Fix to describe new Zthes example instead of dinosauricon.

[idzebra-moved-to-github.git] / examples / dinosauricon / records / genera.xml

<GENUS name="Aachenosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Aachen lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="multidens">
  <AUTHOR name="Smets" year="1888"/>
  <PROPERTAXON nonanimal="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Actually a piece of petrified wood.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Abavornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>great-great-grandfather bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="bonaparti">
  <MEANING><LOW>Jose</LOW> Bonaparte's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="TsNIGIRI" id="56/11915" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.1 mm)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4605" content="coracoid shaft"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Abelisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Abel's lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6.5" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull lacking tip of snout, much of jaws, & parts of roof" museum="MC" id="11098" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Known only from a partial skull, 80cm long. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Abrictosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
 <MEANING>
  awake lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="B54" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="A.100" content="partial skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="consors" original="Lycorhinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1974"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Suggested as the female(?) form of another <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Abrosaurus" type="with">
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <TIME value="MJ"/>
 <SPECIES name="dongpoi">
  <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1989"/>
  <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Peng, Shu" year="1999"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen including skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gigantorhinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1986"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>giant-snouted</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="dongpoi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Two different species names have been used in conjunction with the
same type material. <NOMEN name="Abrosaurus gigantorhinus"/> was used first, but
in a dissertation, and hence was not a valid name by ICZN rules. The
first version of the name to be published in accord with ICZN rules
was <NOMEN name="A. dongpoi"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Acanthopholis" type="with">
 <MEANING>spine scute</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="horrida" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1867"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth, postcranial elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="eucercus" status="dubium">
  <MEANING>well-tailored</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
  <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55551" content="caudal vertebra"/> 
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55552" content="caudal vertebra"/> 
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55553" content="caudal vertebra"/> 
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55554" content="caudal vertebra"/> 
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55555" content="caudal vertebra"/> 
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55556" content="caudal vertebra"/> 
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hughesii" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55463-55490" content="dorsal vertebrae, 7 caudal vertebrae, transverse process, 3 phalanges, 7 dermal plates, ?4 metapodials"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="keepingi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55491-55526" content="dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, 3 transverse processes, 13 dermal plates, ?rib, ?chevron, ?metatarsal, ?2 phalanges, ?fragmentary ilium, ?2 indeterminate bones"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macrocercus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 cervical, dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae"/>
  <REMAINS content="osteoderms"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="platypus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
  <MEANING>flat-footed</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="caudal centra, phalanx"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stereocercus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
  <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, dermal spine"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>Much <LINK content="iguanodont"/> material has mistakenly been
 assigned to various members of this genus.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Achelousaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Achelosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>Acheloos' lizard"</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="485" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="591" content="partial skull, nearly complete spine, pelvis, ?femur" age="subadult"/>
 <SPECIES name="horneri">
  <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Achelousaurus"/> was an intermediate between
<NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/>.
It is named after a shape-changing river god. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Achillobator" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="giganticus">
  <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norell, Clark" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <ESSAY><P>A large <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/> with unusual pelvic features.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Acracanthus" status="oblitum">
 <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1947"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Czaplewski, Cifelli, Langston" year="1994"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>high spine</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Acrocanthosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>high spine lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <MASS value="2000" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="3500" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Texas, Utah"/>
 <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-59" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-58" content="partial postcranium" type="para"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="atokensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Stovall, Langston" year="1950"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altispinax">
  <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This large animal had long vertebrae along its back, possibly forming a
sail. The vertebral spines were 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) high along the neck
and tail, possibly up to 50 cm (20 inches) along the back. It was once
classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/>, since, like
<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, it had long vertebral spines. But the rest of
the animal is little like <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, and even the "fin"
is different. It may be a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Actiosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Adasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Ada's <LOW>(evil spirit in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS musum="GIN" id="100/20" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Although often classified as a <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>,
it may be closer to <LINK content="birds"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aegyptosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Egyptian lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
 <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII61" content="3 centra; left scapula (partial), humerus, & radius; right ulna; left tibia & femur" comment="destroyed in World War II" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="baharijensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>from Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aeolosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Eolosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>Aeolus' <LOW>(god of wind)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 tail vertebrae, ulna, radius, metacarpal, pubis, ischium, dermal plates"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27174" content="5 caudal vertebrae, right ulna, metacarpal, left pubis, right ischium"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27175" content="right ulna & radius"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27176" content="osteoderm"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27177" content="osteoderm"/>
 <SPECIES name="rionegrinus">
  <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1987"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MJG-R" id="1" content="7 anterior caudal vertebrae; partial forelimbs; right tibia, fibula, & astragalus; fragments" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MACN-RN" id="147" content="15 articulated caudal vertebrae" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aepisaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Aepysaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Aepyosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Aeposaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Oepysaurus"/>
 <MEANING>high lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MNHN" id="1868-242" content="humerus" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="elephantinus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1853"/>
  <MEANING>elephantine</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aetonyx" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="palustris">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Afrovenator" type="with">
 <MEANING>African hunter</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="2000"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <REMAINS museum="UC OBA" id="1" content="skull lacking much of mandibles & parts of snout & roof; cervical vertebrae (some articulated); incomplete dorsal & caudal series; ribs; pelvis; nearly complete forelimbs; hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
 <SPECIES name="abakensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, J. A. Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil, Sues" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Agathaumas" type="with">
 <MEANING>great wonder</MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
 <REMAINS nuseum="AMNH" id="4000" content="partial sacrum, pelvis" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="sylvestris" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1872"/>
  <MEANING>woodland</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="milo" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="monoclonius">
  <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1994"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus"/>
  <MEANING>one-sticked</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
  <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prorsus">
  <SYNONYM name="Triceratops prorsus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>The first <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> genus to be named.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aggiosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="nicaensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Ambayrac" year="1913"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Crocodylomorpha"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Agilisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>agile lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="louderbecki">
  <AUTHOR name="Peng" year="1992"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ZDM" id="6011" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="multidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>  
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Either a primitive <LINK content="ornithopod"/> or possibly a
<LINK content="fabrosaurid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Agrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>wild/hunting lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1891"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Originally thought to be an early find from Australia, this has since
been re-identified as a mislabelled specimen of British dinosaur <NOMEN
name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Agustinia">
 <MEANING>Agustin <LOW>Martinelli</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer) one</LOW></MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
 <SPECIES name="ligabuei" original="Augustia">
  <MEANING><LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" content="fragmentary dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; hindlimb elements; osteoderms"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Tall osteoderms lined the back of this unusual <LINK content="sauropod"/>. 
  They seem to have been mobile, a case of parallel evolution with
  <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. The samllest were leaf-shaped, while the
  largest ones were split into halves, each half bearing an outward-pointing
  spike.</P>
  <P><NOMEN name="Agustinia"/> may be related to <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>
  or to <LINK content="rebbachisaurids"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>   

<GENUS name="Alamosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Ojo</LOW> Alamo <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="21"/>
 <MASS value="30000"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas, Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="10,486" content="left scapula" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="USNM" content="right ischium" type="para"/>
 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15658" content="caudal centrum"/>
 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15560" content="30 most anterior caudal vertebrae (articulated); 25 chevrons; ischia; left scapulocoracoid; right forelimb lacking phalanges, 2 sternal plates, 3 fragmentary ribs"/>
 <SPECIES name="sanjuanensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1922"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The only North American <LINK content="sauropod"/> from the Late
<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Albertosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Alberta lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
 <MASS value="1800"/>
 <MASS value="2500"/>
 <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <PLACE name="Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Alabama, Georgia" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="028" content="tooth" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="033" content="teeth" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="034" content="premaxillary teeth" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
  <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5600" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5601" content="incomplete skull" type="para"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="807" synonym="arctunguis" content="sacrum with sacral vertebrae, left scapulocoracoid & forearm, left pelvis, associated limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
  <SYNONYM name="sarcophagus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium" original="Ornithomimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="libratus">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="subadult"/>
  <MEANING>big <LOW>&</LOW> gracile</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
  </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="olseni">
  <SYNONYM name="Alectrosaurus olseni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="periculosus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>C. M.</LOW> Sternberg's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Albisaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="scutifer">
  <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
  <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alectrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Alectra's/unmarried lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="500" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6554" content="most of right hindlimb, pubic fragment" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6368" content="right humerus, first phalanx of manual digit II, ungual of manual digit I, 4 fragmentary caudal vertebrae" comment="some of this material belongs to a therizinosaur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="21784" q="1" content="2 fragments"/>
 <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/50" content="partial skeleton including partial maxilla & nasal"/>
 <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/51" content="partial skeleton including hindlimbs"/>
 <SPECIES name="olseni">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="periculosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aletopelta" type="with">
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <SPECIES name="coombsi">
  <MEANING>Coombs'</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Ford, Kirkland" year="2001"/>
 <SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alexornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="antecedens">
  <AUTHOR name="Brodkorb" year="1976"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>Alex<LOW>ander Wetmore's</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Algoasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Algoa <LOW>Bay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS museum="Port Elizabeth Museum" content="fragmentary dorsal vertebra, femur, incomplete scapula, phalanx, ungual" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="bauri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1904"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="baini" author="du Toit" year="1926"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be a <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alioramus" type="with">
 <MEANING>different branch</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="GI" id="3141/1" content="incompete skull, mandibles, distal part of metatrasus" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="remotus">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
  <MEANING>remote</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had a long, bumpy ridge  with bony knobs along the top of the snout. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aliwalia" type="with">
 <MEANING>Aliwal <LOW>North (in South Africa) one</LOW></MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1886-XV-39" content="proximal end of left femur" type="co"/>
 <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1876-VII-B124" content="distal end of left femur" type="co"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
 <SPECIES name="rex">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
  <MEANING>king</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Although <NOMEN name="Aliwalia"/> remains are far from complete, they
seem to indicate that this creature was the first really large predatory
<LINK content="dinosaur"/>, possibly on the same scale as some
<LINK content="carnosaurs"/>. It was fairly primitive, but perhaps somewhat
more advanced than <NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Allosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>different lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, S. Dakota, Utah, Wyoming"/>
 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A., Portugal"/>
  <LENGTH value="10"/>
  <LENGTH value="12"/>
  <MASS value="1000"/>
  <MASS value="1700"/>
  <MEANING>fragile</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1930" content="2 dorsal centra, tooth, proximal phalanx of pedal digit III, portion of humerus" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1931" synonym="lucaris" content="a few cervical, 6 dorsal, & 2 sacral vertebrae; incomplete scapulocoracoid; radius; ulna; manual phalanx"/> 
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1879" synonym="Camptonotus amplus" content="pes" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="693" content="skeleton" comment="pathologic"/>
  <REMAINS museum="UUVP" id="6000" content="skull, first caudal vertebra, chevrons, ribs, forelimbs, pedal elements" type="neo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="4753" content="skeleton" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5731" synonym="Hypsirophus discurus" content="neural spine" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="12868" content="skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="4734" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="para"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8867" content="9 cervical, 10 dorsal, 2 sacral, & 7 caudal vertebrae; cervical & dorsal ribs; 6 chevrons; pubes; ischia; ilial fragments"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2323" content="8 cervical, 11 dorsal, & 2 sacral centra; many neural processes of dorsal vertebrae; right ilium, ischium, & femur; incomplete ribs"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8423" content="maxillae; 5 dorsal, 5 sacral (coossified), & 3 caudal centra; ilial fragments; broken ischia & pubes; femora; left pes; manual elements"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8335" content="right maxilla, teeth"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8405" content="5 coossified sacral centra, lateral metatarsal, manual & pedal phalanges"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="7336" content="left astragalus"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8302" content="right manual digit III"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8257" content="right manual digit II"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1890" content="jugal, premaxilla, 2 vertebrae, ilium, astragalus, 2 unguals, 2 phalanges" synonym="atrox"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2315" content="left dentary with 12 teeth" comment="pathologic" synonym="ferox"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplexus" status="dubiumQ" original="Epanterias">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <MASS value="3000"/>
  <MASS value="5000"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5767" content="anterior dorsal centrum, anterior dorsal neural arch, axis, vertebra, coracoid, fragmentary limb bone" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="atrox" original="Creosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ferox">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
  <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lucaris">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maximus">
  <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
  <REMAINS content="dorsal neural arch" type="holo"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="medius">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meriani">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
  <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Tetanurae" incertae="1"/>
  <LENGTH value="5"/>
  <LENGTH value="6"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <PLACE name="Australia"/>
  <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P150070" content="left astragalus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp2.">
  <REMAINS museum="SAM" id="1475" content="pedal ungual"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tendagurensis" status="dubium" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
  <MISSPELLED name="tandurensis" author="D. A. Russell" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>of the</LOW> three-sided tooth</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valens">
  <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="whitei" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the most famous and popular <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
<NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> is known primarily from the Morrison Formation.
It probably hunted <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>,
<LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, and perhaps gigantic
<LINK content="neosauropods"/> like <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/> and
<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>. Its main rival was
the slightly smaller <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>. </P>

<P> There is debate over the taxonomy of these species. Some feel that most of them
should be lumped into <NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/> while others would
split them into several genera (<NOMEN name="Creosaurus"/>,
<NOMEN name="Epanterias"/>, <NOMEN name="Saurophaganax"/>, etc.)</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alocodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>wing tooth</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 2" content="left maxillary tooth crown" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 1" content="premaxillary tooth crown" type="para"/>
 <SPECIES name="kuehni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Altirhinus" type="with">
 <MEANING>high snout</MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="kurzanovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Norman" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>Kurzanov's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon orientalis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This bulbous-snouted <LINK content="iguanodont"/> was previously
referred to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon orientalis"/>. It shows some
<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>-like features. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Altispinax" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
 <MEANING>high spined <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <PLACE name="Belgium, Germany" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS museum="University of Marburg" id="N 84" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="dunkleri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1884"/>
  <MEANING>Dunkler's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lydekkerhueneorum" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1994"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="lydekkeri-huenensis" author="Pickering" year="1984"/>
  <MEANING>Lydekker's <LOW>and von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oweni">
  <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="parkeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The name <NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> was once used to indicate
remains of a theropod with high vertebral spines, similar to those of
<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. In fact, the type material for this species
is merely teeth, teeth which can not confidently be assigned to the same
animal as the skeletal remains. The bones were reassigned to a new
species of <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>, another high-spined theropod.
This species was called <NOMEN name="A. altispinax"/>. But further study
indicated that it could not confidently be said to belong to the genus
<NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>. Hence, it was placed in a new genus and
is now known as <NOMEN name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>.
<NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> is now a dubious species. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alvarezsaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Don Gregorio</LOW> Alvarez's lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="54" content="partial spine, girdles, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
 <SPECIES name="calvoi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The most primitive <LINK content="alvarezsaur"/> known. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alwalkeria">
 <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee, Creisler" year="1994"/>
 <MEANING>Al<LOW>ick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <MASS value="3" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS museum="ISI" id="R 306" age="juvenileQ" type="holo" content="end of snout, vertebrae, femur, astragalus"/>
 <SPECIES name="maleriensis" original="Walkeria">
  <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1987"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Alxasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Alxa <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <MASS value="350"/>
 <MASS value="400"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88402" content="right dentary, 5 crushed cervical vertebrae, 2 cervical ribs, 7 crushed ?posterior dorsal vertebrae, 6 dorsal ribs, rib fragments, sacrum with anterior sacral ribs, 20 caudal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88301" content="verebral & appendicular remains, ribs"/>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88510" content="appendicular remains"/>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88501" content="5 crushed & disarticulated dorsal vertebrae, first & incomplete second sacral vertebrae, right metcarpal I, left metacarpal III, 4 manual phalanges, ungual phalanges, posterior tip of left ilium, both ends of right & proximal end of left femora, noth ends of left and proximal end of right tibiae, proximal ends of fibulae, pedal phalanges, 3 pedal unguals"/>
 <SPECIES name="elesitaiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Alxasaurus"/> was the most primitive
<LINK content="therizinosauroid"/>. Many claim that it is more similar to
"normal" <LINK content="theropods"/> than other therizinosauroids are. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amargasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>La</LOW> Amarga <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <SPECIES name="cazaui">
  <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MACN-N" id="15" content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, forelimb, hindlimb, ilia, astragalus" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="groeben" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Amargasaurus"/> had two rows of long spines along the back
of its neck, possibly forming a double sail. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ambiortus" type="with">
 <MEANING>uncertain origin</MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="pectoral girdle, forelimb, partial sternum & furcula, back vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="dementjevi">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amblydectes">
 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
 <MEANING>blunt biter</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ammosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
 <MEANING>sand lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="major">
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus major" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="solus">
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus solus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ampelosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>vineyard lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-247" content="3 articulated dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-38" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-59" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-92" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-93" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-94" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-148" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-24" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-25" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-26" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-27" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-46" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-55" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-58" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-63" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-64" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-65" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-95" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-96" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-97" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-98" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-99" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-100" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-101" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-124" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-127" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-147" content="caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-60" content="ribs"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-72" content="chevrons"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-139" content="chevrons"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-23" content="sternal plates"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-80" content="sternal plates"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-22" content="coracoid"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-161" content="coracoid"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-351" content="coracoid"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-21" content="scapula"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-145" content="scapula"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-1" content="humerus"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-79" content="humerus"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-81" content="humerus"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-86" content="humerus"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-175" content="humerus"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-372" content="humerus"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-56" content="ulna"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-83" content="ulna"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-300" content="ulna"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-85" content="radius"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-57" content="pubis"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-123" content="ilium"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-84" content="ischium"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-20" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-40" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-44" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-61" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-78" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-210" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-201" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-261" content="femur"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-137" content="tibia & fibula"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-138" content="tibia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-144" content="tibia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-173" content="tibia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-48" content="fibula"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-88" content="phalanges"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-136" content="osteoderm"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-192" content="osteoderm"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-204" content="osteoderm"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-325" content="osteoderm"/>
 <SPECIES name="atacis">
  <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amphicoelias" type="with">
 <MEANING>double cavities</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="AMNH" id="5764" content="2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, pubis, tooth, scapula, coracoid, ulna"/>
 <SPECIES name="altus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fragillimus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
  <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
  <MASS value="150000" q="1"/>
  <MEANING>very fragile</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="latus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
  <MEANING>broad</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Amphicoelias fragillimus"/> was named for an enormous,
crumbling vertebra which has since been lost (if it ever existed). Only a
drawing remains, which claims that the vertebra was 2.4 m tall.
It may have represented an enormous individual of
<NOMEN name="A. altus"/> </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amphisaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Barkas" year="1870"/>
 <MEANING>double lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amtosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Amt<LOW>gay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial braincase" type="holo" museum="N°" id="3780/2"/>
 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Tumanova" year="1978"/>
  <MEANING>great</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be an early
<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amurosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Amur <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
 <SPECIES name="riabinini">
  <AUTHOR name="Bolotsky, Kurzanov" year="1991"/>
  <MEANING>Riabinin's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Amygdalodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>almond tooth</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MLP" id="46-VIII-21-1" content="7 teeth (4 complete), fragmentary presacral & caudal vertebrae, incomplete scapula, partial pubis, rib fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cabrera" year="1947"/>
  <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anabisetia" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="saldiviai" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Coria, Calvo"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Coria" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anamantarx" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Lucas, Estep" year="1998"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Animantarx"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anasazisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Anasazi <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="horneri">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anatosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
 <MEANING>duck lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="annectens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="copei">
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton Formation
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Saskatchewan
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anatotitan">
 <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chapman, Brett-Surman" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  duck titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="13"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota"/>
 <SPECIES name="copei" original="Anatosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5730" content="complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5886" content="complete skeleton" type="para"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps" status="dubium" original="Anatosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="616" content="right dentary with teeth" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had a very long, low, flat skull. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anchiceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  near horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <SPECIES name="ornatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
  <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5251" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5259" content="braincase, brow horns" type="para"/>
  <REMAINS museum="UW" id="5419" content="skull"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="802" content="skull"/>
  <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="8538" content="complete postcranium" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MNC" id="8535" content="skull" synonym="longirostris"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longirostris">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="ornatus"/>
  <MEANING>long-snouted</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anchisaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
 <MEANING>
  near lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="Connecticut, Massachusetts"/>
 <SPECIES name="polyzelus" original="Megadactylus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hitchcock" year="1865"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="201" content="fragmentary skeleton" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1883" content="skull, 18 presacral vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, left forelimb, ilium, pubes, right hindlimb" synonym="colurus"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="2125" content="partial appendicular & axial remains"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="capensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="colurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
  <SYNONYM name="polyzelus" status="q"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="major">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
  <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
  <LENGTH value="4"/>
  <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
  <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
  <PLACE name="Connecticut, Arizona"/>
  <PLACE name="Nova Scotia" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="208" content="3 presacral vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="209" synonym="Ammosaurus solus" content="pelvis, podes"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MNA" id="G2 7233" content="lower parts of skeleton" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus sinensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="solus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ammosaurus major"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P><NOMEN name="Anchisaurus colurus"/> may represent another gender (female?)
of <NOMEN name="A. polyzelus"/>. <NOMEN name="A. major"/>, the type
species of <NOMEN name="Ammosaurus"/>, may also be a synonym of
<NOMEN name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Andesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="132" type="holo" content="articulated vertebrae (4 posterior dorsal, 21 caudal), nearly complete left ischium, incomplete right humerus & femur, incomplete elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="delgadoi">
  <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Angaturama" type="with">
 <MEANING>noble one</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="front part of jaws" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="limai">
  <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Angelinornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Kashin" year="1972"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
 <MEANING>
  Angelina <LOW>Mikhaylovna Sudilovskaya's</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Angustinaripterus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  narrow nostril wing
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="MJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="longicephalus">
  <AUTHOR name="He, Yan, Su" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-headed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anhanguera" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  old devil
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <SPECIES name="santanae">
  <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="blittersdorffi">
  <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aniksosaurus" status="unpublished">
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/> 
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="darwini" status="unpublished">
  <MEANING>Darwin's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Hails from the Bajo Barreal Formation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Animantarx" type="with">
 <MEANING>animate <LOW>(living)</LOW> fortress</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <SPECIES name="ramaljonesi">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>Ramal Jones'</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Originally published (as a <I>nomen nudum</I>) as
  <NOMEN name="Anamantarx"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ankistrodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1865"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Epicampodon"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ankylosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Anchylosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Ancylosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>fused lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
 <MASS value="4500"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming, Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5895" content="skull, scapulocoracoid, vertebrae (7 cervical, 10 dorsal, 4 caudal), ribs, osteoderms" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5214" content="tail club"/>
 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="1243999" age="juvenile" content="tooth"/>
 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="120195" age="juvenile" content="worn tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="magniventris">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1908"/>
  <MEANING>large-sided</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="acinacodens" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tutus">
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anodontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>toothless lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lambei">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anoplosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>weaponless lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="curtonotus">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeletal fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
  <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
  <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" type="holo" content="anterior end of left ramus of mandible, 5 or 6 cervical centra, 12 dorsal vertebrae, 6 sacral centra, neural arches (mostly dorsal), incomplete coracoids, proximal end of scapula, pieces of ribs, ends of right humerus & left femur, partial metatarsals, phalanges, left tibia, fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus" status="dubium">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithopoda" incertae="1"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
  <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; neural arch"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once thought to be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but is probably a
primitive <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> (or a combination of fossils from
both). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anserimimus" type="with">
 <MEANING><NOMEN name="Anser" nolink="1"/> <LOW>(goose)</LOW> mimic</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="SPS GIN AN MPR" id="100/300" content="partial appendicular skeleton including incomplete forelimb, pectoral girdle, & incomplete pes" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="planinychus">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1988"/>
  <MEANING>flat-clawed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Antarctosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>non-northern lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <PLACE name="Argentina, Chile, Uruguay"/>
  <REMAINS museum="Nat'l Museum (Buenos Aires)" id="6804" type="holo" content="incomplete cranium including braincase, mandible?, cervical vertebra, scapula, radius, ulna, pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
  <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="P13019" content="right femur"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AC" id="2300" content="partial left pubis" synonym="giganteus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brasiliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Arid, Vizotto" year="1971"/>
  <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcranial fragments"/>
  <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="wichmannianus"/>
  <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="jaxarticus" status="dubium" q="1">
  <MISSPELLED name="jaxartensis"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1938"/>
  <MEANING>Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW>'s</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="septentrionalis">
  <SYNONYM name="Jainosaurus septentrionalis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anthodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="serrarius">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Antrodemus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial tail vertebra" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="valens" status="dubium" original="Poekilopleuron">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="atrox">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ferox">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
  </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
  </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lucaris">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meriani">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
  <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stechowi">
  <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus stechowi" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sulcatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus sulcatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus tendagurensis" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This may be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, but remains
are too incomplete to be sure. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Anurognathus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="ammoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Doederline" year="1923"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  tailless <I>or</I> anuran <LOW>(frog)</LOW> jaw
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Apatodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>deceptive tooth</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mirus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Apatornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1873"/>
 <MEANING>deceptive <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
 <SPECIES name="celer" original="Ichthyornis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Apatosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  deceptive lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="21"/>
 <LENGTH value="26"/>
 <MASS value="30000"/>
 <MASS value="35000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="ajax">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, braincase"/>
  <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="excelsus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="excelsus" original="Brontosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
  <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
  <REMAINS content="6 partial postcrania, skull, jaw, postcranial elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   grand
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laticollis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="ajax"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="louisae">
  <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1915"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeleton, postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minimus">
  <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   least
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus2">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
  <REMAINS content="incomplete pelvic section"/>
  <MEANING>
   montane
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="yahnahpin">
  <SYNONYM name="Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This genus is more popularly known as <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>,
but <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/> has long been considered a junior synonym of
<NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>. There is a minority opinion that
<NOMEN name="A. excelsus"/> does represent a valid genus (named
<NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>) separate from <NOMEN name="A. ajax"/>. </P>

