huan River wing
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="qinyangensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Huayangosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Huayang lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, 5 fragmentary postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="taibaii">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang, Zhou" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hudiesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- butterfly <LOW>vertebra</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="30"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 teeth, forelimb, first dorsal vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="sinojapanorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- Chinese-Japanese
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hulsanpes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Khulsan foot
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial foot"/>
- <SPECIES name="perlei">
- <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had a "switchblade" foot claw. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hunhosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hylaeosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Hyaelosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- woodland lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England, France"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary postcrania, isolated elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="armatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1833"/>
- <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="conybearei">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="foxii">
- <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="northamptoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Regnosaurus northamptoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oweni">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> was one of the original three animals
-used by Sir Richard Owen to define the <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>,
-along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hylosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- woodland lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mantelli">
- <AUTHOR name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hypacrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- below the top lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="altispinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1913"/>
- <MEANING>
- high-spined
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons & skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="casuarius">
- <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lambei">
- <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stebingeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Horner, Currie" year="1994"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragments, eggs with embryos"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Barsboldia"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hypselorhachis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hypselosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- high ridge lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="10000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="France, Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial elements from at least 10 individuals"/>
- <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="priscus">
- <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Fossilized eggs about a foot long from the south of France have been
-attributed to this <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hypsibema" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- high stride
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="crassicauda" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
- <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, humerus, tibia, metatarsal"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="missouriensis" status="dubium" original="Neosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore, Stewart" year="1945"/>
- <PLACE name="Missouri"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Missouri
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hypsilophodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Hypsilophus"/> <LOW>("high ridge" -- iguanid <LINK content="lizard"/>)</LOW> tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.3"/>
- <MASS value="25"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="13 skeletons (3 nearly complete), skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="foxii">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wielandi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Hypsirophus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Hypsirhophus"/>
- <MEANING>
- high roof
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="discurus" status="dubium">
- <MISSPELLED name="discurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stenops">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus ungulatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Iberomesornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Iberian intermediate bird
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="romeralli">
- <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ichthyornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- fish<LOW>-like vertebrae</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <SPECIES name="dispar">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="antecessor">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="celer">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatornis celer" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Lenesornis maltshevskyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="victor">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Iguanodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1825"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <MASS value="4500"/>
- <MASS value="5500"/>
- <SPECIES name="bernissartensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Boulenger"/>
- <AUTHOR name="van Beneden" year="1881"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain, Mongolia?"/>
- <PLACE name="France, Tunisia" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (some complete), teeth"/>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="anglicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Holl" year="1829"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, fragments"/>
- <MEANING>
- English
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="atherfieldensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1924"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 complete skeletons, partial skeletons, teeth, postcrania (juvenile to adult)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
- <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fittoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 partial skulls"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="foxii">
- <SYNONYM name="Hypsilophodon foxii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
- <SYNONYM name="atherfieldensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hoggi">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hollingtonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <SYNONYM name="fittoni"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lakotaensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Weishampel, Bjork" year="1989"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Lakota <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="major">
- <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus major" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mantelli">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
- <SYNONYM name="anglicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Whitfield" year="1992"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="orientalis">
- <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
- <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
- <MEANING>
- eastern
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ottingeri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
- <SYNONYM name="Priodontognathus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="praecursor" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- forerunner
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prestwichii2">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
- <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Vectisaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis2">
- <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This was the first <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be scientifically
-recognized. Along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> it was one of the first three creatures to be
-placed in <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> was originally restored as a four-legged,
-rhinoceros-like beast. Later the "nasal horn" turned out to be a thumb spike.
-Its posture was changed to bipedal, since its hindlimbs were so much longer
-than its forelimbs. Nowadays it, like other large
-<LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, is thought to have been facultatively bipedal,
-that is, primarily quadrupedal, but capable of moving on two legs as well. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> as shown here may be a paraphyletic genus, with
-some species closer to
-<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/> than others. As with most old genera, there is some
-taxonomic sorting to be done. The original type species (<NOMEN name="I. anglicus"/>)
-is based on very poor material, and thus the type was recently
-changed to the better-known <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/>
-by the ICZN.</P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="I. hollingtonensis"/> and <NOMEN name="I. atherfieldensis"/>
-were rather gracile and long-spined, while <NOMEN name="I. dawsoni"/> and
-<NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/> were more robust and short-spined. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Iguanosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1824"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> <LINK content="lizard"/>
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Iliosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ilium <LOW>(hip bone) like a</LOW> crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="1.5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 ilia"/>
- <SPECIES name="incognitus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- incognito
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
- <SYNONYM name="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This tiny creature may be related to <NOMEN name="Stokesosaurus"/>.
-Both may have been very early <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ilokelesia" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="aguadagrandensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Incolornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>inhabitant bird</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <SPECIES name="silvae">
- <MEANING>of the forest</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4604" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.6 mm)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="martini">
- <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4609" content="proximal fragment of coracoid"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>These two species may be the same.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Indosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Indian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="matleyi">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May have had two horns on its head. Had a thick braincase. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Indosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Indian crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <SPECIES name="raptorius">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1923"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcranial fragments"/>
- <MEANING>thievish</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rawesi" status="dubium" original="Massospondylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ingenia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ingeni<LOW>-Khobur (in the Gobi Desert) one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
- <MASS value="6" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete)"/>
- <SPECIES name="yanshini">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Professor</LOW> Yanshin's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had very odd hands. Most
-<LINK content="tetanurans"/> have a very short first digit, a long second
-digit, and a third digit somewhat shorter than the second.
-<NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had a short first digit, a shorter second digit, and
-an even shorter third. All fingers were stubby, unlike those of most other
-<LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>, and the claws were small, unlike the large claws
-of its close relative <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Apart from the hands, it is much like other oviraptorids. It was
-suggested that it might have been the same as <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>,
-but a different gender. However, the large difference in the hands between
-these two animals seems to go beyond sexual dimorphism. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Inosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- In <LOW>Tendreft</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial tibia"/>
- <SPECIES name="tedreftensis" status="dubium">
- <MEANING>from <LOW>In</LOW> Tendreft</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Irritator" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- irritator
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete (but obfuscated) skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="challengeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Martill, Cruikshank, Frey, Small, Clarke" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Professor</LOW> Challenger's <LOW>(character in A. C. Doyle's <U>The Lost World</U>)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Irritator"/> is known from an unusual skull which was badly
-obscured by amateurs' attempts to exaggerate it with plaster, hence the
-name <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. The skull has been re-evaluated since its
-initial publication. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Isanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Isan lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="attavipachi">
- <MEANING><LOW>P.</LOW> Attavipach's</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Thailand"/> <!--NE, Nam Phong Fm.-->
- <TIME value="Norian" section="late" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Rhaetian" q="1"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Cuny, Tong, Le Loeuff, Khansubha, Jongautchariyakul" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS content="1 cervical, 1 dorsal, and 6 caudal vertebrae; neural arch of posterior dorsal vertebra; 2 chevrons; rib fragments; right sternal plate; scapula; femur"/>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="6.5" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The earliest known <LINK content="sauropod"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ischisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ischi<LOW>gualasto Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="cattoi">
- <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ischyrosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1869"/>
- <MEANING>strong/equally-handed lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="25" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
- <SPECIES name="manseli" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Istiodactylus">
- <MEANING>sail finger</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Howse, Milner, Martill" year="2001"/>
- <SPECIES name="latidens" original="Ornithodesmus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1913"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Itemirus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Itemir <LOW>(in the Kyzyl Kum Desert) one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
- <SPECIES name="medullaris">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Itemirus"/> is a poorly known <LINK content="theropod"/> of
-medium size. It may be allied with the <LINK content="tyrannosaurids"/>, or
-possibly with the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Iuticosaurus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- Jutes' <LOW>(Germanic tribe)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Luticosaurus"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="caudal centra"/>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jainosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lockley, Lucas, von Meyer" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- Jain's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="18"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="basicranium, partial postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="septentrionalis" original="Antarctosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a junior synonym of <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus indicus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Janenschia">
- <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Werner</LOW> Janensch's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 hindlimbs, 2 forelimbs, forefoot, back & tail vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="robusta" original="Gigantosaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Wild" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lessem, Glut" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The earliest known <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Some material assigned
-to it may be <LINK content="diplodocimorphan"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jaxartosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Yaxartosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull roof, braincase"/>
- <SPECIES name="aralensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1934"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Aral <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fuyunensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Wu" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jeholosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Jehol <LOW>Group</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="shangyuanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2000"/>
- <MEANING>from Shangyuan</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly compete skull (dorsally compressed)"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull (laterally compressed), some skeletal elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jenghizkhan">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- Genghis Khan's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="bataar">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jensenosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="B. D. Curtice, Stadtman, L. J. Curtice" year="1996"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros"/>
- <MEANING>
- Jensen's lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jiangjunmiaosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1987"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Monolophosaurus"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor"/>
- <MEANING>
- Jiangjunmiao lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jibeinia" type="with">
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <MEANING>Ji Bei <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="luanhera">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jingshanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Jingshan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull and nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="xinwaensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Yang" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be synonymous with <NOMEN name="Yunnanosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jinzhousaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Jinzhou lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="yangi">
- <MEANING>Yang's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Wang, Xu" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jobaria" type="with">
- <MEANING>Jobar <LOW>(creature of Tuareg mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="21"/>
- <MASS value="18000"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete specimens of various ages"/>
- <REMAINS content="pes"/>
- <SPECIES name="tiguidensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This newly discovered animal has its own website:
- <REFER page="http://www.jobaria.org"/></P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jubbulpuria" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Jubbulpore <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Judinornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="nogontsavensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Konstantin Alekseyevich</LOW> Yudin's bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jurapteryx">
- <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>Jura wing</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="recurva">
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx recurva" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Jurassosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Jurassic <LOW>Park</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferkimorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Holden" year="1992"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sam</LOW> Ne<LOW>ill, Laura</LOW> De<LOW>rn, Jeff</LOW>
- Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard</LOW> A<LOW>ttenborough, Bob</LOW>
- Pe<LOW>ck, Martin</LOW> Fer<LOW>rero, Wayne </LOW>K<LOW>night,
- Ariana R</LOW>i<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>M<LOW>azzello</LOW>'s
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kagasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
- <MEANING>
- Kaga lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kaijiangosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Kai River lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="lini">
- <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kakuru" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- rainbow serpent
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
- <REMAINS content="foot claw" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="kujani">
- <AUTHOR name="Molnar, Pledge" year="1980"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/> is the only known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
-preserved as opal, a leg bone resembling <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/>. Its
-whereabouts were unknown until recently. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kangnasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Kangnas <LOW>farm</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth, partial hindlimb, postcranial elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="coetzeei" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1915"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Katsuyamakensaurus" status="unpublished">
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Katsuyamasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- Katsuyama lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="ulna, tail vertebra"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kelmayisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Kelmayi lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="petrolicus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla, dentary"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganticus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Grady" year="1993"/>
- <LENGTH value="22" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="vertebral column"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Kelmayisaurus giganticus"/> has not been described,
-and may be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kentrosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Kenthrosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>
- pointed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <MASS value="450"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal elements from several individuals"/>
- <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1915"/>
- <MEANING>
- Ethiopian <LOW>(African)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES q="1" name="longispinus" original="Stegosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <MEANING>long-spined</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This small <LINK content="stegosaur"/> had triangular plates running
-down its neck that gave way to spikes on its back and tail. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kentrurosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Centrurosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1917"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Kentrorosaurus" author="Young" year="1944"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Kentruruosaurus" author="Bakker" year="1996"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
- <MEANING>
- pointed tail lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kepodactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Garden <LOW>Park</LOW> finger
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, partial forelimb"/>
- <SPECIES name="insperatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Harris, Carpenter" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Khaan" type="with">
- <MEANING>lord</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mckennai">
- <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Malcolm</LOW> McKenna's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/1127"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton (lacking distal half of tail)" museum="IGM" id="100/1002"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/973"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The material referred to this species was previously referred to
-<NOMEN name="Ingenia"/>.</P>
-<P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> for the shortest genus name of any
-non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, and it is
-the only monosyllabic genus name for a non-neornithean dinosaur.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kitadanisaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Fukuiraptor"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kizylkumavis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="cretacea">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Klamelisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Klameli lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="17"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao X." year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Suggested as the adult form of <NOMEN name="Bellusaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Koparion" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- scalpel <LOW>tooth</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="upper tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="douglassi">
- <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be a tiny, early <LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Koreanosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1979"/>
- <MEANING>
- Korean lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
- <REMAINS content="femur"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kotasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Kota <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="yamanpalliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kritosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- separated lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="navajovius">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull" synonym="Naashoibitosaurus ostromi"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcrania"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull" museum="BYU" id="12950" synonym="Anasazisaurus horneri"/>
- <MEANING>
- Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1984"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <MEANING>
- southern
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="breviceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grallipes">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="horneri">
- <SYNONYM name="Anasazisaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incurvimanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus incurvimanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="latidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marginatus" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="navajovius"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="notabilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus australis"/> is the only well-known
-<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> from the Southern Hemisphere. It may not
-belong to the same genus as the poorly known type of
-<NOMEN name="Kritosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kulceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lake horned face
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
- <SPECIES name="kulensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kunmingosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Kunming lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="wudingensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Kuszholia">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- birds' road
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly flightless. </P>
-
-<P> Named after <I>Kus Zholi</I>, the Kazakh term for The Milky Way. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Labocania" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- La Bocana <LOW>Roja Formation one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="anomala" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1974"/>
- <MEANING>
- anomalous
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>
- Although classified as a <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>,
- the remains of this <LINK content="theropod"/> are too scrappy to place it
- with any certainty.