<P> <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/> was shorter but bulkier than its relatives
<NOMEN name="Barosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Apsaravis" type="with">
 <MEANING>Apsar bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ukhaana">
  <MEANING><LOW>from</LOW> Ukhaa <LOW>Tolgod</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Norell, Clarke" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with fragmentary skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aragosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Aragón<LOW>, Spain</LOW>lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="18"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, forelimb, ischium, pubis, scapula"/>
 <SPECIES name="ischiatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscialoni, Casanovas, Santafe" year="1987"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aralosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Aral <LOW>Sea</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, limb bones, vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="tuberiferus">
  <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Classified as a <LINK content="gryposaurin hadrosaurine"/>, but
may be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Arambourgiania">
 <MISSPELLED name="Arambourgiana"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Camille</LOW> Arambourg's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Jordan"/>
 <SPECIES name="philadelphiae" original="Titanopteryx">
  <AUTHOR name="Arambourg" year="1959"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This genus was originally called
<NOMEN name="Titanopteryx"/> ("titanic wing"), but that name was already
given to an insect(!) </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Araripedactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> finger
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="phalanx from 5th digit"/>
 <SPECIES name="dehmi">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1977"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Araripesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
 <SPECIES name="castilhoi">
  <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1971"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Araucanoraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Araucan <LOW>chicken</LOW> raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <MASS value="30"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>
   Argentinian   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A sickle-clawed predator, probably a <LINK content="paravian"/> or a
<LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Archaeoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ancient horned face
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs"/>
 <SPECIES name="oshimai">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Azuma" year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Archaeopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>ancient wing/feather</MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Archäopteryx"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Archaeopterix"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Archeopteryx"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Archopteryx"/>
 <LENGTH value="0.45"/>
 <MASS value="0.3"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="isolated feather impression" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="lithographica" status="conservandum">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
  <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Nopcsa" year="1927"/>
  <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete, all with feather impressions)"/>
  <MEANING>stone-written</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bavarica">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1993"/>
  <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
  <MEANING>Bavarian</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
  <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macrura" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1862"/>
  <MEANING>large-tailed</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oweni" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Petronievics" year="1917"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="recurva">
  <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1984"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
  <MEANING>recurved</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="siemensii">
  <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1897"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The origin of <LINK content="birds"/> is associated with this creature,
the "first bird" (nicknamed "Archie"). Although it resembled other small
<LINK content="theropods"/> so much that one skeleton was for years
mistakenly identified as <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, it bore feathers
identical to those of <LINK content="modern flying birds"/>. When it was
first discovered in 1861, early evolutionists quickly recognized it as the
"missing link" between birds and more primitive <LINK content="reptiles"/>.
</P>
  
<P> In many ways, <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> was unlike modern birds.
Like non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, it had a bony
tail (short for a theropod, very long for a bird), teeth, and clawed fingers.
It also had a hyperextendable "switchblade" claw on each foot, like its
relatives the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. But it was a bird and
featured avian characteristics, like a reduced number of tail vertebrae and
unserrated teeth. </P>

<P> Here is a table of known <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> specimens (which
are named after where they were first displayed):
<DIAGRAM>
<B>Specimen    Found Recognized Complete</B>
(feather)   1860
London      1861
Berlin      1876             X
Maxberg     1956
Haarlem     1855  1970
Eichstätt   1951  1970       X
Solnhofen         1987       X
<NOMEN name="A. bavarica"/> 1992  1993       X
</DIAGRAM> </P>
<P>The Solnhofen specimen may represent a new genus and species, <NOMEN
name="Wellnhoferia grandis"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Archaeoraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>ancient raider <I>or</I> <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>/<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/></MEANING>
 <SYNONYM name="Microraptor"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Aves" incertae="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="liaoningensis">
  <MEANING>from Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olson" year="2000"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Stephen Czerkas, Sylvia Czerkas"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P header="A Messy Situation"> This name has an ugly, if brief, history
behind it. Here is an attempt to sum it up. </P>

<P>The name "Archaeoraptor liaoningensis" was originally published in a
National Geographic article in 1999. Pictures of the type specimen,
supposedly a link between <LINK content="Aves"/> and more primitive, <LINK
content="deinonychosaur"/>-like animals, were also published, but there
was no formal diagnosis. Furthermore, the article disclaimed itself as a
formal description and announced that the animal would be properly
described later. Thus, at that point in time, according to ICZN rules, the
name "Archaeoraptor" was a <I>nomen nudum</I>, completely unofficial.</P>

<P>Shortly after publication, it became clear that the hindpart (tail,
hindlimbs) of "Archaeoraptor" was from a different animal than the rest of
it. This was discovered because the more complete counterslab to the
hindpart had been found, and indicated that that part belonged to a basal
<LINK content="paravian"/>, possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.
The forepart was determined to be <LINK content="avian"/>. At that point I
decided to use the unofficial name "Archaeoraptor" for the avian forepart,
which was the major part of the supposed specimen.</P>

<P>The hindpart and its counterslab were described in 2000 as <NOMEN
name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. But, unbeknownst to the authors, Storrs
Olson, a paleornithologist, had already formally designated the hindpart as the
type specimen of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>, publishing a
minimal description in an obscure journal. (The intent was to remove the
infamous name of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> from the field of
paleornithology.) Thus, as of this writing, the name <NOMEN
name="Microraptor"/> should be considered a junior objective synonym of
<NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> by ICZN rules. The avian section should
be considered <LINK content="Aves"/> <I>innom.</I></P>

<P>Many consider Olson's publication unwarranted and irresponsible. There
will be a petition to the ICZN to formally reject the name <NOMEN
name="Archaeoraptor"/> and conserve the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>.
In the hope that it succeeds, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>
for the basal paravian, despite ICZN rules.</P>

<P>The avian section has yet to be formally described and named.</P>

 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Archaeornis">
 <MISSPELLED name="Archaeonis"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Archeornis"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Petronievics"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Petronievics, Woodward" year="1917"/>
 <MEANING>ancient bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="siemensii">
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx siemensii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Archaeornithoides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Archaeornis"/> <LOW>(=<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>)</LOW> form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="1" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull (juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="deinosauricus">
  <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski, Wellnhofer" year="1992"/>
  <MEANING>
   dinosaurian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A poorly known dinosaur, <NOMEN name="Archaeornithoides"/> has been
classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/> because of its unserrated
teeth, but it may be some kind of <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, perhaps a
juvenile <NOMEN name="Byronosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Archaeornithomimus">
 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
 <MEANING>
  ancient <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="asiaticus" original="Ornithomimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
  <MEANING>
   Asian   
  </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="partial hand, metatarsi, vertebrae, limb elements, claws"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bissektensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Arctosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  arctic lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <PLACE name="Canada"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="osborni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Adams" year="1875"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May or may not be a <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Argentinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Argentinian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="35" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, tibia, fragmentary ribs, sacrum"/>
 <SPECIES name="huinculensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Coria" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Probably the largest known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Argyrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  silver lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
 <REMAINS content="forelimb"/>
 <REMAINS content="other material" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="superbus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
  <MEANING>
   superb   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aristosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  best lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="erectus">
  <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   erect
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aristosuchus" status="dubiumQ">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
 <MEANING>best crocodile</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="pusillus" original="Poekilopleuron" status="dubiumQ">
  <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1876"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178" content="partial sacrum, pubes" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178a" content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R179" content="manual ungual"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R899" content="manual ungual"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R5194" content="femur"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R6426" content="ischium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oweni">
  <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus oweni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1" q="1"/>
  <TIME value="EK"/>
  <PLACE name="Romania"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 caudal vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Calamosaurus foxi"/>. Along with
  <NOMEN name="Calamospondylus oweni"/>, a confusing taxonomic situation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Arkansaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Arkanosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Arkansan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Arkansas"/>
 <SPECIES name="fridayi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Sattler" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Arrhinoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  without nose-horn face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="brachyops">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1925"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-faced      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="utahensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Torosaurus utahensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Utah   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Inappropriately named, since it did have a nasal horn. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Arstanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Arstan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan, Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial maxilla, hindlimb material, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="akkurganensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Suslov, Shilin" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Once thought to be potentially <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, re-analysis
suggests that this species is <LINK content="iguanodontian"/>,
probably <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Arthurdactylus">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Sir</LOW> Arthur <LOW>Conan Doyle's</LOW> finger
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="conandoylensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Frey, Martill" year="1994"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sir Arthur</LOW> Conan Doyle's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Arthurdactylus"/> had the longest wings proportional
to its size of any flying animal. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Asiaceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Asian horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="salsopaludalis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina, Cherepanov" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sulcidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Microceratops sulcidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Asiahesperornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="bashanovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Prizemlin" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Asian <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Asiamericana" type="with">
 <MEANING>Asia-American <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="asiatica">
  <MEANING>Asian</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Actinopterygii"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>These teeth were though to be from a <LINK content="spinosaurid"/>,
  but are actually those of a saurodontid <LINK content="fish"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Asiatosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Asian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
  <MEANING>
   Mongolian      
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium" q="1">
  <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
  <REMAINS museum="KPE" id="8001" content="tooth (46mm)"/>
  <PLACE name="Korea"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Astrodon" status="dubium">
 <MISSPELLED name="Astrond"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Astrood"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Astrodom"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Johnston" year="1859"/>
 <MEANING>
  star tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="johnstoni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="montanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus montanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus nanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pusillus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus valdensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Maryland's state <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (excluding the Baltimore
oriole, of course). Sometimes synonymized with <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Astrodonius">
 <MISSPELLED name="Astrodontius"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
 <MEANING>
  star tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="johnstoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Astrodon johnstoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pusillus">
  <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Atlantosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
 <MEANING>
  Atlantis lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="montanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   montane      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ajax">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus amplus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="excelsus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laticollis">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus laticollis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="louisae">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minimus">
  <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   least
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Atlasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Atlas' <LOW>(mountain range and giant of Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="imelakei">
  <MEANING>Imelake's <LOW>(giant of Arabian mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Monbaron, D. A. Russell, Taquet" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="13"/>
 <LENGTH value="14"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Atlascopcosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Atlas Copco's <LOW>(mining company)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="loadsi">
  <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>William</LOW> Loads'</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aublysodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  backwards tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="80" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletal material" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="mirandis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
  <MEANING>
   crested      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="horridus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancinator">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lateralis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="mirandis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="molnari">
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>Probably a juvenile of another genus.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Aucasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Auca <LOW>Mahuevo</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="garridoi" status="nudum">
  <MEANING><LOW>Alberto</LOW> Garrido's <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Coria"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Dingus" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen with pelvic soft tissue impressions"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MASS value="700"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <ESSAY> <P>Similar to the larger <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/>, but with
proportionally longer arms, a longer and lower skull, and bumps instead of
horns.</P> 

<P>The single specimen was buried at the bottom of a shallow lake, in
sediment that became the Anacleto Member of the Rio Colorado Formation.
Part of its skull was broken apart.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Augustia" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Zariquiey" year="1927"/>
 <MEANING>august <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ligabuei">
  <SYNONYM name="Agustinia ligabuei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  This name was preoccupied by a beetle.
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Austroraptor" status="unpublished">
 <MISSPELLED name="Austraptor"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ozraptor"/>
 <MEANING>
  southern raider
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Austrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  southern lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, partial limb bones"/>
 <SPECIES name="mckillopi" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1933"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Avaceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ava <LOW>Cole</LOW>'s horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skull, skeleton"/>
 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="skull" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="lammersi">
  <AUTHOR name="Dodson" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>
genus, or a subadult of its own genus (possibly 
non-<LINK content="ceratopsid"/>). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Avalonia" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Abalonia"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Walcott" year="1889"/>
 <SPECIES name="sanfordi">
  <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Avalonianus">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
 <SPECIES name="sanfordi" original="Avalonia">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Avimimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <MASS value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="portentosus">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1981"/>
  <MEANING>0</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Some have suggested that the small, toothless(?)
<NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> was feathered. It had little ridges running along
its arms that may represent anchor points for feather shafts, although
<LINK content="birds"/> generally have bone "pimples" for anchor points
instead of straight ridges. </P>
  
<P> This animal is difficult to classify. Its metatarsals were pinched, like
those of <LINK content="arctometatarsalians"/>,
<LINK content="caenagnathids"/>, and advanced <LINK content="alvarezsaurs"/>.
It may belong to any or none of these groups. It had some very bird-like
traits, and its head was somewhat similar to <LINK content="oviraptorids"/>.
It has even been suggested that it may be a chimera made up of two different
animals, but a recent find seems to dispel this idea. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> may be related to <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
and/or <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Avipes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird foot
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="MTr"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
 <SPECIES name="dillstedtianus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a "<LINK content="lagosuchian"/>" or even a very early
<LINK content="theropod"/>. Tiny, whatever it was. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Avisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
 <SPECIES name="archibaldi">
  <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman, Paul" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gloriae">
  <AUTHOR name="Varrichio, Chiappe" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally thought to be a non-<LINK content="avian"/>
<LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Azendohsaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Azendoh <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary, isolated teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="laaroussi" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Dutuit" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Azhdarcho" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dragon
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <SPECIES name="lancicollis">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bactrosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Batractosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  club<LOW>-spined</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="material from at least 6 skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="johnsoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae"/>
  <REMAINS content="tibia" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prynadai">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1939"/>
  <SYNONYM name="johnsoni"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tanius sinensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bagaceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skulls (5 complete), fragmentary postcrania (juvenile & adult)"/>
 <SPECIES name="rozhdestvenskyi">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had a small nasal horn. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bagaraatan" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small hunter
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="mandible, partial pelvis & hindlimb, back and tail vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
  <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bahariasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1934"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bambiraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>Bambi <LOW>(fictional fawn)</LOW> raider</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="feinbergorum">
  <MEANING><LOW>Ann and Michael</LOW> Feinberg's </MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Burnham, Derstler, Currie, Bakker, Zhou, Ostrom" year="2000"/>
  <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Olshevsky" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <LENGTH value="1" age="subadult"/>
 <MASS value="3" age="subadult"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="specimen" age="subadult" type="holo"/>
 <ESSAY><P>This tiny, long-armed, <LINK content="bird"/>-like creature was originally
  thought to be a juvenile <LINK content="velociraptorine"/>. It has the
  largest brain-to-body ratio of any non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaur.</P>
  <P><I>see also</I>: <REFER page="http://www.bambiraptor.com/" title="The Bambiraptor Home Page"/></P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Baptornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  diving bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
 <SPECIES name="advenus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Barapasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big-legged lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="18"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="6 partial skeletons (missing skull & feet)"/>
 <SPECIES name="tagorei">
  <AUTHOR name="Jain, Kutty, Roy-Chowdhury, Chatterjee" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Barosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  heavy lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <LENGTH value="27"/>
 <MASS value="10000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="lentus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <PLACE name="S. Dakota, Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, partial tail"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1899"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Gigantosaurus2">
  <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skeletons, elements"/>
  <MEANING>
   African      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1961"/>
  <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <REMAINS content="limb bones"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Barosaurus africanus"/> may represent a separate genus
(<NOMEN name="Tornieria"/>). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Barsboldia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Rinchen</LOW> Barsbold's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, metatarsus"/>
 <SPECIES name="sicinskii" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Baryonyx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  heavy claw
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="9.5"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="1500"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="2000"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
  <MEANING>Walker's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Charig, Milner" year="1987"/>
  <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skeleton, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> possessed a number of characteristics that set
it apart from other <LINK content="theropods"/>. The skull and (numerous)
teeth were rather crocodile-like. Unlike most <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
the neck lacked a strong S-curve. There was a foot-long claw (for which the
genus is named) on each hand. A piscivorous (fish-eating) lifestyle has been
suggested for this 30-foot long predator, since fish teeth
(<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Lepidotes"/>) and imprints of fish scales have been
found in its belly. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bashunosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="kaijiangensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Kuang" year="1996"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Basutodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="ferox">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
  <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bathygnathus">
 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1854"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenacodontidae"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Batrachognathus">
 <MEANING>
  frog jaw
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
 <SPECIES name="volans">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1948"/>
  <MEANING>
   flying      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> So-named for its large, grotesque head. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Becklespinax">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Samuel H.</LOW> Beckle's spined <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 vertebrae, partial metatarsus, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="altispinax" original="Acrocanthosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
  <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian"/>
  <MEANING>
   tall-spined
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <REFER page="Altispinax"/> </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Beelemodon" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1997"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements" q="1"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Mentioned as an "omnivorouscarnivorous" <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Beipiaosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Beipiao lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.2"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton with integument impressions"/>
 <SPECIES name="inexpectus">
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Tang, Wang" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>
   unexpected      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The fourth non-<LINK content="avian"/> discovered to have feathers or
feather-like integument, from the same Early Cretaceous Chinese deposits
as the other four (<NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>,
<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
most recently <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>).
<NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' integument seems somewhat similar to that
of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>, but longer -- 5 cm on the average and
up to 7 cm on the arms. The ends seem to have branching structures. </P>

<P> Apart from the integument, <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, a primitive
<LINK content="therizinosaur"/>, has features which show therizinosaurs to be
<LINK content="coelurosaurian"/> <LINK content="theropods"/>, not
<LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> or <LINK content="ornithischian"/> relatives as
sometimes thought. Unlike most other theropods, therizinosaurs have
four functional toes, like sauropodomorphs and some ornithischians.
But <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' feet, which have reduced inner toes,
show that the therizinosaur condition evolved from a three-toed ancestor.
</P>

<P> The head was relatively larger than that of other therizinosaurs, and
it had some features similar to the related
<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bellusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  beautiful lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skull, postcrania (from 17 individuals)"/>
 <SPECIES name="sui">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
  <NOMEN name="Klamelisaurus"/> may represent the adult form of this animal.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Belodon">
 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1842"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bennettazhia" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  Bennett's <LINK content="azhdarchid"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Betasuchus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>ornithomimid genus</LOW> B crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
 <SPECIES name="bredai" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bienosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Mai N.</LOW> Bien's lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lufengensis">
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crichtonii" status="nudum">
  <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Michael</LOW> Crichton's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <REMAINS content="mandible, skull fragments, etc."/>
 <ESSAY><P>
A small biped (about 1 meter tall) with armored cheeks.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bihariosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Bihor lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Romania"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, skeletal fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="bauxiticus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marinescu" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bilbeyhallorum" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Burge, Bird, McClelland, Cicconetti" year="1999"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Cedarpelta"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Blikanasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Blikana lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb"/>
 <SPECIES name="cromptoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton, van Heerden" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bogolubovia" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Nikolai</LOW> Bogolubov's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Boluochia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Boluochi <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="zhengi">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>Zheng's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had a hooked beak and sharp talons. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Borogovia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  borogove <LOW>(creature in "Jabberwocky", a poem by Lewis Carroll)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilicrus">
  <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1987"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bothriospondylus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Bathriospondylus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Bothrospondylus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Bothryospondylus"/>
 <MEANING>
  furrowed vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="suffosus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
  <REMAINS content="back and hip verebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alenquerenis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elongatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
  <MEANING>
   elongated      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium" q="1">
  <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1895"/>
  <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
  <PLACE name="Europe" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
  <MEANING>
   great      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubiumQ" original="Marmarospondylus">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
  <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brachiosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  arm lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="22"/>
 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="30000"/>
 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="altithorax">
  <AUTHOR name="Riggs" year="1903"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
  <MEANING>
   high-chested      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="atalaiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
  <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hip & limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brancai">
  <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fraasi">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
  <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nougaredi" status="dubiumQ" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Algeria"/>
  <REMAINS content="sacrum, forelimb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> At one time the largest known land animal of all time, <NOMEN
name="Brachiosaurus"/> has since been superceded in height by <NOMEN
name="Sauroposeidon"/> and in mass by South American <LINK
content="titanosaurs"/> such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brachyceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  short horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1.8"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons (subadult or juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="montanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Montana
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius dawsoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ovatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus ovatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brachylophosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  short crest lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1953"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Canada      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="goodwini">
  <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1988"/>
  <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="1 specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brachypodosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  short-legged lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
 <SPECIES name="gravis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Chakravarti" year="1934"/>
  <MEANING>
   heavy      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> or a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brachyrophus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  short roof<LOW>ed vertebra</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="altarkansanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bradycneme" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  heavy leg
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="draculae" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Count</LOW> Dracula's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brasileodactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Brazilian finger
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial lower jaw"/>
 <SPECIES name="araripensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brasileosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Brazilian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="pachecoi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1931"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Breviceratops">
 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  short horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 skulls, partial postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="kozlowskii" original="Protoceratops">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had a small nasal horn/bump. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brontoraptor" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Redman" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>
  thunder raider
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Brontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  thunder lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="excelsus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ajax">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="louisae">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="montanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bruhathkayosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>huge body lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="radius, ilium, ischium, partial femur, tibia, caudal centrum"/>
 <SPECIES name="matleyi">
  <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Although originally identified as a friggin' <U>huge</U>
<LINK content="theropod"/>, <NOMEN name="Bruhathkayosaurus"/> seems more
likely to be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>, if it is, indeed,
<LINK content="animalian"/>. The fossil identified as its tibia
is 25% longer than the tibia of <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Bugenasaura" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  large cheek lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="infernalis">
  <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1995"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull, back vertebrae, 2 fingers"/>
  <MEANING>
   infernal <LOW>(from Hell Creek River)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="garbanii" original="Thescelosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1976"/>
  <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, hindlimb"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The specific name of 
<NOMEN name="Bugenasaura infernalis"/> refers to the Hell Creek Formation,
where it is from. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="B. garbanii"/> has been tentatively reassigned from
<NOMEN name="Thescelosaurus"/> to <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
could represent the body of the <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>
<NOMEN name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>, which is also from Hell Creek. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Byronosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Byron <LOW>Jaffe'</LOW>s lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <SPECIES name="jaffei">
  <MEANING><LOW>Byron</LOW> Jaffe's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Norell, Mackovicky, Clark" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This is the first <LINK content="troodontid"/> known to have
unserrated teeth, like those of <LINK content="birds"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Caenagnathasia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Asian <NOMEN name="Caenagnathus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="7" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="9" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <REMAINS content="two pairs of dentaries"/>
 <SPECIES name="martinsoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Currie, Godfrey, Nessov" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Caenagnathus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  recent jaw
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="collinsi">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Calamosaurus" status="dubium">
 <MEANING>reed lizard</MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1891"/>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="BMNH" id="R901" content="2 associated cervical vertebrae" comment="one nearly complete, the other missing neural arch"/>
 <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium" original="Calamospondylus2">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Calamospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="sacrum" comment="lost"/>
 <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1866"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Calamospondylus2" type="with">
 <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fox" year="1866"/>
 <SPECIES name="foxi">
  <SYNONYM name="Calamosaurus foxi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Callovosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1988"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="Callovian"/> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus leedsi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Camarasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  chambered lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <MASS value="18000"/>
 <SPECIES name="supremus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <MEANING>
   supreme      
  </MEANING>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
  <REMAINS content="5 partial specimens, braincase, mandibles"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="annae">
  <AUTHOR name="Ellinger" year="1950"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="douglassi">
  <SYNONYM name="Uintasaurus douglassi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="excelsus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana"/>
  <REMAINS content="5 specimens, elements"/>
  <MEANING>
   grand
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="impar">
  <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus impar" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lentus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leptodirus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="supremus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lewisi" original="Cathetosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Jensen, James" year="1988"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ribs, forelimb, pubis, ischia"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A skin impression may or may not belong to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Camelotia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  named after Camelot
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pubis, ischium, femur, tibia, phalanges"/>
 <SPECIES name="borealis">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
  <MEANING>
   boreal      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Camposaurus" type="with">
 <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
 <SPECIES name="arizonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Arizona     
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Camptonotus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Camptonodus"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Uhler" year="1864"/>
 <SPECIES name="dispar">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Camptosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
 <MEANING>
  flexible lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="dispar" original="Camptonotus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
  <REMAINS content="10 skeletons (juvenile to adult), elements"/>
  <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptonotus amplus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="browni">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
  <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="depressus" q="1" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
  <PLACE name="Wyoming, S. Dakota"/>
  <REMAINS content="ilia, vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="medius">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
  <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nanus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
  <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
  <MEANING>
   dwarf      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prestwichii" original="Cumnoria">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1880"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontoidea" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian"/>
  <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Camptosaurus depressus"/> may not even represent an 
<LINK content="ornithopod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Campylodon">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cuvier, Valenciennes" year="1832"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Campylodoniscus"/>
 <MEANING>
  bent tooth
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Campylodoniscus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Campylodon"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW> 
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="ameghinoi" status="dubiumQ" original="Campylodon">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Campylognathoides">
 <AUTHOR name="Strand" year="1928"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Campylognathus"/> form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
 <REMAINS content="several specimens (some complete)"/>
 <SPECIES name="liasicus" original="Campylognathus">
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <MEANING>
   Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="indicus">
  <PLACE name="India"/>
  <MEANING>
   Indian      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="zitteli">
  <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Campylognathus">
 <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Reuter" year="1890"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Campylognathoides"/>
 <MEANING>curved jaw</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Capitalsaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1998"/>
 <MEANING>capital <LOW>(Washington, D.C.)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <PLACE name="District of Columbia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Carcharadontosaurus" author="Holtz" year="1994"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Carcharodonsaurus" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Carchrodontosaurus" author="White" year="1973"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
 <MEANING>
  shark-toothed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="14"/>
 <MASS value="7000" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="8000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Niger"/>
 <REMAINS content="isolated teeth, partial skeletons"/>
 <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
 <REMAINS content="anterior part of dentary"/>
 <SPECIES name="saharicus" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1925"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>the</LOW> Sahara <LOW>Desert</LOW>'s</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> has been known for a while from
scrappy remains, but only in recent years have new finds shown what a huge
creature it was, rivalling <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and other <LINK
content="carcharodontosaurines"/> as one of the largest land predators of
all time. </P>
  
<P> A recently unearthed <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> specimen was
reported to have the largest head of any <LINK content="theropod"/>,
although it seems that the skull was reconstructed too long. A realistic
estimate for head length is 153 cm, which is less than <NOMEN
name="Giganotosaurus"/>' 165 cm. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cardiodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>heart tooth</MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="rugulosus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Carnosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
 <MEANING>flesh lizard</MEANING>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Carnosauria"/>, in reference to indeterminate
large <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Carnotaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> bull
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
 <MASS value="1000"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with skin impressions"/>
 <SPECIES name="sastrei">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was an unusual <LINK content="theropod"/>.
The name refers to the small horns it bore above its eyes. The arms were
extremely small and underdeveloped, even more so than those of the <LINK
content="tyrannosaurids"/>. The forearms were so short that the hands
appeared to sprout almost directly from the elbows. Remains are very
complete, with skin impressions that show rows of large, non-bony,
semiconical scales along the right side of the body. </P>

<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was featured in the book <U>The Lost
World</U>, where it was given amazing, chameleon-like powers of skin
camouflage. Even if this is blatantly unscientific, it would've looked
kind of cool on the big screen. (Unfortunately, <NOMEN
name="Carnotaurus"/> wasn't put in the movie.) </P>

<P>Although originally dated as Early Cretaceous, the sediments this dinosaur
is from appear to be Late Cretaceous instead.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Caseosaurus" type="with">
 <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
 <SPECIES name="crosbyensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A "<LINK content="herrerasaur"/>" of some kind. Originally referred to 
<NOMEN name="Chindesaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Catenoleimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>lineage remainder</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="anachoretus">
  <MEANING>reclusive</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4606" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.2 mm)"/>
  <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
  <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cathayornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Cathay <LOW>(=China)</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="yandica">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Jin, Zhang" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="caudatus">
  </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Sinornis"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cathetosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  upright lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lewisi">
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lewisi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Caudipteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  tail feathers
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value=".7"/>
 <LENGTH value=".9"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12340" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
 <SPECIES name="zoui">
  <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-4-A" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
  <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-9-A" type="para" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BPM" id="0001" q="1" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Currie, Norell, Ji S." year="1998"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Vice-Premier</LOW> Zou <LOW>Jiahua</LOW>'s</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dongi">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12344" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
  <MEANING>Dong's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P header="A Feathered Dinosaur"> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> is one of
the few non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> for which
feathery impressions are known. The only others come from the same site
and have also only recently been discovered. <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
specimens were at first mistaken for <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
specimens. </P>

<P> As the name implies, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had a special
assemblage of feathers on its tail, possibly for ornamental purposes. 
There are bands of dark and light on the tail feathers. These may
be remnants of the animal's pigmentation, something that is hardly
ever preserved.</P>

<P> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had very short forelimbs and symmetrical
feathers, meaning that it did not fly. It legs were long, perhaps for
running and/or wading. A recent study has suggested that it was capable of perching.</P>

<P header="Relationships"> The original cladistic analysis placed <NOMEN
name="Caudipteryx"/> as a basal <LINK content="avialan"/>, but many now
think it was a more basal <LINK content="maniraptor"/>, probably related
to <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. The original analysis did not allow
for the possibility that it was not <LINK content="eumaniraptoran"/>.</P>

<P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx dongi"/> is a synonym of
<NOMEN name="C. zoui"/>. It is also possible that IVPP V 12340 and BPM
0001 belong to a new species.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Caudocoelus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 <MEANING>
  tail vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
  <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Caulodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  stalk tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="diversidens" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leptoganus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="praecursor">
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cearadactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ceará finger
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <SPECIES name="atrox">
  <AUTHOR name="Leonardi, Borgomanero" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cedarosaurus" type="with">
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="weiskopfae">
  <MEANING><LOW>Carol</LOW> Weiskopf's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Brooks" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cedarpelta" type="with">
 <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> shield</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <SPECIES name="bilbeyhallorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="disarticulated skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Centemodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1856"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Centrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  pointed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="15 skulls, skeletons, juvenile material"/>
 <SPECIES name="apertus" original="Monoclonius">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1904"/>
  <MEANING>windowed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Alberta      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cutleri" status="dubium" original="Monoclonius">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="flexus">
  <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius flexus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longirostris">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
  <SYNONYM name="apertus"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-nosed   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
  <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius nasicornis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
  <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="occipital condyle, horn cores"/>
 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
  <MEANING>
   Montana's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alticornis">
  <SYNONYM name="Triceratops alticornis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="belli">
  <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="horridus">
  <SYNONYM name="Triceratops horridus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="paucidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
  <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same as another <LINK content="ceratopsine"/> genus,
perhaps <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ceratosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  horned lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
  <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
  <LENGTH value="6"/>
  <MASS value="500"/>
  <MASS value="1000"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
  <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
  <MEANING>
   nose-horned      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dentisulcatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
  <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
  <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnicornis">
  <MEANING>big-horned</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull, several specimens"/>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meriani" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Greppin" year="1870"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="roechlingi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="roechlinqi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="willisobrienorum" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>Willis O'Brien's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="magnicornis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/> was a common Jurassic predator that
sported a large horn on the snout and two smaller ones above the eyes.
</P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="C. ingens"/> may have been a humongous African <LINK
content="ceratosaur"/>, among the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
</P>

<P> <NOMEN name="C. magnicornis"/> and <NOMEN name="C. dentisulcatus"/>
may be junior synonyms of <NOMEN name="C. nasicornis"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cetiosauriscus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW> 
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <SPECIES name="stewarti">
  <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1980"/>
  <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="hindquarters, vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brancai">
  <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="glymptonensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
  <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="greppini" status="dubiumQ" original="Ornithopsis">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1922"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Switzerland"/>
  <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1905"/>
  <SYNONYM name="stewarti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsii">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longus" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
  <MEANING>
   long      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Usually classified as a <LINK content="diplodocid"/>, but that may need
reevaluation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cetiosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  whale lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="14"/>
 <LENGTH value="18"/>
 <SPECIES name="medius" status="conservandum">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brachyurus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-tailed      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   short
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
  <AUTHOR name="Melville" year="1849"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Brachiosauridae" q="1"/>
  <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, chevron"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="epioolithicus" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus"/>
  <MEANING>after <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="glymptonensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus glymptonensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="greppini">
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hypoolithicus" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1841"/>
  <SYNONYM name="medius"/>
  <MEANING>under <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus leedsi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsii">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longus">
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   long      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mogrebiensis" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1955"/>
  <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
  <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
  <PLACE name="Algeria" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="several skeletons"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oxonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1880"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rigauxi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
  <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rugulosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Cardiodon rugulosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Owen originally considered <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/> to be a
crocodile-like creature, and thus did not include it in the original
description of the taxon <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>, which he published
the same year as <NOMEN name="C. medius"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Changchengornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Great Wall <LOW>of China</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="hengdaoziensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Chiappe, Ji S." year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Changtusaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Changdusaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Chendusaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Chengdusaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Changdu <LOW>basin</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="laminaplacodus" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chaoyangia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chaoyang <LOW>County one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="beishanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhang" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had long toes, possibly for wading. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chaoyangsaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Chaoyangosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="MJ" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng, Xu" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="liaosiensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng" year="1983"/>
  <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>The oldest known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, although not quite the most basal.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chaoyoungosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
 <SPECIES name="liaosiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus liaosiensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Charonosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Charon's <LOW>(ferryman to Hell in Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="jiayinensis">
  <MEANING>from Jiayin</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Zan, Jin" year="2000"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skull with fragmentary crest"/>
  <REMAINS content="elements from dozens of specimens"/>
  <LENGTH value="13"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Hails from the Yuliangze Formation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chasmosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
 <MEANING>
  chasm <LOW>(skull opening)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <MASS value="1500"/>
 <SPECIES name="belli" original="Monoclonius">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="8 skulls, skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevirostris">
  <AUTHOR name="Kaiseni" year="1933"/>
  <SYNONYM name="belli"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-nosed      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis" original="Monoclonius">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Canada    
  </MEANING>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <REMAINS content="4 skulls"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kaiseni">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
  <SYNONYM name="canadensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mariscalensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lehman" year="1989"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="12 skulls, juvenile specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
  <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="russelli">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 skulls"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Pentaceratops sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chassternbergia">
 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
 <MEANING>
  Cha<LOW>rle</LOW>s <LOW>M.</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cheneosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  goose lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tolmanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurus altispinus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chialingosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Jia-ling <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="MJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="kuani" status="conservandum">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chuhsiensis" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
  <SYNONYM name="kuani"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This <LINK content="stegosaur"/>'s plates were rather spiky. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chiayusaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Chiayasaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Chiayuesaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Chiayüsaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Chiryuesaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Jiayu<LOW>gan</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Asiatosaurus mongoliensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   lake<LOW>-dwelling</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chienkosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="ceratosauroides">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
  <MEANING>
   <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>-formed
 </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chihuahuasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Sonorasaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Chihuahua lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chilantaisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ch'i-lan-t'ai <LOW>Lake</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="tashuikouensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
  <TIME value="Aptian"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maortuensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="Aptian"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull, teeth, other remains"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sibiricus" status="dubium" original="Antrodemus">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1914"/>
  <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
  <PLACE name="Russia"/>
  <REMAINS content="metatarsal"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauria" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="LK"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 foot claws, hand claw"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Probably either a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
  
<P> The claws assigned to <NOMEN name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis"/> seem instead to
be from a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>. <NOMEN name="C. maortuensis"/>
may also be a therizinosaur, or a <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chindesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinde <LOW>Point</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="30"/>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="bryansmalli">
  <AUTHOR name="Murray, Long" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chingkankousaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="scapula"/>
 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
  <MEANING>
   fragile      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chinshakiangosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Chinsakiangosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Chinshakiang lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="zhongheensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chuhghoensis" status="unknown">
  <SYNONYM name="zhongheensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May have been the largest "prosauropod". </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chirostenotes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  slender hand
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, 3 feet, hand, sacrum, mandible, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="pergracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
  <LENGTH value="2"/>
  <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elegans">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rarus">
  <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus rarus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Caenagnathus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cracraft" year="1971"/>
  <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
  <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes sternbergi"/> may be the same as 
<NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>, perhaps a different gender. Some material
may belong to a new species. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chondrosteosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  cartilage bone lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="gigas" status="dubiumQ" original="Chondrosteus">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
  <MEANING>
   gigantic      
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="becklessi">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus">
  <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus magnus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="megalus">
  <AUTHOR name="Fox"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>
   big   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chondrosteus">
 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Chondrosteosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  cartilage bone
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chuandongocoelurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Chuandongosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Chuandong <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, possibly also partial hindlimb, pelvis, fibula, scapula"/>
 <SPECIES name="primitivus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
  <MEANING>
   primitive   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chuanjiesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Chuanjie <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="anaensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Fang, Pang, Lü, Zhang, Pan, Wang, Li, Cheng" year="2000"/>
  <MEANING>from A'na</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="LFCH" id="1001" content="9 cervicals, 17 caudals, 2 ribs, limb & limb girdle elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="MJ" section="earliest" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <ESSAY><P>Originally published as <B><I>C. a'naensis</I></B>, but the
 ICZN does not permit non-alphabetic characters in any taxon's name.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chubutisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="insignis">
  <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Although originally placed in its own family, <NOMEN
name="Chubutisaurus"/> was considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>
despite not having front legs longer than hind legs, like <NOMEN
name="Brachiosaurus"/>. More recent analyses suggest that it
is a very primitive <LINK content="titanosaur"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Chungkingosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chongqing lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton, 3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="jiangbeiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cimoliornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1846"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
 <MEANING>
  chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cionodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Cinodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  column tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="arctatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumense">
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Citipati" type="with">
 <MEANING>pyre lord</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="osmolskae">
  <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Halszka</LOW> Osmólska's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/978"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" museum="IGM" id="100/979" content="partial postcranium overlying a nest with elongatoolithid eggs"/>
  <REMAINS museum="IGM" id="100/971" content="embryonic skeleton inside elongatoolothid egg"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <REMAINS content="skull with associated cervical vertebrae" museum="IGM" id="100/42"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH q="1" value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The specimen assigned to <NOMEN name="Citipati sp."/>
had previously been assigned to <NOMEN name="Oviraptor philoceratops"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cladeiodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Claderodon"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Cladyodon"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Kladeisteriodon"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Kladyodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  branch tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lloydi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Teratosaurus suevicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Claorhynchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  broken snout
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
 <SPECIES name="trihedris" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
  <MEANING>
   three-sided   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> or a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Claosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
 <MEANING>
  broken lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranium with skull fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="agilis" original="Hadrosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
  <MEANING>
   agile   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1903"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="annectens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Clarencea" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Clarenceia" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Clarencia" author="Brink" year="1959"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Clarenica" author="Young" year="1964"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Clarensia" author="Gow, Kitching" year="1988"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Brink" year="1959"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Clasmodosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  measured fragment lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="spatula" status="dubium" original="Clasmodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
  <MEANING>
   spatula<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Clepsysaurus" type="none">
 <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1851"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
 <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Clevelanotyrannus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Currie" year="1987"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Nanotyrannus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Cleveland tyrant
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coelophysis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  hollow form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <MASS value="15"/>
 <MASS value="30"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="several hundred skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
 <SPECIES name="bauri" status="conservandum" original="Coelurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1964"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Podokesaurus holyokensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Holyoke
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="posthumus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Syntarsus rhodesiensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="willistoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus willistoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>, a very common little hunter of the Late
Triassic, came in two forms, "robust" and "gracile". These two forms, or
"morphs", probably represent the two genders. </P>
  
<P> There was a recent disagreement over the proper name for <NOMEN
name="Coelophysis"/>. The type specimen (that is, the specimen used to
define the genus) was rather fragmentary. Most of our knowledge of <NOMEN
name="Coelophysis"/> comes instead from dozens of very well-preserved
specimens found at a site called Ghost Ranch. Some scientists recently
argued that the Ghost Ranch <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> might not
necessarily be the same as the original <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
specimen. They proposed a new name for the Ghost Ranch dinosaurs - <NOMEN
name="Rioarribasaurus"/>. But by this time the association of the name
<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> with the Ghost Ranch material had become
heavily entrenched in dinosaur terminology. The ICZN (International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) voted to redefine the type specimen
of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> as one of the Ghost Ranch specimens. So the
name <NOMEN name="Rioarribasaurus"/> has been officially dropped. </P>
  
<P> The original type material, which may or may not belong to the same kind
of animal as the neotype, has been given its own (dubious) genus:
<NOMEN name="Eucoelophysis"/> ("true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>"). </P>

<P> A <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> skull from the Carnegie Museum of
Natural History became the first dinosaur fossil to be taken into space on
January 22, 1998 when the Endeavor Space Shuttle took off for Mir Space
Station. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coelosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Anonymous (Owen)" year="1854"/>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coeluroides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/> form
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="India, Kazakhstan"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="largus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>
   large
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coelurosauravus" type="with">
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <SPECIES name="elivensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauravidae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> ancestor
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coelurosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
 <MEANING>
  hollow tail lizard
 </MEANING>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Coelurosauria"/>, in reference to
some indeterminate small <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coelurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  hollow tail
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranial material (single individual?)"/>
 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
  <MEANING>
   fragile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
  <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   agile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bauri">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="daviesi">
  <SYNONYM name="Thecospondylus daviesi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hermanni">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornitholestes hermanni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coloborhynchus" type="none">
 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
 <MEANING>
  stunted snout
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="clavirostris">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Anhangueridae"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Colonosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coloradia" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Blake" year="1863"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="brevis">
  <SYNONYM name="Coloradisaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coloradisaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1983"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull" type="holo"/>
 <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Coloradia">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1978"/>
  <MEANING>
   short
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the adult version of <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Colossosaurus" status="nudum">
 <MEANING>colossal lizard</MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="Mantell"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Cadbury" year="2000"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Comodactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Como <LOW>Bluff</LOW> finger
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1981"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Compsognathus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  delicate jaw
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <MASS value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="France, Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
 <SPECIES name="longipes">
  <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1859"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-footed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="corallestris">
  <AUTHOR name="Demay, Thomel" year="1972"/>
  <SYNONYM name="longipes"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="primus">
  <SYNONYM name="Sinosauropteryx prima" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the very smallest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK
content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
  
<P> There has been disagreement over the poorly preserved hand. One early
restoration with a finned forelimb has been rejected. Usually it is
depicted with two fingers, although it may well have had the usual
theropod three, as its closest relative <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
did. Recently, a bone previously identified as left metacarpal I was
re-diagnosed as the first phalanx of the first digit, bolstering this
idea.</P>
  
<P> The type specimen of <NOMEN name="Compsognathus corallestris"/> probably represents
the adult form, while the type specimen of <NOMEN name="C. longipes"/> is
probably a juvenile. The adult was found with 10 eggs and a skeleton
inside. At first it was thought that the skeleton was of a fetal <NOMEN
name="Compsognathus"/>, and that the animal gave live birth (ovoviviparity),
but it turned out to be a <LINK content="lizard"/> (<NOMEN nolink="1"
name="Bavarisaurus"/>). This is direct evidence of <NOMEN
name="Compsognathus"/>' predatory nature. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Compsosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  delicate crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="solus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Conchoraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  conch raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Concornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Cuenca <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with feather impressions"/>
 <SPECIES name="lacustris">
  <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscalioni" year="1992"/>
  <MEANING>
   lakeside
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Confuciusornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Confucius' bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="sanctus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Gu, Zhang" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>
   holy
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="hundreds of complete specimens with feather impressions"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chuonzhous">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
  <REMAINS content="leg"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dui">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meidus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
  <SYNONYM name="chuonzhous"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="shuzi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
  <SYNONYM name="suniae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="suniae">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
  <REMAINS content="complete specimen(s?)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have a true beak.
Although toothless, it is probably independent of the two major radiations
of toothless birds, <LINK content="enantiornitheans"/> and <LINK
content="neornitheans"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Coniornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="altus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1893"/>
  <MEANING>
   tall
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A freshwater <LINK content="hesperornithid"/>, possibly a species of
<NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Corythosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Corinthian <LOW>helmet</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <MASS value="3500"/>
 <MASS value="4000"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="10 skulls, associated postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="casuarius">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
  <MEANING>
   cassowary<LOW>-like</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bicristatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
  <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
  <MEANING>
   double-crested
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevicristatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
  <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-crested
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="convincens">
  <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="excavatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1923"/>
  <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="frontalis">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="intermedius">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
  <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the "<LINK content="helmeted duck-bills"/>", with a large, hollow,
semicircular crest. One gender (female?) had smaller crests. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Craspedodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  edge tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Belgium"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1883"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Crataeomus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="lepidophorus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   scale-bearing
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii">
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus pawlowitschii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Craterosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bowl lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="pottonensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1874"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Creosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  flesh lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="atrox">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="potens" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cretornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1881"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="Cretaceous"/> bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Criorhynchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  battering ram snout
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="simus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Various other species have been named in this genus, which 
may be the same as <NOMEN name="Tropeognathus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cristatusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  crested lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
 <REMAINS content="premaxillae, partial maxilla, dentary, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="lapparenti" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>de</LOW> Lapparent's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> or <NOMEN
name="Suchomimus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cryolophosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  frozen crested lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial cranium, mandibles, pelvis, femur, vertebrae, fibula, tibiotarsus, metatarsals"/>
 <SPECIES name="elliotti">
  <AUTHOR name="Hammer, Hickerson" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This is the oldest known <LINK content="carnosaur"/> (and the oldest
known <LINK content="tetanuran"/>, for that matter). Also the only <LINK
content="theropod"/> known from Antarctica, and the first <LINK
content="dinosaur"/> from there to be described. It had an unusual crest
projecting upwards from between its eyes. </P>

<P>Before formally published, this animal was referred to in literature as
<NOMEN name="Elvisaurus"/>, named for its pompadour-like crest.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cryptodraco">
 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
 <MEANING>
  hidden dragon
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="eumerus">
  <SYNONYM name="Cryptosaurus eumerus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cryptosaurus" status="dubium">
 <MEANING>
  hidden lizard
 </MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
 <SPECIES name="eumerus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This genus was renamed <NOMEN name="Cryptodraco"/> because the name
<NOMEN name="Cryptosaurus"/> was thought to be preoccupied, but this was
not the case. (The other animal, a lizard, was actually named
<NOMEN name="Cystosaurus" nolink="1"/>.) </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ctenochasma">
 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1852"/>
 <MEANING>
  comb opening
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <REMAINS content="6 specimens (some complete)"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Pterodactylus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1851"/>
  <TIME value="LJ"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="porocristata">
  <MEANING>porous-crested</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1975"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1972"/>
  <PLACE name="France"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This animal filter-fed using the 260 tiny teeth in its jaws. <NOMEN
name="Ctenochasma porocristata"/> had a porous crest on its head. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cumnoria">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
 <MEANING>
  Cumnor's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dispar">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cuspirostrisornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  pointed rostrum bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian" section="late" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="houi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>Hou <LOW>Jifeng</LOW>'s</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="jifengi">
  <SYNONYM name="houi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10897" content="complete skeleton"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cycnorhamphus">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
 <MEANING>
  swan beak
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
 <SPECIES name="suevicus" original="Pterodactylus">
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1855"/>
  <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
  <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="canjuerensis">
  <PLACE name="France"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Cycnorhamphus canjuerensis"/> had a crest on the underside of its
jaw. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Cylindricodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Inglis, Sawyer" year="1979"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jaeger" year="1828"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  cylindrical tooth
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dacentrurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrurosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dicentrurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dacenturus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
 <MEANING>
  very pointed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="England, France, Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcrania (1 nearly complete), 4 sacra, femora"/>
 <SPECIES name="armatus" original="Omosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
  <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hastiger" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1877"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lennieri">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1893"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial femur"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="vetustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The first <LINK content="stegosaur"/> to be discovered. <NOMEN
name="Dacentrurus"/> was rather primitive, and had no plates, only spikes.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dachongosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Dachungosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Dachong lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="yunnanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Yunnan <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dakosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1856"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Damalasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Damala lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="MJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="laticostalis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
  <MEANING>
   great
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Perhaps a <LINK content="brachiosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dandakosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Dandak<LOW>ranya Forest</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="end of pubis"/>
 <SPECIES name="indicus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1982"/>
  <MEANING>
   Indian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Danubiosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Danube <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="anceps" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Daptosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
  <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Daspletosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  frightful lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="2000"/>
 <MASS value="3500"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="torosus">
  <MEANING>muscular</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1970"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeletons (one nearly complete), skulls (1 complete), 3 partial hindlimbs, partial spine, partial upper jaw"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dasygnathoides">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithosuchus"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dasygnathus">
 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1877"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="MacLeary" year="1819"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Dasygnathoides"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Datousaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big head/chieftain lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="14"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
 <REMAINS content="jaws" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="bashanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Deinocheirus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  terrible hand
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="mirificus">
  <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz" year="1970"/>
  <REMAINS content="forelimbs"/>
  <REMAINS content="ribs, vertebrae" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/64"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The incredible <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is known only from two
enormous, eight-foot-long (2.5m) arms with 10-inch claws. The arms are
similar to those of <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>, although the digits
and claws are more curved. <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> may have been on
the same scale as the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>. It lived
alongside <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, another bizarre theropod with
huge arms. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Deinodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Dinodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  terrible teeth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="horridus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus arctunguis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus2">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="falculus">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incrassatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kenabekides">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus kenabekides" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lateralis">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="libratus">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="periculosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named,
this dubious tooth taxon could be the same thing as <NOMEN
name="Gorgosaurus"/> or <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Deinonychus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  terrible claws
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <MASS value="50"/>
 <MASS value="75"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Utah"/>
 <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="over 9 skeletons (adult and subadult), teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
  <MEANING>counterbalancing</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1969"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="koreanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>from Korea</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="Koreanosaurus sp."/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Deltadromeus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  delta runner
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <MASS value="3500"/>
 <MASS value="4000"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <REMAINS content="femora"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="agilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Duthiel, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varicchio, J. A. Wilson" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   agile   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dendrorhynchoides">
 <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
 <MEANING><NOMEN name="Dendrorhynchus"/> form</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="curvidentatus" original="Dendrorhynchus">
  <REMAINS museum="GMV" id="2128" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
  <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>curve-toothed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dendrorhynchus">
 <AUTHOR type="first"/>
 <MEANING><LOW>family</LOW> tree <LOW>of</LOW> <NOMEN name="Rhamphorhynchus"/></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="curvidentatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Denversaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Denver lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="schlessmani">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia schlessmani" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dermodactylus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
 <MEANING>skin finger</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="metacarpal fragment"/>
 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
  <MEANING>
   montane   
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Deuterosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>second <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="biarmicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Eichwald" year="1860"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Dianchung lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Tianchungosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
 </MISSPELLED>
 <SPECIES name="lufengensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elegans" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Diceratops">
 <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Lull" year="1907"/>
 <MEANING>two-horned face</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="cranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="hatcheri" original="Triceratops">
  <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1907"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Considered for a long time as a species of <NOMEN
name="Triceratops"/>, this genus was recently resurrected. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Diclonius" type="with">
 <MEANING>double stick</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="pentagonus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis"/>
  <MEANING>
   five-sided
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="calamarius" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1883"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="perangulatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dicraeosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>forked lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="13"/>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 <SPECIES name="hansemanni">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcranium missing forelimbs, 2 partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brancai">
  <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sattleri">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial postcrania"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Didanodon">
 <MISSPELLED name="Didamodon"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1902"/>
 <SPECIES name="altidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dilophosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1970"/>
 <MEANING>double-crested lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <MASS value="300"/>
 <MASS value="450"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <SPECIES name="wetherilli" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1954"/>
  <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeletons, fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="breedorum">
  <MEANING>The Breeds' <LOW>(including William J.)</LOW></MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="77270"/>
  <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sinensis" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1993"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>

<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> sported a pair of thin crests running
from above the nostrils to the back of the head.  (At least, <NOMEN
name="D. breedorum"/> [which may very well be a junior synonym of <NOMEN
name="D. wetherilli"/>] and <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> did -- that part
of the skull is unknown for <NOMEN name="D. wetherilli"/> <I>sensu
stricto</I>.) These frills were probably ornamental in nature. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was featured in the blockbuster movie
<U>Jurassic Park</U>. Considerable liberties were taken with the
restoration. Real <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> were much larger than their
Jurassic Park counterparts. There is no evidence that they had neck frills or poison
glands. In fact, <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was the largest predator in
its environment and had no need to be poisonous. Furthermore, Jurassic Park's
dilophosaurs had jaws simplified beyond recognition (the cool kink was
utterly smoothed out). </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> had taller, more robust crests. It may not
belong to this genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dimodosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Pidancet, Chopard" year="1862"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dimorphodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>two form teeth</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
 <TIME value="MJ"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="macronyx">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
  <MEANING>
   big-clawed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dinheirosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="lourinhanensis">
  <MEANING>from Lourinhã</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Mateus" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dinodocus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  terrible beam
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mackesoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus mackesoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dinosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fischer de Waldheim" year="1847"/>
 <MEANING>
  terrible lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="gresslyi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1856"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
  The name <NOMEN name="Dinosaurus" nolink="1"/> was first given to
  a species of <NOMEN name="Rhopalodon"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dinotyrannus">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>terrible tyrant</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Diopocephalus">
 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1885"/>
 <MEANING>
  two appearance head
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.4"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="longicollum" original="Pterodactylus">
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Diplodocus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  double beam
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="27"/>
 <MASS value="6000"/>
 <MASS value="20000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
 <SPECIES name="longus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <MEANING>
   long
  </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="2 skulls, partial tails"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="carnegiei">
  <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1901"/>
  <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, 2 skulls, elements"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Andrew</LOW> Carnegie's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hallorum">
  <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Seismosaurus hallorum"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hayi">
  <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1924"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with braincase"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
  <SYNONYM name="longus"/>
  <MEANING>
   lakeside
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="reedi">
  <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1990"/>
  <SYNONYM name="carnegiei"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once known as the longest <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (although others
have now replaced it). </P>
  