- </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Labrosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <MEANING>
- greedy lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lucaris">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ferox">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fragilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="medius">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stechowi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus roechlingi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Laelaps" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Koch" year="1839"/>
- <MEANING>Laelaps <LOW>(mythological leaper)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="explanatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="falculus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon mirandis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gallicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hazenianus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incrassatus2" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laevifrons" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
- <MEANING>
- big-footed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Laevisuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lucky/left/light crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/613" content="cervical vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/614" content="cervical vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/696" content="cervical vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="indicus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>Indian</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lagerpeton" type="with">
- <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="0.45"/>
- <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimb, hips, vertebrae, foot, miscellaneous elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="canarensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lagosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- rabbit crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
- <MASS value="0.09"/>
- <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="talampayensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
- <MEANING>from Talampaya <LOW>National Park</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lilloensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Marasuchus lilloensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <REFER page="Marasuchus"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lambeosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="lambei">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="7 specimens, 10 skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="clavinitalis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laticaudus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1941"/>
- <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, postcranial elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnicristatus">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton, skull"/>
- <MEANING>
- big-crested
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="paucidens" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The "hatchet-shaped" crest of <NOMEN name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/> had a
-large, hollow part pointing forward from above the eyes and a spike jutting
-backward. The crest of <NOMEN name="L. magnicristatus"/> had a larger hollow
-section and barely any spike, looking more like <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>
-and its relatives. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lametasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lameta <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="indicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Matley" year="1923"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Ankylosauria"/>
- <MEANING>
- Indian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lanasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wool lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
- <SPECIES name="scalpridens">
- <AUTHOR name="Gow" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Lycorhinus angustidens"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lancangosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Datousaurus bashanensis"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lancanjiangosaurus" type="with">
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
- <SPECIES name="cachuensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Laopteryx" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <MEANING>
- stone wing
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Laosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- stone lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="celer">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="consors">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1925"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minimus">
- <SYNONYM name="Orodromeus minimus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rex">
- <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Laplatasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- La Plata lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial tail, limb elements, dermal armor"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Titanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 tail vertebrae, scute"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Madagascar
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Antarctosaurus wichmannianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lapparentosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Albert F. de</LOW> Lapparent's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="4 partial postcrania, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Madagascar
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>This material was originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Bothriospondylus madagascariensis"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Largirostrisornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- large rostrum bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="sexdentoris">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- six-toothed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10531" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Leaellynasaura" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Leaellyn <LOW>Rich's</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull fragments, teeth, postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="amicagraphica">
- <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Leaellynasaura"/> is known from the
-mid-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> of Australia, which was close to the South
-Pole at the time. It had very large eyes, which some have interpreted as an
-adaptation to the long period of winter darkness which occurs near the south
-pole. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lectavis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="brevipedalis">
- <MEANING>short-footed</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- bed <LOW>(=Lecho Formation)</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Leipsanosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Lepanosaurus"/>
- <SPECIES name="noricus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1918"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lenesornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- Le<LOW>v Alexandrovich</LOW> Nes<LOW>sov's</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
- <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi" original="Ichthyornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Leptoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- slender horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <MASS value="55"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 skulls (3 complete), skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus">
- <SYNONYM name="Montanoceratops cerorhynchus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Bipedal or facultatively quadrupedal. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Leptospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- slim vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lesothosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lesotho lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 skulls, skeletal material"/>
- <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1978"/>
- <MEANING>
- diagnostic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis">
- <SYNONYM status="objective" name="Fabrosaurus australis"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Norman" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> could be a junior synonym of
-<NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/>. Although the type material of
-<NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> is very similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>
-material, the <NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> material is very poor,
-and not quite good enough to tell if these two are indeed the same. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> is the best known
-non-<LINK content="genasaurian ornithischian"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lessemsaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Don</LOW> Lessem's lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sauropoides">
- <MEANING><LINK content="sauropod"/>-like</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial articulated spine" comment="mainly neural arches" type="holo"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lestornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
- <MEANING>
- thief bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lewisuchus" type="with">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- <SPECIES name="admixtus">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lexovisaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Lexovsaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Hoffstetter" year="1957"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lexovix <LOW>(tribe)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="England, France"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 partial postcrania, skeletal elements (juvenile to adult)"/>
- <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <SYNONYM name="Sarcolestes leedsi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="vetustus" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Plates formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/> were
-actually the gill rakers of a large <LINK content="fish"/>
-(<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Leedsichthys"/>). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Liaoningornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="longiditrus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly the earliest <LINK content="ornithuran bird"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Liaoningosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Liaoning <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="paradoxus">
- <MEANING>paradoxical</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This specimen, the only dinosaur known with a bony plate covering
-its abdomen, seems to have both <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/>
-and <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> features. A cladistic analysis has placed
-it in <LINK content="Nodosauridae"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Liaoxiornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="delicatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Chen" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>delicate</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="0.06"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This tiny <LINK content="bird"/> is the smallest known adult
-<LINK content="dinosaur"/> from the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
-under 2½ inches in length, despite its unusually long pygostyle. </P>
-
-<P>The counterslab of the type specimen was originally published as
-<NOMEN name="Lingyuanornis parvus"/>.</P>
-
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Liassaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LINK content="Lias"/> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="huenei" status="nudum">
- <MEANING><LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Europe"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia" museum="Warwick Museum"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Libycosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="petrocchi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonarelli" year="1947"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Artiodactyla"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
-Originally described as an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but shown by
-de Lapparent in 1954 to be the synonym of a <LINK content="mammalian"/>
-species.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ligabueino" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's little <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pedal elements, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="andesi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>from the</LOW> Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>May have had a hyperextensible second pedal digit, like
-the related <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> and the not-so-closely-related
-<LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Likhoelesaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="ingens">
- <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
- <SYNONYM name="ingens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Likhoel lizard
- </MEANING>
- <ESSAY><P>
-May be the same as <NOMEN name="Basutodon ferox"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Liliensternus">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="3"/>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
- <MASS value="400" q="1"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="130"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
- <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
- <SPECIES name="liliensterni" original="Halticosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1934"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial subadult skeletons"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="airelensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Curry, Galton" year="1993"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth, vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus" original="Halticosaurus">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenosuchidae"/>
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- <MEANING>
- angular-orbited
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Limaysaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Novas" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- Limay lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <SPECIES name="tessonei" original="Rebbachisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Limenavis" type="with">
- <MEANING>Limen bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="patagonica">
- <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Clarke, Chiappe" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PVL" id="4731" content="distal humerus, proximal and distal ulna, proximal radius, proximal and distal carpometacarpus, partial ulnare, radiale, incomplete phalanx II-1" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Limnosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <MEANING>
- marsh lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lingyuanornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>Lingyuan bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="parvus">
- <MEANING>small</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Liaoxiornis delicatus"/>
- <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lirainosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Lirainasaurus"/>
- <MEANING>slender <LOW>(Basque)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="astibiae">
- <AUTHOR name="Sanz, J. E. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martínez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Humberto</LOW> Astiba's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="anterior caudal vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS type="para" content="occipital part of skull, isolated teeth, dorsal & caudal vertebrae, coracoid, sternal plate, humeri, fragments of ilium & pubis, femors, tibia, osteoderms"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lisboasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seiffert" year="1973"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Mesoeucrocodylia"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lisbon lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lonchodectes">
- <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <MEANING>
- lance biter
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Loncosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- chief(?) lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="end of femur, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
- <MEANING>
- Argentinian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Longchengornis" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Langchengornis"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>Dragon Town <LOW>(Chaoyang)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sanyanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> three <LOW>feudal states of the</LOW> Yan <LOW>Kingdom</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10530" content="incomplete skeleton with skull fragments"/>
- <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Longipteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>long feathers</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="chaoyangensis">
- <MEANING>from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou, Hou, Gu" year="2001"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Hails from the Jiufotang Formation. The bill is rather long.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Longisquama" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- long scales
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="insignis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1970"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Longosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
- <MEANING>
- Long's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="longicollis">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lophorhothon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- crested snout
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15" q="y"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alabama, N. Carolina"/>
- <PLACE name="Mississippi" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton, skeletal elements"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="atopus">
- <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1960"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-
-<P> Could be a small <LINK content="hadrosaurine"/> or a young <NOMEN
-name="Parasaurolophus"/>. (The length estimate on this page assumes it is
-known from juvenile material.) Had a small bump in front of its eyes. </P>
-
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Loricosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="scutatus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Losillasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Losilla lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" type="holo" content="cervical vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS age="subadult" content="cranial fragment; cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae; vertebral fragments; humerus; ulna; radius; metacarpal; sternal plates; ilium; ischium; pubis"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Casanovas, Santafe, Sanz" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="EK" q="1"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Hails from the Collano Formation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lourinhanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="cervical, dorsal, & caudal vertebrae; ribs; chevrons; pelvic girdle; hindlimbs; gastroliths"/>
- <REMAINS content="eggs with embryos"/>
- <SPECIES name="antunesi">
- <AUTHOR name="Mateus" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lourinhasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dantas, Sanz, Da Silva, Ortega, Dos Santos, Cachco" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="17"/>
- <MASS value="15000"/>
- <MASS value="20000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcrania, tail vertebrae, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="alenquerensis" original="Apatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>, and then to
-<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>, new material shows that this Portuguese
-species to belong to a separate genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Luanpingosaurus" type="with">
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="jingshanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Cheng"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chen" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lucianosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Luciano <LOW>Mesa</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="wildi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lufengocephalus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lu-feng <LOW>Series</LOW> head
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tawae">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1974"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tawasaurus minor"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lufengosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lu-Feng <LOW>Series</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 30 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="huenei">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="changduensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
- <SYNONYM name="huenei"/>
- <MEANING>
- big
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lukousaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lukou <LOW>Bridge</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="yini">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lurdusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- weighty lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <SPECIES name="arenatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="5000"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MMHN GDF" id="1700" content="partial skull postcranium missing parts of pelvis & pes"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Previously known as <NOMEN name="Gravisaurus"/>. A bulky, massively
-constructed <LINK content="iguanodont"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lusitanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Lusitanian <LOW>(=Portuguese)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull fragment, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="liassicus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Probably a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> of some kind. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Lycorhinus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wolf snout
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
- <SPECIES name="angustidens">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="angusticeps" author="Gow" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="consors">
- <SYNONYM name="Abrictosaurus consors" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tucki">
- <SYNONYM name="Heterodontosaurus tucki" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Thulborn" year="1970"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally thought to be a mammal, since its sharp tusks look like
-canine teeth. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Macelognathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Macrodontophion" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Zborzewski" year="1834"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Macrophalangia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big phalanges
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- Canadian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elegans">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Macroscelosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Münster"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
- <MEANING>
- big limb lizard
- </MEANING>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Macrurosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big-tailed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="semnus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1896"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="platypus">
- <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis platypus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Madsenius" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Magnosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- large lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="nethercombensis" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth, postcranial fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
- <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Magulodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- cheek tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="muirkirkensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Muirkirk
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Magyarosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Maggiarosaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- Magyars' <LOW>European tribe</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="dacus" original="Titanosaurus">
- <PLACE name="Hungary, Romania"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial remains from at least 10 individuals"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" content="osteoderm"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="dacus"/>
- <REMAINS content="fibula"/>
- <MEANING>
- Hungarian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
- <PLACE name="Romania"/>
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
- <MEANING>
- Transylvanian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A dwarf <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Maiasaura" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- mother lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 200 skeletons (from embryo to adult), eggs"/>
- <SPECIES name="peeblesorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Horner, Makela" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Babies have been found of this <LINK content="duck-bill"/>. They hatched
-in great earthen nests, like those of crocodiles or mallee fowl, and were
-watched over by the parents. The nests, each containing 20-30 eggs, were
-grouped in colonies for better protection against predators. </P>
-
-<P> Infant <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> about three feet long have been found.
-The eggs were much smaller, on level with those of today's largest birds. The
-relatively tiny baby <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> had a lot of growing to
-do before they could become 30- to 40-foot-long fully grown duck-bills. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> had a very small, spiky crest in front of its
-eyes. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Majungasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Majunga lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial dentary, teeth, tail vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="crenatissimus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lavocat" year="1955"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>, but material is too
-scant to be certain. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Majungatholus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Majunga dome
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <PLACEn name="Egypt, India" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="adult individual (nearly complete skull, most of tail), immature individual (incomplete skull, spine except for tail, ilium, ribs), etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="atopus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sues, Taquet" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>. was originally thought to be a
-<LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>. Then it was synonymized with
-<NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/>, an <LINK content="abelisaur"/> known from part
-of a jawbone. More recently, <NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/> material has been
-judged too poor to make synonymy certain. </P>
-
-<P> This animal had a small horn above its eyes. The skull was nearly 60cm
-long. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Malawisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- Malawi lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Malawi"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ischium, pubis, partial scapula, sternal plates, premaxilla, dentaries, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="dixeyi" original="Gigantosaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1928"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Maleevosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1984"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Carpenter" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Maleevus">
- <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1987"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="disparoserratus" original="Syrmosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
- <MEANING>disparately serrated</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mamenchisaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Mamemchisaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchiosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchisaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Mammenchisaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Menenchisaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Mamenxi <LOW>Ferry</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="22"/>
- <LENGTH value="25"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="constructus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1954"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="anyuensis">
- <AUTHOR name="He, Yang, Cai, Li, Liu" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="changshouensis" original="Omeisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fuxiensis" original="Zigongosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhao, Chu" year="1976"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gongjianensis" status="nudum" original="Omeisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhen" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hochuanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young, Zhao" year="1972"/>
- <MASS value="11500"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="jingyangensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen with skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sinocanadorum">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zheng" year="1995"/>
- <LENGTH value="26"/>
- <MASS value="17500"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, partial skull, neck vertebrae, ribs"/>
- <MEANING>
- Chinese-Canadian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="yangi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
- <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="yaochinensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="He, al." year="1996"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="Pi, Ouyang, Ye" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="youngsi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Ouyang"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
- <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary humerus" synonym="Moshisaurus sp."/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mandschurosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
- <MEANING>
- Manchurian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="amurensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="jiainensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Luo, Zhang, Li" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="amurensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laosensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontia"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- Mongolian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Manospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>porous vertebra</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="gigas" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
- <MEANING>giant</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="3982" content="2 dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Marasuchus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Arcucci" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- mara crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
- <MASS value="0.1"/>
- <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="lilloensis" original="Lagosuchus">
- <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The name <NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> was given to some specimens
-formerly referred to <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>. However, the type specimen
-of <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/> is too fragmentary to be sure that the
-<NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> specimens are the same animal as it. </P>
-
-<P> This genus is named after the mara, a South American hare-like
-relative of guinea pigs. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Marmarospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- marble vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus robustus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Marshosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah, Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="bicentisimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1976"/>
- <MEANING>
- bicentennial <LOW>(of the U.S.A.)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Masiakasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>vicious <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="knopfleri">
- <AUTHOR name="Sampson, Carrano, Forster" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Mark</LOW> Knopfler's <LOW>(member of rock band Dire Straits)</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This small predator had strange, forward-pointing teeth, like those of
-some <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>. It may be a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>.</P>
-<P>Hails from the Maevarano Formation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Massospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- large vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="Lesotho, Namibia, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="carinatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 80 partial skeletons (juvenile to adult), 4 skulls, isolated elements, gastroliths, etc."/>
- <REMAINS content="partial foot" age="juvenile" synonym="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus"/>
- <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
- <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="harriesi">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hislopi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="huenei">
- <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rawesi">
- <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="schwarzi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A nest of six eggs, 26 inches long and 22 inches in diameter, may belong
-to <NOMEN name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Megacervixosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big-necked lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- Tibetan
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Megadactylus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
- <MEANING>
- big finger
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Megadontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big-toothed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Microvenator celer"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
- <MEANING>
- fierce
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Megalancosaurus">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Megalosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- big lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Melagosaurus" author="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
- <AUTHOR name="Ritgen" year="1826"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <MASS value="900"/>
- <MASS value="1500"/>
- <PLACE name="England, France"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>William</LOW> Buckland's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="argentinus">
- <SYNONYM name="Loncosaurus argentinus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bradleyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Proceratosaurus bradleyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bredai">
- <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chubutensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cloacinus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1858"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="conybearei">
- <SYNONYM name="bucklandii"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crenatissimus">
- <SYNONYM name="Majungasaurus crenatissimus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
- <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dabukaensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="destructor">
- <SYNONYM name="Nuthetes destructor" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dunkleri">
- <SYNONYM name="Altispinax dunkleri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hesperis">
- <SYNONYM name="Walkersaurus hesperis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="horridus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Hungary"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- Hungarian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="incognitus">
- <SYNONYM name="Iliosuchus incognitus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="inexpectatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1966"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- unexpected
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus ingens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="insignis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps, Lennier" year="1870"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, postctranial elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lonzeensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lydekkeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus lydekkeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="matleyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nethercombensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus nethercombensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="obtusus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Henry" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- obtuse
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oweni">
- <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pannoniensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="parkeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron bucklandii"/>
- <MEANING>
- varyingly-sided
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
- <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Phillips'</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pombali" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rawesi">
- <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="saharicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="africanus" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="schmidti">
- <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron schmidti" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="superbus">
- <SYNONYM name="Erectopus superbus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tanneri">
- <SYNONYM name="Torvosaurus tanneri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="terquemi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- <PLACE name="China" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>
- Tibetan
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valens">
- <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wetherilli">
- <SYNONYM name="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
- <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This was the first non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
-<LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be formally named and described
-(<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> had been discovered earlier, but wasn't published
-until later.) Along with <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/>, it was one of the original animals placed in
-<LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Early restorations showed it as quadrupedal(!) In fact, it and other
-<LINK content="torvosaurids"/> had very short forelimbs, even for
-<LINK content="theropods"/>. </P>
-
-<P> This genus has over the years been used as a grab-bag for all kinds of
-<LINK content="theropod"/> species, and even some non-theropods.
-There is much taxonomic sorting to be done on these. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Megaraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>big raider</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MCF-PVPH" id="79" content='"sickle claw", metatarsal, ulna, finger'/>
- <SPECIES name="namunhuaiquii">
- <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>foot-lanced</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. If so, it would be the
-largest one, beating out <NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/>. Its "sickle claw" was
-14 inches long. This claw inspired its specific name, which is Mapuche for
-"foot lance". </P>
-
-<P> It has been suggested that this may be the adult version of the
-<LINK content="avialan"/> <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. They are from the same
-time and place, and there is no overlapping material between them.
-More material must be found to verify or falsify this.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Melanorosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Melanosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- black mountain lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="readi">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial limbs, partial pelvis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="thabanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gauffre" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Meniscoessus">
- <SPECIES name="caperatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Merosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="newmani" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>Newman's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="knee joint"/>
- <REMAINS content="etc." q="1"/>
- <ESSAY><P>Based on remains originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus harrisonii"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mesadactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- mesa finger
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="ornithosphyos">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen, Padian" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Metriacanthosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
- <MEANING>
- medium spine lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="parkeri" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevis" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>short</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="reynoldsi" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>Reynolds'</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Perhaps a <LINK content="sinraptorid"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microcephale" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- small head
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial crania"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Yet to be described. Based on two 2-inch-wide skull tops.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.6" age="juvenile"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="gobiensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, skeleton" type="holo" age="juvenile"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcidens" status="dubium" q="1">
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- <SYNONYM name="gobiensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microcoelus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Microsaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- small hollow
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
- <MEANING>
- Patagonian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis">
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microdontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small-toothed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="dayensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microhadrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="nanshiungensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Nanxiong
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Micropachycephalosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Micropachycephale"/>
- <MEANING>
- small <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="hongtuyanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1978"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Micropachycephalosaurus"/> bears the dubious honor of the <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
- with the longest generic name, with 23 letters and 9 syllables. For such a
- huge name, it was actually a pretty small dinosaur, one of the smallest of
- all non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaurs.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>small plunderer</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="zhaoianus">
- <MEANING>Zhao <LOW>Xijin</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="articulated skeleton missing middle portion, with patches of preserved integument"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
- <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-
-<P header='The "Tiny Raptor"'>Possibly the smallest non-<LINK
-content="avian"> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, assuming (as the authors do)
-that is is fully grown.</P>
-
-<P header="Placement">The counterslab to the hindquarters of this specimen
-was already published as half of the chimerical <NOMEN
-name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>. The front half of that specimen is
-actually an <LINK content="avialan"/>.</P>
-
-<P>Although the authors classified this species as a <LINK
-content="dromaeosaurid"/>, it has troodontid features (arctometatarsalian
-pes, "waisted" teeth, maxilla bordering naris, closely packed dentary
-teeth) and avialan features (<NOMEN name="Rahonavis"/>-like ischium, avian
-features of the teeth, maxilla bordering naris) as well. Some features
-(rod-like extensions of prezygaopohyses which stiffen the tail, large
-second pedal ungual) are dromaeosaurid-like. Hopefully this species can
-shed light on how the three groups are related to each other.</P>
-
-<P>Wherever this species belongs, it does not appear to be <LINK
-content="avian"/>, and thus dispels notions that dinosaurs were too big to
-be bird ancestors. (This species is smaller than <NOMEN
-name="Archaeopteryx"/>, the most primitive bird known.)</P>
-
-<P header="Small AND Fuzzy">Feathers or (feather-like integument with a
-rachis, or vane) similar to those of <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> are preserved. They are found near the
-femur, tibia, and ischium.</P>
-
-<P header="A Climber?"> Some features of this species have been
-interpreted as indicating a scansorial lifestyle. These include distally
-placed metatarsal and pedal digit I. </P>
-
-<P header="Transitional Teeth"> <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> has heterodont
-teeth, the anterior ones being more recurved and laterally compressed and
-lacking serrations. They are more bird-like than the posterior teeth, and
-thus may indicate that avian dental traits began in the front and spread
-to the back over the course of evolution. </P>
-
-<P header="Trouble with the Name"> Technically, by ICZN rules, this animal
-should be referred to as <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>.