<P> A recent find with skin impressions show a row of spines going down
the back. Other <LINK content="sauropods"/> may have shared this trait.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Diplotomodon" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
 <MEANING>
  double cutting tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="horrificus" status="dubium" original="Tomodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
  <MEANING>
   horrific
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Extremely similar to <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Diracodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  neck point tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="laticeps">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus laticeps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stenops">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dolichosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  long crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>
   crested
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Doratodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Doratorhynchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  spear snout
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="validus">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
  <MEANING>
   valid
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dorygnathus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  spear jaw
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <SPECIES name="banthensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1860"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mistelgauensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1971"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Doryphorosaurus">
 <MEANING>
  spear-bearing lizard
 </MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
 <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Draconyx" type="with">
 <MEANING>dragon claw</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="loureiroi">
  <AUTHOR name="Mateus, Antunes" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="maxillary teeth, 3 caudal centra, chevron, distal epiphyses of right humerus & femur, epiphyses of tibia & fibula, manual phalanx, 3 manual unguals, various pedal elements"/>
  <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
  <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dracopelta" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dragon shield
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial rib cage, armor"/>
 <SPECIES name="zbyszewskii">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dravidosaurus" type="with">
 <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropterygia"/>
 <MEANING>
  Dravid<LOW>anadu</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="blanfordi">
  <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1979"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Drinker" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Edward</LOW> Drinker <LOW>Cope's one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="adult (tooth, tail vertebrae, partial toes), subadult (partial jaws, centra, partial limbs), juvenile (tooth, centra, humerus, toe, femur, astragalus, radius, metatarsals)"/>
 <SPECIES name="nisti">
  <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Galton, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possessed a flexible tail. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dromaeosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  running lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
 <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skull, pedal elements, fragments"/>
 <REMAINS content="toe claw" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1922"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Alberta
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="abradens">
  <SYNONYM name="Zapsalis abradens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <MEANING>
   crested
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="explanatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="falculus">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium" original="Coelurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
  <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lateralis">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minutus">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dromiceiomimus">
 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
 <MEANING>
  emu mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <MASS value="100"/>
 <MASS value="150"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <SPECIES name="brevitertius" original="Struthiomimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
  <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="samueli" original="Struthiomimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
  <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
  <REMAINS content="specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Somewhat longer-limbed than other <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>.
<NOMEN name="Dromiceiomimus samueli"/> may be ancestral to 
<NOMEN name="D. brevitertius"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dromicosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dryosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
 <MEANING>
  oak lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
 <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="altus" original="Laosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
  <MEANING>
   tall
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, infant specimen, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="canaliculatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki" original="Dysalotosaurus">
  <MISSPELLED name="lettow-vorbecki"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Virchow" year="1919"/>
  <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dryptosauroides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/> form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>
   grand
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dryptosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
 <MEANING>
  wounding lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="aquilunguis" original="Laelaps">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1866"/>
  <MEANING>
   eagle-clawed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="falculus">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gallicus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1867"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kenabekides" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hay" year="1899"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
  <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
  <MEANING>
   big-footed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="medius" status="dubium" original="Allosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1888"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="potens">
  <SYNONYM name="Creosaurus potens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="saharicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once considered a <LINK content="megalosaur"/> (in fact, it was at one
time used as a subgenus of <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/>), this
medium-sized predator is now recognized as a basal <LINK
content="coelurosaur"/>, albeit a very late-occurring one. </P>
  
<P> Some other large-ish, late-surviving, basal coelurosaurs, like <NOMEN
name="Deltadromeus"/> seem to have some commonalities with <NOMEN
name="Dryptosaurus"/>. Together they may form a clade (Dryptosauridae).
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dsungaripterus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Junggar <LOW>Basin</LOW> wing
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <SPECIES name="weii">
  <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
  <TIME value="EK"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brancai" q="1">
  <TIME value="LJ"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dynamosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dynamic lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
  <MEANING>
   imperial
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" content="lower jaws, vertebrae, ribs" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dyoplosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Dioplosaurus"/>
 <SPECIES name="acutosquameus">
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   gigantic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dysalotosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  hard-to-catch lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dypsalotosaurus" author="Galton" year="1973"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dysalatosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Dysalotasaurus" author="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
 <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dysganus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bad brightness <LOW>(tooth enamel)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="encaustus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth, tooth fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bicarinatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="haydenianus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="peiganus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dyslocosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  hard-to-place lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="17"/>
 <LENGTH value="18"/>
 <MASS value="5000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
 <SPECIES name="polyonychius">
  <AUTHOR name="MacIntosh, Coombs, D. A. Russell" year="1992"/>
  <MEANING>
   many-clawed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> It is unclear whether <NOMEN name="Dyslocosaurus"/> remains came from the
0 Formation or the Lance Formation. This uncertainty gives it its
name. It may come from the Late Jurassic, like most other diplodocids, or
it may be from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), and therefore the
latest <LINK content="diplodocid"/> known. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dystrophaeus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  coarse joint
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="scapula, ulna, partial forefoot"/>
 <SPECIES name="viamalae" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Dystylosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  double beam lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="edwini">
  <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Echinodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Echinosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  prickly tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.6" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="becklessi">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1861"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary skulls, scutes"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> related to <NOMEN
name="Scutellosaurus"/>. Also suggested as a <LINK
content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Echizensaurus" status="unpublished">
 <TIME value="K"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Edmarka" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>William</LOW> Edmark's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="11"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="left jugal, ribs, scapulocoracoid"/>
 <SPECIES name="rex">
  <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Krails, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1992"/>
  <MEANING>
   king
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Torvosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Edmontonia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group's one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="logiceps">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1928"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="australis">
  <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rugosidens" original="Palaeoscincus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
  <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Texas, Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="schlessmani" original="Denversaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
  <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, teeth, armor fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Edmontonia schlessmani"/> may be the same as
<NOMEN name="E. rugosidens"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Edmontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="13"/>
 <MASS value="3000"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="regalis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
  <REMAINS content="several specimens, 7 skulls"/>
  <MEANING>
   regal
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altispinus" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1993"/>
  <SYNONYM name="regalis"/>
  <MEANING>
   tall-spined
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="annectens" original="Claosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, Montana, Saskatchewan, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
  <REMAINS content="5 specimens, skull elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="copei">
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="annectens"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor">
  <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor2">
  <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis" original="Thespesius">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1926"/>
  <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
  <REMAINS content="several skulls (1 complete)"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Saskatchewan
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Efraasia">
 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1973"/>
 <MEANING>
  E. Fraas' <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="diagnostica">
  <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Einiosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bison lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 skulls, elements from individuals of various ages"/>
 <SPECIES name="procurvicornis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with</LOW> forward-curving horn
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The nasal horn of <NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> curved forward, looking
something like a bottle-opener. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Elaphrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  light lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="200"/>
 <SPECIES name="bambergi">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelurus agilis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gautieri">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>  
  <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>  
  <PLACE name="Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="iguidensis">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>  
  <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>  
  <PLACE name="Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="philtippettorum" status="nudum" q="1">
  <MEANING>Phil Tippett's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="humerus" q="1" museum="USNM" id="8415"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="Albian"/>  
  <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>  
  <PLACE name="Africa"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Elaphrosaurus"/> remains are not complete, and it was
originally classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, or
"ostrich mimics". Placement is still uncertain, although most likely it is
some type of <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>, possibly
a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Elmisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  foot lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="45" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="rarus">
  <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1981"/>
  <MEANING>
   rare
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elegans" original="Ornithomimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
  <MEANING>
   elegant
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Elmisaurus elegans"/> may belong to <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes"/>,
possibly <NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Elopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  marsh wing
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="3"/>
 <MASS value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Romania"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora, etc."/>
 <REMAINS content="cranium" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="nopcsai" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1913"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Franz</LOW> Nopcsa's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This Transylvanian <LINK content="theropod"/> may be a <LINK
content="paravian"/> (possibly even a <LINK content="neornithean"/>) or a
<LINK content="troodontid"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Elosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  marsh lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="parvus">
  <AUTHOR name="Peterson, Gilmore" year="1902"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
  <MEANING>
   small
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Elvisaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Holmes" year="1993"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Cryolophosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>Elvis <LOW>Aaron Presley</LOW>'s lizard</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Emausaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  E<LOW>rnst-</LOW>M<LOW>oritz-</LOW>A<LOW>rndt </LOW>U<LOW>niversität</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="ernsti">
  <AUTHOR name="Haubold" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Usually considered a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>, but may
be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Embasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Emba <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="minax" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Enaliornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ocean's bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull fragments, neck vertebrae, femur, tarsometatarsus"/>
 <SPECIES name="barretti">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1876"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sedgwicki">
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Enantiornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="leali">
  <AUTHOR name="Walker" year="1981"/>
  <PLACE name="S. America"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="martini">
  <PLACE name="Asia"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
  <PLACE name="Asia"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  opposite bird
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" wingspan="1"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> About the size of a vulture. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Enigmosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  enigmatic lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial pelvis"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eoalulavis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dawn alula bird
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.17" wingspan="1"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranium, with impressions of feathers and soft anatomy"/>
 <SPECIES name="hoyasi">
  <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Chiappe, Perez-Moreno, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega, Poyata-Ariza" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have an alula, or
"bastard wing" -- a group of feathers attached to digit I which aids in
flight control. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eobrontosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1998"/>
 <MEANING>
  dawn <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="yahnahpin" original="Apatosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Filla, James, Redman" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dawn horned face
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   Canadian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eoenantiornis" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Eoenantiornithes"/>
 <MEANING>
  dawn <LINK content="enantiornithean"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="buhleri">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Feduccia" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eohadrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dawn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="caroljonesi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1997"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Eolambia caroljonesa"/>
  <MEANING>
   Carol Jones'
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eolambia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dawn <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="latest" value="Albian"/>
 <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <SPECIES name="caroljonesa">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>
   Carol Jones'
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The "proto-<LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>". Was originally going to
be called <NOMEN name="Eohadrosaurus"/>, until its lambeosaurine affinities
were ascertained. It is the earliest <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known
(although <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eoraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  dawn raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="several nearly complete skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="lunensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Forster, Rogers, Monetta" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the Valley of</LOW> the Moon</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>, from the Late Triassic, is the most primitive
known <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (assuming it's not too primitive to
be a true dinosaur). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eosipterus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  east/dawn wing
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="hindlimbs, forelimbs, misc."/>
 <SPECIES name="yangi">
  <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eotyrannus" type="with">
 <MEANING>dawn tyrant</MEANING>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
 <SPECIES name="lengi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Naish, Martill, Barker, Newbery" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Gavin</LOW> Leng's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="subadult"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This <LINK content="theropod"/> may be an early member of
<LINK content="Tyrannosauroidea"/>, a precursor to the "tyrants" of later
times. It hails from the Wessex formation of the Isle of Wight.
Unlike the later <LINK content="Tyrannosauridae"/>, it retained three
fingers.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Epachthosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Epachtosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>heavy lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MACN-CH" id="1317" type="holo" content="partial dorsal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="18689" content="6 posterior dorsal vertebrae, fragmentary sacrum, ilium fragment, pubis"/>
 <REMAINS content="well-preserved specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="sciuttoi">
  <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P> A newer, well-preserved specimen of this animal may show that 
   <NOMEN name="Epachthosaurus"/> is an unarmored(!)
   <LINK content="titanosaur"/>, as the specimen lack osteoderms.
  </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Epanterias" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Empaterias"/>
 <MEANING>
  buttressed <LOW>vertebrae</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="amplexus">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ephoenosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1839"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Epicampodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1885"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Erectopus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
 <MEANING>
  erect foot
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="200"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="France, Egypt, Portugal"/>
 <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="insignis">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="superbus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
  <SYNONYM name="sauvagei"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
  <MEANING>
   superb
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Erlikosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Erlicosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Erlik's <LOW>(king of the dead in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="160"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, foot, vertebrae, humerus, partial hindlimb"/>
 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Perle"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1980"/>
  <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eshanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Eshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="deguchiianus">
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Clark" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Hikaru</LOW> Deguchi's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="mandible"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Although originally classified as a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>,
there are (as yet unpublished) speculations that this species might be a
<LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> instead. If a <LINK
content="therizinosaur"/>, it would be the earliest one known, indeed, the
earliest <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> known, and would push back the
hypothesized origin of that group by a great amount of time.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Euacanthus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  good spine
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="vectianus" status="nudum">
  <MEANING>of the Isle of Wight</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Tennyson" year="1987"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eucamerotus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
 <MEANING>
  well-chambered
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eucentrosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  true <NOMEN name="Centrosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eucercosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
 <MEANING>well-tailored lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus">
  <SYNONYM name="Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eucnemesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  good tibia lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="fortis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
  <MEANING>
   strong
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eucoelophysis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <MASS value="15"/>
 <MASS value="30"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="baldwini" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sullivan, Lucas" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <REFER page="Coelophysis"/> </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eudimorphodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  true <NOMEN name="Dimorphodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
 <SPECIES name="ranzii">
  <AUTHOR name="Zambelli" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Euhelopus">
 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1956"/>
 <MEANING>
  true <NOMEN name="Helopus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <MASS value="20000"/>
 <MASS value="24000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="zdanskyi" original="Helopus">
  <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Euoplocephalus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Erroplocephalus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euoploasaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euoplology"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euplocephalus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Europlocephalus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Europecephalus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1910"/>
 <MEANING>
  well-armored head
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5.8"/>
 <MASS value="2000"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="40 specimens, 15 skulls, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="tutus" original="Stereocephalus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="acutosquameus" original="Dyoplosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1924"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magniventris">
  <SYNONYM name="Ankylosaurus magniventris" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/> may be the same as
<NOMEN name="E. tutus"/> </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eupodosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Boulenger" year="1981"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Nothosauridae"/>
 <MEANING>
  good foot lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eureodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Euronychodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  European claw tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="portucalensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-Russel" year="1991"/>
  <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
  <MEANING>
   Portuguese
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asiaticus" status="dubium" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
  <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   Asian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Euskelosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Entelosaurus" author="D. E. Russell" year="1971"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euscelesaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euscellosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euscelosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Euskelesaurus" name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
 <MEANING>
  well-limbed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <MASS value="1800"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
 <REMAINS content="16 fragmentary skeletons, hundreds of bones"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial tibia" synonym="Orinosaurus capensis"/>
 <SPECIES name="browni">
  <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1866"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="africanus">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <AUTHOR type="emended" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="browni"/>
  <MEANING>African</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="capensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1906"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fortis">
  <SYNONYM name="Eucnemesaurus fortis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="molengraaffi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gigantoscelus molengraaffi" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Eustreptospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  well-reversed vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="4"/>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="200"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="250"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS age="subadultQ" content="skeleton, limb elements"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="oxoniensis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
  <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="divesensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Explorornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>discovered bird</MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <SPECIES name="nessovi">
  <MEANING>Nessov's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS content="distally incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.5 mm)" type="holo" museum="PO" id="4819"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="walkeri" q="1">
  <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4825" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 6.5 mm)"/>  
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Panteleev" year="1993"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4818" content="incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.3 mm)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
  <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4817" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of dorsal fossa- ~5.3 mm)"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Fabrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Jean</LOW> Fabre's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial dentary with teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="australis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
  <MEANING>
   southern
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Might be the same as the better-known <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. A
family named after it, Fabrosauridae, has been proposed to include it,
<NOMEN name="Agilisaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Gongbusaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Fenestrosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor"/>
 <MEANING>
  windowed lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Frenguellisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Frenguelli's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1986"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Fukuiraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> plunderer</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="kitadaniensis">
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Azuma, Currie" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <LENGTH value="4.2" age="subadult"/>
 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="elements of skull, vertebral column, and fore- and hindlimbs"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Originally thought to be a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>, this animal,
originally called <NOMEN name="Kitadanisaurus"/>, is instead
a basal <LINK content="carnosaur"/>. The large manual unguals were confused
for the signature "switchblade" second pedal ungual of 
<LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>. The interdental plates were also
thought to be a deinonychosaurian trait.</P>
<P>A close relationship has been proposed with the Australian
<NOMEN name="Allosaurus sp."/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Fukuisaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="premaxilla, maxilla, dentaries, parietal, teeth, vertebrae, sacrum, digits"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Fulengia" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="Carroll, Galton" year="1977"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Fulgurotherium" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lightning beast
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <SPECIES name="australe" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora" type="holo"/>
  <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <REMAINS content="postcranial elements, teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Futabasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  Futaba <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gadolosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Saito" year="1979"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The name might be a mistransliteration of "<LINK content="hadrosaur"/>".</P>
<P>It has been suggested that this may be a juvenile of
<NOMEN name="Arstanosaurus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Galesaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="planiceps">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Galesauridae"/>
  <MEANING>flat-headed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
  Originally placed in <LINK content="Crocodylia"/>, then in
  <LINK content="Dinosauria"/> by Sauvage in 1883, now known to
  be a relative of <LINK content="mammals"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gallimimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Gallus"/> <LOW>(chicken)</LOW> mimic
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="bullatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz, Barsbold" year="1972"/>
  <LENGTH value="4"/>
  <LENGTH value="6"/>
  <MASS value="400"/>
  <MASS value="500"/>
  <MEANING>pneumatic</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="several specimens (some juvenile)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <SYNONYM name="Sanchusaurus sp."/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The largest <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>, excluding <NOMEN
name="Deinocheirus"/>. A stampeding herd (flock?) of <NOMEN
name="Gallimimus"/> was featured in the move <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gallodactylus">
 <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus"/>
 <MEANING>
  fowl finger
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Galtonia">
 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>P.</LOW> Galton's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Pennsylvania"/>
 <REMAINS content="premaxillary teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="gibbidens" original="Thecodontosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gansus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="yumensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Liu" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Gansu <LOW>Province's one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gargantuavis" type="with">
 <MEANING>gargantuan bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="philoinos">
  <MEANING>wine-loving</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS content="synsacrum, femur" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="synsacrum fragment" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="K"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This enormous <LINK content="bird"/> may be related to
  <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  gargoyle lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <SPECIES name="parkpini">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
May be the same as <NOMEN name="Mymoorapelta"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Garudimimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Garuda mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <MASS value="85" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="brevipes">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-footed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY> <P> <NOMEN name="Garudimimus"/> is easily distinguishable from
other <LINK content="ornithomimoids"/> by the small crest in front of its
eyes. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/> (for which no
skull material is known).</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gasosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  gas <LOW>company</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="humerus, pelvis, femur, other postcranial elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="constructus">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gasparinisaura" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Zulma</LOW> Gasparini's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="0.8"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="cincosaltensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gastonia" type="with">
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <MASS value="1000"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="burgei">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Genusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  knee lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS content="ilium, end of pubis, tibia, fibula, femur, tarsus, vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="sisteronis">
  <AUTHOR name="Accaire, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard, Taquet" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Genyodectes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  biting jaw
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="tip of snout"/>
 <SPECIES name="serus">
  <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1901"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> It is not known exactly which formation <NOMEN name="Genyodectes"/>
came from. It may be the same animal as another <LINK
content="abelisaur"/>, possibly <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Geosternbergia">
 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1978"/>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Geo<LOW>rge</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Geranosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  crane lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw"/>
 <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Germanodactylus">
 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
 <MEANING>
  German finger
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus" original="Pterodactylus">
  <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Wieman" year="1925"/>
  <MEANING>
   crested
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rhamphastinus">
  <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="late"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Unwin" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Germanodactylus cristatus"/> may be an adult <NOMEN
name="Pterodactylus kochi"/>. <NOMEN name="G. rhamphastinus"/> may
represent its own genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Giganotosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  giant southern lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="13.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="14.3"/>
 <MASS value="6000"/>
 <MASS value="8000"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="carolinii">
  <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>Carolini's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Giganotosaurus"/>, a recently discovered South American
<LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>, outsized the largest known <NOMEN
name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> by a full five feet in length and two tons in
weight. Except for a new, unnamed carcharodontosaurinae, it was the
largest known carnivore ever to walk upon the surface of the Earth. Unlike
<NOMEN name="T. rex"/>, it may have hunted animals far, far larger than
itself -- <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>, largest land animals of all time.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gigantosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  gigantic lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="megalonyx" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   big-clawed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gigantosaurus2" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 <MEANING>
  gigantic lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="africanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gigantoscelus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Gigantoscelis"/>
 <MEANING>
  gigantic limb
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="molengraaffi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1916"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gigantspinosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Gigantospinosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  giant spine lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="sichuanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gilmoreosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Charles Whitney</LOW> Gilmore's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="2000"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" original="Mandschurosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial specimens"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="arkhangelskyi">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapula, sacrum"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ginnareemimus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Kaneko" year="2000"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
 <REMAINS content="metatarsal III (pinched), vertebrae, etc."/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Hails from the Sao Khua Formation. May be an <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.</P>
<P>The spelling will be changed for the final description.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Giraffatitan">
 <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Giraffa"/> <LOW>(giraffe)</LOW> Titan
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="22"/>
 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="30000"/>
 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, several skulls, limb elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="brancai" original="Brachiosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Usually placed in <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>, but there are
  no shared derived traits between <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
  (the type species) and <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan brancai"/> to support
  this placement.</P>

  <P> <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan"/>'s nasal crest is the highest one known
  for <LINK content="sauropods"/>. It was also one of the largest sauropods. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Glyptodontopelta" type="with">
 <MEANING><LINK content="glyptodont"/> shield</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mimus">
  <MEANING>mimicking</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS content="armor"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gnathosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  jaw lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="jaw pieces, skull, specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="sublatus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1833"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The jaw pieces this species is based on were first
thought to be <LINK content="crocodilian"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gobipteryx" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="minute">
  <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="1974"/>
  <MEANING>minute</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> wing
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="eggs, embryos"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gobisaurus" status="nudum">
 <MEANING>
  Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gojirasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Gojira <LOW>(=Godzilla)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5.5"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="150" q="1"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="200" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="individual (ribs, vertebrae, chevron, scapula, gastralia?, pubis, tibia, metatarsal, tooth)"/>
 <SPECIES name="quayi">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gondwanatitan" type="with">
 <MEANING>Gondwana titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="faustoi">
  <MEANING>Fausto <LOW>L. de Souza Cunha</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Kellner, de Azevedo" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MN" id="4111-V" content="incomplete skeleton"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gongbusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Kung Pu <LOW>(feudal Ministry of Public Works)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="shiyii" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhao, Zhang" year="1983"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wucaiwanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1989"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gongxianosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Gongxian <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, premaxilla"/>
 <SPECIES name="shibeiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="He, Wang, Liu S., Zhou, Liu T., Cai, Dai" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gorgosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Gorgon lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="2500"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="over twenty skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="libratus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="horridus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lance <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancinator">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1923"/>
  <SYNONYM name="libratus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once considered the same as <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>, new
discoveries have shown <NOMEN name="Gorgosaurus"/> to be distinct. </P>

<P> <NOMEN name="G. sternbergi"/> is represented by a juvenile specimen,
probably the same species as <NOMEN name="G. libratus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Goyocephale" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Goyot/adorned head
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, nearly complete postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="lattimorei">
  <AUTHOR name="Perle, Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Graciliceratops" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  gracile horned face
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>The holotype specimen was previously referred to <NOMEN name="Microceratops gobiensis"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gracilisuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  gracile crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="stipanicicorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gravisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  heavy lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tenerensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Chabli" year="1988"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Norman" year="1989"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Lurdusaurus arenatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gravitholus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  heavy dome
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
 <SPECIES name="albertae">
  <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Alberta
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gresslyosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ajax">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens2">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="terquemi">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus terquemi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="torgeri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Griphornis" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Gryphornis"/>
 <MEANING>Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="longicaudatus" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
  <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Griphosaurus">
 <MEANING>
  Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Gryphosaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1862"/>
 <SPECIES name="problematicus" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
  <MEANING>problematic</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicaudatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Griphornis longicaudatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gryponyx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  hooked claw
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="africanus">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   African
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="taylori" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="transvaalensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1912"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Transvaal
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gryposaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  hook<LOW>-nosed</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <REMAINS content="skulls (10 complete), postcrania, skin impressions"/>
 <SPECIES name="notabilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incurvimanus" original="Kritosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1920"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="latidens">
  <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Named for its "Roman nose". </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Guaibasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Rio</LOW> Guaiba <LOW>Hydrographic Basin</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="two incomplete specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="candelariensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Ferigolo, Ribeiro" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>from Candelária</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This animal was originally placed as a basal <LINK content="saurischian"/>.
Further work has refined it position to just outside <LINK content="Neotheropoda"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gurilynia" type="with">
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial humeri, coracoids"/>
 <REMAINS content="lower forelimb" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="nessovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>
   Nessov's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A large enantiornithean. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gwyneddosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Bock" year="1945"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Lepidosauria"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Gyposaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Griposaurus"/>
 <SPECIES name="capensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="erectus">
  <SYNONYM name="Aristosaurus erectus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropodomorpha" incertae="1"/>
  <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" museum="SAFM" id="990" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
  <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hadrosauravus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> ancestor
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="latidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hadrosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Gadrosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  bulky lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranium, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="foulkii" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1858"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="annectens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="breviceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cavatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
  <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="milo">
  <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas milo" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1870"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor2">
  <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1948"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="navajovius">
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="notabilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="paucidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> was the first American
non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be described
from a partial skeleton, and the first non-neornithean dinosaur skeleton to
be put on exhibit. It is New Jersey's state fossil. </P>

<P> Discovery of <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> back in 1858 showed that some
dinosaurs were bipedal, correcting erroneous restorations of
<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> as four-footed
animals (although nowadays <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>,
<NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>, and all other <LINK content="iguanodonts"/> are
thought to be only semi-bipedal).</P>
  
<P> Despite being the genus which a large group of dinosaurs
(<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>) is named after,
<NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> is not well known. Missing the skull, the type
specimen is indistinguishable from other <LINK content="hadrosaurines"/>.
It may belong to a <LINK content="gryposaurin"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hallopus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Halticosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  nimble lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="mandibular fragment, vertebrae, humerus, ilium, femur, metatarsal"/>
 <SPECIES name="longotarsus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-ankled
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="liliensterni">
  <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus liliensterni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus orbitoangulatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Might be a <LINK content="coelophysid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Haopterus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Hao wing</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Wang, Lü" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="well-preserved specimen with nearly complete skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  simple spine lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <LENGTH value="22"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado, Wyoming"/>
 <SPECIES name="priscus" original="Haplocanthus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="delfsi">
  <AUTHOR name="McIntosh, Williams" year="1988"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Apatosaurus" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Mook" year="1917"/>
  <MEANING>
   least
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="sacrum, pelvis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="utterbacki">
  <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
  <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Haplocanthosaurus"/> has been classified as either a
primitive <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>, a primitive <LINK
content="macronarian"/>, or the sister group to <LINK
content="Neosauropoda"/>. <NOMEN name="H. minimus"/> may be a <LINK
content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Haplocanthus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
 <MEANING>
  simple spine
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="priscus">
  <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus priscus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hargeria">
 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1903"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Oskar</LOW> Harger's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Harpymimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Harpy <LOW>(bird-woman monster of Greek Mythology)</LOW> mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="okladnikovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> retained ten or
eleven conical teeth in its lower jaw. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hecatosaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Hecatasaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
 <MEANING>
  Hecate's <LOW>(a demon)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   Transylvanian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Heishansaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Heishan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 <REMAINS content="armor" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="pachycephalus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
  <MEANING>
   thick-headed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally classified as a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, but
may be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Helopus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Wagler" year="1832"/>
 <MEANING>
  marsh foot
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Heptasteornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  seven towns bird
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
  <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Herbstosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="pigmaeus">
  <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1974"/>
  <MEANING>pygmy</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Herbst's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Herrerasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Herrera's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <MASS value="200"/>
 <MASS value="350" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, postcranial material"/>
 <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hesperornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  western bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
 <SPECIES name="regalis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
  <MEANING>
   regal
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Parahesperornis gracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rossica">
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hesperosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>western lizard</MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="mjosi">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Heterodontosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Heterosaurus" author="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
 <MEANING>
  differently toothed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.9"/>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <MASS value="10"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, skull, fragmentary jaw"/>
 <SPECIES name="tucki">
  <AUTHOR name="Crompton, Charig" year="1962"/>
  <MEANING>Tuck's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Heterosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  different lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="neocomiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Cornuel" year="1850"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> <LINK content="Neocomian"/>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hierosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1909"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Nodosaurus textilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="coleii">
  <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hikanodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Keferstein" year="1834"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hironosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
 <MEANING>
  Hirono<LOW>-machi</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebra"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hisanohamasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  Hisano-hama lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Histriasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Istrian lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Hauterivian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Croatia"/>
 <SPECIES name="boscarollii">
  <MEANING><LOW>Dario</LOW> Boscarolli's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Dalla Vecchia" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Holbotia" type="with">
 <MEANING>Holbotu <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <SPECIES name="ponomarenkoi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Originally assigned to the <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>, but
  actually a <LINK content="bird"/>, perhaps similar to
  (or the same as) <NOMEN name="Ambiortus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Homalocephale" type="with">
 <MEANING>even head</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="calathocercos">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Honghesaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1981"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hoplitosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
 <MEANING>
  hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with armor plates"/>
 <SPECIES name="marshi" original="Stegosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1901"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hoplosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  armored lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ischyrus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   strong
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Horezmavis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="eocretacea">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> dawn <LOW>of the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Khorezm <LOW>Oasis</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hortalotarsus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  young bird ankle
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="skirtopodus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1894"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="q"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Huabeisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Huabei lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="allocotus">
  <MEANING>differently-formed</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Pang, Cheng" year="2000"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Huanhepterus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Huan River wing
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="qinyangensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Huayangosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Huayang lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, 5 fragmentary postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="taibaii">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang, Zhou" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hudiesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  butterfly <LOW>vertebra</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="30"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 teeth, forelimb, first dorsal vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="sinojapanorum" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>
   Chinese-Japanese
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hulsanpes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Khulsan foot
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial foot"/>
 <SPECIES name="perlei">
  <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had a "switchblade" foot claw. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hunhosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hylaeosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Hyaelosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  woodland lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England, France"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary postcrania, isolated elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="armatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1833"/>
  <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="foxii">
  <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="northamptoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Regnosaurus northamptoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oweni">
  <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> was one of the original three animals
used by Sir Richard Owen to define the <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>,
along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hylosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  woodland lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mantelli">
  <AUTHOR name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hypacrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  below the top lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="altispinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1913"/>
  <MEANING>
   high-spined
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="skeletons & skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="casuarius">
  <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lambei">
  <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stebingeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Horner, Currie" year="1994"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragments, eggs with embryos"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Barsboldia"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hypselorhachis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hypselosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  high ridge lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <MASS value="10000"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="France, Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements from at least 10 individuals"/>
 <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="priscus">
  <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Fossilized eggs about a foot long from the south of France have been
attributed to this <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hypsibema" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  high stride
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="crassicauda" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
  <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, humerus, tibia, metatarsal"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="missouriensis" status="dubium" original="Neosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore, Stewart" year="1945"/>
  <PLACE name="Missouri"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Missouri
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hypsilophodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Hypsilophus"/> <LOW>("high ridge" -- iguanid <LINK content="lizard"/>)</LOW> tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="2.3"/>
 <MASS value="25"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="13 skeletons (3 nearly complete), skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="foxii">
  <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wielandi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Hypsirophus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Hypsirhophus"/>
 <MEANING>
  high roof
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="discurus" status="dubium">
  <MISSPELLED name="discurus"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stenops">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus ungulatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Iberomesornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Iberian intermediate bird
 </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="romeralli">
  <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
  <TIME value="EK"/>
  <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ichthyornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  fish<LOW>-like vertebrae</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
 <SPECIES name="dispar">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
  <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="antecessor">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="celer">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatornis celer" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Lenesornis maltshevskyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="victor">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
  <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Iguanodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1825"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <MASS value="4500"/>
 <MASS value="5500"/>
 <SPECIES name="bernissartensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Boulenger"/>
  <AUTHOR name="van Beneden" year="1881"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian"/>
  <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain, Mongolia?"/>
  <PLACE name="France, Tunisia" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (some complete), teeth"/>
  <LENGTH value="11"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="anglicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Holl" year="1829"/>
  <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth, fragments"/>
  <MEANING>
   English
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="atherfieldensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1924"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian"/>
  <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain"/>
  <REMAINS content="3 complete skeletons, partial skeletons, teeth, postcrania (juvenile to adult)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
  <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
  <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fittoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 partial skulls"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="foxii">
  <SYNONYM name="Hypsilophodon foxii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
  <SYNONYM name="atherfieldensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hoggi">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hollingtonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <SYNONYM name="fittoni"/>
  <LENGTH value="6"/>
  <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
  <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lakotaensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Weishampel, Bjork" year="1989"/>
  <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Lakota <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="major">
  <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus major" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mantelli">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
  <SYNONYM name="anglicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Whitfield" year="1992"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
  <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
  <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
  <MEANING>
   eastern
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ottingeri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
  <PLACE name="Utah"/>
  <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
  <SYNONYM name="Priodontognathus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="praecursor" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   forerunner
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prestwichii2">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
  <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <TIME value="LJ"/>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Vectisaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis2">
  <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This was the first <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be scientifically
recognized. Along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and
<NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> it was one of the first three creatures to be
placed in <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> was originally restored as a four-legged,
rhinoceros-like beast. Later the "nasal horn" turned out to be a thumb spike.
Its posture was changed to bipedal, since its hindlimbs were so much longer
than its forelimbs. Nowadays it, like other large
<LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, is thought to have been facultatively bipedal,
that is, primarily quadrupedal, but capable of moving on two legs as well. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> as shown here may be a paraphyletic genus, with
some species closer to
<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/> than others. As with most old genera, there is some
taxonomic sorting to be done. The original type species (<NOMEN name="I. anglicus"/>)
is based on very poor material, and thus the type was recently
changed to the better-known <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/>
by the ICZN.</P>

<P> <NOMEN name="I. hollingtonensis"/> and <NOMEN name="I. atherfieldensis"/>
were rather gracile and long-spined, while <NOMEN name="I. dawsoni"/> and
<NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/> were more robust and short-spined. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Iguanosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1824"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> <LINK content="lizard"/>
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Iliosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ilium <LOW>(hip bone) like a</LOW> crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="1.5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 ilia"/>
 <SPECIES name="incognitus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>
   incognito
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
  <SYNONYM name="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This tiny creature may be related to <NOMEN name="Stokesosaurus"/>.
Both may have been very early <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ilokelesia" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="aguadagrandensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Incolornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>inhabitant bird</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <SPECIES name="silvae">
  <MEANING>of the forest</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4604" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.6 mm)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="martini">
  <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4609" content="proximal fragment of coracoid"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>These two species may be the same.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Indosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Indian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="matleyi">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May have had two horns on its head. Had a thick braincase. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Indosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Indian crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <SPECIES name="raptorius">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1923"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcranial fragments"/>
  <MEANING>thievish</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rawesi" status="dubium" original="Massospondylus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ingenia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ingeni<LOW>-Khobur (in the Gobi Desert) one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
 <MASS value="6" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete)"/>
 <SPECIES name="yanshini">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Professor</LOW> Yanshin's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had very odd hands. Most
<LINK content="tetanurans"/> have a very short first digit, a long second
digit, and a third digit somewhat shorter than the second.
<NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had a short first digit, a shorter second digit, and
an even shorter third. All fingers were stubby, unlike those of most other
<LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>, and the claws were small, unlike the large claws
of its close relative <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
  
<P> Apart from the hands, it is much like other oviraptorids. It was
suggested that it might have been the same as <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>,
but a different gender. However, the large difference in the hands between
these two animals seems to go beyond sexual dimorphism. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Inosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  In <LOW>Tendreft</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial tibia"/>
 <SPECIES name="tedreftensis" status="dubium">
  <MEANING>from <LOW>In</LOW> Tendreft</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Irritator" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  irritator
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete (but obfuscated) skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="challengeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Martill, Cruikshank, Frey, Small, Clarke" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Professor</LOW> Challenger's <LOW>(character in A. C. Doyle's <U>The Lost World</U>)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Irritator"/> is known from an unusual skull which was badly
obscured by amateurs' attempts to exaggerate it with plaster, hence the
name <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. The skull has been re-evaluated since its
initial publication. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Isanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Isan lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="attavipachi">
  <MEANING><LOW>P.</LOW> Attavipach's</MEANING>
  <PLACE name="Thailand"/> <!--NE, Nam Phong Fm.-->
  <TIME value="Norian" section="late" q="1"/>
  <TIME value="Rhaetian" q="1"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Cuny, Tong, Le Loeuff, Khansubha, Jongautchariyakul" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS content="1 cervical, 1 dorsal, and 6 caudal vertebrae; neural arch of posterior dorsal vertebra; 2 chevrons; rib fragments; right sternal plate; scapula; femur"/>
  <LENGTH age="subadult" value="6.5" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The earliest known <LINK content="sauropod"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ischisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ischi<LOW>gualasto Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="cattoi">
  <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ischyrosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1869"/>
 <MEANING>strong/equally-handed lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="25" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
 <SPECIES name="manseli" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Istiodactylus">
 <MEANING>sail finger</MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="Howse, Milner, Martill" year="2001"/>
 <SPECIES name="latidens" original="Ornithodesmus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1913"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Itemirus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Itemir <LOW>(in the Kyzyl Kum Desert) one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
 <SPECIES name="medullaris">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Itemirus"/> is a poorly known <LINK content="theropod"/> of
medium size. It may be allied with the <LINK content="tyrannosaurids"/>, or
possibly with the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Iuticosaurus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1993"/>
 <MEANING>
  Jutes' <LOW>(Germanic tribe)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Luticosaurus"/>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="caudal centra"/>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jainosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lockley, Lucas, von Meyer" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>
  Jain's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="18"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="basicranium, partial postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="septentrionalis" original="Antarctosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a junior synonym of <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus indicus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Janenschia">
 <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Werner</LOW> Janensch's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 hindlimbs, 2 forelimbs, forefoot, back & tail vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="robusta" original="Gigantosaurus2">
  <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Wild" year="1991"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lessem, Glut" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The earliest known <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Some material assigned
to it may be <LINK content="diplodocimorphan"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jaxartosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Yaxartosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull roof, braincase"/>
 <SPECIES name="aralensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1934"/>
  <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Aral <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fuyunensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Wu" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jeholosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Jehol <LOW>Group</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="shangyuanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2000"/>
  <MEANING>from Shangyuan</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly compete skull (dorsally compressed)"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull (laterally compressed), some skeletal elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jenghizkhan">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>
  Genghis Khan's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="bataar">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jensenosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="B. D. Curtice, Stadtman, L. J. Curtice" year="1996"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros"/>
 <MEANING>
  Jensen's lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jiangjunmiaosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1987"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Monolophosaurus"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor"/>
 <MEANING>
  Jiangjunmiao lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jibeinia" type="with">
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <MEANING>Ji Bei <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="luanhera">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jingshanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Jingshan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull and nearly complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="xinwaensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Yang" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be synonymous with <NOMEN name="Yunnanosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jinzhousaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Jinzhou lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="yangi">
  <MEANING>Yang's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Wang, Xu" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jobaria" type="with">
 <MEANING>Jobar <LOW>(creature of Tuareg mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="21"/>
 <MASS value="18000"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete specimens of various ages"/>
 <REMAINS content="pes"/>
 <SPECIES name="tiguidensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This newly discovered animal has its own website:
  <REFER page="http://www.jobaria.org"/></P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jubbulpuria" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Jubbulpore <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Judinornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="nogontsavensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Konstantin Alekseyevich</LOW> Yudin's bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jurapteryx">
 <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1985"/>
 <MEANING>Jura wing</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="recurva">
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx recurva" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Jurassosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Jurassic <LOW>Park</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferkimorum" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Holden" year="1992"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sam</LOW> Ne<LOW>ill, Laura</LOW> De<LOW>rn, Jeff</LOW>
   Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard</LOW> A<LOW>ttenborough, Bob</LOW>
   Pe<LOW>ck, Martin</LOW> Fer<LOW>rero, Wayne </LOW>K<LOW>night,
   Ariana R</LOW>i<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>M<LOW>azzello</LOW>'s
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kagasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
 <MEANING>
  Kaga lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kaijiangosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Kai River lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="lini">
  <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kakuru" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  rainbow serpent
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
 <REMAINS content="foot claw" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="kujani">
  <AUTHOR name="Molnar, Pledge" year="1980"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/> is the only known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
preserved as opal, a leg bone resembling <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/>. Its
whereabouts were unknown until recently. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kangnasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Kangnas <LOW>farm</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth, partial hindlimb, postcranial elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="coetzeei" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1915"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Katsuyamakensaurus" status="unpublished">
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Katsuyamasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  Katsuyama lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="ulna, tail vertebra"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kelmayisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Kelmayi lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="petrolicus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla, dentary"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganticus" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Grady" year="1993"/>
  <LENGTH value="22" q="1"/>
  <MEANING>
   gigantic
  </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="vertebral column"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Kelmayisaurus giganticus"/> has not been described,
and may be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kentrosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Kenthrosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
 <MEANING>
  pointed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <MASS value="450"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements from several individuals"/>
 <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1915"/>
  <MEANING>
   Ethiopian <LOW>(African)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES q="1" name="longispinus" original="Stegosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
  <MEANING>long-spined</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This small <LINK content="stegosaur"/> had triangular plates running
down its neck that gave way to spikes on its back and tail. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kentrurosaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Centrurosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1917"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Kentrorosaurus" author="Young" year="1944"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Kentruruosaurus" author="Bakker" year="1996"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
 <MEANING>
  pointed tail lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kepodactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Garden <LOW>Park</LOW> finger
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, partial forelimb"/>
 <SPECIES name="insperatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Harris, Carpenter" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Khaan" type="with">
 <MEANING>lord</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mckennai">
  <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Malcolm</LOW> McKenna's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/1127"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton (lacking distal half of tail)" museum="IGM" id="100/1002"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/973"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The material referred to this species was previously referred to
<NOMEN name="Ingenia"/>.</P>
<P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> for the shortest genus name of any
non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, and it is
the only monosyllabic genus name for a non-neornithean dinosaur.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kitadanisaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SYNONYM name="Fukuiraptor"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kizylkumavis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="cretacea">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Klamelisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Klameli lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="17"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao X." year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Suggested as the adult form of <NOMEN name="Bellusaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Koparion" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  scalpel <LOW>tooth</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="upper tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="douglassi">
  <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be a tiny, early <LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Koreanosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1979"/>
 <MEANING>
  Korean lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kotasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Kota <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="yamanpalliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kritosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  separated lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="navajovius">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
  <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull" synonym="Naashoibitosaurus ostromi"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcrania"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull" museum="BYU" id="12950" synonym="Anasazisaurus horneri"/>
  <MEANING>
   Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="australis" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1984"/>
  <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
  <MEANING>
   southern
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="breviceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grallipes">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="horneri">
  <SYNONYM name="Anasazisaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incurvimanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus incurvimanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="latidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marginatus" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <SYNONYM name="navajovius"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="notabilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus australis"/> is the only well-known
<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> from the Southern Hemisphere. It may not
belong to the same genus as the poorly known type of
<NOMEN name="Kritosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kulceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lake horned face
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
 <SPECIES name="kulensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kunmingosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Kunming lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="wudingensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Kuszholia">
 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
 <MEANING>
  birds' road
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly flightless. </P>

<P> Named after <I>Kus Zholi</I>, the Kazakh term for The Milky Way. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Labocania" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  La Bocana <LOW>Roja Formation one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="anomala" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1974"/>
  <MEANING>
   anomalous
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>
   Although classified as a <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>,
   the remains of this <LINK content="theropod"/> are too scrappy to place it 
   with any certainty.
  </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Labrosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
 <MEANING>
  greedy lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lucaris">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ferox">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="medius">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meriani">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stechowi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus roechlingi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Laelaps" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Koch" year="1839"/>
 <MEANING>Laelaps <LOW>(mythological leaper)</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="falculus">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon mirandis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gallicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hazenianus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incrassatus2" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laevifrons" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
  <MEANING>
   big-footed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Laevisuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lucky/left/light crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/613" content="cervical vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/614" content="cervical vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/696" content="cervical vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="indicus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>Indian</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lagerpeton" type="with">
 <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="0.45"/>
 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="hindlimb, hips, vertebrae, foot, miscellaneous elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="canarensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lagosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  rabbit crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
 <MASS value="0.09"/>
 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="talampayensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
  <MEANING>from Talampaya <LOW>National Park</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lilloensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Marasuchus lilloensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <REFER page="Marasuchus"/> </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lambeosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="lambei">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
  <REMAINS content="7 specimens, 10 skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="clavinitalis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laticaudus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1941"/>
  <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, postcranial elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnicristatus">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeleton, skull"/>
  <MEANING>
   big-crested
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="paucidens" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The "hatchet-shaped" crest of <NOMEN name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/> had a
large, hollow part pointing forward from above the eyes and a spike jutting
backward. The crest of <NOMEN name="L. magnicristatus"/> had a larger hollow
section and barely any spike, looking more like <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>
and its relatives. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lametasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lameta <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="indicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Matley" year="1923"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Ankylosauria"/>
  <MEANING>
   Indian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lanasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wool lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
 <SPECIES name="scalpridens">
  <AUTHOR name="Gow" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Lycorhinus angustidens"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lancangosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Datousaurus bashanensis"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lancanjiangosaurus" type="with">
 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
 <SPECIES name="cachuensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Laopteryx" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
 <MEANING>
  stone wing
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Laosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  stone lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="celer">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="consors">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1925"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minimus">
  <SYNONYM name="Orodromeus minimus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rex">
  <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Laplatasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  La Plata lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial tail, limb elements, dermal armor"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Titanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
  <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 tail vertebrae, scute"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Madagascar
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Antarctosaurus wichmannianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lapparentosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Albert F. de</LOW> Lapparent's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="4 partial postcrania, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1986"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Madagascar
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>This material was originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Bothriospondylus madagascariensis"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Largirostrisornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  large rostrum bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="sexdentoris">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>
   six-toothed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10531" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Leaellynasaura" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Leaellyn <LOW>Rich's</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull fragments, teeth, postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="amicagraphica">
  <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Leaellynasaura"/> is known from the
mid-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> of Australia, which was close to the South
Pole at the time. It had very large eyes, which some have interpreted as an
adaptation to the long period of winter darkness which occurs near the south
pole. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lectavis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="brevipedalis">
  <MEANING>short-footed</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  bed <LOW>(=Lecho Formation)</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Leipsanosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Lepanosaurus"/>
 <SPECIES name="noricus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1918"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lenesornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1996"/>
 <MEANING>
  Le<LOW>v Alexandrovich</LOW> Nes<LOW>sov's</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
 <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi" original="Ichthyornis">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Leptoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  slender horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <MASS value="55"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 skulls (3 complete), skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus">
  <SYNONYM name="Montanoceratops cerorhynchus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Bipedal or facultatively quadrupedal. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Leptospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  slim vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lesothosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lesotho lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 skulls, skeletal material"/>
 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1978"/>
  <MEANING>
   diagnostic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="australis">
  <SYNONYM status="objective" name="Fabrosaurus australis"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Norman" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> could be a junior synonym of
<NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/>. Although the type material of
<NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> is very similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>
material, the <NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> material is very poor,
and not quite good enough to tell if these two are indeed the same. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> is the best known
non-<LINK content="genasaurian ornithischian"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lessemsaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Don</LOW> Lessem's lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="sauropoides">
  <MEANING><LINK content="sauropod"/>-like</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial articulated spine" comment="mainly neural arches" type="holo"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lestornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
 <MEANING>
  thief bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lewisuchus" type="with">
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
 <SPECIES name="admixtus">
  <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lexovisaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Lexovsaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Hoffstetter" year="1957"/>
 <MEANING>
  Lexovix <LOW>(tribe)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="England, France"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 partial postcrania, skeletal elements (juvenile to adult)"/>
 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <SYNONYM name="Sarcolestes leedsi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="vetustus" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Plates formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/> were
actually the gill rakers of a large <LINK content="fish"/>
(<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Leedsichthys"/>). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Liaoningornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="longiditrus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly the earliest <LINK content="ornithuran bird"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Liaoningosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Liaoning <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="paradoxus">
  <MEANING>paradoxical</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This specimen, the only dinosaur known with a bony plate covering
its abdomen, seems to have both <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/>
and <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> features. A cladistic analysis has placed
it in <LINK content="Nodosauridae"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Liaoxiornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="delicatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Chen" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>delicate</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="0.06"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This tiny <LINK content="bird"/> is the smallest known adult
<LINK content="dinosaur"/> from the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
under 2½ inches in length, despite its unusually long pygostyle. </P>

<P>The counterslab of the type specimen was originally published as
<NOMEN name="Lingyuanornis parvus"/>.</P>

 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Liassaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LINK content="Lias"/> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="huenei" status="nudum">
  <MEANING><LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
 <REMAINS content="tibia" museum="Warwick Museum"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Libycosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="petrocchi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonarelli" year="1947"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Artiodactyla"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
Originally described as an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but shown by
de Lapparent in 1954 to be the synonym of a <LINK content="mammalian"/>
species.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ligabueino" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's little <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pedal elements, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="andesi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>from the</LOW> Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>May have had a hyperextensible second pedal digit, like
the related <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> and the not-so-closely-related
<LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Likhoelesaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="ingens">
  <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
  <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
  <SYNONYM name="ingens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Likhoel lizard
 </MEANING>
 <ESSAY><P>
May be the same as <NOMEN name="Basutodon ferox"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Liliensternus">
 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="3"/>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
 <MASS value="400" q="1"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="130"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
 <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
 <SPECIES name="liliensterni" original="Halticosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1934"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial subadult skeletons"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="airelensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Curry, Galton" year="1993"/>
  <PLACE name="France"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth, vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus" original="Halticosaurus">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenosuchidae"/>
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
  <MEANING>
   angular-orbited
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Limaysaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Novas" year="1997"/>
 <MEANING>
  Limay lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <SPECIES name="tessonei" original="Rebbachisaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Limenavis" type="with">
 <MEANING>Limen bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="patagonica">
  <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Clarke, Chiappe" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PVL" id="4731" content="distal humerus, proximal and distal ulna, proximal radius, proximal and distal carpometacarpus, partial ulnare, radiale, incomplete phalanx II-1" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Limnosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
 <MEANING>
  marsh lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lingyuanornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>Lingyuan bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="parvus">
  <MEANING>small</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="Liaoxiornis delicatus"/>
  <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lirainosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Lirainasaurus"/>
 <MEANING>slender <LOW>(Basque)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="astibiae">
  <AUTHOR name="Sanz, J. E. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martínez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Humberto</LOW> Astiba's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" content="anterior caudal vertebra"/>
 <REMAINS type="para" content="occipital part of skull, isolated teeth, dorsal & caudal vertebrae, coracoid, sternal plate, humeri, fragments of ilium & pubis, femors, tibia, osteoderms"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lisboasaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Seiffert" year="1973"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Mesoeucrocodylia"/>
 <MEANING>
  Lisbon lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lonchodectes">
 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
 <MEANING>
  lance biter
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Loncosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  chief(?) lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="end of femur, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
  <MEANING>
   Argentinian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Longchengornis" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Langchengornis"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <MEANING>Dragon Town <LOW>(Chaoyang)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="sanyanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> three <LOW>feudal states of the</LOW> Yan <LOW>Kingdom</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10530" content="incomplete skeleton with skull fragments"/>
 <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Longipteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>long feathers</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="chaoyangensis">
  <MEANING>from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou, Hou, Gu" year="2001"/>
  <TIME value="EK"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Hails from the Jiufotang Formation. The bill is rather long.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Longisquama" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  long scales
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="insignis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1970"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Longosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
 <MEANING>
  Long's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lophorhothon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  crested snout
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="15" q="y"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alabama, N. Carolina"/>
 <PLACE name="Mississippi" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton, skeletal elements"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="atopus">
  <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1960"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>

<P> Could be a small <LINK content="hadrosaurine"/> or a young <NOMEN
name="Parasaurolophus"/>. (The length estimate on this page assumes it is
known from juvenile material.) Had a small bump in front of its eyes. </P>