-However, there will be a petition to reject that name and conserve the
-name <NOMEN name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. In the hope that this petition
-goes through, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> despite ICZN
-rules. See the entry on <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> for more on this
-nomenclatural debacle.</P>
-
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microsaurops">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Microcoelus"/>
- <MEANING>
- small lizard face
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Microvenator" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small hunter
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="1.2"/>
- <MASS age="juvenileQ" value="3" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <SPECIES name="celer">
- <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chagyaensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Li" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> When first found, <NOMEN name="Microvenator"/> was associated with the teeth of the
- larger <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>. Hence it was reconstructed with an oversized head and
- informally dubbed <NOMEN name="Megadontosaurus ferox"/> ("fierce, big-toothed lizard").</P>
-
-<P> Although sometimes classified as a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>, it is too
- primitive.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mifunesaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>
- Mifune <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth, metatarsal, tibia, phalanx"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Minmi" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Minmi <LOW>Crossing one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="paravertebra">
- <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1980"/>
- <MEANING>
- vertebrate-like(?)
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Khaan"/> for the shortest genus name of any
- non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.</P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> was once considered an <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/> due to a supposed club at the end of its tail,
- but the club turned out to be an artifact of preservation. Instead, it is
- probably a very primitive <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mochlodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <MEANING>
- barred tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="suessi">
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon suessi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="priscus">
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon robustus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mongolosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Mongolisaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Mongolian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, basioccipital, neck vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="haplodon" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Monkonosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Monko <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 vertebrae, sacrum, 3 plates"/>
- <SPECIES name="lawulacus">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Monoclonius" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- one stick
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 skulls"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="albertensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="apertus">
- <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="belli">
- <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cutleri">
- <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus cutleri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dawsoni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fissus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
- <REMAINS content="pterygoid"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="flexus">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lowei" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
- <SYNONYM name="crassus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="montanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Brachyceratops montanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- nose-horned
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="recurvicornis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase, 3 horns, fragments"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
- <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be the subadult of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus or a valid genus
-with paedomorphic (juvenile-like) features.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Monolophosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- single crest lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="jiangi">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Currie" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="jiangjiunmiaoi" status="nudum">
- <SYNONYM name="jiangi"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mononychus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Schüppel" year="1824"/>
- <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="olecranus">
- <SYNONYM name="Mononykus olecranus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mononykus">
- <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="olecranus" original="Mononychus">
- <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with a large</LOW> olecranon <LOW>process (elbow)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Characteristics of the odd, singly-digited forelimbs seem to indicate
- proficiency at digging. These include a large olecranon and possibly the
- keel on the sternum. A mole-like lifestyle has been proposed, but this
- does not agree with the long, cursorial hindlimbs. Instead, it is possible
- that <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> filled an ant-eating niche, similar to today's
- numbats and aardvarks.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Montanazhdarcho">
- <AUTHOR name="Padian, Ricqles, Horner" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- Montana <NOMEN name="Azhdarcho"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Montanoceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1951"/>
- <MEANING>
- Montana horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus" original="Leptoceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1942"/>
- <MEANING>horn-nosed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Bore a small horn on its nose. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Morinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Morini <LOW>(ancient French tribe)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="typus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Morosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>moronic lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="impar">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- <MEANING>
- agile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="becklessi">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevis">
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lentus">
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marchei" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally assigned to a now-defunct genus (synonymous with
- <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>), <NOMEN name="Morosaurus agilis"/> awaits a new generic name. It might be
- related to <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Moshisaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus sp."/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mussaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Mussasaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- mouse lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.2"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="eggs, 10 skeletons and 4 skulls (juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Vince" year="1979"/>
- <MEANING>
- Patagonian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/> is known only from infant specimens, which
- were extremely small (nine inches long). The eggs were
- not much more than an inch long. <NOMEN name="Coloradisaurus"/> may be
- the adult version.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Muttaburrasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Muttaburra lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <SPECIES name="langdoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Bartholomai, Molnar" year="1981"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 fragmentary)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <REMAINS museum="QM" id="F14921" content="skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Unlike other <LINK content="ornithopods"/>, <NOMEN name="Muttaburrasaurus"/>
- may have replaced all of its teeth simultaneously, instead
- of one at a time.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Mymoorapelta" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Mygatt-Moore <LOW>Quarry</LOW> shield
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium, vetrebrae, ribs, ulna, metacarpal, armor, pedal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="maysi">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Carpenter" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Naashoibitosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Naashoibito <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ostromi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
- </MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nanantius" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="eos">
- <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>dawn</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="tibiotarsus" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial tibiotarsus, vertebra" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valifanovi">
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
- <REMAINS content="fairly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- dwarf opposite <LOW>bird (=<LINK content="enantiornithean"/>)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> About the size of the average <LINK content="songbird"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nanosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Nannosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- dwarf lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth molds"/>
- <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>
- agile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rex">
- <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nanotyrannus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie" year="1988"/>
- <MEANING>
- dwarf tyrant
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="lancensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nanshiungosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Nanxiong lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="brevispinus">
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebral column (excluding tail), pelvis"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-spined
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bohlini">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, You" year="1997"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="presacral vertebrae, ribs"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauridae" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nanyangosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Nanyang lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="zhugeii">
- <MEANING>Zhuge <LOW>Liang</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 11821" type="holo" content="8 dorsal, 6 sacral & 36 caudal vertebrae; 3 proximal chevron; humerus; radius; ulna; incomplete manus; partial ischium; femur; tibia; fibula; astragalocalcaneum, pes"/>
- <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Sangping Fm.-->
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Lü, Huang, Li, Dong" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Hails from the Sangping Formation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nectosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Merriam" year="1905"/>
- <SPECIES name="navajovius" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Versluys" year="1910"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
- <MEANING>
- Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nedcolbertia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Edwin H. (</LOW>Ned<LOW>)</LOW> Colbert's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="justinhoffmani">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, S. K. Madsen, Burge" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>Justin Hoffman's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="whittlei" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1996"/>
- <SYNONYM name="justinhoffmani"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
- This species was originally to be named after its discoverer (Whittle),
- but instead was named after a young boy (Justin Hoffman) who won a
- contest.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Neimenggusaurus" status="unpublished">
- <MEANING>Neimenggu <LOW>(Inner Mongolia)</LOW></MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <ESSAY><P>Published in Chinese as "Neimenggulong" ("Inner Mongolian
- dragon"). Hails from the Erlian Basin.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nemegtosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Nemagtosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Nemegitosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Nowinski" year="1971"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pachi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
- <SYNONYM name="Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/> may be the body of <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, but
-further material is needed to be certain. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Neosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>
- new lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Missouri
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Neosodon">
- <AUTHOR name="de la Moussaye" year="1885"/>
- <MEANING>
- new type <LOW>of</LOW> tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="praecursor">
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Neovenator" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- new hunter
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="para"/>
- <REMAINS content="phalangeal material"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="salerii">
- <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Martill, Barker" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nesodactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- island finger
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="Cuba"/>
- <SPECIES name="hesperius">
- <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1969"/>
- <MEANING>
- western
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Neuquenornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="volans">
- <MEANING>flying</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Chiappe"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Calvo" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Neuquén <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Neuquensaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- Neuquén <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 individuals (vertebrae, humerus, femur, armor; limb bones, pelvis, majority of tail, two osteoderms)"/>
- <SPECIES name="australis" original="Titanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
- <MEANING>
- southern
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Armor scutes from this animal were originally thought to be from an
- <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Loricosaurus"/>). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Newtonsaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>Newton's lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="cambrensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Zanclodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1899"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Wales"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ngexisaurus" type="with">
- <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="dapukaensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1982"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nigersaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Nigerian lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="taqueti">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>Taquet's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This animal had numerous small teeth, arranged similarly to the
- "dental batteries" of <LINK content="cerapods"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ninghsiasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1965"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Niobrarasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Dilkes, Weishampel" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- Niobrara <LOW>chalk</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, 2 chevrons, ribs, scapulocoracoid, ilium, forelimb, hindlimb, astragalus, calcaneum, armor"/>
- <SPECIES name="coleii" original="Hierosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1936"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nipponosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Nippon <LOW>(=Japan)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Russia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton (juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="sachalinensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Nagao" year="1936"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Sakhalin <LOW>Island</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be the young of another <LINK content="lambeosaurin"/> genus.
-
- Found in 1935 on the island of Sakhalin, which belonged to Japan at the
- time (hence the name).
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Noasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>N<LOW>or</LOW>o<LOW>este (Northwest) </LOW>A<LOW>rgentina</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="15"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull & foot elements, vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="leali">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> was a smaller predator which sported a huge hyperextendable
-"switchblade" claw on each foot, much like those of
-<LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="troodontids"/>. The claws were
-different in structure, having a pit for the flexor muscle attachment
-instead of a knob as in the other two groups. The evolution of such
-superficially similar structures in three separate groups of small
-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> <LINK content="theropods"/> is a striking
-example of convergent evolution. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nodocephalosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- node head lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <SPECIES name="kirtlandi">
- <AUTHOR name="Sullivan" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Kirtland <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nodosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- node lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming, Kansas"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="textilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="armatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="coleii">
- <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ischyrus">
- <SYNONYM name="Hoplosaurus ischyrus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="landerensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegopelta landerensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Hierosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Noguerornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Noguera <LOW>River</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="gonzalezi">
- <AUTHOR name="Lacasa-Ruiz" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nomingia" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
- <REMAINS museum="GIN" id="100/119" content="3 cervical vertebrae, 10 dorsal vertebrae, 10 fragmentary dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum (5 vertebrae), pelvis, femur, tibiae, fibulae, tail (24 vertebrae)"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska, Watabe, Currie, Tsogtbataar" year="2000"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <TIME value="LK" section="latest"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The only non-<LINK content="pygostylian"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> known
-to have a pygostyle (a fusion of vertebrae at the end of the tail).</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Noripterus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="complicidens">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- lake wing
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="2.1"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="several incompete specimens"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Normannognathus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Normandy jaw
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial jaws"/>
- <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
- <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, J.-J. LePage, G. LePage" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nothronychus" type="with">
- <MEANING>slothful claw</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mckinleyi">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Wolfe"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Stanley" type="vide" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING>McKinley's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton nearly half complete" museum="MSM" id="P21026"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Turonian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <MASS value="900" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This is the first <LINK content="therizinosaur"/> to be named which is
-not from Asia. Its ischium was originally thought to be the squamosal bone
-of <NOMEN name="Zuniceratops christopheri"/>. The name refers to the
-resemblance between therizinosaurs and extinct ground sloths, both of
-which had large manual claws, stood somewhat upright, and probably
-fed on plants.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Notoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- southern horned face
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary (lost)"/>
- <SPECIES name="bonarelli" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Tapia" year="1918"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, but could
- be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Notohypsilophodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- southern <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="cervical, dorsal, sacral & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; partial scapula; coracoid; humerus; ulnae; partial femur; tibiae; fibulae; astrgalus; calcaneum; 13 pedal phalanges (including 3 unguals)"/>
- <SPECIES name="comodorensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Martínez" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
- May be a <LINK content="dryosaurid"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nqwebasaurus" type="with">
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <SPECIES name="thwazi">
- <AUTHOR name="de Klerk, Forster, Sampson, Chinsamy, Ross" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS nickname="Kirky" type="holo" content="70% of an articulated skeleton, including fragmentary cranium (frontals, parietal, partial basicranium, sclerotic ring), 7 postaxial cervical vertebrae, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, pubic shaft, partial femora, tibiae, fibulae, pedes, isolated centra and neural arches"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>The first named <LINK content="dinosaurian"/> genus with a
- click sound (the "q" represents a palatal click, made against the roof of
- the mouth).</P>
- <P>The first digit had a very large claw.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nurosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Nuoerosaurus"/>
- <LENGTH value="26"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="qaganensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1992"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nuthetes" type="with">
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary & postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="destructor" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
- <MEANING>
- destroyer
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>
- The armor originally assigned to this species more likely belongs to a
- <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nyasasaurus" status="nudum">
- <MISSPELLED name="Nyasaurus"/>
- <SPECIES name="cromptoni" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nyctodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Nyctosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> finger
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Nyctosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lamegoi" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1953"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Occidentalia">
- <MEANING>western <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon occidentalis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Odontorhynchus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Pelzeln" year="1868"/>
- <MEANING>
- toothed beak
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="aculeatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Stolley" year="1936"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The type specimen for this name has been lost.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ohmden lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia, tarsus"/>
- <SPECIES name="liasicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Oligosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- few lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="adelus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Omeisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Mount</LOW> O-mei lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="junghsiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1939"/>
- <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, partial skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="changshouensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus changshouensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fuxiensis2">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="junghsiensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gongjianensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus gongjianensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
- <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sinensis" status="nudum">
- <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="tianfuensis"/>
- <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
- <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai, Gao" year="1984"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="zigongensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Tanimoto" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Tail clubs assigned to this genus are probably from large <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>
-individuals. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Omosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Osmosaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- <MEANING>
- arm lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="armatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hastiger">
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1901"/>
- <SYNONYM name="durobrivensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lennieri">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="vetustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Onychosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- claw lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Hungarian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- tail <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> cupped behind
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton (missing head & neck)"/>
- <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
- <AUTHOR name="Borsuk-Bialynicka" year="1977"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once classified as a <LINK content="camarasaur"/>, but now
-thought to be an advanced <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Could be the body of
-<NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Features of the hip and tail suggest that this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
-may have been capable of rearing up into a tripod position, possibly
-for feeding. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Oplosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- armored lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="armatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1852"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
- <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Orcomimus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Triebold" year="1997"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="pelvis, hindlimb"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Orinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>mountain lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornatotholus">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- ornate dome
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="browni">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras browni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithocephalus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird head
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus antiquus" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithocheirus" type="none">
- <MEANING>
- bird hand
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <SPECIES name="clifti">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="blavatschi">
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Czech Republic"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Fritsch"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bunzeli">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Austria"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="compressirostris">
- <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> compressed rostrum</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Bowerbank" year="1845"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="curtus">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="daviesi">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="diomedius">
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fittoni">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hilsensis">
- <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1885"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="microdon">
- <MEANING>small-toothed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sagittirostris">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with a</LOW> sagittal rostrum
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sedgewicki">
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="LK">
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The deposits this creature comes from are either Cenomanian or
-redeposited Albian.</P>
-
-<P> Thirty-six species of <NOMEN name="Ornithocheirus"/> have been named.
-Many are probably dubious or in need of reconsideration.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithodesmus" type="with">
- <MEANING>bird link</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae, sacrum, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="cluniculus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="latidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Istiodactylus latidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once identified as a <LINK content="troodontid"/>, this scrappy specimen
-may instead to belong to some kind of <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithoides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird form
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="oshiensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides mongoliensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornitholestes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird thief
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="11"/>
- <MASS value="13"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, postcrania"/>
- <SPECIES name="hermanni">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1903"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/19"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/21"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/28"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithomerus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird femur
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithomimidorum" status="nudum">
- <MEANING><LINK content="ornithomimids"/>'</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai"/>
- <ESSAY><P>
- An erratum given for two separate animals which von Huene wished to transfer to <LINK content="Ornithomimidae"/>
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithomimoides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="mobilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- mobile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="barasimiensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="mobilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithomimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="velox">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <MASS value="175" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcrania"/>
- <MEANING>
- speedy
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1920"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragments including toe claws"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altus">
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus altus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="angustus">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg"/>
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus" status="dubium" original="Coelosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
- <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asiaticus">
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeornithomimus asiaticus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bullatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Gallimimus bullatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="currelli">
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus currelli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska" year="1990"/>
- <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonicus">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1933"/>
- <MASS value="100"/>
- <MASS value="170"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="1 skeleton, 2 fragmentary postcrania"/>
- <MEANING>
- Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elegans">
- <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus elegans" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens">
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus ingens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1903"/>
- <REMAINS content="pedal ungual"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minutus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Mononykinae"/>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- <REMAINS content="partial metatarsus"/>
- <MEANING>
- minute
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="samueli">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sedens" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- <REMAINS content="sacrum, fragmentary ilium"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary metatarsal"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Maniraptoriformes" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The archetypical "<LINK content="ostrich mimic"/>". </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus affinis"/> was originally placed in
-<NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> (and then <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/>)
-because of <LINK content="ornithomimid"/>-like toe claws, but the material
-is too indeterminate to assign confidently to any known
-<LINK content="theropod"/> genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithopsis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird face
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="hulkei" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="conybearei">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="eucamerotus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Eucamerotus foxi"/>
- <MEANING>
- well-chambered
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="greppini">
- <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsii">
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="manseli">
- <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="suffosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithopterus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1838"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
- <MEANING>
- bird wing
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithostoma">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1871"/>
- <MEANING>
- bird mouth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1904"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="orientalis">
- <PLACE name="Russia"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Bogolubov" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>oriental</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithosuchus">
- <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1894"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
- <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
- <MEANING>
- bird crocodile
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ornithotarsus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Ornithosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- bird ankle
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Orodromeus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Egg</LOW> Mountain runner
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="makelai">
- <AUTHOR name="Horner, Weishampel" year="1988"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Laosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb, veretbrae"/>
- <MEANING>
- least
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Eggs formerly assigned to this genus have turned out to belong to
-<NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Orosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Peters" year="1862"/>
- <MISSPELLED nme="Orosauravus" author="Norman" year="1985"/>
- <MEANING>
- mountain lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="capensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Orthogoniosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- straight-sided <LOW>tooth</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="matleyi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Das-Gupta" year="1931"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="raptorius">
- <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- raiding
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rawesi">
- <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Orthomerus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- straight femur
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
- <SPECIES name="dolloi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, femur, tibia"/>
- <MEANING>
- Dollo's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="weberae" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary hindlimb"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Oshanosaurus" type="with">
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="youngi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Othnielia">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
- <MEANING>
- Othniel <LOW>Charles Marsh's one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="rex" original="Nanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>
- king
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="multidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nisti">
- <SYNONYM name="Drinker nisti" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Otogornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="genghisi">
- <MEANING>Genghis <LOW>Khan</LOW>'s</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Otog<LOW>-qi</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <ESSAY><P>Originally placed in <LINK content="Enantiornithes"/>, but
- may be an <LINK content="ambiortiform"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ouranosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- brave <LOW>(monitor)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skeletons"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimb with pes"/>
- <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1976"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Niger
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> was remarkable in having a sail along its
-back, like that of the <LINK content="theropod"/> <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>
-and the <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Oviraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- egg raider
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="philoceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924" subyear="b"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons (some complete), eggs"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
- <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="35"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
- <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="yanshini">
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ingenia yanshini" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> had a crest on its head, grasping hands, and
-an unusual penchant for being fossilized in interesting positions. The first
-one was found near what was thought to be the nest of a
-<NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, presumably intent on snatching an egg. This
-gave it its name, which means "<LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving egg
-raider". </P>
-
-<P> In fact, analysis of the fetuses inside the eggs have since shown it to
-be the <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>'s own nest. More recently, another oviraptorid
-(possibly <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>) has been
-found which died in a sandstorm while sitting on a nest of its own brood.