 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Loricosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="scutatus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Losillasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Losilla lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
  <REMAINS age="subadult" type="holo" content="cervical vertebra"/>
  <REMAINS age="subadult" content="cranial fragment; cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae; vertebral fragments; humerus; ulna; radius; metacarpal; sternal plates; ilium; ischium; pubis"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Casanovas, Santafe, Sanz" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="EK" q="1"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Hails from the Collano Formation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lourinhanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" content="cervical, dorsal, & caudal vertebrae; ribs; chevrons; pelvic girdle; hindlimbs; gastroliths"/>
 <REMAINS content="eggs with embryos"/>
 <SPECIES name="antunesi">
  <AUTHOR name="Mateus" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lourinhasaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Dantas, Sanz, Da Silva, Ortega, Dos Santos, Cachco" year="1998"/>
 <MEANING>
  Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="17"/>
 <MASS value="15000"/>
 <MASS value="20000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcrania, tail vertebrae, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis" original="Apatosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>, and then to
<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>, new material shows that this Portuguese
species to belong to a separate genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Luanpingosaurus" type="with">
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="jingshanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Cheng"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chen" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lucianosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Luciano <LOW>Mesa</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="wildi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lufengocephalus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lu-feng <LOW>Series</LOW> head
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tawae">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1974"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tawasaurus minor"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lufengosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lu-Feng <LOW>Series</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="over 30 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="huenei">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="changduensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
  <SYNONYM name="huenei"/>
  <MEANING>
   big
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lukousaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lukou <LOW>Bridge</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="yini">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lurdusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  weighty lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <SPECIES name="arenatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="5000"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MMHN GDF" id="1700" content="partial skull postcranium missing parts of pelvis & pes"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Previously known as <NOMEN name="Gravisaurus"/>. A bulky, massively
constructed <LINK content="iguanodont"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lusitanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Lusitanian <LOW>(=Portuguese)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull fragment, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="liassicus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
  <MEANING>
   Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Probably a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> of some kind. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Lycorhinus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wolf snout
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
 <SPECIES name="angustidens">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="angusticeps" author="Gow" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="consors">
  <SYNONYM name="Abrictosaurus consors" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tucki">
  <SYNONYM name="Heterodontosaurus tucki" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Thulborn" year="1970"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally thought to be a mammal, since its sharp tusks look like
canine teeth. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Macelognathus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Macrodontophion" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Zborzewski" year="1834"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Macrophalangia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big phalanges
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   Canadian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elegans">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Macroscelosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Münster"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
 <MEANING>
  big limb lizard
 </MEANING>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Macrurosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big-tailed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="semnus">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1896"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="platypus">
  <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis platypus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Madsenius" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Magnosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 <MEANING>
  large lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Bajocian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="nethercombensis" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth, postcranial fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
  <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Magulodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  cheek tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="muirkirkensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Muirkirk
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Magyarosaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Maggiarosaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 <MEANING>
  Magyars' <LOW>European tribe</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="dacus" original="Titanosaurus">
  <PLACE name="Hungary, Romania"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcranial remains from at least 10 individuals"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" content="osteoderm"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="dacus"/>
  <REMAINS content="fibula"/>
  <MEANING>
   Hungarian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
  <PLACE name="Romania"/>
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
  <MEANING>
   Transylvanian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A dwarf <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Maiasaura" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  mother lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="over 200 skeletons (from embryo to adult), eggs"/>
 <SPECIES name="peeblesorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Horner, Makela" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Babies have been found of this <LINK content="duck-bill"/>. They hatched
in great earthen nests, like those of crocodiles or mallee fowl, and were
watched over by the parents. The nests, each containing 20-30 eggs, were
grouped in colonies for better protection against predators. </P>
  
<P> Infant <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> about three feet long have been found.
The eggs were much smaller, on level with those of today's largest birds. The
relatively tiny baby <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> had a lot of growing to
do before they could become 30- to 40-foot-long fully grown duck-bills. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> had a very small, spiky crest in front of its
eyes. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Majungasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Majunga lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial dentary, teeth, tail vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="crenatissimus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lavocat" year="1955"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>, but material is too
scant to be certain. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Majungatholus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Majunga dome
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <PLACEn name="Egypt, India" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="adult individual (nearly complete skull, most of tail), immature individual (incomplete skull, spine except for tail, ilium, ribs), etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="atopus">
  <AUTHOR name="Sues, Taquet" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>. was originally thought to be a
<LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>. Then it was synonymized with
<NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/>, an <LINK content="abelisaur"/> known from part
of a jawbone. More recently, <NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/> material has been
judged too poor to make synonymy certain. </P>
  
<P> This animal had a small horn above its eyes. The skull was nearly 60cm
long. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Malawisaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
 <MEANING>
  Malawi lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Malawi"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ischium, pubis, partial scapula, sternal plates, premaxilla, dentaries, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="dixeyi" original="Gigantosaurus2">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1928"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Maleevosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1984"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Carpenter" year="1992"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Maleevus">
 <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1987"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus" original="Syrmosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
  <MEANING>disparately serrated</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mamenchisaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Mamemchisaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchiosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchisaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Mammenchisaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Menenchisaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Mamenxi <LOW>Ferry</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="22"/>
 <LENGTH value="25"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="constructus">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1954"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="anyuensis">
  <AUTHOR name="He, Yang, Cai, Li, Liu" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="changshouensis" original="Omeisaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis" original="Zigongosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhao, Chu" year="1976"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gongjianensis" status="nudum" original="Omeisaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhen" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hochuanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young, Zhao" year="1972"/>
  <MASS value="11500"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="jingyangensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen with skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sinocanadorum">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zheng" year="1995"/>
  <LENGTH value="26"/>
  <MASS value="17500"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull, partial skull, neck vertebrae, ribs"/>
  <MEANING>
   Chinese-Canadian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="yangi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
  <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="yaochinensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="He, al." year="1996"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="Pi, Ouyang, Ye" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="youngsi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Ouyang"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
  <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Albian"/>
  <PLACE name="Japan"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary humerus" synonym="Moshisaurus sp."/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mandschurosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
 <MEANING>
  Manchurian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="amurensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="jiainensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Luo, Zhang, Li" year="1983"/>
  <SYNONYM name="amurensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laosensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontia"/>
 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   Mongolian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Manospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>porous vertebra</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="gigas" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
  <MEANING>giant</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="3982" content="2 dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Marasuchus">
 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Arcucci" year="1994"/>
 <MEANING>
  mara crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
 <MASS value="0.1"/>
 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="lilloensis" original="Lagosuchus">
  <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The name <NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> was given to some specimens
formerly referred to <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>. However, the type specimen
of <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/> is too fragmentary to be sure that the
<NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> specimens are the same animal as it. </P>

<P> This genus is named after the mara, a South American hare-like
relative of guinea pigs. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Marmarospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  marble vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus robustus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Marshosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah, Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="bicentisimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1976"/>
  <MEANING>
   bicentennial <LOW>(of the U.S.A.)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Masiakasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>vicious <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="knopfleri">
  <AUTHOR name="Sampson, Carrano, Forster" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Mark</LOW> Knopfler's <LOW>(member of rock band Dire Straits)</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This small predator had strange, forward-pointing teeth, like those of
some <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>. It may be a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>.</P>
<P>Hails from the Maevarano Formation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Massospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  large vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="Lesotho, Namibia, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="carinatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
  <REMAINS content="over 80 partial skeletons (juvenile to adult), 4 skulls, isolated elements, gastroliths, etc."/>
  <REMAINS content="partial foot" age="juvenile" synonym="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus"/>
  <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
  <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="harriesi">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hislopi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="huenei">
  <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rawesi">
  <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="schwarzi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A nest of six eggs, 26 inches long and 22 inches in diameter, may belong
to <NOMEN name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Megacervixosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big-necked lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>
   Tibetan
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Megadactylus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
 <MEANING>
  big finger
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Megadontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big-toothed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Microvenator celer"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
  <MEANING>
   fierce
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Megalancosaurus">
 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Megalosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  big lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Melagosaurus" author="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
  <AUTHOR name="Ritgen" year="1826"/>
  <LENGTH value="9"/>
  <LENGTH value="10"/>
  <MASS value="900"/>
  <MASS value="1500"/>
  <PLACE name="England, France"/>
  <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>William</LOW> Buckland's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="argentinus">
  <SYNONYM name="Loncosaurus argentinus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bradleyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Proceratosaurus bradleyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bredai">
  <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chubutensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cloacinus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1858"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
  <SYNONYM name="bucklandii"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crenatissimus">
  <SYNONYM name="Majungasaurus crenatissimus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
  <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dabukaensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
  <PLACE name="Asia"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="destructor">
  <SYNONYM name="Nuthetes destructor" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dunkleri">
  <SYNONYM name="Altispinax dunkleri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hesperis">
  <SYNONYM name="Walkersaurus hesperis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="horridus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Hungary"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   Hungarian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="incognitus">
  <SYNONYM name="Iliosuchus incognitus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="inexpectatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1966"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   unexpected
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus ingens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="insignis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps, Lennier" year="1870"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, postctranial elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lonzeensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lydekkeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus lydekkeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="matleyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meriani">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nethercombensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus nethercombensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="obtusus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Henry" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   obtuse
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oweni">
  <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pannoniensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="parkeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron bucklandii"/>
  <MEANING>
   varyingly-sided
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
  <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Phillips'</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pombali" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rawesi">
  <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="saharicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
  <MISSPELLED name="africanus" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="schmidti">
  <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron schmidti" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
  <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="superbus">
  <SYNONYM name="Erectopus superbus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tanneri">
  <SYNONYM name="Torvosaurus tanneri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="terquemi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
  <PLACE name="China" q="1"/>
  <MEANING>
   Tibetan
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valens">
  <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wetherilli">
  <SYNONYM name="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
  <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This was the first non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
<LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be formally named and described
(<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> had been discovered earlier, but wasn't published
until later.) Along with <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and
<NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/>, it was one of the original animals placed in
<LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
  
<P> Early restorations showed it as quadrupedal(!) In fact, it and other
<LINK content="torvosaurids"/> had very short forelimbs, even for
<LINK content="theropods"/>. </P>
  
<P> This genus has over the years been used as a grab-bag for all kinds of
<LINK content="theropod"/> species, and even some non-theropods.
There is much taxonomic sorting to be done on these. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Megaraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>big raider</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MCF-PVPH" id="79" content='"sickle claw", metatarsal, ulna, finger'/>
 <SPECIES name="namunhuaiquii">
  <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>foot-lanced</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. If so, it would be the
largest one, beating out <NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/>. Its "sickle claw" was
14 inches long. This claw inspired its specific name, which is Mapuche for
"foot lance". </P>
  
<P> It has been suggested that this may be the adult version of the
<LINK content="avialan"/> <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. They are from the same
time and place, and there is no overlapping material between them.
More material must be found to verify or falsify this.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Melanorosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Melanosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  black mountain lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="readi">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial limbs, partial pelvis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="thabanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gauffre" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Meniscoessus">
 <SPECIES name="caperatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Merosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="newmani" status="nudum">
  <MEANING>Newman's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="knee joint"/>
 <REMAINS content="etc." q="1"/>
 <ESSAY><P>Based on remains originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus harrisonii"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mesadactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  mesa finger
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="ornithosphyos">
  <AUTHOR name="Jensen, Padian" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Metriacanthosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
 <MEANING>
  medium spine lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <MASS value="1000"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="parkeri" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevis" status="nudum">
  <MEANING>short</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="reynoldsi" status="nudum">
  <MEANING>Reynolds'</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Perhaps a <LINK content="sinraptorid"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microcephale" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1997"/>
 <MEANING>
  small head
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial crania"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Yet to be described. Based on two 2-inch-wide skull tops.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.6" age="juvenile"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="gobiensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <REMAINS content="partial skull, skeleton" type="holo" age="juvenile"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sulcidens" status="dubium" q="1">
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
  <SYNONYM name="gobiensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microcoelus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Microsaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  small hollow
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
  <MEANING>
   Patagonian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="australis">
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microdontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small-toothed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="dayensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microhadrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="nanshiungensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Nanxiong
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Micropachycephalosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Micropachycephale"/>
 <MEANING>
  small <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="hongtuyanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1978"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Micropachycephalosaurus"/> bears the dubious honor of the <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
  with the longest generic name, with 23 letters and 9 syllables. For such a
  huge name, it was actually a pretty small dinosaur, one of the smallest of
  all non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaurs.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>small plunderer</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="zhaoianus">
  <MEANING>Zhao <LOW>Xijin</LOW>'s</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="articulated skeleton missing middle portion, with patches of preserved integument"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
  <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>

<P header='The "Tiny Raptor"'>Possibly the smallest non-<LINK
content="avian"> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, assuming (as the authors do)
that is is fully grown.</P>

<P header="Placement">The counterslab to the hindquarters of this specimen
was already published as half of the chimerical <NOMEN 
name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>. The front half of that specimen is
actually an <LINK content="avialan"/>.</P>

<P>Although the authors classified this species as a <LINK
content="dromaeosaurid"/>, it has troodontid features (arctometatarsalian
pes, "waisted" teeth, maxilla bordering naris, closely packed dentary
teeth) and avialan features (<NOMEN name="Rahonavis"/>-like ischium, avian
features of the teeth, maxilla bordering naris) as well. Some features
(rod-like extensions of prezygaopohyses which stiffen the tail, large
second pedal ungual) are dromaeosaurid-like. Hopefully this species can
shed light on how the three groups are related to each other.</P>

<P>Wherever this species belongs, it does not appear to be <LINK
content="avian"/>, and thus dispels notions that dinosaurs were too big to
be bird ancestors. (This species is smaller than <NOMEN
name="Archaeopteryx"/>, the most primitive bird known.)</P>

<P header="Small AND Fuzzy">Feathers or (feather-like integument with a
rachis, or vane) similar to those of <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/> and
<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> are preserved. They are found near the
femur, tibia, and ischium.</P>

<P header="A Climber?"> Some features of this species have been
interpreted as indicating a scansorial lifestyle. These include distally
placed metatarsal and pedal digit I. </P>

<P header="Transitional Teeth"> <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> has heterodont
teeth, the anterior ones being more recurved and laterally compressed and
lacking serrations. They are more bird-like than the posterior teeth, and
thus may indicate that avian dental traits began in the front and spread
to the back over the course of evolution. </P>

<P header="Trouble with the Name"> Technically, by ICZN rules, this animal
should be referred to as <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>.
However, there will be a petition to reject that name and conserve the
name <NOMEN name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. In the hope that this petition
goes through, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> despite ICZN
rules. See the entry on <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> for more on this
nomenclatural debacle.</P>

 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microsaurops">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Microcoelus"/>
 <MEANING>
  small lizard face
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Microvenator" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small hunter
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="1.2"/>
 <MASS age="juvenileQ" value="3" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <SPECIES name="celer">
  <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
  <PLACE name="Montana"/>
  <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chagyaensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Li" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> When first found, <NOMEN name="Microvenator"/> was associated with the teeth of the
  larger <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>. Hence it was reconstructed with an oversized head and
  informally dubbed <NOMEN name="Megadontosaurus ferox"/> ("fierce, big-toothed lizard").</P>
  
<P>  Although sometimes classified as a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>, it is too
  primitive.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mifunesaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
 <MEANING>
  Mifune <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth, metatarsal, tibia, phalanx"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Minmi" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Minmi <LOW>Crossing one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragmentary postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="paravertebra">
  <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1980"/>
  <MEANING>
   vertebrate-like(?)
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Khaan"/> for the shortest genus name of any
  non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.</P>

<P>  <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> was once considered an <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/> due to a supposed club at the end of its tail,
  but the club turned out to be an artifact of preservation. Instead, it is
  probably a very primitive <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mochlodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
 <MEANING>
  barred tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="suessi">
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon suessi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="priscus">
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon robustus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mongolosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Mongolisaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Mongolian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, basioccipital, neck vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="haplodon" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Monkonosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Monko <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 vertebrae, sacrum, 3 plates"/>
 <SPECIES name="lawulacus">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Monoclonius" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  one stick
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <REMAINS content="5 skulls"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="apertus">
  <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="belli">
  <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cutleri">
  <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus cutleri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dawsoni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fissus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
 <REMAINS content="pterygoid"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="flexus">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lowei" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
  <SYNONYM name="crassus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="montanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Brachyceratops montanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   nose-horned
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
  <REMAINS content="braincase, 3 horns, fragments"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
  <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be the subadult of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus or a valid genus
with paedomorphic (juvenile-like) features.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Monolophosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  single crest lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="jiangi">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Currie" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="jiangjiunmiaoi" status="nudum">
  <SYNONYM name="jiangi"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mononychus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Schüppel" year="1824"/>
 <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="olecranus">
  <SYNONYM name="Mononykus olecranus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mononykus">
 <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
 <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="olecranus" original="Mononychus">
  <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with a large</LOW> olecranon <LOW>process (elbow)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Characteristics of the odd, singly-digited forelimbs seem to indicate
  proficiency at digging. These include a large olecranon and possibly the
  keel on the sternum. A mole-like lifestyle has been proposed, but this
  does not agree with the long, cursorial hindlimbs. Instead, it is possible
  that <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> filled an ant-eating niche, similar to today's
  numbats and aardvarks.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Montanazhdarcho">
 <AUTHOR name="Padian, Ricqles, Horner" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>
  Montana <NOMEN name="Azhdarcho"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Montanoceratops">
 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1951"/>
 <MEANING>
  Montana horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus" original="Leptoceratops">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1942"/>
  <MEANING>horn-nosed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Bore a small horn on its nose. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Morinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Morini <LOW>(ancient French tribe)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="typus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Morosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>moronic lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="impar">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
  <MEANING>
   agile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="becklessi">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevis">
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lentus">
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marchei" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally assigned to a now-defunct genus (synonymous with
  <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>), <NOMEN name="Morosaurus agilis"/> awaits a new generic name. It might be
  related to <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Moshisaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus sp."/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mussaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Mussasaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  mouse lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.2"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="eggs, 10 skeletons and 4 skulls (juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Vince" year="1979"/>
  <MEANING>
   Patagonian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/> is known only from infant specimens, which
  were extremely small (nine inches long). The eggs were
  not much more than an inch long. <NOMEN name="Coloradisaurus"/> may be
  the adult version.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Muttaburrasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Muttaburra lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <SPECIES name="langdoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Bartholomai, Molnar" year="1981"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 fragmentary)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <REMAINS museum="QM" id="F14921" content="skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Unlike other <LINK content="ornithopods"/>, <NOMEN name="Muttaburrasaurus"/>
  may have replaced all of its teeth simultaneously, instead
  of one at a time.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Mymoorapelta" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Mygatt-Moore <LOW>Quarry</LOW> shield
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="ilium, vetrebrae, ribs, ulna, metacarpal, armor, pedal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="maysi">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Carpenter" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Naashoibitosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Naashoibito <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
  </MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nanantius" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="eos">
  <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1986"/>
  <MEANING>dawn</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="tibiotarsus" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial tibiotarsus, vertebra" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valifanovi">
  <PLACE name="Asia"/>
  <REMAINS content="fairly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  dwarf opposite <LOW>bird (=<LINK content="enantiornithean"/>)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> About the size of the average <LINK content="songbird"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nanosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Nannosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  dwarf lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth molds"/>
 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <MEANING>
   agile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rex">
  <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nanotyrannus">
 <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie" year="1988"/>
 <MEANING>
  dwarf tyrant
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nanshiungosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Nanxiong lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="brevispinus">
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
  <REMAINS content="vertebral column (excluding tail), pelvis"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-spined
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bohlini">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, You" year="1997"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="presacral vertebrae, ribs"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauridae" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nanyangosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Nanyang lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="zhugeii">
  <MEANING>Zhuge <LOW>Liang</LOW>'s</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 11821" type="holo" content="8 dorsal, 6 sacral & 36 caudal vertebrae; 3 proximal chevron; humerus; radius; ulna; incomplete manus; partial ischium; femur; tibia; fibula; astragalocalcaneum, pes"/>
  <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Sangping Fm.-->
  <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Lü, Huang, Li, Dong" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Hails from the Sangping Formation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nectosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Merriam" year="1905"/>
 <SPECIES name="navajovius" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Versluys" year="1910"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
  <MEANING>
   Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nedcolbertia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Edwin H. (</LOW>Ned<LOW>)</LOW> Colbert's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="justinhoffmani">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, S. K. Madsen, Burge" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>Justin Hoffman's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="whittlei" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1996"/>
  <SYNONYM name="justinhoffmani"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
  This species was originally to be named after its discoverer (Whittle),
  but instead was named after a young boy (Justin Hoffman) who won a
  contest.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Neimenggusaurus" status="unpublished">
 <MEANING>Neimenggu <LOW>(Inner Mongolia)</LOW></MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <ESSAY><P>Published in Chinese as "Neimenggulong" ("Inner Mongolian
 dragon"). Hails from the Erlian Basin.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nemegtosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Nemagtosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Nemegitosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Nowinski" year="1971"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pachi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
  <SYNONYM name="Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/> may be the body of <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, but
further material is needed to be certain. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Neosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
 <MEANING>
  new lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Missouri
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Neosodon">
 <AUTHOR name="de la Moussaye" year="1885"/>
 <MEANING>
  new type <LOW>of</LOW> tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="praecursor">
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Neovenator" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  new hunter
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="para"/>
 <REMAINS content="phalangeal material"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="salerii">
  <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Martill, Barker" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nesodactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  island finger
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="Cuba"/>
 <SPECIES name="hesperius">
  <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1969"/>
  <MEANING>
   western
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Neuquenornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="volans">
  <MEANING>flying</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Chiappe"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Calvo" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Neuquén <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Neuquensaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1992"/>
 <MEANING>
  Neuquén <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 individuals (vertebrae, humerus, femur, armor; limb bones, pelvis, majority of tail, two osteoderms)"/>
 <SPECIES name="australis" original="Titanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
  <MEANING>
   southern
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Armor scutes from this animal were originally thought to be from an
  <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Loricosaurus"/>). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Newtonsaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
 <MEANING>Newton's lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="cambrensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Zanclodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1899"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Wales"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ngexisaurus" type="with">
 <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="dapukaensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1982"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nigersaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Nigerian lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="taqueti">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>Taquet's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This animal had numerous small teeth, arranged similarly to the
  "dental batteries" of <LINK content="cerapods"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ninghsiasaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1965"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Niobrarasaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Dilkes, Weishampel" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>
  Niobrara <LOW>chalk</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, 2 chevrons, ribs, scapulocoracoid, ilium, forelimb, hindlimb, astragalus, calcaneum, armor"/>
 <SPECIES name="coleii" original="Hierosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1936"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nipponosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Nippon <LOW>(=Japan)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton (juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="sachalinensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Nagao" year="1936"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Sakhalin <LOW>Island</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be the young of another <LINK content="lambeosaurin"/> genus.
  
  Found in 1935 on the island of Sakhalin, which belonged to Japan at the
  time (hence the name).
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Noasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>N<LOW>or</LOW>o<LOW>este (Northwest) </LOW>A<LOW>rgentina</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="15"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull & foot elements, vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="leali">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> was a smaller predator which sported a huge hyperextendable
"switchblade" claw on each foot, much like those of
<LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="troodontids"/>. The claws were
different in structure, having a pit for the flexor muscle attachment
instead of a knob as in the other two groups. The evolution of such
superficially similar structures in three separate groups of small
<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> <LINK content="theropods"/> is a striking
example of convergent evolution. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nodocephalosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  node head lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <SPECIES name="kirtlandi">
  <AUTHOR name="Sullivan" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Kirtland <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nodosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  node lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Kansas"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="textilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="armatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="coleii">
  <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ischyrus">
  <SYNONYM name="Hoplosaurus ischyrus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="landerensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegopelta landerensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Hierosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Noguerornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Noguera <LOW>River</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="gonzalezi">
  <AUTHOR name="Lacasa-Ruiz" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nomingia" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
  <REMAINS museum="GIN" id="100/119" content="3 cervical vertebrae, 10 dorsal vertebrae, 10 fragmentary dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum (5 vertebrae), pelvis, femur, tibiae, fibulae, tail (24 vertebrae)"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska, Watabe, Currie, Tsogtbataar" year="2000"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <TIME value="LK" section="latest"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The only non-<LINK content="pygostylian"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> known
to have a pygostyle (a fusion of vertebrae at the end of the tail).</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Noripterus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="complicidens">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  lake wing
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="2.1"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="several incompete specimens"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Normannognathus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Normandy jaw
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial jaws"/>
 <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
  <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, J.-J. LePage, G. LePage" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nothronychus" type="with">
 <MEANING>slothful claw</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mckinleyi">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Wolfe"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Stanley" type="vide" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING>McKinley's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="skeleton nearly half complete" museum="MSM" id="P21026"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Turonian" section="middle"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <MASS value="900" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This is the first <LINK content="therizinosaur"/> to be named which is 
not from Asia. Its ischium was originally thought to be the squamosal bone
of <NOMEN name="Zuniceratops christopheri"/>. The name refers to the
resemblance between therizinosaurs and extinct ground sloths, both of
which had large manual claws, stood somewhat upright, and probably
fed on plants.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Notoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  southern horned face
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary (lost)"/>
 <SPECIES name="bonarelli" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Tapia" year="1918"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, but could
  be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Notohypsilophodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  southern <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="cervical, dorsal, sacral & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; partial scapula; coracoid; humerus; ulnae; partial femur; tibiae; fibulae; astrgalus; calcaneum; 13 pedal phalanges (including 3 unguals)"/>
 <SPECIES name="comodorensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Martínez" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
  May be a <LINK content="dryosaurid"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nqwebasaurus" type="with">
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <SPECIES name="thwazi">
  <AUTHOR name="de Klerk, Forster, Sampson, Chinsamy, Ross" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS nickname="Kirky" type="holo" content="70% of an articulated skeleton, including fragmentary cranium (frontals, parietal, partial basicranium, sclerotic ring), 7 postaxial cervical vertebrae,  pectoral girdles, forelimbs, pubic shaft, partial femora, tibiae, fibulae, pedes, isolated centra and neural arches"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY> 
  <P>The first named <LINK content="dinosaurian"/> genus with a
   click sound (the "q" represents a palatal click, made against the roof of
   the mouth).</P>
  <P>The first digit had a very large claw.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nurosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Nuoerosaurus"/>
 <LENGTH value="26"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="qaganensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1992"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nuthetes" type="with">
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary & postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="destructor" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
  <MEANING>
   destroyer
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>
  The armor originally assigned to this species more likely belongs to a
  <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nyasasaurus" status="nudum">
 <MISSPELLED name="Nyasaurus"/>
 <SPECIES name="cromptoni" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nyctodactylus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Nyctosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> finger
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Nyctosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
  <TIME value="Santonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lamegoi" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1953"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Occidentalia">
 <MEANING>western <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon occidentalis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Odontorhynchus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Pelzeln" year="1868"/>
 <MEANING>
  toothed beak
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="aculeatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Stolley" year="1936"/>
  <TIME value="Tithonian" section="early"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The type specimen for this name has been lost.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ohmden lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="tibia, tarsus"/>
 <SPECIES name="liasicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
  <MEANING>
   Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Oligosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  few lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="adelus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Omeisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Mount</LOW> O-mei lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="junghsiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1939"/>
 <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, partial skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="changshouensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus changshouensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis2">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
  <SYNONYM name="junghsiensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gongjianensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus gongjianensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
  <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sinensis" status="nudum">
  <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
  <SYNONYM name="tianfuensis"/>
  <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
  <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai, Gao" year="1984"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="zigongensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Tanimoto" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Tail clubs assigned to this genus are probably from large <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>
individuals. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Omosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Osmosaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
 <MEANING>
  arm lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="armatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hastiger">
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1901"/>
  <SYNONYM name="durobrivensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lennieri">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="vetustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Onychosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  claw lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
  <MEANING>
   Hungarian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  tail <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> cupped behind
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton (missing head & neck)"/>
 <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
  <AUTHOR name="Borsuk-Bialynicka" year="1977"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once classified as a <LINK content="camarasaur"/>, but now
thought to be an advanced <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Could be the body of
<NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>. </P>