-These two discoveries show that <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> probably cared
-for its offspring, as <LINK content="birds"/> and
-<LINK content="crocodylians"/> do today. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> was featured in the book <U>Dinotopia</U>,
-where it was renamed <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Ovinutrix"/> ("egg nurse"),
-since that was its function in the book's utopian society of prehistoric
-animals and humans. Strangely enough, the name given in the
-fictional book has turned out to fit the animal better than its actual name.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ovoraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- egg raider
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="djadochtari" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Velociraptor mongoliensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- Djadokhta <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ozraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Oz <LOW>(=Australia)</LOW> raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UWA" id="82469" content="distal fragment of tibia"/>
- <SPECIES name="subotaii">
- <AUTHOR name="Long, Molnar" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- Subotai's <LOW>(character in <U>Conan the Barbarian</U>)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally identified as the remains of a <LINK content="turtle"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pachycephalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
- <MEANING>
- thick-headed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skull, skull fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="wyomingensis" original="Troodon" status="conservandum">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1931"/>
- <MEANING>from Wyoming</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grangeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
- <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="reinheimeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
- <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This, the largest of <LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>, had a skull dome 10
- inches thick.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pachyrhinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- thick nose lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alaska, Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="12 partial skulls, disarticulated material"/>
- <SPECIES name="canadensis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1950"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Canada
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="horneri">
- <SYNONYM name="Achelousaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/> had a large horny pad covering the top of its face,
-possibly supporting a truly gigantic horn, as well as several small,
-straight horns on the middle of its frill. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pachysauriscus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ajax">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pachysaurops">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1961"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/> face
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pachysaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
- <MEANING>
- thick lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ajax" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- great
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wetzelianus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pachyspondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- thick vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="orpenii" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeoctonus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeonornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Emmons" year="1857"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- old wing
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="end of radius"/>
- <SPECIES name="thomsoni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1981"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally classified as <LINK content="archaeopterygian"/>,
- but may be <LINK content="deinonychosaurian"/> or <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <MEANING>
- old bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeosauriscus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Palaeosaurus2"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="cylindrodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- cylindrically-toothed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
- <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeosaurus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
- <MEANING>
- old lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
- <AUTHOR name="Riley, Stutchbury" year="1836"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- diagnostic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeosaurus2" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
- <MEANING>
- old lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="fraserianus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Palaeoscincus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- old <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Scincus"/> <LOW>(skink)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="costatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="africanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asper" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="latus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- broad<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tutus">
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This dubious genus, based on teeth, was one of the first American
-<LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named. <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus costatus"/> may belong to
-<NOMEN name="Panoplosaurus mirus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus latus"/>
-may belong to <NOMEN name="Edmontonia"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Panoplosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- completely armored lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <MASS value="3500"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen with complete cranium, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="mirus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1919"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="logiceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia logiceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parahesperornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="N. America"/>
- <SPECIES name="alexi">
- <AUTHOR name="Martin" year="1984"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Hesperornis" q="1">
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Parahesperornis gracilis"/> may belong in <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>, as it was originally placed.
-Its feathers were rather hair-like. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Paraiguanodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="incolapaludalis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus johnsoni"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Paralititan" type="with">
- <MEANING>tidal Titan</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="stromeri">
- <MEANING><LOW>Ernst</LOW> Stromer's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Smith, Lamanna, Lacovara, Dodson, Smith, Poole, Giegengack, Attia" year="2001"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <MASS value="70000" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="24" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial specimen"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII64" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>One of the largest land animals, and the largest known African land animal.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Paranthodon">
- <MISSPELLED name="Paracanthodon"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Anthodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull with teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Palaeoscincus">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1910"/>
- <MEANING>
- African
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parapsicephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="Arthaber" year="1918"/>
- <MEANING>
- adjoined arch head
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="early" value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="purdoni" original="Scaphognathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1888"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pararhabdodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Rhabdodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain, France"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck & back vertebrae, humerus, end of ulna, cranial and postcranial material"/>
- <SPECIES name="isonense">
- <AUTHOR name="Casanovas-Cladellas, Santafe-Llopis, Isidro-Llorens" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parasaurolophus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/> <!-- Fruitland Fm. -->
- <SPECIES name="walkeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1922"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Utah" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cyrtocristatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1961"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tubicen">
- <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1931"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus walkeri"/> had the largest crest of any
-<LINK content="duck-bill"/>. It was a long, hollow tube which extended back from
-the skull, curving downwards. There may be a notch in its spine where the
-crest habitually rested. </P>
-
-<P>The crest of <NOMEN name="P. cyrtocristatus"/> was similar, but smaller.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parascaniornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>near <NOMEN name="Scaniornis"/> <LOW>(Scanian bird)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="stensioi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Sweden"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pareiasaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parksosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1937"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>William</LOW> Parks' lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
- <MASS value="70"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="warrenae" original="Thescelosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
- <MEANING>Warren's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Paronychodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> beside claw tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth (adult & juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <MEANING>
- lakeside
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="caperatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="explanatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parrosaurus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1945"/>
- <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Parvicursor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small runner
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (with pelvis, hindlimb, parts of tail and back)"/>
- <SPECIES name="remotus">
- <AUTHOR name="Karhu, Rautian" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- remote
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pasquiaornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Pasquia <LOW>Hills</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="early" value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
- <SPECIES name="hardiei">
- <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tankei">
- <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Patagonykus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Patagonian claws
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <SPECIES name="puertai">
- <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Transitional between basal <LINK content="alvarezsaurids"/>
-(like <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/>) and <LINK content="mononykines"/>
-(like <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Patagopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Patagonian wing
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.75"/>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MACN" id="N 03" content="specimen"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="N 11" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
- <REMAINS content="other specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="deferrariasi">
- <AUTHOR name="Alvarenga, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Professor Oscar</LOW> de Ferrarias'</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>' wings were quite short, indicating that it had lost
-the ability to fly. Although reconstructed as having a short tail with no
-pygostyle, it probably did have a pygostyle. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Patagosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Patagonian lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="18"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="12 skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="fariasi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Patricosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- paternal lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary femur & sacral vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="merocratus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pawpawsaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Paw Paw <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="campbelli">
- <AUTHOR name="Lee" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Bony eyelids have been preserved from this species.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pectinodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- comb tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="bakkeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Peishansaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Beishan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw with tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="philemys" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be a
- <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pekinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Pekin lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="olseni">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pelagornis2">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1866"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lartet" year="1857"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Enaliornis"/>
- <MEANING>sea bird</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pelecanimimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- pelican mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pectoral girdle, sternum, forelimb, skin impressions"/>
- <SPECIES name="polyodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalloni, Moratalla, Ortega, Rasskin-Gutman" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- many-toothed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Despite being a member of a mostly toothless group, <NOMEN name="Pelecanimimus"/> had
- more teeth than any other <LINK content="theropod"/> (over 220)! </P>
-
-<P> Tissue impressions of this animal show a small dewlap or throat pouch
-(hence the name). They were also originally thought to show 4
-structures, possibly related to feathers, but further analysis shows them
-to be imprints of muscle fibers. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pellegrinisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Lake</LOW> Pellegrini lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <LENGTH value="25"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, partial femur"/>
- <SPECIES name="powelli">
- <AUTHOR name="Salgado" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pelorosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Pelerosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Pelosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Pelrorosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Polorosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Telorosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- monstrous lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="24"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, humerus, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimb elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="conybearei" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1850"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="armatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Oplosaurus armatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1852"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hulkei">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithopsis hulkei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="humerocristatus" status="dubium" original="Cetiosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="leedsii" status="dubium" original="Ornithopsis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mackesoni" status="dubium" original="Dinodocus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1884"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="manseli">
- <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="megalonyx">
- <SYNONYM name="Gigantosaurus megalonyx" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="praecursor">
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The skin bore small, hexagon-like tubercles.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Peltosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1873"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sauropelta"/>
- <MEANING>
- shield lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pentaceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- five horn lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="2500"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/> <!-- Williams Fork Fm -->
- <REMAINS content="9 skulls, skeletons (some complete)"/>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fenestratus">
- <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1930"/>
- <SYNONYM name="sternbergi"/>
- <MEANING>
- windowed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A recently discovered skull (over 3m long) gives
-<NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> the title of Terrestrial Animal with the
-Largest Head, formerly held by <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Peteinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- winged lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete postcranium, partial skeleton"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".6"/>
- <SPECIES name="zambelli">
- <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Phaedrolosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- gleaming lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia, phalanges, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="ilikensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Phobetor" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Krøyer" year="1844"/>
- <MEANING>Phobetor <LOW>(god of fear)</LOW></MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="parvus">
- <AUTHOR name="Balhurina" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- small
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had odd, upwardly curving, narrow jaws. </P>
-
-<P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Phobetor"/> is preoccupied by a
-<LINK content="fish"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Phuwiangosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Phu Wiang lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="25"/>
- <LENGTH value="30"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons, skull material"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skeletal material"/>
- <SPECIES name="sirindhornae">
- <AUTHOR name="Martin, Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Phyllodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- leaf tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="henkeli" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Piatnitzkysaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>A.</LOW> Piatnitzky's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="250"/>
- <MASS value="300"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="floresi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Picrodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- sharp tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="herveyi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pinacosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- plank lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="grangeri">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 35 specimens (some juvenile)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
- <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mephistocephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Pereda-Superbiola, Li, Dong"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="articulated specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ninghsiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1935"/>
- <SYNONYM name="grangeri"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A group of about 20 juveniles was recently found, fueling speculations that
- these animals may have formed herds based on age.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pisanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Pisano's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="merti">
- <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1967"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The earliest well-known <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. Once classified as a
- <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Piveteausaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Taquet, Welles" year="1977"/>
- <MEANING>
- Piveteau's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase, skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="divesensis" original="Eustreptospondylus">
- <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Planicoxa" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="venenica">
- <AUTHOR name="DiCroce, Carpenter" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="ilium"/>
- <REMAINS content="limb & girdle elements, vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>All specimens come from "Tony's Bone Bed" in the Cedar Mountain Formation
-of eastern Utah.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Plataleorhynchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platalea"/> <LOW>(spoonbill)</LOW> beak
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="end of snout"/>
- <SPECIES name="streptophorodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Howse, Browner" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous).
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Platanavis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="nana">
- <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platanus"/> <LOW>(sycamore tree)</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Plateosauravus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/> ancestor
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus cullingworthi" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Plateosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Platysaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- flat lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <MASS value="700"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany, Switzerland, France"/>
- <PLACE name="Sweden" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="around 100 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 10 skulls, isolated elements, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="engelhardti">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1837"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="carinatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elizae" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1907"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="erlenbergiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1905"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fraasi">
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus fraasi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fraasianus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="integer">
- <AUTHOR name="Fraas"/>
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1915"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps">
- <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1913"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-headed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="obtusus">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus obtusus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- ornate
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Dimodosaurus poligniensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
- <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="reinigeri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stormbergensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1915"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="torgeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus torgeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trossingensis">
- <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
- <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Trossingen
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Plegadornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wetmore" year="1962"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Brehm" year="1855"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Plegadis"/> <LOW>(ibis)</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pleurocoelus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Plaurocoelus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocaelus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocoelis"/>
- <MEANING>hollow side</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull elements, teeth, vertebrae, tibia, fibula, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="nanus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
- <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
- <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
- <MEANING>montane</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pusillus">
- <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="suffosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus altus"/> was once thought to be the adult form of
-<NOMEN name="P. nanus"/>, but more recently is has been suggested as an
-entirely different sauropod. The Texan material assigned to this genus
-also may not belong. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pleuropeltus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- side shield
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pneumatoarthrus">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1870"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Chelonia"/>
- <MEANING>
- pneumatic joint
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Podokesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- swift foot lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Connecticut"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton (destroyed in a fire)"/>
- <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Talbot" year="1911"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Holyoke
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>. Some consider it synonymous with
-<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Podopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>foot wing</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Selys-Longchamps" year="1871"/>
- <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Sharovipteryx mirabilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Poekilopleuron" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleuron"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleurum"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Poicilopleuron"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Poikilopleuron"/>
- <MEANING>
- varying side
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
- <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps" year="1838"/>
- <REMAINS content="forelimb elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" q="1"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>2</LOW> Buckland's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gallicum">
- <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus2 foxi"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus poikilopleuron" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pusillum">
- <SYNONYM name="Aristosuchus pusillus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="schmidti" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Kiprijanov" year="1883"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="ribs, tibia fragment"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valens">
- <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Polacanthoides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Polacanthus"/> form
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ponderosus">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Polacanthus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- many spines
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <SPECIES name="foxii">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1881"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1925"/>
- <SYNONYM name="foxii"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marshi">
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pereda-Superbiola"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rudgwickensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1996"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, humerus, tibia, ribs, armor"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Polyodontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- many-toothed lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
- <MEANING>
- grand
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Polyonax" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- master <LOW>of</LOW> many
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb fragments, horn core fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="mortuarius" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ponerosteus" status="unpublished">
- <MEANING>
- rotten bone
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="exogyrarum" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
- <MEANING><NOMEN nolink="1" name="Exogyra"/>'s <LOW>(shell from the same formation)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1878"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Poposaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1915"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Poposauridae"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Prenocephale" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- sloping head
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <SPECIES name="prenes">
- <REMAINS content="complete skull with partial postcranium"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
- <MEANING>
- sloping
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Stegoceras" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1918"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <MEANING>
- short
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis" original="Troodon" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull fragments"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Preondactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Preone <LOW>Valley</LOW> finger</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="buffarinii">
- <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>N.</LOW> Buffarini's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Norian" section="early"/>
- <TIME value="Norian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- <REMAINS content="articulated skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" comment="digested"/>
- <REMAINS content="forelimb elements"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.5"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>The most primitive known <LINK content="pterosaur"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Priconodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Princonodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- punctured tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Priodontognathus" status="dubium">
- <MISSPELLED name="Priodontosaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
- <MEANING>
- saw tooth jaw
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once included a partial femur now referred to
-<NOMEN name="Dacentrurus phillipsii"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Priscavolucris" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Gomez" year="1979"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Chondrichthyes"/>
- <MEANING>
- ancient bird
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Probactrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Bactrosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alashanicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
- <MEANING>
- Alashan <LOW>Desert</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lu" year="1991"/>
- <REMAINS content="posterior of skull, postcrania"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a basal <LINK content="styracosternan"/>, the sister group to
-<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>, or something in between. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Proceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1906"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="montanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Ceratops montanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Proceratosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="bradleyi" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1910"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="divesensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Once thought of as the ancestor of <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>,
-another theropod with a nasal horn/crest, it is now recognized as a
-<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, the earliest one known. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Procerosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Procerosaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
- <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Procheneosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Matthew" year="1920"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Cheneosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="praeceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus praeceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="convincens">
- <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus convincens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus cranibrevis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
- <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus erectofrons" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Procompsognathus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <MASS value="1"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, vertebrae, pubes, hindlimb, radius, ulna, partial manus, scapulocoracoid"/>
- <SPECIES name="triassicus">
- <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="Triassic"/>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Prodeinodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Deinodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Tibet
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Proiguanodon" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="van den Broeck" year="1900"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon" q="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Proornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="coreae" status="nudum">
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Lim"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pak, Kim" year="1996"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="skull, cervical vertebrae, forelimb with feathers"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Hails from the Sinoiju Series.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Prosaurolophus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 20 skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="maximus">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
- <MEANING>
- greatest
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH q="1" value="15"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="blackfeetensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the land of the</LOW> Blackfeet <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="breviceps" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-faced
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
- <MEANING>
- greatest
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possible ancestor to <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 specimens, including feather remains"/>
- <SPECIES name="robusta">
- <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The recently discovered <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
-("before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>") seems to have actually
-lived much later than <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>, although
-it is more primitive. In fact, it may not even be an
-<LINK content="avialan"/> as first thought, but a more basal
-<LINK content="maniraptor"/>. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> was about turkey-sized. Its forelimbs,
-proportionally shorter than those of flying animals, bore long,
-symmetrical feathers. Since all flying birds have asymmetrical feathers,
-<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> probably could not fly. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protiguanodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Proiguanodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliense">
- <SYNONYM name="Psittacosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protoavis" type="with">
- <MEANING>beginning bird
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="0.35"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal material from at least 2 individuals (possibly chimeric)"/>
- <SPECIES name="texensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> When this Triassic creature was first discovered, its describer declared it
-the earliest <LINK content="bird"/>. This has been met with some skepticism, since the next
-bird (chronologically) does not occur until the Late Jurassic
-(<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>). Some believe <NOMEN name="Protoavis"/> to be a chimera, made up of
-parts of different animals. Some bones may belong to a <LINK content="pterosaur"/>,
-others to some kind of <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (juvenile & adult), eggs"/>