<P> Features of the hip and tail suggest that this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
may have been capable of rearing up into a tripod position, possibly
for feeding. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Oplosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  armored lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="armatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1852"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
  <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Orcomimus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Triebold" year="1997"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
 <REMAINS content="pelvis, hindlimb"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Orinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>mountain lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornatotholus">
 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
 <MEANING>
  ornate dome
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="browni">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras browni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithocephalus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird head
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus antiquus" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithocheirus" type="none">
 <MEANING>
  bird hand
 </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 <SPECIES name="clifti">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="blavatschi">
  <TIME value="Turonian"/>
  <PLACE name="Czech Republic"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Fritsch"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bunzeli">
  <TIME value="LK"/>
  <PLACE name="Austria"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="compressirostris">
  <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> compressed rostrum</MEANING>
  <TIME value="Turonian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Bowerbank" year="1845"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="curtus">
  <TIME value="LK"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="daviesi">
  <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="diomedius">
  <TIME value="Turonian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fittoni">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <MEANING>
   gigantic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hilsensis">
  <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1885"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="microdon">
  <MEANING>small-toothed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sagittirostris">
  <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with a</LOW> sagittal rostrum
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sedgewicki">
  <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="LK">
  <PLACE name="France"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The deposits this creature comes from are either Cenomanian or
redeposited Albian.</P>

<P> Thirty-six species of <NOMEN name="Ornithocheirus"/> have been named. 
Many are probably dubious or in need of reconsideration.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithodesmus" type="with">
 <MEANING>bird link</MEANING>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae, sacrum, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="cluniculus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="latidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Istiodactylus latidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once identified as a <LINK content="troodontid"/>, this scrappy specimen
may instead to belong to some kind of <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithoides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird form
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="oshiensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides mongoliensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornitholestes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird thief
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="11"/>
 <MASS value="13"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, postcrania"/>
 <SPECIES name="hermanni">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1903"/>
  <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/19"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/21"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/28"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithomerus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird femur
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithomimidorum" status="nudum">
 <MEANING><LINK content="ornithomimids"/>'</MEANING>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai"/>
 <ESSAY><P>
  An erratum given for two separate animals which von Huene wished to transfer to <LINK content="Ornithomimidae"/>
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithomimoides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="mobilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>
   mobile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="barasimiensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="mobilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithomimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="velox">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <MASS value="175" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcrania"/>
  <MEANING>
   speedy
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1920"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
  <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragments including toe claws"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altus">
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus altus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="angustus">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg"/>
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus" status="dubium" original="Coelosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
  <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asiaticus">
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeornithomimus asiaticus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bullatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Gallimimus bullatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="currelli">
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus currelli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska" year="1990"/>
  <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonicus">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1933"/>
  <MASS value="100"/>
  <MASS value="170"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <REMAINS content="1 skeleton, 2 fragmentary postcrania"/>
  <MEANING>
   Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elegans">
  <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus elegans" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens">
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus ingens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1903"/>
  <REMAINS content="pedal ungual"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minutus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Mononykinae"/>
  <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
  <TIME value="LK"/>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
  <REMAINS content="partial metatarsus"/>
  <MEANING>
   minute
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="samueli">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sedens" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
  <REMAINS content="sacrum, fragmentary ilium"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary metatarsal"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PROPERTAXON name="Maniraptoriformes" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="Aptian"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The archetypical "<LINK content="ostrich mimic"/>". </P>

<P> <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus affinis"/> was originally placed in
<NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> (and then <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/>)
because of <LINK content="ornithomimid"/>-like toe claws, but the material
is too indeterminate to assign confidently to any known
<LINK content="theropod"/> genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithopsis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird face
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="hulkei" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="eucamerotus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Eucamerotus foxi"/>
  <MEANING>
   well-chambered
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="greppini">
  <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsii">
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="manseli">
  <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="suffosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithopterus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1838"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
 <MEANING>
  bird wing
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithostoma">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1871"/>
 <MEANING>
  bird mouth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
  <PLACE name="England"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1904"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
  <PLACE name="Russia"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Bogolubov" year="1914"/>
  <MEANING>oriental</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithosuchus">
 <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1894"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
 <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
 <MEANING>
  bird crocodile
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ornithotarsus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Ornithosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  bird ankle
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Orodromeus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Egg</LOW> Mountain runner
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="makelai">
  <AUTHOR name="Horner, Weishampel" year="1988"/>
  <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Laosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb, veretbrae"/>
  <MEANING>
   least
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Eggs formerly assigned to this genus have turned out to belong to
<NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Orosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Peters" year="1862"/>
 <MISSPELLED nme="Orosauravus" author="Norman" year="1985"/>
 <MEANING>
  mountain lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="capensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Orthogoniosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  straight-sided <LOW>tooth</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="matleyi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Das-Gupta" year="1931"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="raptorius">
  <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   raiding
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rawesi">
  <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Orthomerus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  straight femur
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
 <SPECIES name="dolloi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
  <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, femur, tibia"/>
  <MEANING>
   Dollo's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="weberae" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary hindlimb"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Oshanosaurus" type="with">
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="youngi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Othnielia">
 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
 <MEANING>
  Othniel <LOW>Charles Marsh's one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="rex" original="Nanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <MEANING>
   king
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="multidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nisti">
  <SYNONYM name="Drinker nisti" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Otogornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="genghisi">
  <MEANING>Genghis <LOW>Khan</LOW>'s</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Otog<LOW>-qi</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <ESSAY><P>Originally placed in <LINK content="Enantiornithes"/>, but
 may be an <LINK content="ambiortiform"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ouranosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  brave <LOW>(monitor)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons"/>
 <REMAINS content="hindlimb with pes"/>
 <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1976"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Niger
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> was remarkable in having a sail along its
back, like that of the <LINK content="theropod"/> <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>
and the <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Oviraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  egg raider
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="philoceratops">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924" subyear="b"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="skeletons (some complete), eggs"/>
  <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
  <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
  <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
  <MASS value="35"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
  <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
  <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="yanshini">
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ingenia yanshini" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> had a crest on its head, grasping hands, and
an unusual penchant for being fossilized in interesting positions. The first
one was found near what was thought to be the nest of a
<NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, presumably intent on snatching an egg. This
gave it its name, which means "<LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving egg
raider". </P>

<P> In fact, analysis of the fetuses inside the eggs have since shown it to
be the <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>'s own nest. More recently, another oviraptorid
(possibly <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>) has been
found which died in a sandstorm while sitting on a nest of its own brood.
These two discoveries show that <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> probably cared
for its offspring,  as <LINK content="birds"/> and
<LINK content="crocodylians"/> do today. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> was featured in the book <U>Dinotopia</U>,
where it was renamed <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Ovinutrix"/> ("egg nurse"),
since that was its function in the book's utopian society of prehistoric
animals and humans. Strangely enough, the name given in the
fictional book has turned out to fit the animal better than its actual name.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ovoraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  egg raider
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="djadochtari" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Velociraptor mongoliensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   Djadokhta <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ozraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Oz <LOW>(=Australia)</LOW> raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="UWA" id="82469" content="distal fragment of tibia"/>
 <SPECIES name="subotaii">
  <AUTHOR name="Long, Molnar" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>
   Subotai's <LOW>(character in <U>Conan the Barbarian</U>)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally identified as the remains of a <LINK content="turtle"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pachycephalosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
 <MEANING>
  thick-headed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skull, skull fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="wyomingensis" original="Troodon" status="conservandum">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1931"/>
  <MEANING>from Wyoming</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grangeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
  <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="reinheimeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
  <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This, the largest of <LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>, had a skull dome 10
  inches thick.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pachyrhinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  thick nose lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alaska, Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="12 partial skulls, disarticulated material"/>
 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1950"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Canada
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="horneri">
  <SYNONYM name="Achelousaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/> had a large horny pad covering the top of its face,
possibly supporting a truly gigantic horn, as well as several small,
straight horns on the middle of its frill. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pachysauriscus">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW> 
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ajax">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pachysaurops">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1961"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/> face
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pachysaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
 <MEANING>
  thick lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ajax" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   gigantic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   great
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wetzelianus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pachyspondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  thick vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="orpenii" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeoctonus">
 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeonornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Emmons" year="1857"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  old wing
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="end of radius"/>
 <SPECIES name="thomsoni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1981"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally classified as <LINK content="archaeopterygian"/>,
  but may be <LINK content="deinonychosaurian"/> or <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
 <MEANING>
  old bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeosauriscus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Palaeosaurus2"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW> 
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="cylindrodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   cylindrically-toothed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
  <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeosaurus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
 <MEANING>
  old lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
  <AUTHOR name="Riley, Stutchbury" year="1836"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia" incertae="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   diagnostic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeosaurus2" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
 <MEANING>
  old lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="fraserianus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Palaeoscincus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  old <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Scincus"/> <LOW>(skink)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="costatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="africanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asper" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="latus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   broad<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tutus">
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This dubious genus, based on teeth, was one of the first American 
<LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named. <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus costatus"/> may belong to 
<NOMEN name="Panoplosaurus mirus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus latus"/>
may belong to <NOMEN name="Edmontonia"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Panoplosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  completely armored lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <MASS value="3500"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen with complete cranium, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="mirus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1919"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="logiceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia logiceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parahesperornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
 <SPECIES name="alexi">
  <AUTHOR name="Martin" year="1984"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Hesperornis" q="1">
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Parahesperornis gracilis"/> may belong in <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>, as it was originally placed.
Its feathers were rather hair-like. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Paraiguanodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="incolapaludalis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus johnsoni"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Paralititan" type="with">
 <MEANING>tidal Titan</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="stromeri">
  <MEANING><LOW>Ernst</LOW> Stromer's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Smith, Lamanna, Lacovara, Dodson, Smith, Poole, Giegengack, Attia" year="2001"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <MASS value="70000" q="1"/>
  <LENGTH value="24" q="1"/>
  <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial specimen"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII64" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>One of the largest land animals, and the largest known African land animal.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Paranthodon">
 <MISSPELLED name="Paracanthodon"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Anthodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull with teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Palaeoscincus">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1910"/>
  <MEANING>
   African
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parapsicephalus">
 <AUTHOR name="Arthaber" year="1918"/>
 <MEANING>
  adjoined arch head
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="early" value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="purdoni" original="Scaphognathus">
  <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1888"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pararhabdodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Rhabdodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain, France"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck & back vertebrae, humerus, end of ulna, cranial and postcranial material"/>
 <SPECIES name="isonense">
  <AUTHOR name="Casanovas-Cladellas, Santafe-Llopis, Isidro-Llorens" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parasaurolophus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/> <!-- Fruitland Fm. -->
 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1922"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <PLACE name="Montana, Utah" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cyrtocristatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1961"/>
  <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tubicen">
  <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1931"/>
  <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus walkeri"/> had the largest crest of any
<LINK content="duck-bill"/>. It was a long, hollow tube which extended back from
the skull, curving downwards. There may be a notch in its spine where the
crest habitually rested. </P>
  
<P>The crest of <NOMEN name="P. cyrtocristatus"/> was similar, but smaller.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parascaniornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>near <NOMEN name="Scaniornis"/> <LOW>(Scanian bird)</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="stensioi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Sweden"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pareiasaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parksosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1937"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>William</LOW> Parks' lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
 <MASS value="70"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="warrenae" original="Thescelosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
  <MEANING>Warren's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Paronychodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> beside claw tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth (adult & juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <MEANING>
   lakeside
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="caperatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parrosaurus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1945"/>
 <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Parvicursor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small runner
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (with pelvis, hindlimb, parts of tail and back)"/>
 <SPECIES name="remotus">
  <AUTHOR name="Karhu, Rautian" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   remote
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pasquiaornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Pasquia <LOW>Hills</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="early" value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
 <SPECIES name="hardiei">
  <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tankei">
  <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Patagonykus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Patagonian claws
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <SPECIES name="puertai">
  <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Transitional between basal <LINK content="alvarezsaurids"/>
(like <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/>) and <LINK content="mononykines"/>
(like <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Patagopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Patagonian wing
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.75"/>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MACN" id="N 03" content="specimen"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="N 11" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
 <REMAINS content="other specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="deferrariasi">
  <AUTHOR name="Alvarenga, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Professor Oscar</LOW> de Ferrarias'</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>' wings were quite short, indicating that it had lost
the ability to fly. Although reconstructed as having a short tail with no
pygostyle, it probably did have a pygostyle. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Patagosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Patagonian lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="18"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="12 skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="fariasi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Patricosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  paternal lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary femur & sacral vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="merocratus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pawpawsaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Paw Paw <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="campbelli">
  <AUTHOR name="Lee" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Bony eyelids have been preserved from this species.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pectinodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  comb tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="bakkeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Peishansaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Beishan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw with tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="philemys" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be a
  <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pekinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Pekin lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="olseni">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pelagornis2">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1866"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lartet" year="1857"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Enaliornis"/>
 <MEANING>sea bird</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pelecanimimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  pelican mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pectoral girdle, sternum, forelimb, skin impressions"/>
 <SPECIES name="polyodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalloni, Moratalla, Ortega, Rasskin-Gutman" year="1994"/>
  <MEANING>
   many-toothed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Despite being a member of a mostly toothless group, <NOMEN name="Pelecanimimus"/> had
  more teeth than any other <LINK content="theropod"/> (over 220)! </P>

<P>  Tissue impressions of this animal show a small dewlap or throat pouch
(hence the name). They were also originally thought to show 4
structures, possibly related to feathers, but further analysis shows them
to be imprints of muscle fibers. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pellegrinisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Lake</LOW> Pellegrini lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="20"/>
 <LENGTH value="25"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, partial femur"/>
 <SPECIES name="powelli">
  <AUTHOR name="Salgado" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pelorosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Pelerosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Pelosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Pelrorosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Polorosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Telorosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  monstrous lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="24"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, humerus, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimb elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="conybearei" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1850"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="armatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Oplosaurus armatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1852"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hulkei">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithopsis hulkei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="humerocristatus" status="dubium" original="Cetiosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="leedsii" status="dubium" original="Ornithopsis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mackesoni" status="dubium" original="Dinodocus">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1884"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="manseli">
  <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="megalonyx">
  <SYNONYM name="Gigantosaurus megalonyx" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="praecursor">
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The skin bore small, hexagon-like tubercles.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Peltosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1873"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Sauropelta"/>
 <MEANING>
  shield lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pentaceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  five horn lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <MASS value="2500"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/> <!-- Williams Fork Fm -->
 <REMAINS content="9 skulls, skeletons (some complete)"/>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fenestratus">
  <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1930"/>
  <SYNONYM name="sternbergi"/>
  <MEANING>
   windowed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A recently discovered skull (over 3m long) gives
<NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> the title of Terrestrial Animal with the
Largest Head, formerly held by <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Peteinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  winged lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete postcranium, partial skeleton"/>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".6"/>
 <SPECIES name="zambelli">
  <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Phaedrolosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  gleaming lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="tibia, phalanges, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="ilikensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Phobetor" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Krøyer" year="1844"/>
 <MEANING>Phobetor <LOW>(god of fear)</LOW></MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="parvus">
  <AUTHOR name="Balhurina" year="1986"/>
  <MEANING>
   small
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had odd, upwardly curving, narrow jaws. </P>

<P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Phobetor"/> is preoccupied by a
<LINK content="fish"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Phuwiangosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Phu Wiang lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="25"/>
 <LENGTH value="30"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons, skull material"/>
 <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skeletal material"/>
 <SPECIES name="sirindhornae">
  <AUTHOR name="Martin, Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Phyllodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  leaf tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="henkeli" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Piatnitzkysaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>A.</LOW> Piatnitzky's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="250"/>
 <MASS value="300"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="floresi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Picrodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  sharp tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="herveyi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pinacosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  plank lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="grangeri">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
  <REMAINS content="over 35 specimens (some juvenile)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
  <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mephistocephalus">
  <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Pereda-Superbiola, Li, Dong"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="articulated specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ninghsiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1935"/>
  <SYNONYM name="grangeri"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A group of about 20 juveniles was recently found, fueling speculations that
  these animals may have formed herds based on age.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pisanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Pisano's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="merti">
  <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1967"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The earliest well-known <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. Once classified as a
  <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Piveteausaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Taquet, Welles" year="1977"/>
 <MEANING>
  Piveteau's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS content="braincase, skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="divesensis" original="Eustreptospondylus">
  <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Planicoxa" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="venenica">
  <AUTHOR name="DiCroce, Carpenter" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="ilium"/>
  <REMAINS content="limb & girdle elements, vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>All specimens come from "Tony's Bone Bed" in the Cedar Mountain Formation
of eastern Utah.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Plataleorhynchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platalea"/> <LOW>(spoonbill)</LOW> beak
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="end of snout"/>
 <SPECIES name="streptophorodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Howse, Browner" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous).
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Platanavis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="nana">
  <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platanus"/> <LOW>(sycamore tree)</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Plateosauravus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/> ancestor
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus cullingworthi" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Plateosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Platysaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  flat lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <MASS value="700"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany, Switzerland, France"/>
 <PLACE name="Sweden" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="around 100 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 10 skulls, isolated elements, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="engelhardti">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1837"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="carinatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elizae" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1907"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="erlenbergiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1905"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fraasi">
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus fraasi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fraasianus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="integer">
  <AUTHOR name="Fraas"/>
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1915"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
  <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1913"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-headed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="obtusus">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus obtusus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   ornate
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Dimodosaurus poligniensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
  <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="reinigeri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stormbergensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1915"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="torgeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus torgeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trossingensis">
  <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
  <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Trossingen
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Plegadornis">
 <AUTHOR name="Wetmore" year="1962"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Brehm" year="1855"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Plegadis"/> <LOW>(ibis)</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pleurocoelus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Plaurocoelus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocaelus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocoelis"/>
 <MEANING>hollow side</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull elements, teeth, vertebrae, tibia, fibula, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="nanus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
  <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
  <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
  <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
  <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
  <MEANING>montane</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pusillus">
  <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="suffosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="Texas"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus altus"/> was once thought to be the adult form of
<NOMEN name="P. nanus"/>, but more recently is has been suggested as an
entirely different sauropod. The Texan material assigned to this genus
also may not belong. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pleuropeltus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  side shield
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pneumatoarthrus">
 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1870"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Chelonia"/>
 <MEANING>
  pneumatic joint
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Podokesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  swift foot lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="Connecticut"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton (destroyed in a fire)"/>
 <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Talbot" year="1911"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Holyoke
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>. Some consider it synonymous with
<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Podopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>foot wing</MEANING>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Selys-Longchamps" year="1871"/>
 <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Sharovipteryx mirabilis" status="objective"/>  
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Poekilopleuron" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleuron"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleurum"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Poicilopleuron"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Poikilopleuron"/>
 <MEANING>
  varying side
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
  <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps" year="1838"/>
  <REMAINS content="forelimb elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" q="1"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>2</LOW> Buckland's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gallicum">
  <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus2 foxi"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus poikilopleuron" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pusillum">
  <SYNONYM name="Aristosuchus pusillus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="schmidti" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Kiprijanov" year="1883"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <REMAINS content="ribs, tibia fragment"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valens">
  <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Polacanthoides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Polacanthus"/> form
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ponderosus">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Polacanthus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  many spines
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <SPECIES name="foxii">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1881"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1925"/>
  <SYNONYM name="foxii"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marshi">
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pereda-Superbiola"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rudgwickensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1996"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, humerus, tibia, ribs, armor"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Polyodontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  many-toothed lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
  <MEANING>
   grand
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Polyonax" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  master <LOW>of</LOW> many
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb fragments, horn core fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="mortuarius" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ponerosteus" status="unpublished">
 <MEANING>
  rotten bone
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="exogyrarum" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
  <MEANING><NOMEN nolink="1" name="Exogyra"/>'s <LOW>(shell from the same formation)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1878"/>
  <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Poposaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1915"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Poposauridae"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Prenocephale" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  sloping head
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <SPECIES name="prenes">
  <REMAINS content="complete skull with partial postcranium"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
  <MEANING>
   sloping
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Stegoceras" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1918"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <MEANING>
   short
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis" original="Troodon" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull fragments"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Preondactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Preone <LOW>Valley</LOW> finger</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="buffarinii">
  <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>N.</LOW> Buffarini's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Norian" section="early"/>
 <TIME value="Norian" section="middle"/>
 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
 <REMAINS content="articulated skeleton"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" comment="digested"/>
 <REMAINS content="forelimb elements"/>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.5"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>The most primitive known <LINK content="pterosaur"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Priconodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Princonodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  punctured tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Priodontognathus" status="dubium">
 <MISSPELLED name="Priodontosaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
 <MEANING>
  saw tooth jaw
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once included a partial femur now referred to
<NOMEN name="Dacentrurus phillipsii"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Priscavolucris" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Gomez" year="1979"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Chondrichthyes"/>
 <MEANING>
  ancient bird
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Probactrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Bactrosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alashanicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
  <MEANING>
   Alashan <LOW>Desert</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lu" year="1991"/>
  <REMAINS content="posterior of skull, postcrania"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a basal <LINK content="styracosternan"/>, the sister group to
<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>, or something in between. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Proceratops">
 <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1906"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="montanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Ceratops montanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Proceratosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="bradleyi" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1910"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="divesensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Once thought of as the ancestor of <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>,
another theropod with a nasal horn/crest, it is now recognized as a
<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, the earliest one known. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Procerosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Procerosaurus2">
 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
  <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Procheneosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Matthew" year="1920"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Cheneosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="praeceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus praeceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="convincens">
  <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus convincens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
  <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus cranibrevis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
  <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus erectofrons" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Procompsognathus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <MASS value="1"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, vertebrae, pubes, hindlimb, radius, ulna, partial manus, scapulocoracoid"/>
 <SPECIES name="triassicus">
  <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LINK content="Triassic"/>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Prodeinodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Deinodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Tibet
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Proiguanodon" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="van den Broeck" year="1900"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon" q="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Proornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="coreae" status="nudum">
  <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Lim"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pak, Kim" year="1996"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="skull, cervical vertebrae, forelimb with feathers"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Hails from the Sinoiju Series.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Prosaurolophus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="over 20 skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="maximus">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
  <MEANING>
   greatest
  </MEANING>
  <LENGTH value="8"/>
  <LENGTH q="1" value="15"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="blackfeetensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the land of the</LOW> Blackfeet <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="breviceps" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-faced
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
  <MEANING>
   greatest
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possible ancestor to <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 specimens, including feather remains"/>
 <SPECIES name="robusta">
  <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The recently discovered <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
("before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>") seems to have actually
lived much later than <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>, although
it is more primitive. In fact, it may not even be an
<LINK content="avialan"/> as first thought, but a more basal
<LINK content="maniraptor"/>. </P>

<P> <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> was about turkey-sized. Its forelimbs,
proportionally shorter than those of flying animals, bore long,
symmetrical feathers. Since all flying birds have asymmetrical feathers,
<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> probably could not fly. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protiguanodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Proiguanodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliense">
  <SYNONYM name="Psittacosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protoavis" type="with">
 <MEANING>beginning bird
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="0.35"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletal material from at least 2 individuals (possibly chimeric)"/>
 <SPECIES name="texensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> When this Triassic creature was first discovered, its describer declared it
the earliest <LINK content="bird"/>. This has been met with some skepticism, since the next 
bird (chronologically) does not occur until the Late Jurassic 
(<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>). Some believe <NOMEN name="Protoavis"/> to be a chimera, made up of
parts of different animals. Some bones may belong to a <LINK content="pterosaur"/>,
others to some kind of <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (juvenile & adult), eggs"/>
 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Granger, Gregory" year="1923"/>
  <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grangeri" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Fleury" year="1992"/>
  <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kozlowskii">
  <SYNONYM name="Breviceratops kozlowskii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Lahey" year="1993"/>
  <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> There are two forms of <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, the "gracile" form, with low
  frill and flat snout, and the "robust" form with raised frill and a high
  bump on the nose. These probably represent the two genders. </P>
  
<P>  One spectacular find from Mongolia shows a <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/> locked
in combat with a <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>. The two were buried by a sandstorm as they
fought. </P>

<P>  Eggs formerly assigned to this animal have turned out to belong to
<NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protognathosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Protognathus"/> ("fore jaw") lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
 <SPECIES name="oxyodon" original="Protognathus">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protognathus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Basilewsky" year="1950"/>
 <MEANING>
  fore jaw
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="oxyodon">
  <SYNONYM name="Protognathosaurus oxyodon" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protohadros" type="with">
 <MEANING>beginning <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="byrdi">
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Gary</LOW> Byrd's
  </MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Head" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known (if not quite the earliest). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protopteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>beginning feather</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="fengningensis">
  <MEANING>from Fengning <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou" year="2000"/>
  <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11665" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11844" content="partial skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="para"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This starling-sized species had long tail feathers which lack barbs and rami toward the base.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protorosaurus">
 <MEANING>beginning lizard</MEANING>
 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protorosaurus2">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="belli">
  <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Protrachodon" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/>
 </MEANING>
 <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>Proposed to give a type genus to the taxon Protrachodontidae, which
  had been named earlier.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pseudolagosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  false <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="pubes, femur, tibia, vertebrae, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="major">
  <AUTHOR name="Arcucci" year="1987"/>
  <MEANING>
   greater
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Psittacosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  parrot lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.8"/>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="25"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
  <TIME value="Aptian"/>
  <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="remains from over 85 individuals"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chaoyangi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Wang" year="1983"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus youngi"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="guyangensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zheng" year="1983"/>
  <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Xu" year="1997"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, forelimb, gastrolith impressions"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meileyingensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao, Zheng, Rao" year="1988"/>
  <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="4 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="neimongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="osborni">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
  <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="protiguandonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
  <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   from before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sattayaraki">
  <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1992"/>
  <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
  <REMAINS content="dentary, maxilla fragment"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="material from over 20 individuals"/>
  <MEANING>
   from China
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="EK"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull, articulated skeleton with gastroliths"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tingi">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
  <SYNONYM name="osborni"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="xinjiangensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao" year="1988"/>
  <PLACE name="China"/>
  <REMAINS content="material from over 10 individuals"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1962"/>
  <SYNONYM name="sinensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was originally classified in <LINK content="Ornithopoda"/>,
  mainly due to its bipedal stance. One specimen was actually named
  <NOMEN name="Protiguanodon"/> ("before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>", <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> being a typical
  ornithopod). But <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was soon recognized as being closer
  to <LINK content="ceratopsids"/> than ornithopods. In fact, it represents a
  transitional phase from early, ornithopod-like <LINK content="ornithischians"/>
  to the large, mostly quadrupedal <LINK content="neoceratopsians"/>. </P>