- <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Granger, Gregory" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grangeri" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Fleury" year="1992"/>
- <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kozlowskii">
- <SYNONYM name="Breviceratops kozlowskii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lahey" year="1993"/>
- <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> There are two forms of <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, the "gracile" form, with low
- frill and flat snout, and the "robust" form with raised frill and a high
- bump on the nose. These probably represent the two genders. </P>
-
-<P> One spectacular find from Mongolia shows a <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/> locked
-in combat with a <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>. The two were buried by a sandstorm as they
-fought. </P>
-
-<P> Eggs formerly assigned to this animal have turned out to belong to
-<NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protognathosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Protognathus"/> ("fore jaw") lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
- <SPECIES name="oxyodon" original="Protognathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protognathus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Basilewsky" year="1950"/>
- <MEANING>
- fore jaw
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="oxyodon">
- <SYNONYM name="Protognathosaurus oxyodon" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protohadros" type="with">
- <MEANING>beginning <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="byrdi">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Gary</LOW> Byrd's
- </MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Head" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known (if not quite the earliest). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protopteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>beginning feather</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="fengningensis">
- <MEANING>from Fengning <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11665" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11844" content="partial skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="para"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This starling-sized species had long tail feathers which lack barbs and rami toward the base.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protorosaurus">
- <MEANING>beginning lizard</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protorosaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="belli">
- <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Protrachodon" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Proposed to give a type genus to the taxon Protrachodontidae, which
- had been named earlier.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pseudolagosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- false <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="pubes, femur, tibia, vertebrae, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="major">
- <AUTHOR name="Arcucci" year="1987"/>
- <MEANING>
- greater
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Psittacosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- parrot lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.8"/>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="25"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="remains from over 85 individuals"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chaoyangi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Wang" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus youngi"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="guyangensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zheng" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Xu" year="1997"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, forelimb, gastrolith impressions"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meileyingensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao, Zheng, Rao" year="1988"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="neimongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="osborni">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
- <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="protiguandonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
- <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- from before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sattayaraki">
- <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1992"/>
- <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary, maxilla fragment"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sinensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="material from over 20 individuals"/>
- <MEANING>
- from China
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, articulated skeleton with gastroliths"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tingi">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
- <SYNONYM name="osborni"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="xinjiangensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao" year="1988"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="material from over 10 individuals"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1962"/>
- <SYNONYM name="sinensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was originally classified in <LINK content="Ornithopoda"/>,
- mainly due to its bipedal stance. One specimen was actually named
- <NOMEN name="Protiguanodon"/> ("before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>", <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> being a typical
- ornithopod). But <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was soon recognized as being closer
- to <LINK content="ceratopsids"/> than ornithopods. In fact, it represents a
- transitional phase from early, ornithopod-like <LINK content="ornithischians"/>
- to the large, mostly quadrupedal <LINK content="neoceratopsians"/>. </P>
-
-<P> This genus has more valid species than any other non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
- <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. Some think it should be split into more genera,
- although there have been no formal proposals. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ptenodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Gray" year="1845"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
- <MEANING>
- wing finger
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ptenodracon">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus"/>
- <MEANING>
- wing dragon
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pteranodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>wing without tooth</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="dozens of specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens" original="Pterodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="7"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="eatoni">
- <MEANING>Eaton's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marshi">
- <MEANING><LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
- <MEANING>western</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oregonensis">
- <MEANING>from Oregon</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1928"/>
- <PLACE name="Oregon"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Ikuwo, Hasegawa, Otsuka" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Pterodactylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="9.2"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>George</LOW> Sternberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="walkeri">
- <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the most popular <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/> had no teeth, barely any tail, and a large crest
-on its head. The long crest of <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>
-and <NOMEN name="P. ingens"/> stuck out behind,
-while <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>'s crest was more vertical. </P>
-
-<P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Longicepia"/> Miller, 1972 was
- proposed as a subgenus name for <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>,
- but since this is the type species, the subgeneric name is, by default,
- <NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/>. <NOMEN name="Geosternbergia"/>
- is the subgeneric name for <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>
- (<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sternbergia"/> was
- preoccupied). It is sometimes used as a separate
- genus name. <NOMEN name="Occidentalia"/> has been proposed as
- the subgeneric name for the dubious species
- <NOMEN name="P. occidentalis"/>. Thus, these species are fully rendered as
- <B><I>P. (P.) longiceps</I></B>,
- <B><I>P. (Geosternbergia) sternbergi</I></B>, and
- <I><B>P.</B> (Occidentalia) occidentalis</I>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pterodactylus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Ptero-dactyle"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Cuvier" year="1809"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Rafinesque" year="1815"/>
- <MEANING>
- wing finger
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus" original="Ornithocephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="Soemmering" year="1812"/>
- <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="arningi">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cerinensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1973"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassipes" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassirostris">
- <SYNONYM name="Scaphognathus crassirostris" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Germanodactylus cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elegans">
- <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis"/>
- <MEANING>elegant</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracile">
- <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandipelvis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> grand pelvis <LOW>(hip)</LOW></MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kochi">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicollum">
- <SYNONYM name="Diopocephalus longicollum" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="manseli">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maximus">
- <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="micronyx">
- <MEANING>small-clawed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="montanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dermodactylus montanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pleydelli">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1865"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="suevicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus suevicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="suprajurensis">
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Goldfuss" year="1831"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The genus was initially named as <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> by Cuvier in 1809
- with no type species (which was permissible back then). The creature named
- <NOMEN name="Ornithocephalus antiquus"/> by Soemmering in 1812 was recognized by
- Lydekker to be the same as Cuvier's <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>, so he
- transferred <NOMEN name="O. antiquus"/> to the older genus <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>.
- Rafinesque later emended the spelling of <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> to
- <NOMEN name="Pterodactylus"/> in 1815.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pterodaustro" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wing <LOW>of the</LOW> south
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
- <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
- <SPECIES name="guinzaui">
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <PLACE name="Chile"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Chong" year="1976"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This filter-feeding <LINK content="pterosaur"/> used its smaller upper teeth to comb out its lower teeth.
- The lower teeth fit outside the upper teeth. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Pterodaustro"/> had tiny fingers (except for the wing finger)
- and very large feet for a pterosaur.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pteropelyx" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Pteroplax"/>
- <MEANING>
- wing pelvis
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="grallipes" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marginatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="selwyni">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pterospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wing vertebrae
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="trielbae" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1914"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Puntanipterus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="globosus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Sanchez" year="1974"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- puntano wing
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Pyroraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>forest</LOW> fire raider</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="olympius">
- <MEANING><LOW>from the base of Mt.</LOW> Olympe <LOW>(Provence)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Allain, Taquet" year="2000"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <REMAINS content="ungual phalanx, pedal & other limb bones, 2 vertebrae, teeth"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Named for the fact that it was found after a forest fire.</P>
-<P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Variraptor"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Qantassaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>QANTAS <LOW>(airline)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <SPECIES name="intrepidus">
- <MEANING>intrepid</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="dentary & tooth"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Qinlingosaurus" type="with">
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="luonanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Quaesitosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Qaesitosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Questiosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Questosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- extraordinary lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="orientalis">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Bannikov" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- eastern
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Like its close relative <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Quaesitosaurus"/> is only
- known from skull material. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Quetzalcoatlus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Quetzalcoatl <LOW>(feathered serpent god of the Aztecs)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="northropi">
- <AUTHOR name="Lawson" year="1975"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="11"/>
- <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="220" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="forelimb bones"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="5.5"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Currie, Russell" year="1982"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Quilmesaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="curriei">
- <MEANING><LOW>Philip</LOW> Currie's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Coria" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimb material, etc."/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This medium-sized carnivore hails from the Allen Formation.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rachitrema">
- <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Ichthyopterygia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rahona" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Griveaud" year="1975"/>
- <MEANING>
- cloud/menace
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ostromi">
- <SYNONYM name="Rahonavis ostromi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rahonavis">
- <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- cloud/menace bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial limbs" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 distal humeri"/>
- <SPECIES name="ostromi" original="Rahona">
- <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This raven-sized creature appears to be somewhere between
- <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/>. It had a "sickle claw",
- like dromaeosaurids, and feathered wings, like birds (feather
- impressions were not preserved, but anchor points are evident along the
- wing's bones, as in many <LINK content="modern birds"/>). It also had a bird-like sacrum.
-</P>
-<P> The fossil was found in two parts, the thorax in hindlimbs in one part,
-and the sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail in the other. This led to some suspicion
-that it was a chimera, but given that the halves came out in the same position
-from cladistic analyses that tested them separately, coupled with additional
-anatomic and taphonomic details, it seems quite likely that both
-halves belonged to the same individual.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rapator" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
- <REMAINS content="other bones" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="ornitholestoides" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Ornitholestes"/>-formed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Has been suggested as an <LINK content="ornitholestid"/>, a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>,
- or an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rapetosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Rapeto <LOW>(mischievous giant)</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="krausei">
- <AUTHOR name="Rogers, Forster" year="2001"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>David W.</LOW> Krause's</MEANING>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="UA" id="8698" content="skull with maxillae, nasals, lacrimal, jugal, quadrate, pterygoids, partial basioccipital, paroccipital process, dentary, surangular, angular, & 24 teeth"/>
- <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2184-2192, 2194, 2196, 2197, 2210" content="exoccipital, opisthotic, laterosphenoid, supraoccipital, frontals, prefrontals, surangular, parietal, caudal centrum"/>
- <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2209" age="juvenile" content="75% complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCB" id="92829" content="mid-caudal centrum"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The type specimen of this genus is the most complete <LINK content="titanosaur"/>
-known. It shows that at least some titanosaurs had low, "horse-like" skulls like
-<LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/> rather than "boxy" skulls like
-<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rayososaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Rayoso <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial scapula, partial fibula, femur, fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="agrionensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tessonei">
- <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>May be a species of <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>.<P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rebbachisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Ait</LOW> Rebbach lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
- <SPECIES name="garasbae">
- <AUTHOR name="Lavocat" year="1954"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tasmenensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Algeria, Niger, Tunisia"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tessonei">
- <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This animal sported a large sail on its back, like the <LINK content="theropod"/>
- <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>. Its tallest
- spines reached a height of about 4½ feet (1.5m). </P>
-
-<P><NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus tasmenensis"/> was not a <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>
-at all. No holotype specimen was ever designated for it, and some thing
-referred to it may belong to <NOMEN name="Jobaria"/>. </P>
-</ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Regnosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Regni <LOW>(ancient English tribe)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial dentary and pubis, rib, tail spines, scute"/>
- <SPECIES name="northamptoni" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1848"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/> and/or the same as <NOMEN name="Craterosaurus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Revueltosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Revuelto <LOW>Creek</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico, Arizona"/>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="callenderi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>One of the largest <LINK content="Ornithischia"/> of its time.</P>
- <ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhabdodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Rabdodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- fluted tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, teeth, skeletal material"/>
- <SPECIES name="priscus">
- <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
- <PLACE name="Austria, France, Romania, Spain"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
- <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1900"/>
- <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
- <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="septimanicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Le Loeuff" year="1991"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhadinosaurus" type="with">
- <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 humeri, 2 vertebrae" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="alcinus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhamphinion" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="jenkinsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Padian" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak nape-of-the-neck
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhamphocephalus">
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak head
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="bucklandi">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="depressirostris">
- <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> depressed snout</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1859"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prestwichi">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1880"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- beak snout
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
- <SPECIES name="intermedius">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <MEANING>
- intermediate
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassipes">
- <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gemmingi">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="jessoni" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
- <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps">
- <MEANING>
- long-headed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="muensteri">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Callovian" section="late"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhodanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Rhône <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ludgunensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus ludgunensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhoetosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Rhaetosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Rheteosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Rhoetos' <LOW>(mythological Greek giant)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="20000"/>
- <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hindlimb elements, pelvic fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="brownei">
- <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1925"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rhopalodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="wangenheimi">
- <AUTHOR name="Fischer de Waldheim"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ricardoestesia" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Richardoestesia"/>
- <MEANING>
- Richard Estes' <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
- <AUTHOR name="Currie, Rigby, Sloan" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rileya" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Howard" year="1888"/>
- <MEANING>
- Riley's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="bristolensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Rileyasuchus bristolensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rileyasuchus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
- <MEANING>
- Riley's crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <SPECIES name="bristolensis" original="Rileya">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Bristol
- </MEANING>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia" q="1"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rinchenia" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- Rinchen's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>This genus is named for the father of its namer. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rioarribasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Rio Arriba <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="colberti" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1991"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bauri">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Riojasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="incertus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
- <MEANING>
- uncertain
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Riojasuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>County</LOW> crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tenuisceps">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Rocasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>General</LOW> Roca <LOW>city</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="muniozi">
- <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Azpilicueta" year="2000"/>
- <MEANING>Munioz'</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="MPCA-PV" id="46" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="specimens"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <ESSAY><P>Hails from the Allen Formation.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Roccosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Rocco lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tetrasacralis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="van Heerden"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anderson, Cruikshank" year="1978"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>with</LOW> four sacral <LOW>(hip) vertebrae</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ruehleia" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Hugo</LOW> Rüle <LOW>von Lilienstern</LOW>'s <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="bedheimensis">
- <MEANING>from Bedheim</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MB" id=" (unnumbered)" type="holo" content="cervical vertebrae 4-10, dorsal vertebrae 1-14, partial sacrum, about 20 caudals, right scapulocoracoid, both humeri, right radius and ulna, both manus (incomplete), both pelvic girdles, femora, tibiae and right astragalus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <TIME value="Norian" section="late"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saichania" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- beautiful <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
- <SPECIES name="chulsanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Khulsan
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saltasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Salta <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
- <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements, jaws, armor"/>
- <SPECIES name="loricatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis">
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saltoposuchus">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
- <MEANING>quick foot crocodile</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saltopus" type="with">
- <MEANING>quick foot</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="elginensis">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchia" incertae="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saltriosaurus" status="nudum">
- <TIME value="Sinemurian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Dal Sasso" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS content="humerus, phalanges, rib fragments, scapula fragments"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The earliest known large <LINK content="tetanuran"/>.
-(<NOMEN name="Zupaysaurus"/> is earlier.)</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sanchusaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS content="partial caudal vertebra"/>
- <ESSAY><P>
- Referred by some to <NOMEN name="Gallimimus sp."/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sanghonghesaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Sanghonghe lizard
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sanpasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Sanba lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="yaoi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="imperfectus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
- <MEANING>
- imperfect
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Some bones assigned to this genus are in fact <LINK content="sauropodan"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Santanadactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> finger
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="araripensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Buisonje" year="1980"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brasilensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="spixi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bennett" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pricei">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Santanaraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> raider</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="placidus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS museum="MN" id="4802-V" content="partial postcranium with soft tissue impressions"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sarcolestes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- flesh thief
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
- <SPECIES name="leedsi">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sarcosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial pelvis, femur, vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="woodi">
- <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1921"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus andrewsi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saturnalia" type="with">
- <MEANING>Saturnalia <LOW>(Roman winter solstice festival)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tupiniquim">
- <AUTHOR name="Langer, Abdala, Richter, Benton" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>native</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <REMAINS content="semi-articulated skeleton including most of presacral vertebral series, pectoral girdle, right humerus, partial right ulna, pelvic girdle with sacral series, left femur, most of left hindlimb" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons including impression of mandibular ramus with teeth & postcranial elements" type="para"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sauraechinodon" status="nudum">
- <MISSPELLED name="Saurechinodon"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Sauraechmodon"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Falconer" year="1861"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Echinodon"/>
- <MEANING>
- lizard prickly tooth
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saurolophus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lizard crest
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="osborni">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1912"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="angustirostris" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="krischtofovici" status="dubium" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maximus">
- <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus maximus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sauropelta" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lizard shield
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="3200"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimens (1 with skull), postcranial elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="edwardsorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saurophaganax" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lizard-eater master
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="maximus">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus maximus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saurophagus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Swainson" year="1831"/>
- <MEANING>
- lizard eater
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="maximus">
- <AUTHOR name="Stovall"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Ray" year="1941"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus"/>
- <MEANING>
- greatest
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sauroplites" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lizard hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry soldier)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium, ribs, armor"/>
- <SPECIES name="scutiger" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sauroposeidon" type="with">
- <MEANING>lizard Poseidon <LOW>(Greek god of, among other things, earthquakes)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="proteles">
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Franklin" year="2000"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Wedel, Cifelli, Sanders"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="rib, cervical vertebrae"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P> This new <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>-like <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
- was perhaps the tallest. With its head raised, it stood 60 feet (nearly
- 20 m) tall. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saurornithoides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lizard bird form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <MASS value="13"/>
- <MASS value="27"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asiamericanus" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1985"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <MEANING>
- Asiamerican
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="inequalis">
- <SYNONYM name="Stenonychosaurus inequalis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="isfarensis" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
- <PLACE name="Tadzhikistan"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial frontal"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="junior">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1974"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <MEANING>
- younger
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saurornithoides2" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <MEANING>
- lizard bird form
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
- <SYNONYM name="Caudocoelus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Saurornitholestes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- lizard-bird thief
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="5"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragments from 3 individuals"/>
- <SPECIES name="langstoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1978"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sazavis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="prisca">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- clay bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scaphognathus">
- <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1861"/>
- <MEANING>
- canoe jaw
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="two specimens"/>
- <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="crassirostris" original="Pterodactylus">
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassipes">
- <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="purdoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Parapsicephalus purdoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scaphonyx">
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1908"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
- <PLACE name="S. America"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scelidosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- limb lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="200"/>
- <MASS value="250"/>
- <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="England, Arizona"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="harrisonii">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1868"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="oehleri">
- <SYNONYM name="Tatisaurus oehleri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was an early <LINK content="dinosaur"/> which marks a transitional
- stage between the small, bipedal <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> and the larger, heavily
- armored <LINK content="ankylosaurs"/>. Some consider it a primitive ankylosaur,
- but it also bears a strong resemblance to primitive
- <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. It or something like it probably gave rise to both
- groups. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was most likely quadrupedal. There were interesting tricorns
- behind the ears. The back was studded with large, bony scutes.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scipionyx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Scipio <LOW>Africanus and Scipione Breislak's</LOW> claw
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.6"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Italy"/>
- <REMAINS content="juvenile skeleton missing parts of legs and tail, impressions of soft anatomy"/>
- <SPECIES name="samniticus">
- <AUTHOR name="dal Sasso, Signore" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This extremely well-preserved <LINK content="theropod"/> shows traces of the
- intestines, windpipe, liver, and muscle fibers.
-
- Previously known as the "Benevento theropod".
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scleromochlus" type="with">
- <LENGTH value="0.2"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
- <REMAINS content="imprints of skeletons (partial and complete)"/>
- <SPECIES name="taylori">
- <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1907"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This miniscule animal may be part of the lineage that led to flying
- <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>. It had long, thin legs which may have supported a
- flap of skin.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scolosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Scalosaurus"/>
- <SPECIES name="cutleri">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scrotum" type="with">
- <MEANING>scrotum</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="humanum" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brookes" year="1783"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus bucklandii" status="q"/>
- <MEANING>human</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Scutellosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- little shield lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
- <MASS value="10"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons, scutes"/>
- <SPECIES name="lawleri">
- <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1981"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> was a small, semi-bipedal, long-tailed
- <LINK content="dinosaur"/> similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. In fact, it was often
- included with that genus in Fabrosauridae (=Lesothosauridae). But
- it seems instead to be an early form of <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>. The back
- was covered in small, bony scutes.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Secernosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- separate lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="braincase, postcranial elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="koerneri">
- <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the few <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> from the Southern hemisphere.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Segisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Segi <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1" q="1"/>
- <MASS age="subadult" value="5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial subadult postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="halli">
- <AUTHOR name="Camp" year="1936"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Segnosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- slow lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/80" content="mandible, partial limbs, pelvic girdle, spine fragments" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/81" content="tibia, fibula"/>
- <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/82" content="partial hindlimb, rib fragments, ilia, fragmentary ischium, pubis"/>
- <SPECIES name="galbinensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Perle" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Seismosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- quake lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="50" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="30000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial pelvis, chevrons, ribs, other elements, gastroliths"/>
- <SPECIES name="hallorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Gillette" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. May be a large <NOMEN
-name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sellosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- saddle lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="21 partial skeletons (some juvenile; 3 with partial skulls), skeletal elements, gastroliths"/>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fraasi">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="gracilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hermannianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus hermannianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shamosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Shamo <LOW>(=Gobi Desert)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 specimens (including complete skull and armor)"/>
- <SPECIES name="scutatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shanshanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Shanshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="90" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis" status="dubiumQ">
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" type="holo"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Probably a juvenile <LINK content="Tarbosaurus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shantungosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Shandong lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME section="early-middle" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="giganteus">
- <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1973"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly the largest <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shanxia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Shanxi <LOW>Province one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="tianzhenensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Barrett, You, Upchurch, Burton" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shanyangosaurus" type="with">
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <MEANING>Shanyang <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="niupanggouensis">
- <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Shaanxi-->
- <REMAINS museum="NWUV" id="1111" content="partial sacrum, proximal scapula, humeri, femur, metatarsal IV (left and right), partial phalanx, pedal ungual"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.75" q="y"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.5" q="y"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>from Niupanggou</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sharovipteryx">
- <AUTHOR name="Cowen" year="1981"/>
- <MEANING>
- Sharov's wings
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Kirghizia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton with membrane impression"/>
- <SPECIES name="mirabilis" original="Podopteryx">
- <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This animal possessed a uropatagium, a flap of skin stretching between its
- long legs and its tail. It seems similar to <NOMEN name="Scleromochlus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shunosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Shu lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (including 5 skulls)"/>
- <SPECIES name="lii">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ziliujingensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The only <LINK content="sauropod"/> known to have had a tail club.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shuosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Chou" year="1979"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Shunosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Shu lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shuvosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="inexpectatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>unexpected</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Originally placed as an extremely early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>,
-then as a toothless <LINK content="rauisuchian"/>. Now it seems
-to be a toothless <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Shuvuuia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skulls, postcranial material"/>
- <SPECIES name="deserti">
- <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Norell, Clark" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This is the only <LINK content="alvarezsaurid"/> for which the skull material is
-well-known. Its jaw shows definite <LINK content="avian"/> characteristics. </P>
-
-<P> This turkey-sized creature was quite similar to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>. Some bones
-previously assigned to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> have been reassigned to
-<NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Chemical analysis of <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/> seems to reveal that it had feathers, or at least
-feather-like structures. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Siamosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="suteethorni">
- <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Ingavat" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Siamotyrannus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> tyrant
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
- <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
- <REMAINS content="pelvis, tail"/>
- <SPECIES name="isanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Proposed as an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, but that may not be the
-case. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sidormimus" status="unpublished">
- <MEANING><LOW>Chris</LOW> Sidor's mimic</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Sijilmassa lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <SPECIES name="brevicollis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Previously known as "<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> B". May belong to
-<NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Siluosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Silu <LOW>(Silk Road)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="zhangqiani">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Silvisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- forest lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="condrayi">
- <AUTHOR name="Eaton" year="1960"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinocoelurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinese <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="fragilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
- <MEANING>
- fragile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinese bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="santensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Rao" year="1992"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Roughly <LINK content="sparrow"/>-size. Was capable of perching.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinornithoides" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinese bird form
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.1"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, partial foot, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinornithosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Chinese bird-lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="millenii">
- <MEANING>of the <LOW>second</LOW> millen<LOW>n</LOW>ium <LOW>[<I>sic</I>] C.E.</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, Wu" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <LENGTH value="1" age="subadultQ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V12811" content="nearly complete specimen with integument impressions" age="subadultQ"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>The fifth non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> with
- remains of feathers or feather-like integument to be published. Of the five
- known so far (all from the same Chinese locality),
- <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> is the one most closely related to
- <LINK content="birds"/>. It has long been suspected that
- <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/> (a.k.a. "'raptors") were
- feathered -- this animal is the first proof of that.</P>
-
- <P><NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus millenii"/> has been diagnosed as a
- primitive, or basal, deinonychosaur. Its arms are
- proportionally very long -- 80% as long as the legs -- and its shoulder
- joint has features like those of flying birds. </P>
-
- <P>The authors of this species have interpreted it as evidence for a
- "Ground Up" model of flight evolution (see
- <LINK content="Avialae"/>). However, it may instead lend credence to the
- idea that deinonychosaurs, and perhaps other coelurosaurs, are secondarily
- flightless (like <LINK content="ratite"/> birds), since it has more flight
- characteristics than more advanced deinonychosaurs.</P>
-
- <P>A new subadult specimen with well-preserved integumentary structures
- may belong to this genus, or a new one.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinosauropteryx" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinese lizard <LOW>with</LOW> feathers
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
- <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.7"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 complete skeletons (one juvenile) with tissue impressions"/>
- <SPECIES name="prima">
- <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>first</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was one of the most exciting paleontological
- discoveries of this century. Skin impressions seem to show a coat of
- small, feather-like structures (although some dispute this). </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is important for at
- least two reasons. First of all, it is a major piece of evidence in favor of
- the argument that <LINK content="birds"/> are descended from
- <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. Secondly, depending on its exact phylogenetic
- position, it shows that at least some non-<LINK content="avian"/>
- <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> were feathered.
- <LINK content="Deinonychosaurs"/>, <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>, and
- <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/> are closer to
- birds than <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is, and, indeed, after
- <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was published, feathered
- animals from all three of these groups were found
- (<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
- <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, respectively). It may also be that
- <LINK content="ornitholestids"/>, <LINK content="coelurids"/>,
- <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, <LINK content="troodontids"/>, and even
- <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/> were closer to birds than
- <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was, making them probably feathered
- (or secondarily featherless) as well. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had three fingers, suggesting that its
-close relative <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/> (whose exact digit count has
-been debated) did too. </P>
-
-<P> Like <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, one specimen of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was
- found with a lizard in its gut. Another had remains of a small mammal.
- One specimen had two tiny eggs (about 37mm × 26mm) inside it, but died
- before it could lay them. It had a dual oviduct system. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had more tail vertebrae (64) than any
-<LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinese lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <TIME value="EJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="triassicus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="Triassic"/>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sinraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Chinese raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="dongi">
- <AUTHOR name="Currie, Zhao" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- Dong <LOW>Zhiming's</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hepingensis" original="Yangchuanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1992"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, scapula, hip"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Siroccopteryx" type="with">
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
- <MEANING>
- Sirocco wing
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial upper jaw"/>
- <SPECIES name="moroccensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Mader, Kellner" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Morocco
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Smilodon" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lund" year="1842"/>
- <MEANING>
- saber tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="crenatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laevis">
- <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon laevis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Songlingornis" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Sonlingornis"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <MEANING>Songling <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="linghensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>from the Ling River</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (including skull parts)" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10913" type="holo"/>
- <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sonorasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Sonora lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, ribs, scapula, hip bones, limb elements, tail & back vertebrae, gastroliths, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="thompsoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>Mistakenly assigned to <LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>,
- <LINK content="Prosauropoda"/>, and <LINK content="Therizinosauroidea"/>
- before official publication.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sordes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- demon
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
- <SPECIES name="pilosus">
- <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
- <MEANING>
- hairy
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Soroavisaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="australis">
- <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- sister <LOW>to</LOW> <NOMEN name="Avisaurus"/>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sphenospondylus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
- <MEANING>
- wedge vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon gracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Spinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- spine lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="6000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="aegyptiacus">
- <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
- <MEANING>
- Egyptian
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae, hindlimb elements, teeth (destroyed in World War II); neck vertebra, fragmentary dentaries, dorsal neural arch"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maroccanus" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
- <MEANING>
- Moroccan
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The gigantic <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> has been estimated at up to
-fifty feet long. It was possibly the longest <LINK content="theropod"/>,
-but not the biggest, since it was more lightly built than the heavier
-<NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and <LINK
-content="carcharodontosaurines"/>.</P>
-
- <P>As remarkable as its length was, even more interesting was the huge sail
- along the back, formed by long vertebral spines, up to six feet in height
- at places. The exact nature of this bizarre sail is not known. It may have
- been used for heat dissipation, like the ears of modern-day elephants.
- Or perhaps it was a sexual signal. Similar structures were present in
- the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> and the
- <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>, two
- <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> living at the same time and area as
- <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. Some primitive amphibians and proto-mammals
- such as <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Dimetrodon"/> and
- <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Edaphosaurus"/> also bore similar sails back in the
- Permian. Such parallelism across so many diverse groups is a strange
- phenomenon.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Spinosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>spine crocodile</MEANING>
- <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="caseanus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P> Once thought to be a <LINK content="pseudosuchian"/>, but may be a
- <LINK content="theropod"/>, possibly a <LINK content="herrerasaurine"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Spondylosoma" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- vertebral body
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/> <!-- Therapsid Assemblage Zone of Santa Maria Fm. -->
- <SPECIES name="absconditum" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1942"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
- <REMAINS type="lecto" museum="GPIT" id="479/30" content="fourth or fifth cervical vertebra, sixth or seventh cervical vertebra, posterior dorsal vertebra, first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS content="mid dorsal centrum, third sacral vertebra"/>
- <REMAINS content="proximal and distal scapula, proximal humerus, proximal pubis, distal femur"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Squalodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Grateloup" year="1840"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Cetacea"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Staurikosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Southern</LOW> Cross <LOW>(constellation)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="20"/>
- <MASS value="30"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="pricei">
- <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1970"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Llewellyn Ivor</LOW> Price's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stegoceras" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- roof horn
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <MASS value="55"/>
- <SPECIES name="validum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skull, postcrania"/>
- <MEANING>
- valid
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bexelli">
- <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevis">
- <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale brevis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="browni">
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonense">
- <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale edmontonensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="formosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lambei">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1945"/>
- <SYNONYM name="validum"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Troodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stegopelta" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- roof shield
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="landerensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Williston" year="1905"/>
- <MEANING>from Lander</MEANING>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>Once thought to be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Nodosaurus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stegosaurides" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Stegosauroides"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae, elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="excavatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- <MEANING>
- excavated
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>, the latest one known.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stegosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>roofed lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="1800"/>
- <MASS value="2500"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
- <SPECIES name="armatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, fragmentary postcrania"/>
- <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altispinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus"/>
- <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="armatus2">
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="crassus">
- <SYNONYM name="Priconodon crassus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="discurus">
- <SYNONYM name="Hypsirophus discurus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="duplex">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hastiger">
- <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laticeps" status="dubiumQ" original="Diracodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longispinus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <MEANING>from Madagascar</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marshi">
- <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="priscus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stenops">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, postcrania, 4 braincases"/>
- <MEANING>
- narrow-faced
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="armatus" status="q"/>
- <MEANING>hoofed</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> had an extremely small head for its size. It did not
- have enough brain matter to coordinate the movements of a 20- to
- 25-foot-long animal, and so it had a ganglion, or nerve center, in its
- hips to control the movement of the hindquarters. This so-called "second
- brain" (although it wasn't a real brain) was actually larger than the
- brain. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> was the largest <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. Its largest plates were
-over two feet high and wide. </P>
-
-<P> Recent finds show that the plates were in two alternating rows, not
-two paired rows. The tail spikes were held horizontally, not vertically.
-Small bony ossicles covered at least the the throat and hips. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="S. laticeps"/> may belong in a separate genus (<NOMEN name="Diracodon"/>), as may
-<NOMEN name="S. stenops"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Steneodactylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- narrow finger
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="pergracilis" status="unpublished">
- <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stenonychosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- narrow claw lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="inequalis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
- <MEANING>
- unequally<LOW> clawed</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stenopelix" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Stenopelyx"/>
- <MEANING>
- narrow pelvis
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stenotholus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- narrow dome
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="kohlerorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Giffin, Gabriel, Johnson" year="1988"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stephanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
- <MEANING>
- Stephan's lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="marginatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="intermedius">
- <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus intermedius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stereocephalus" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lynch Arribalzaga" year="1884"/>
- <MEANING>
- paired head
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tutus">
- <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stereosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
- <MEANING>paired lizard</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sternbergia">
- <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jordan" year="1925"/>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sterrholophus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
- <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Triceratops flabellatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stokesosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Stokes' lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
- <REMAINS content="premaxilla, braincase" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
- <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1974"/>
- <MEANING>
- Cleveland<LOW>-Lloyd Quarry</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Iliosuchus"/>. The two may be very early
- <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. The braincase assigned to this species
- has tyrannosauroid features, although it does not necessarily belong to
- this genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Strenusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- strenuous lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="precerus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Riojasaurus incertus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Streptospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- reversed vertebrae
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <SPECIES name="altdorfensis">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cuvieri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- grand
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
- <MEANING>
- greater
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meyeri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="recentior" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1851"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Struthiomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1917"/>
- <MEANING>
- ostrich mimic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
- <MASS value="150"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="altus" original="Ornithomimus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <MEANING>
- tall
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="currelli">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus edmontonicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="samueli">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tenuis">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus tenuis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Struthiosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ostrich lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Austria, France"/>
- <PLACE name="Hungary, Spain" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial remains" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="austriacus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
- <MEANING>
- Austrian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alcinus">
- <SYNONYM name="Rhadinosaurus alcinus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ludgunensis" status="dubium" original="Rhodanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
- <REMAINS content="armor plates"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii" status="dubium" original="Crataeomus">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
- <SYNONYM name="transylvanicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
- <MEANING>
- Transylvanian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="theropod"/> (hence the name).
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stygimoloch" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> Moloch <LOW>(Ammonite/Phoenician god)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <MASS value="25"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 skull fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="spinifer">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="garbanii">
- <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/> was unusual (and cool) in having bony spikes around its
-dome, somewhat similar to the <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>
-<NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Known from vertebrae and a hindlimb, <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch garbanii"/> has been
-assigned to the Hell Creek <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
-might be the body of <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Stygivenator">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> hunter
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="molnari">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon molnari" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Styracosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- spike lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
- <MASS value="3000"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="albertensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1913"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Alberta
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="borealis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <SYNONYM name="parksi"/>
- <MEANING>
- boreal
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="makeli" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Czerkas, Czerkas" year="1990"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Einiosaurus procurvicornis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ovatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial frill, fragments"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="parksi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1947"/>
- <SYNONYM name="albertensis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sphenocerus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> In addition to a large nasal horn, <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>
-was equipped with horns lining the edge of its frill. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Succinodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="putzeri">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1941"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Mollusca"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Suchomimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>crocodile mimic</MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="subadult" value="11"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <SPECIES name="tenerensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1998"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial subadult skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete postcranium, ?skull"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This <LINK content="baryonychine"/> had a two-foot-high sail over its
- hips. Some think it may be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Suchoprion">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Sugiyamasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
- <MEANING>
- Sugiyama lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Supersaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- super lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="30"/>
- <MASS value="30000"/>
- <MASS value="40000"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, ischium"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- <SPECIES name="vivianae">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. Stood 27 feet (8m) high
- at the shoulders and had a 40 foot (12m) long neck. </P>
-
-<P> "Ultrasaurus macintoshi" was to be a name for some giant
-<LINK content="sauropod"/> bones from the Morrison Formation, but before it was
- published the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/> was given to a smaller, dubious Korean
- sauropod (which was originally though to be larger because they
- misidentified a femur as a humerus). The giant American sauropod's name was
- changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/>. More recent analysis indicates that this creature
- is made up of bones from <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
- and a large <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>, so the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/> is
- defunct.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Symphyrophus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Symphyrosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- solid roof
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="musculosus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Brachyrophus altarkansanus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Syngonosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Sygmosaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
- <MEANING>
- fused side lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
- <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Syntarsus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- fused ankle
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="13"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 pelves"/>
- <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1969"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="N. Zimbabwe, S. Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="30 skeletons"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Rhodesia <LOW>(=Zimbabwe)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="colberti">
- <SYNONYM name="Rioarribasaurus colberti" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kayentakatae">
- <AUTHOR name="Rowe" year="1989"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <MEANING>
- Kayenta <LOW>0</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Syntarsus kayentakatae"/> had two small crests, similar to those of
-larger coelophysoids like <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/>.</P>
-
-<P>Individuals thought to be <NOMEN name="S. kayentakatae"/> juveniles
-have been reevaluated as adults of a distinct form to be given its own
-genus (provisionally called "Shake-N-Bake theropod").</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Syrmosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- crawling lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="viminicaudus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus grangeri"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
- <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Szechuanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Szechuan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="campi" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <MASS value="100"/>
- <MASS value="150"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="yandonesis">
- <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus yandonensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="zigongensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1993"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Zigong
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The skeletons assigned to <NOMEN name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/> may not belong to the same species
- as the type material (teeth).
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Talarurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wicker tail
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 5 specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="plicatospineus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
- <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tangvayosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Tang Vay lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="hoffeti">
- <AUTHOR name="Allian, Taquet, Battail, Dejax, Richir, Veran, Limon-Duparcmeur, Vacant, Mateus, Sayarath, Khenthavong, Phouyavong" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Josué-Heilmann</LOW> Hoffet's</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Laos"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY><P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus falloti"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tanius" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>H. C.</LOW> Tan's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="73 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="sinensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
- <MEANING>
- from China
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prynadai">
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tanystropheus" type="none">
- <MISSPELLED name="Tanystrophaeus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1855"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
- <MEANING>stretched vertebra</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="bauri">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicollis">
- <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="posthumus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Halticosaurus longotarsus"/>
- <MEANING>
- after death
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="willistoni">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
- <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tanystrosuchus">
- <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
- <MEANING>
- <NOMEN name="Tanystropheus"/> crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="posthumus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tapejara" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ancient being
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
- <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1989"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skulls"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="imperator">
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <MEANING>emperor</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Skin impressions show that <NOMEN name="Tapejara imperator"/>
-and an unnamed species had a stretch
-of skin supported by two crests on its head, one above its nostrils, the other
-behind its eyes. This may have been for sexual display.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tapinocephalus">
- <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Therapsida"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tarascosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tarasqué <LOW>(Spanish dragon)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="salluvicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Le Loeff, Buffetaut" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tarbosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- alarming lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="efremovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>I. A.</LOW> Efremov's
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <MASS value="3000"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PEN AN SSR" id="551-3" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bataar" original="Tyrannosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="4000"/>
- <MASS value="5000"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <MEANING>
- warrior/hero
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-1" content="skeleton lacking forelimb" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-2" content="complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-3" content="skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-6" content="partial scapulocoracoid"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-91" content="partial snout"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-1" content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-5" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/3" content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
- <REMAINS museum="GIM SPS" id="100/59" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NSM" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V836" content="fragmentary scapula"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton" synonym="Gorgosaurus novojilovi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
- <MISSPELLED name="lanpingi"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" museum="NIGP" id="V4733" type="holo" content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="periculosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus turpanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>The largest Asian predators known. These species were sometimes
-placed in <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>, or sometimes further split up,
-with <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/> in <NOMEN name="Jenghizkhan"/>,
-but it is now most common to place them as shown.</P>
-
-<P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus efremovi"/> is
-a subadult <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>. <NOMEN name="Maleevosaurus novojilovi"/>,
-once thought to be a pygmy <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>, may also be
-a young <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>.</P>
-
-<P>Eggs tentatively assigned to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> may belong
-to this genus. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tarchia">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
- <MEANING>
- brainy <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="7 specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="gigantea" original="Dyoplosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1956"/>
- <MEANING>
- gigantic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kielanae">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
- <SYNONYM name="gigantea"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tatisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Ta-Ti <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
- <SPECIES name="oehleri">
- <AUTHOR name="Simmons" year="1965"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/> or a more primitive
- <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Taveirosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Taveiro <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="costai" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-D. A. Russell" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tawasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Dawa lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="minor">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Technosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Texas</LOW> Techno<LOW>logical University</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
- <SPECIES name="smalli">
- <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tecovasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tecovas <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Arizona, Texas"/>
- <PLACE name="France" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="murrayi">
- <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tehuelchesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Tehuelche <LOW>tribe</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="benitezii">
- <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich, Gimenez, Cúneo, Puerta, Vacca" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Aldino</LOW> Benitez' <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MPEF-PV" id="1125" content="dorsal, sarcal & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; girdle & limb (fore and hind) elements, associated skin impressions"/>
- <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
- <ESSAY>
- <P> The (incomplete) dorsal centra of this animal bear similarities to the Asian
- <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis"/>. The
- girdle and limb elements, on the other hand, resemble
- <NOMEN name="Patagosaurus"/>.</P>
- <P>Skin impressions from the thoracic and scapular areas show tubercular
- scales with two patterns.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Teinurosaurus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
- <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1929"/>
- <MEANING>
- stretched tail lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sauvagei" status="dubium" original="Saurornithoides2">
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebra (destroyed in World War II)" type="holo"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Teleocrater" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1956"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
- <MEANING>far bowl</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Telmatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1903"/>
- <MEANING>
- marsh lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Romania, France, Spain"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skulls (some with postcrania)"/>
- <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" original="Limnosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
- <MEANING>
- Transylvanian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dolloi">
- <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus dolloi"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prynadai">
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Very primitive for such a late-occurring <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. Its skull
- was more similar to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and its kin. </P>
-
-<P> Spherical eggs found in clutches of two to four have been
- tentatively assigned to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tenantosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tendaguria" type="with">
- <MEANING>Tendaguru <LOW>beds one</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="tanzaniensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Heinrich, Wild" year="2000"/>
- <MEANING>from Tanzania</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tenontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- tendon lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
- <MASS value="900"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
- <SPECIES name="tillettorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Oklahoma"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 25 skeletons, skeletal elements, teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dossi">
- <AUTHOR name="Winkler, Murray, Jacobs" year="1997"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This primitive <LINK content="iguanodont"/> had an extremely long tail. </P>
-
-<P> One specimen was found in association with several <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>, suggesting
- that it may have been preyed upon by packs of these small
- <LINK content="theropods"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Teratosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- monster lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="suevicus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lloydi">
- <SYNONYM name="Cladeiodon lloydi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
- <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="trossingensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Trossingen
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Termatosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Meyer, Plieninger" year="1844"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tetragonosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- four-sided lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="praeceps">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
- <MEANING>
- forehead?
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-headed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
- <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Texasetes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Texas resident
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebral centra, cranial fragment, partial scapluocoracoid, ends of ilia, limb elements, armor"/>
- <SPECIES name="pleurohalio">
- <AUTHOR name="Coombs" year="1995"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Teyuwasu" type="with">
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <MEANING>big lizard <LOW>(Tupi language)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="barbarenai">
- <AUTHOR name="Kischlat" year="1999"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>M. C.</LOW> Barbarena's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS content="right femur & tibia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Thecocoelurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
- <MEANING>
- socket hollow tail
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="daviesi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Thecodontosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- socket tooth lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.5" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="40" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="70" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
- <PLACE name="England, Wales"/>
- <SPECIES name="antiquus">
- <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1843"/>
- <REMAINS content="over 100 elements (juvenile to adult), skull, partial skeletons"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="49984" content="tibiae, radius, 2 unguals, tail vertebra, ?tooth" synonym="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi"/>
- <MEANING>
- antique
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="browni2" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
- <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
- <MEANING>
- diagnostic
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dubius" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- doubtful
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elizae">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus elizae" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
- <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gibbidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Galtonia gibbidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- gracile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hermannianus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi">
- <SYNONYM name="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1918"/>
- <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, tibia, ischium"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor2" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- lesser
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
- <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The most primitive well-known <LINK content="sauropodomorph"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Thecospondylus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- socket vertebra
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Europe"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial sacrum"/>
- <SPECIES name="horneri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="daviesi">
- <SYNONYM name="Thecocoelurus daviesi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally classified as a small <LINK content="theropod"/>
- ("coelurosaur"), but may be <LINK content="ornithischian"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Therizinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- reaper/scythe lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial forelimb, foot, vertebrae, hindlimb, claws, tooth"/>
- <REMAINS content="ribs, eggs" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="cheloniformis">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
- <MEANING>
- turtle-formed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was named for remains from the southern Gobi Desert,
- which included huge claws measuring up to 28 inches (and that's without the
- horny sheath that covered them in life!) as well as seven-foot-long arms
- and some flattened ribs. They were originally thought to be remains of a
- giant <LINK content="turtle"/>-like creature (hence the specific name
- <NOMEN name="T. cheloniformis"/>). </P>
-
-<P> More remains were found in Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia, and Inner Mongolia
- in the late 50's, including a partial forelimb, partial hindlimbs, and a
- tooth. The new discoveries showed that <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was not a
- turtle at all, but a <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, probably a new kind of
- <LINK content="theropod"/>. (The ribs of the first specimen may belong to a
- <LINK content="sauropod"/>.) </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was kept in its own group for a long time.
- Only recently have scientists discovered its close relation to the bizarre
- segnosaurs (now known as <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/>). </P>
-
-<P> One of the most striking characteristics of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>
- (apart from the myriad of striking characteristics it shares with other
- therizinosaurs) is the huge, blade-like claws on the hand. Other
- therizinosaurs had them, but none as insanely large
- as those of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Many ideas have been postulated about these claws. It has been suggested
- that therizinosaurs used them to rip open giant termite nests, like
- anteaters and aardvarks. But the idea that an animal of
- <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>' size (over 30 feet long) could subsist on a
- diet of insects seems rather unlikely. </P>
-
-<P> Instead, the claws may be analogous to those of the
- extinct giant ground sloths and chalicotheres (relatives of horses).
- Members of both of these groups were quite large in size and bore huge,
- blade-like claws on their hands. They were both herbivorous, as
- therizinosaurs probably were. It has been suggested that they used their
- claws when browsing to bring foliage closer to their mouths. They would
- also have come in handy as defensive weapons. </P>
-
-<P> The giant <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is another mysterious
- theropod known mostly from gigantic arms. Strangely enough, it comes from
- the same time and place as <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Huge fossilized eggs found in Mongolia (13cm diameter, 45cm long) have been
- attributed to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, or possibly <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Therosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Fitzenger" year="1843"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon mantelli"/>
- <MEANING>
- beast lizard
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Thescelosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wonderful lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MASS value="300"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
- <REMAINS content="1 complete specimen, 8 partial skeletons, elements, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="neglectus">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1913"/>
- <MEANING>
- neglected
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
- <SYNONYM name="neglectus"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="garbanii">
- <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with preserved ?heart, cartilaginous sternal ribs and plates attached to ribs, ?tendons attached to vertebrae" nickname="Willo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp2.">
- <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="warrenae">
- <SYNONYM name="Parksosaurus warrenae" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P header='A "Hearty" Fossil'> A new specimen of this genus may be the first
-dinosaur fossil with a preserved heart. If the structure is the heart, it confirms predictions, based on
-living dinosaurs (<LINK content="neornithean birds"/>) and the dinosaurs'
-closest living relatives (<LINK content="crocodylians"/>) that dinosaurs
-had four-chambered hearts. The structure is similar to that of birds,
-suggesting high levels of activity. <I>see</I> <REFER
-page="http://www.dinoheart.org/"/></P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Thespesius" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- mighty <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Nebraska"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, pedal phalanx"/>
- <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- <MEANING>
- western
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- agile
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amurensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="annectens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="arctatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="calamarius">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grallipes">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marginatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="selwyni">
- <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stenopsis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1875"/>
- <MEANING>
- narrow-faced
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Thotobolosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Thobol lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <TIME value="Norian"/>
- <PLACE name="Africa"/>
- <SPECIES name="mabeatae" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tianchisaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Tianchiasaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Tenchisaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Teinchisaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Lake</LOW> Tian Chi <LOW>(Heavenly Pool)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="cranial fragments, vertebrae, limb elements, scutes"/>
- <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferima">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sam </LOW>Ne<LOW>ill, Laura </LOW>De<LOW>rn, Jeff
- </LOW>Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard </LOW>A<LOW>ttenborough,
- Bob </LOW>Pe<LOW>ck, Martin </LOW>Fe<LOW>rrero, Ariana
- </LOW>Ri<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>Ma<LOW>zzello's</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/> is named after the cast members
- of the movie <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tianzhen lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="Pang, Zheng" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tichosteus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- wall bone
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <SPECIES name="lucasanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="aequifacies" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tienshanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tien Shan <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <MISSPELLED name="Teishanosaurus" author="Dong" year="1990"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, ?17 caudal vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="chitalensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1937"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Timimus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tim <LOW>Rich and Tim Flannery's m</LOW>imic
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="femora (juvenile and adult)"/>
- <SPECIES name="hermani">
- <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally classified as an early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Titanopteryx" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Enderlein" year="1935"/>
- <MEANING>
- Titans' wings
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="philadelphiae">
- <SYNONYM name="Arambourgiania philadelphiae" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Titanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Titan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <SPECIES name="indicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="5500"/>
- <MASS value="7500"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
- <MEANING>
- Indian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus araukanicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis">
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="blanfordi" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="indicus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="colberti">
- <AUTHOR name="Jain, Bandyopadhyay" year="1997"/>
- <LENGTH value="20"/>
- <REMAINS content="postcranium without hindlimbs"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dacus">
- <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus dacus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="falloti" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria" incertae="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Laos"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
- <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus hungaricus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Macrurosaurus semnus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Lydekker's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus madagascariensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nanus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
- <MEANING>
- dwarf
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="rahioliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Mathur, Srivatsava" year="1987"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Neosauropoda" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
- <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Iuticosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Titanosaurus2" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
- <MEANING>
- Titan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="montanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tochisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ostrich lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="metatarsus"/>
- <SPECIES name="nemegtensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Osmólska" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tomodon" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Dumeril" year="1853"/>
- <MEANING>
- cutting tooth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="horrificus">
- <SYNONYM name="Diplotomodon horrificus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tonouchisaurus" type="with">
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="complete hand, foot"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, since
- the hand had two fingers.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tornieria">
- <AUTHOR name="Sternfield" year="1911"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Gustav</LOW> Tornier's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="africana">
- <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
- <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robusta">
- <MISSPELLED name="gigantea" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sternfeld" year="1911"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Torosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- punctured lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="7000"/>
- <MASS value="8000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Saskatchewan"/>
- <REMAINS content="5 partial skulls, elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="latus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
- <MEANING>
- broad
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gladius">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
- <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="utahensis" original="Arrhinoceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
- <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Utah
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/> once had the largest known head of any land animal, with an
- eight-foot-long skull making up half its body length
- (excluding the tail). Recently, a <NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> skull was found with
- an even larger skull. </P>
-
-<P> <REFER page="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/3404/"
-title="The Torosaurus Home Page"/> </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Torvosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- savage lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="tanneri">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Trachodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- rough tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="affinis">
- <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus affinis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="agilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="altidens" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <SYNONYM name="mirabilis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amurense">
- <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="annectens">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="arctatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="breviceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="calamarius">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cavatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus cavatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="foulkii">
- <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="grallipes">
- <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="imperfectus">
- <SYNONYM name="Sanpasaurus imperfectus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps">
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longiceps2">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1897"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-headed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="marginatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minor">
- <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="selwyni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
- <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named.
-Although for decades the name <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/> has been associated with
-the archetypical "duck-bill" dinosaur (now <NOMEN name="Anatotitan"/>), the
-type specimen is in fact a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> tooth!</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Trialestes">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1982"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Triassolestes">
- <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Tillyard" year="1918"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Trialestes"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
- </MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tribelesodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Basani" year="1886"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Triceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- three horns face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <MASS value="4500"/>
- <MASS value="8000"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Alberta, Saskatchewan"/>
- <REMAINS content="around 50 skulls, many partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="horridus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <MEANING>
- horrid
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="albertensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1949"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull parts"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Alberta
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="alticornis" status="dubium" original="Bison">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
- <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
- <MEANING>
- tall-horned
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevicornis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
- <SYNONYM name="prorsus"/>
- <MEANING>
- short-horned
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="calicornus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
- <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="elatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
- <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="eurycephalus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Schlaikjer" year="1935"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull including cheek and brow horns"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="galeus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <REMAINS content="nose horn"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hatcheri">
- <SYNONYM name="Diceratops hatcheri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ingens" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1915"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
- <REMAINS content="8 vertebrae, 2 ribs"/>
- <MEANING>
- greatest
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
- <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="obtusus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
- <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
- <MEANING>
- obtuse
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="prorsus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="serratus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
- <MEANING>
- serrated
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
- <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sylvestris">
- <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas sylvestris" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, the largest <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, was different from other
- <LINK content="ceratopsines"/> in having a short, completely solid frill
- (in contrast to the large "windows" in those of other ceratopsines,
- especially <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>). This 30-foot-long herbivore has often been
- portrayed in combat with its largest predator, <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>.
-
- <NOMEN name="Triceratops prorsus"/> may be synonymous with <NOMEN name="T. horridus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Trimucrodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- triply-pointed tooth
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="cuneatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tripriodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="caperatus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Mammalia"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Triprotodon" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
- <MEANING>
- three fore teeth
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="caperatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Troodon" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Troödon"/>
- <MEANING>
- wounding tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <MASS value="50"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Wyoming"/>
- <PLACE name="Alaska" q="1"/> <!-- teeth; Prince Creek Fm. -->
- <SPECIES name="formosus">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, 20 skeletons, eggs with embryos"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
- <SYNONYM name="Heptasteornis andrewsi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
- <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bakkeri" status="dubium" original="Pectinodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
- <SYNONYM name="formosus"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bexelli">
- <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="brevis">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras brevis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cristatus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras edmontonense" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="isfarensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides isfarensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="minutus">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
- <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="validus">
- <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The creature we know as <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was once called <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/>. The
- genus <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was first named (as <I>Troödon</I>) for some sharp teeth
- (one of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named).
- These were mistakenly identified as those of (among other things) a
- monitor lizard, a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Stegoceras"/>), and a
- carnivorous <LINK content="hypsilophodont"/>! They were later recognized
- as identical to those of the more complete <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/> specimens, so
- the younger name was dropped in favor of the older. </P>
-
-<P> Eggs formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Orodromeus"/> have turned out to be <NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. Some have
- been found in dirt nests. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Troodon bakkeri"/> may be a distinct species, or even genus (<NOMEN name="Pectinodon"/>). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tropeognathus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- keel jaw
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <SPECIES name="mesembrinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
- <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
- <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tsagantegia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tsagan Teg <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="longicranialis">
- <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- long-skulled
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tsintaosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Qingdao lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 skulls, elements from at least 4 individuals"/>
- <SPECIES name="spinorhinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
- <MEANING>
- spine-nosed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tanius chingkankouensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
- <SYNONYM name="spinorhinus"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This "unicorn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>" had a thin, hollow crest jutting
-forward. Some argued that the crest was an artifact of preservation
-(an altered snout bone), but another specimen was found with
-the same feature. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tsuchikurasaurus" status="unpublished">
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tugulusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tugulo <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimb, rib, vertebral centrum"/>
- <SPECIES name="faciles" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
- <MEANING>
- easy
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tuojiangosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Tiejiangosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Tuojiongosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Tueojiangosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Tuo River lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="multispinus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Li, Zhou, Zhang" year="1973"/>
- <MEANING>
- multi-spined
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had fifteen pairs of triangular plates down the back and two pairs of
- spikes on the tail. The best-known Asian <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tupuxuara" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Tupuxuara <LOW>(a familiar spirit)</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens, misc."/>
- <SPECIES name="leonardii">
- <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1988"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longicristatus">
- <MEANING>long-crested</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Turanoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Turanian <LOW>Platform</LOW> horned face
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="tardabilis">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina" year="1989"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Could be the only Asian <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, possibly a <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tylocephale" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- swollen head
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete skull"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bexelli" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tylosteus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- swollen bone
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="oblitum">
- <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1872"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis"/>
- <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tyrannosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- tyrant lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="rex" status="conservandum">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="14"/>
- <MASS value="4500"/>
- <MASS value="7000"/>
- <MEANING>
- king
- </MEANING>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
- <PLACE name="Texas" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" museum="CM" id="9380" content="skeleton lacking some neck vertebrae, forelimbs, most of tail"/>
- <REMAINS museum="CM" id="7541" content="nearly complete skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="008" content="skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="009" content="pelvis, hindlimb, skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="555" content="skeleton" nickname="The Wankel Specimen"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="559" content="back part of braincase"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="980" content="skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="U. of Notre Dame" content="dentaries, incomplete pelvis, etc." q="1" nickname="The Rigby Giant"/>
- <REMAINS museum="DIS" id="101" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Ill. State Geo. Survey" content="metatarsal"/>
- <REMAINS museum="private" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Mr. Zed"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Bowman College" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Bowman"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Dakota Dinosaur Museum" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Royal Saskatchewan Museum" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Scottie"/>
- <REMAINS museum="Madison Museum, U. of Wis." content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="PR2081" content="skeleton lacking tail tip, forelimb, foot"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="118742" content="maxilla"/>
- <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="131583" content="maxilla, dentaries"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NMMNH" id="P-1013-1" content="fragmentary skull, chevron"/>
- <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23844" content="skull material, etc.?"/>
- <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23845" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5027" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5117" content="braincase"/>
- <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5881" content="hindlimb"/>
- <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.6.1" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.12.1" content="postorbital, partial spine, hindlimbs"/>
- <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="82.50.11" content="maxilla"/>
- <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="1400" content="skull fragments, ribs, chevrons, ischia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9379" content="braincase"/>
- <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9380" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="DMNH" id="2827" content="partial hindlimb"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="4100" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Fox"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Steve"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="6183" content="hindlimb without foot"/>
- <REMAINS age="juvenile" museum="TMM" id="41436-1" content="left maxilla" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="2033" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
- <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="3033" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
- <REMAINS museum="SDSM" id="12047" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MMS" id="51-2004" content="front part of braincase" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="358563" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull" nickname="Jordan theropod" age="juvenile" synonym="Aublysodon molnari"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" content="partial skeleton" age="subadult" synonym="Albertosaurus megagracilis"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="CMNH" id="7541" content="complete skull" synonym="Gorgosaurus lancensis"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile" nickname="Tinker"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="amplus">
- <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bataar">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="efremovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus efremovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="gigantus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR year="1990"/>
- <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
- <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Dynamosaurus imperiosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lancinator">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus lanpingensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium">
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
- <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="stanwinstonorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="torosus">
- <SYNONYM name="Daspletosaurus torosus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhai, Zheng, Tong" year="1978"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, possibly the most popular <LINK
-content="dinosaur"/> ever, was for a long time the largest known
-terrestrial predator. But new discoveries of <LINK
-content="carcharodontosaurines"/> have recently ousted the "king of the
-tyrant lizards" from its title. But there still remains the possibility
-that an even larger <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> specimen may be found some day.
-And it <U>was</U> the largest known predator of its time, at the end of
-the Mesozoic Era.</P>
-
-<P> The most complete <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> skeleton, a
-<NOMEN name="T. rex"/> (=<NOMEN name="T. stanwinstonorum"/>) nicknamed "Sue",
-was recently sold for over $7 million by Sotheby's to corporate benefactors
-on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum. Although originally diagnosed as
-a female, its sex is uncertain.</P>
-
-<P header="Tyrant Dung"> Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from
-Saskatchewan was referred to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>. At 43cm in length and
-2.4L in volume, this is the largest known coprolite from a carnivore. Tiny,
-well-crushed bone fragments indicate that the meal was a small subadult
-<LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Species"> Many smaller <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/> "species"
-now seem to be young <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, including species
-which were thought to be pygmies (<NOMEN name="Nanotyrannus lancensis"/>),
-primitive tyrannosaurids (<NOMEN name="Stygivenator molnari"/>), and close
-relatives (<NOMEN name="Dinotyrannus megagracilis"/>).</P>
-
-<P>Certain Asian <LINK content="Tyrannosaurini"/> were once included by some
-in this genus, but are now usually placed in <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Tyreophorus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Thyreophora"/>, in reference
- to indeterminate <LINK content="ankylosaurian"/> material. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Udanoceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Udan<LOW>-Sayr</LOW> horned face
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4.5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull (missing frill), partial pelvis, scapula, coracoid, fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="tschizhovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1992"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The largest bipedal <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>. Its jaw was very deep.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ugrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>ugly lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial premaxilla, nose horn, fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="olsoni" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cobabe, Fastovsky" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Uintasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Uinta <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="douglassi">
- <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1919"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ultrasauros">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- ultra lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="macintoshi" original="Ultrasaurus2">
- <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ultrasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- ultra lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="S. Korea"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial femur, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="tabriensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This animal was once thought to be a huge <LINK content="sauropod"/>, and
- described as a species of Ultrasaurus, a huge North American
- sauropod. Unfortunately, Ultrasaurus macintoshi was not officially described
- at that time, so this Korean species accidentally became
- the type species of <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/>. The name of the North American species was
- changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros macintoshi"/>. </P>
-
-<P> The "humerus" of this animal turned out to be a femur, so it was not as large
- as originally thought.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Ultrasaurus2" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Kim" year="1983"/>
- <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
- <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Umarsaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1992"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Barsboldia"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Unenlagia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- half-bird
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Turonian"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> One of the closest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to
- <LINK content="birds"/>, this South American creature had a back-turned pubis,
- like <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and birds. It also had a shoulder joint
- that would allow flapping. <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> itself was too big to fly, so it was
- probably secondarily flightless, like modern-day
- <LINK content="ratites"/>. </P>
-
-<P> It was found in the same area as the larger <NOMEN name="Megaraptor"/>. It has been
- suggested that they could be the same, <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> being the
- juvenile or subadult form.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Unicerosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Baugh"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Armstrong" year="1987"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Gnathostomata" incertae="1"/>
- <MEANING>one horn lizard</MEANING>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Unquillosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Unquillo <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
- <SPECIES name="ceibalii">
- <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Originally claimed to be a giant, 35 feet (11m) in length. </P>
-
-<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Utahraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Utah raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
- <REMAINS content="claws (hand & foot), tibia, lachrymal, premaxilla, tail vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="ostrommaysorum">
- <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Gaston, Burge" year="1993"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom and Mays'
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="spielbergi" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonar, Lassieur, McCafferty, Voci"/>
- <SYNONYM name="ostrommaysorum"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Steven</LOW> Spielberg's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The largest definite <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Valdoraptor">
- <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
- <MEANING>
- Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="metatarsi"/>
- <SPECIES name="oweni" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Valdosaurus">
- <MISSPELLED name="Baldosaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
- <MEANING>
- Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <SPECIES name="canaliculatus" original="Dryosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1975"/>
- <PLACE name="England, Romania"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements (including femora)"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dextrapoda" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1998"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton, Taquet" year="1982"/>
- <PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <REMAINS content="femora"/>
- <MEANING>from Niger</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Variraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Var <LOW>Department</LOW> raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <MASS value="50"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MDE"/>
- <SPECIES name="mechinorum" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff, Buffetaut" year="1998"/>
- <MEANING><LOW>Anne and Patrick</LOW> Mechin's</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Vectensia" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Delair" year="1982"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Vectisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Isle of Wight <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Velocipes" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- speedy foot
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Germany"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial bone (fibula?)"/>
- <SPECIES name="guerichi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Velociraptor" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- speedy raider
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2"/>
- <MASS value="7"/>
- <MASS value="15"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
- <PLACE name="Russia" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons (adult & juvenile)"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
- <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="langstoni">
- <SYNONYM name="Saurornitholestes langstoni" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <SYNONYM name="Bambiraptor feinbergorum"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Velocisaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- speedy lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="tibia, astragalus, foot"/>
- <SPECIES name="unicus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
- <P>This animal's middle metatarsal was greatly enlargened, while the outer ones
- were reduced. This was probably an adaptation for running, opposite to
- that of many running <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> (whose outer metatarsals
- became stronger, greatly reducing the inner one).</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Venaticosuchus">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1971"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Venenosaurus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="dicrocei">
- <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Meyer" year="2001"/>
- <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton, including limb elements and caudal vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <REMAINS content="specimen" q="1" age="juvenile"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Volkheimeria" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Wolfgang</LOW> Volkheimer's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pelvis, hindlimb"/>
- <SPECIES name="chubutensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Sometimes considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Vorona" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial humeri"/>
- <SPECIES name="berivotrensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Forster, Chiappe, Krause, Sampson" year="1996"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Vulcanodon" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- volcano tooth
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <PLACE name="Zimbabwe"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, scapula"/>
- <SPECIES name="karibaensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1972"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The teeth (found in rock of volcanic origin) which this genus was named
- after actually came from a predator that may have eaten it.
- <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> was similar to "<LINK content="prosauropods"/>".
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wakinosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Wakino <LOW>Subgroup</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
- <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="incomplete tooth"/>
- <SPECIES name="satoi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Okazaki" year="1992"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Proposed as a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>, but, hey, it's just a tooth
-(an incomplete one at that). It could be anything.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Walgettosuchus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Walgett crocodile
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Australia"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebra"/>
- <SPECIES name="woodwardi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Walkeria" type="with">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fleming" year="1823"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>Alick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="maleriensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Alwalkeria maleriensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Walkersaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>Walker's lizard</MEANING>
- <MASS value="300" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="snout fragments, teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="hesperis" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Waldman" year="1974"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>western</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wannanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Wannan lizard"
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull roof, mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
- <SPECIES name="yansiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1977"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wellnhoferia" type="with">
- <MEANING><LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="grandis">
- <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="2001"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wuerhosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Wuerho lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="homheni">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, 3 tail vertebrae"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
- <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium without limbs"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The last of the <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wyleyia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>J. F.</LOW> Wyley's <LOW>one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
- <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1973"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wyomingopteryx" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1994"/>
- <MEANING>
- Wyoming wing
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Wyomingraptor" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- Wyoming raider
- </MEANING>
- <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>Based on material assigned to <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, to be
-re-described by Robert Bakker.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Xenotarsosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- strange ankle lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, leg elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="bonapartei">
- <AUTHOR name="Martínez, Giminez, Rodriguez, Bochatey" year="1986"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>José</LOW> Bonaparte's
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Xiaosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- small/dawn lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, partial mandible, postcranial material"/>
- <SPECIES name="dashanpensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="multidens">
- <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Probably either a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/> or a primitive
- <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Xuanhanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="6"/>
- <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulae, forelimbs"/>
- <SPECIES name="qilixiaensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Xuanhuasaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="EK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="niei" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1986"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possibly a relative of <NOMEN name="Chaoyangsaurus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yaleosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <MEANING>
- Yale <LOW>University</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="colurus">
- <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus colurus" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yandangornis" type="with">
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <LENGTH value=".6"/>
- <MEANING>Yandang <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="ZMNH" id="M1326" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton (missing parts of forelimbs, skull, and tail)"/>
- <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
- <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Cai, Zhao" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
-<ESSAY><P>Classified as a <LINK content="bird"/> by its authors, but may
-not be. If it is an <LINK content="avian"/>, it is the only one known to
-combine a long tail (at least 20 vertebrae; <I>sans</I> pygostyle; about
-half total length) and a lack of teeth (in the premaxilla, at least). The
-holotype was found in association with the <LINK content="pterosaur"/>
-<NOMEN name="Zhejiangopterus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yandusaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Yandu <LOW>(=Zigong)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
- <TIME value="Callovian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 nearly complete skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="hongheensis">
- <AUTHOR name="He" year="1979"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="multidens">
- <AUTHOR name="He, Cai" year="1983"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Othnieliidae"/>
- <REMAINS museum="T" id="6001" content="incomplete skeleton" type="holo"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Yandusaurus multidens"/> seems to be a different type of <LINK content="ornithopod"/>
- than the type species, and will be given a new generic name.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yangchuanosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Yang-chu'an <LOW>District</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- <MASS value="3500"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs, feet, or end of tail"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="hepingensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor hepingensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="longqiaoensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="magnus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pelvis, femur"/>
- <MEANING>
- great
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="yandonensis" original="Szechuanosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yanornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>Yan bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="martini">
- <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yaverlandia" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Yaverland <LOW>Point (on the Isle of Wight) one</LOW>
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull fragment"/>
- <SPECIES name="bitholus">
- <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1971"/>
- <MEANING>
- doubly domed
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Usually considered a very primitive <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, although
- one recent study suggests that it is more advanced, despite its early
- occurrence.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yezosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Obata, Muramoto" year="1977"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yimenosaurus" type="with">
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, limb elements, etc."/>
- <SPECIES name="youngi">
- <AUTHOR name="Bai" year="1990"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Bai, Yang, Wang" year="1990"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yingshanosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Yinshanosaurus"/>
- <MISSPELLED name="Yunshanosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Yingshan lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="jichuanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Had broad spikes on its shoulders.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yixianornis" type="with">
- <MEANING>Yixian <LOW>Formation</LOW> bird</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="grabaui">
- <MEANING>Grabau's</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yubasaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="He" year="1975"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yungavolucris" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="bretincola">
- <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Yunga bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Yunnanosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Yünnanosaurus"/>
- <MEANING>
- Yunnan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 2 skulls"/>
- <SPECIES name="huangi">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="robustus">
- <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1951"/>
- <SYNONYM name="huangi"/>
- <MEANING>
- robust
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>A <LINK content="sauropod"/>-like maxilla assigned to this genus
-is now thought to actually be from a sauropod.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zanclodon" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="laevis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- lucky/left/light
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bavaricus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Sandberger" year="1894"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- <MEANING>
- Bavarian
- </MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus plieningeri" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
- <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1900"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="schutzii" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1900"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sileiacus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1910"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zapsalis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- through shears
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="abradens" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Paronychodon lacustris"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zatomus" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="sarcophagus" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
- <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zephyrosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Zephyr's <LOW>(god of the west wind)</LOW> lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae"/>
- <SPECIES name="schaffi">
- <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1980"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zhejiangopterus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Zhejiang <LOW>Province</LOW> wing
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME section="early-middle" value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="four specimens"/>
- <SPECIES name="linhaiensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Cai, Feng" year="1994"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zhyraornis" type="with">
- <SPECIES name="kashkarovi">
- <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <MEANING>
- Dzhyra<LOW>kuduk waterwell</LOW> bird
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zigongosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Zigong lizard
- </MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zizhongosaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- Zizhong lizard
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pubis, humerus"/>
- <SPECIES name="chuanchengensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="huangshibanensis" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
- </SPECIES>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zuniceratops" type="with">
- <MEANING>Zuni <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> horned face</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
- <MASS value="200"/>
- <MASS value="250"/>
- <TIME section="middle" value="Turonian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <SPECIES name="christopheri">
- <MEANING>Christopher's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR name="Wolfe, Kirkland" year="1998"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> The first known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> with brow horns, and the
-oldest named American ceratopsian. Its snout is rather long.</P>
-<P>An element thought to be a squamosal of this species is actually the
-ischium of <NOMEN name="Nothronychus"/>.</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
-<GENUS name="Zupaysaurus" status="unpublished">
- <MEANING>devil lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LTr"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial vertebra, pelvic bones, shoulder bones, complete skull, etc."/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P>If you were really bored and felt like going through the whole Genus List
-alphabetically one by one, you can stop now. (Or, if you're going backwards,
-quit now; you'll never make it). </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
projects / idzebra-moved-to-github.git / commitdiff