<P>  This genus has more valid species than any other non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
  <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. Some think it should be split into more genera,
  although there have been no formal proposals. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ptenodactylus">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Gray" year="1845"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
 <MEANING>
  wing finger
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ptenodracon">
 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus"/>
 <MEANING>
  wing dragon
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pteranodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>wing without tooth</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
 <REMAINS content="dozens of specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens" original="Pterodactylus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
  <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="7"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="eatoni">
  <MEANING>Eaton's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marshi">
  <MEANING><LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
  <MEANING>western</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oregonensis">
  <MEANING>from Oregon</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1928"/>
  <PLACE name="Oregon"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <TIME value="Santonian"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Japan"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Ikuwo, Hasegawa, Otsuka" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Pterodactylus">
  <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
  <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="9.2"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>George</LOW> Sternberg's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
  <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the most popular <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>, 
<NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/> had no teeth, barely any tail, and a large crest
on its head. The long crest of <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/> 
and <NOMEN name="P. ingens"/> stuck out behind,
while <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>'s crest was more vertical. </P>

<P>  The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Longicepia"/> Miller, 1972 was 
  proposed as a subgenus name for <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>,
  but since this is the type species, the subgeneric name is, by default,
  <NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/>. <NOMEN name="Geosternbergia"/> 
  is the subgeneric name for <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/> 
  (<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sternbergia"/> was 
  preoccupied). It is sometimes used as a separate
  genus name. <NOMEN name="Occidentalia"/> has been proposed as 
  the subgeneric name for the dubious species
  <NOMEN name="P. occidentalis"/>. Thus, these species are fully rendered as
  <B><I>P. (P.) longiceps</I></B>,
  <B><I>P. (Geosternbergia) sternbergi</I></B>, and 
  <I><B>P.</B> (Occidentalia) occidentalis</I>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pterodactylus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Ptero-dactyle"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Cuvier" year="1809"/>
 <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Rafinesque" year="1815"/>
 <MEANING>
  wing finger
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus" original="Ornithocephalus">
  <AUTHOR name="Soemmering" year="1812"/>
  <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
  <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="arningi">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cerinensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1973"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <PLACE name="France"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassipes" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassirostris">
  <SYNONYM name="Scaphognathus crassirostris" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Germanodactylus cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elegans">
  <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis"/>
  <MEANING>elegant</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracile">
  <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandipelvis">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> grand pelvis <LOW>(hip)</LOW></MEANING>
  <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kochi">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicollum">
  <SYNONYM name="Diopocephalus longicollum" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="manseli">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maximus">
  <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
  <TIME value="LJ"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="micronyx">
  <MEANING>small-clawed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES> 
 <SPECIES name="montanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dermodactylus montanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pleydelli">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1865"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="suevicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus suevicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="suprajurensis">
  <PLACE name="France"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Goldfuss" year="1831"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The genus was initially named as <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> by Cuvier in 1809
  with no type species (which was permissible back then). The creature named
  <NOMEN name="Ornithocephalus antiquus"/> by Soemmering in 1812 was recognized by
  Lydekker to be the same as Cuvier's <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>, so he
  transferred <NOMEN name="O. antiquus"/> to the older genus <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>.
  Rafinesque later emended the spelling of <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> to
  <NOMEN name="Pterodactylus"/> in 1815.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pterodaustro" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wing <LOW>of the</LOW> south
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
 <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
 <SPECIES name="guinzaui">
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <PLACE name="Chile"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Chong" year="1976"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
  <PLACE name="France"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This filter-feeding <LINK content="pterosaur"/> used its smaller upper teeth to comb out its lower teeth.
  The lower teeth fit outside the upper teeth. </P>

<P> <NOMEN name="Pterodaustro"/> had tiny fingers (except for the wing finger)
   and very large feet for a pterosaur.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pteropelyx" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Pteroplax"/>
 <MEANING>
  wing pelvis
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="grallipes" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pterospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wing vertebrae
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="trielbae" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1914"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Puntanipterus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="globosus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Sanchez" year="1974"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  puntano wing
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Pyroraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>forest</LOW> fire raider</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="olympius">
  <MEANING><LOW>from the base of Mt.</LOW> Olympe <LOW>(Provence)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Allain, Taquet" year="2000"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
 <REMAINS content="ungual phalanx, pedal & other limb bones, 2 vertebrae, teeth"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Named for the fact that it was found after a forest fire.</P>
<P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Variraptor"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Qantassaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>QANTAS <LOW>(airline)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <SPECIES name="intrepidus">
  <MEANING>intrepid</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS type="holo" content="dentary & tooth"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Qinlingosaurus" type="with">
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="luonanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Quaesitosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Qaesitosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Questiosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Questosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  extraordinary lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Bannikov" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>
   eastern
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Like its close relative <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Quaesitosaurus"/> is only
  known from skull material. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Quetzalcoatlus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Quetzalcoatl <LOW>(feathered serpent god of the Aztecs)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="northropi">
  <AUTHOR name="Lawson" year="1975"/>
  <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="11"/>
  <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
  <MASS value="220" q="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="forelimb bones"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="5.5"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Currie, Russell" year="1982"/>
  <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Quilmesaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="curriei">
  <MEANING><LOW>Philip</LOW> Currie's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Coria" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <REMAINS content="hindlimb material, etc."/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This medium-sized carnivore hails from the Allen Formation.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rachitrema">
 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Ichthyopterygia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rahona" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Griveaud" year="1975"/>
 <MEANING>
  cloud/menace
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
  <SYNONYM name="Rahonavis ostromi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rahonavis">
 <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
 <MEANING>
  cloud/menace bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial limbs" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 distal humeri"/>
 <SPECIES name="ostromi" original="Rahona">
  <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This raven-sized creature appears to be somewhere between
  <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/>. It had a "sickle claw",
  like dromaeosaurids, and feathered wings, like birds (feather
  impressions were not preserved, but anchor points are evident along the
  wing's bones, as in many <LINK content="modern birds"/>). It also had a bird-like sacrum.
</P>
<P> The fossil was found in two parts, the thorax in hindlimbs in one part,
and the sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail in the other. This led to some suspicion
that it was a chimera, but given that the halves came out in the same position
from cladistic analyses that tested them separately, coupled with additional
anatomic and taphonomic details, it seems quite likely that both
halves belonged to the same individual.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rapator" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
 <REMAINS content="other bones" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="ornitholestoides" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <MEANING>
   <NOMEN name="Ornitholestes"/>-formed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Has been suggested as an <LINK content="ornitholestid"/>, a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>,
  or an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rapetosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Rapeto <LOW>(mischievous giant)</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <SPECIES name="krausei">
  <AUTHOR name="Rogers, Forster" year="2001"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>David W.</LOW> Krause's</MEANING>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="UA" id="8698" content="skull with maxillae, nasals, lacrimal, jugal, quadrate, pterygoids, partial basioccipital, paroccipital process, dentary, surangular, angular, & 24 teeth"/>
  <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2184-2192, 2194, 2196, 2197, 2210" content="exoccipital, opisthotic, laterosphenoid, supraoccipital, frontals, prefrontals, surangular, parietal, caudal centrum"/>
  <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2209" age="juvenile" content="75% complete skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="UCB" id="92829" content="mid-caudal centrum"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The type specimen of this genus is the most complete <LINK content="titanosaur"/>
known. It shows that at least some titanosaurs had low, "horse-like" skulls like
<LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/> rather than "boxy" skulls like
<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rayososaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Rayoso <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial scapula, partial fibula, femur, fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="agrionensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tessonei">
  <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>May be a species of <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>.<P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rebbachisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Ait</LOW> Rebbach lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
 <SPECIES name="garasbae">
  <AUTHOR name="Lavocat" year="1954"/>
  <LENGTH value="20"/>
  <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tasmenensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Algeria, Niger, Tunisia"/>
  <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
  <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tessonei">
  <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This animal sported a large sail on its back, like the <LINK content="theropod"/>
  <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>. Its tallest
  spines reached a height of about 4½ feet (1.5m). </P>

<P><NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus tasmenensis"/> was not a <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>
at all. No holotype specimen was ever designated for it, and some thing
referred to it may belong to <NOMEN name="Jobaria"/>. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Regnosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Regni <LOW>(ancient English tribe)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial dentary and pubis, rib, tail spines, scute"/>
 <SPECIES name="northamptoni" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1848"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/> and/or the same as <NOMEN name="Craterosaurus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Revueltosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Revuelto <LOW>Creek</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico, Arizona"/>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="callenderi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>One of the largest <LINK content="Ornithischia"/> of its time.</P>
 <ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhabdodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Rabdodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  fluted tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, teeth, skeletal material"/>
 <SPECIES name="priscus">
  <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
  <PLACE name="Austria, France, Romania, Spain"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
  <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1900"/>
  <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
  <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="septimanicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Le Loeuff" year="1991"/>
  <PLACE name="France"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhadinosaurus" type="with">
 <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 humeri, 2 vertebrae" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="alcinus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhamphinion" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="jenkinsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Padian" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak nape-of-the-neck
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhamphocephalus">
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak head
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="bucklandi">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="depressirostris">
  <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> depressed snout</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1859"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prestwichi">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1880"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  beak snout
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
 <SPECIES name="intermedius">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
  <TIME value="LJ"/>
  <PLACE name="Germany"/>
  <MEANING>
   intermediate
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
  <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gemmingi">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="jessoni" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
  <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
  <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
  <MEANING>
   long-headed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="muensteri">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <TIME value="Callovian" section="late"/>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="early"/>
  <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
  <TIME value="LJ"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
  <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhodanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Rhône <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ludgunensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus ludgunensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhoetosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Rhaetosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Rheteosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Rhoetos' <LOW>(mythological Greek giant)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <MASS value="20000"/>
 <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hindlimb elements, pelvic fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="brownei">
  <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1925"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rhopalodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="wangenheimi">
  <AUTHOR name="Fischer de Waldheim"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ricardoestesia" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Richardoestesia"/>
 <MEANING>
  Richard Estes' <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
  <AUTHOR name="Currie, Rigby, Sloan" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rileya" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Howard" year="1888"/>
 <MEANING>
  Riley's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="bristolensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Rileyasuchus bristolensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rileyasuchus">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
 <MEANING>
  Riley's crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <SPECIES name="bristolensis" original="Rileya">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Bristol
  </MEANING>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia" q="1"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rinchenia" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
 <MEANING>
  Rinchen's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>This genus is named for the father of its namer. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rioarribasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Rio Arriba <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="colberti" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1991"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bauri">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Riojasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="11"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="incertus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
  <MEANING>
   uncertain
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Riojasuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>County</LOW> crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tenuisceps">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Rocasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>General</LOW> Roca <LOW>city</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="muniozi">
  <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Azpilicueta" year="2000"/>
  <MEANING>Munioz'</MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="MPCA-PV" id="46" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS content="specimens"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <ESSAY><P>Hails from the Allen Formation.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Roccosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Rocco lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tetrasacralis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="van Heerden"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anderson, Cruikshank" year="1978"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>with</LOW> four sacral <LOW>(hip) vertebrae</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ruehleia" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Hugo</LOW> Rüle <LOW>von Lilienstern</LOW>'s <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="bedheimensis">
  <MEANING>from Bedheim</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MB" id=" (unnumbered)" type="holo" content="cervical vertebrae 4-10, dorsal vertebrae 1-14, partial sacrum, about 20 caudals, right scapulocoracoid, both humeri, right radius and ulna, both manus (incomplete), both pelvic girdles, femora, tibiae and right astragalus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <TIME value="Norian" section="late"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saichania" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  beautiful <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
 <SPECIES name="chulsanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Khulsan
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saltasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Salta <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
 <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements, jaws, armor"/>
 <SPECIES name="loricatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="australis">
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saltoposuchus">
 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
 <MEANING>quick foot crocodile</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saltopus" type="with">
 <MEANING>quick foot</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="elginensis">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchia" incertae="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saltriosaurus" status="nudum">
 <TIME value="Sinemurian" section="middle"/>
 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Dal Sasso" year="2000"/>
 <REMAINS content="humerus, phalanges, rib fragments, scapula fragments"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The earliest known large <LINK content="tetanuran"/>.
(<NOMEN name="Zupaysaurus"/> is earlier.)</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sanchusaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS content="partial caudal vertebra"/>
 <ESSAY><P>
  Referred by some to <NOMEN name="Gallimimus sp."/>.
 </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sanghonghesaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Sanghonghe lizard
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sanpasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Sanba lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="yaoi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="imperfectus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
  <MEANING>
   imperfect
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Some bones assigned to this genus are in fact <LINK content="sauropodan"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Santanadactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> finger
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="araripensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Buisonje" year="1980"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brasilensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
  <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="spixi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bennett" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pricei">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Santanaraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> raider</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="placidus">
  <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS museum="MN" id="4802-V" content="partial postcranium with soft tissue impressions"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sarcolestes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  flesh thief
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sarcosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial pelvis, femur, vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="woodi">
  <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1921"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus andrewsi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saturnalia" type="with">
 <MEANING>Saturnalia <LOW>(Roman winter solstice festival)</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tupiniquim">
  <AUTHOR name="Langer, Abdala, Richter, Benton" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>native</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <REMAINS content="semi-articulated skeleton including most of presacral vertebral series, pectoral girdle, right humerus, partial right ulna, pelvic girdle with sacral series, left femur, most of left hindlimb" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons including impression of mandibular ramus with teeth & postcranial elements" type="para"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sauraechinodon" status="nudum">
 <MISSPELLED name="Saurechinodon"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Sauraechmodon"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Falconer" year="1861"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Echinodon"/>
 <MEANING>
  lizard prickly tooth
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saurolophus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lizard crest
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="osborni">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1912"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="angustirostris" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="krischtofovici" status="dubium" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maximus">
  <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus maximus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sauropelta" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lizard shield
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <MASS value="3200"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimens (1 with skull), postcranial elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="edwardsorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saurophaganax" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lizard-eater master
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="maximus">
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus maximus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saurophagus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Swainson" year="1831"/>
 <MEANING>
  lizard eater
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="maximus">
  <AUTHOR name="Stovall"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Ray" year="1941"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus"/>
  <MEANING>
   greatest
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sauroplites" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lizard hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry soldier)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="ilium, ribs, armor"/>
 <SPECIES name="scutiger" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sauroposeidon" type="with">
 <MEANING>lizard Poseidon <LOW>(Greek god of, among other things, earthquakes)</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="proteles">
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Franklin" year="2000"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Wedel, Cifelli, Sanders"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="rib, cervical vertebrae"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P> This new <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>-like <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
  was perhaps the tallest. With its head raised, it stood 60 feet (nearly
  20 m) tall. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saurornithoides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lizard bird form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <MASS value="13"/>
 <MASS value="27"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asiamericanus" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1985"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
  <MEANING>
   Asiamerican
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="inequalis">
  <SYNONYM name="Stenonychosaurus inequalis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="isfarensis" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
  <PLACE name="Tadzhikistan"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial frontal"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="junior">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1974"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
  <MEANING>
   younger
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saurornithoides2" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
 <MEANING>
  lizard bird form
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
  <SYNONYM name="Caudocoelus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Saurornitholestes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  lizard-bird thief
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="5"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragments from 3 individuals"/>
 <SPECIES name="langstoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1978"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sazavis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="prisca">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  clay bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scaphognathus">
 <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1861"/>
 <MEANING>
  canoe jaw
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="two specimens"/>
 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="crassirostris" original="Pterodactylus">
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
  <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="purdoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Parapsicephalus purdoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scaphonyx">
 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1908"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
 <PLACE name="S. America"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scelidosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  limb lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <MASS value="200"/>
 <MASS value="250"/>
 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="England, Arizona"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="harrisonii">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1868"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="oehleri">
  <SYNONYM name="Tatisaurus oehleri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was an early <LINK content="dinosaur"/> which marks a transitional
  stage between the small, bipedal <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> and the larger, heavily
  armored <LINK content="ankylosaurs"/>. Some consider it a primitive ankylosaur,
  but it also bears a strong resemblance to primitive
  <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. It or something like it probably gave rise to both
  groups. </P>
  
<P>  <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was most likely quadrupedal. There were interesting tricorns
  behind the ears. The back was studded with large, bony scutes.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scipionyx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Scipio <LOW>Africanus and Scipione Breislak's</LOW> claw
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.6"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
 <REMAINS content="juvenile skeleton missing parts of legs and tail, impressions of soft anatomy"/>
 <SPECIES name="samniticus">
  <AUTHOR name="dal Sasso, Signore" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This extremely well-preserved <LINK content="theropod"/> shows traces of the
  intestines, windpipe, liver, and muscle fibers.

  Previously known as the "Benevento theropod".
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scleromochlus" type="with">
 <LENGTH value="0.2"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
 <REMAINS content="imprints of skeletons (partial and complete)"/>
 <SPECIES name="taylori">
  <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1907"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This miniscule animal may be part of the lineage that led to flying
  <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>. It had long, thin legs which may have supported a
  flap of skin.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scolosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Scalosaurus"/>
 <SPECIES name="cutleri">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scrotum" type="with">
 <MEANING>scrotum</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="humanum" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brookes" year="1783"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus bucklandii" status="q"/>
  <MEANING>human</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Scutellosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  little shield lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
 <MASS value="10"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons, scutes"/>
 <SPECIES name="lawleri">
  <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1981"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> was a small, semi-bipedal, long-tailed
  <LINK content="dinosaur"/> similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. In fact, it was often
  included with that genus in Fabrosauridae (=Lesothosauridae). But
  it seems instead to be an early form of <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>. The back
  was covered in small, bony scutes.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Secernosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  separate lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="braincase, postcranial elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="koerneri">
  <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the few <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> from the Southern hemisphere.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Segisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Segi <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1" q="1"/>
 <MASS age="subadult" value="5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial subadult postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="halli">
  <AUTHOR name="Camp" year="1936"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Segnosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  slow lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/80" content="mandible, partial limbs, pelvic girdle, spine fragments" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/81" content="tibia, fibula"/>
 <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/82" content="partial hindlimb, rib fragments, ilia, fragmentary ischium, pubis"/>
 <SPECIES name="galbinensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Perle" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Seismosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  quake lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="50" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="30000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial pelvis, chevrons, ribs, other elements, gastroliths"/>
 <SPECIES name="hallorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Gillette" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. May be a large <NOMEN
name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sellosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  saddle lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="21 partial skeletons (some juvenile; 3 with partial skulls), skeletal elements, gastroliths"/>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fraasi">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="gracilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hermannianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus hermannianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shamosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Shamo <LOW>(=Gobi Desert)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 specimens (including complete skull and armor)"/>
 <SPECIES name="scutatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shanshanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Shanshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="90" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis" status="dubiumQ">
  <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" type="holo"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Probably a juvenile <LINK content="Tarbosaurus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shantungosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Shandong lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <LENGTH value="15"/>
 <TIME section="early-middle" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
  <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1973"/>
  <MEANING>
   gigantic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly the largest <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shanxia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Shanxi <LOW>Province one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="tianzhenensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Barrett, You, Upchurch, Burton" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shanyangosaurus" type="with">
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <MEANING>Shanyang <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="niupanggouensis">
  <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Shaanxi-->
  <REMAINS museum="NWUV" id="1111" content="partial sacrum, proximal scapula, humeri, femur, metatarsal IV (left and right), partial phalanx, pedal ungual"/>
  <LENGTH value="1.75" q="y"/>
  <LENGTH value="2.5" q="y"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>from Niupanggou</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sharovipteryx">
 <AUTHOR name="Cowen" year="1981"/>
 <MEANING>
  Sharov's wings
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <PLACE name="Kirghizia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton with membrane impression"/>
 <SPECIES name="mirabilis" original="Podopteryx">
  <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This animal possessed a uropatagium, a flap of skin stretching between its
  long legs and its tail. It seems similar to <NOMEN name="Scleromochlus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shunosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Shu lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (including 5 skulls)"/>
 <SPECIES name="lii">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ziliujingensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The only <LINK content="sauropod"/> known to have had a tail club.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shuosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Chou" year="1979"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Shunosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Shu lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shuvosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="inexpectatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>unexpected</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Originally placed as an extremely early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>,
then as a toothless <LINK content="rauisuchian"/>. Now it seems
to be a toothless <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Shuvuuia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 skulls, postcranial material"/>
 <SPECIES name="deserti">
  <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Norell, Clark" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This is the only <LINK content="alvarezsaurid"/> for which the skull material is
well-known. Its jaw shows definite <LINK content="avian"/> characteristics. </P>
  
<P>  This turkey-sized creature was quite similar to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>. Some bones
previously assigned to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> have been reassigned to
<NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/>. </P>
  
<P> Chemical analysis of <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/> seems to reveal that it had feathers, or at least
feather-like structures. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Siamosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="suteethorni">
  <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Ingavat" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Siamotyrannus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> tyrant
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
 <REMAINS content="pelvis, tail"/>
 <SPECIES name="isanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Proposed as an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, but that may not be the
case. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sidormimus" status="unpublished">
 <MEANING><LOW>Chris</LOW> Sidor's mimic</MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Sijilmassa lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
 <SPECIES name="brevicollis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Previously known as "<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> B". May belong to
<NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Siluosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Silu <LOW>(Silk Road)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="zhangqiani">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Silvisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  forest lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="condrayi">
  <AUTHOR name="Eaton" year="1960"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinocoelurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinese <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="fragilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
  <MEANING>
   fragile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinese bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="santensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Rao" year="1992"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Roughly <LINK content="sparrow"/>-size. Was capable of perching.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinornithoides" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinese bird form
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.1"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, partial foot, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinornithosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Chinese bird-lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="millenii">
  <MEANING>of the <LOW>second</LOW> millen<LOW>n</LOW>ium <LOW>[<I>sic</I>] C.E.</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, Wu" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <LENGTH value="1" age="subadultQ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V12811" content="nearly complete specimen with integument impressions" age="subadultQ"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>The fifth non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> with
  remains of feathers or feather-like integument to be published. Of the five
  known so far (all from the same Chinese locality),
  <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> is the one most closely related to 
  <LINK content="birds"/>. It has long been suspected that 
  <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/> (a.k.a. "'raptors") were 
  feathered -- this animal is the first proof of that.</P>

  <P><NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus millenii"/> has been diagnosed as a 
  primitive, or basal, deinonychosaur. Its arms are 
  proportionally very long -- 80% as long as the legs -- and its shoulder 
  joint has features like those of flying birds. </P>
  
  <P>The authors of this species have interpreted it as evidence for a
  "Ground Up" model of flight evolution (see 
  <LINK content="Avialae"/>). However, it may instead lend credence to the 
  idea that deinonychosaurs, and perhaps other coelurosaurs, are secondarily
  flightless (like <LINK content="ratite"/> birds), since it has more flight 
  characteristics than more advanced deinonychosaurs.</P>

  <P>A new subadult specimen with well-preserved integumentary structures
  may belong to this genus, or a new one.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinosauropteryx" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinese lizard <LOW>with</LOW> feathers
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.7"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="4 complete skeletons (one juvenile) with tissue impressions"/>
 <SPECIES name="prima">
  <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>first</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was one of the most exciting paleontological
  discoveries of this century. Skin impressions seem to show a coat of
  small, feather-like structures (although some dispute this). </P>
 
<P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is important for at
  least two reasons. First of all, it is a major piece of evidence in favor of
  the argument that <LINK content="birds"/> are descended from 
  <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. Secondly, depending on its exact phylogenetic 
  position, it shows that at least some non-<LINK content="avian"/> 
  <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> were feathered.
  <LINK content="Deinonychosaurs"/>, <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>, and
  <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/> are closer to
  birds than <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is, and, indeed, after 
  <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was published, feathered
  animals from all three of these groups were found 
  (<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
  <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, respectively). It may also be that 
  <LINK content="ornitholestids"/>, <LINK content="coelurids"/>,
  <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, <LINK content="troodontids"/>, and even
  <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/> were closer to birds than
  <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was, making them probably feathered 
  (or secondarily featherless) as well. </P>
  
<P>  <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had three fingers, suggesting that its 
close relative <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/> (whose exact digit count has 
been debated) did too. </P>
  
<P> Like <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, one specimen of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was
  found with a lizard in its gut. Another had remains of a small mammal.
  One specimen had two tiny eggs (about 37mm × 26mm) inside it, but died
  before it could lay them. It had a dual oviduct system. </P>
  
<P>  <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had more tail vertebrae (64) than any
<LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinese lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <TIME value="EJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="triassicus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LINK content="Triassic"/>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sinraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Chinese raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="dongi">
  <AUTHOR name="Currie, Zhao" year="1994"/>
  <MEANING>
   Dong <LOW>Zhiming's</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hepingensis" original="Yangchuanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1992"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, scapula, hip"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Siroccopteryx" type="with">
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
 <MEANING>
  Sirocco wing
 </MEANING>
 <REMAINS content="partial upper jaw"/>
 <SPECIES name="moroccensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Mader, Kellner" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Morocco
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Smilodon" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lund" year="1842"/>
 <MEANING>
  saber tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="crenatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laevis">
  <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon laevis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Songlingornis" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Sonlingornis"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <MEANING>Songling <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="linghensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>from the Ling River</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (including skull parts)" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10913" type="holo"/>
 <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sonorasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Sonora lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, ribs, scapula, hip bones, limb elements, tail & back vertebrae, gastroliths, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="thompsoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
 <P>Mistakenly assigned to <LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>, 
  <LINK content="Prosauropoda"/>, and <LINK content="Therizinosauroidea"/>
  before official publication.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sordes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  demon
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
 <SPECIES name="pilosus">
  <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
  <MEANING>
   hairy
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Soroavisaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="australis">
  <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  sister <LOW>to</LOW> <NOMEN name="Avisaurus"/>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sphenospondylus">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
 <MEANING>
  wedge vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon gracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Spinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  spine lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="6000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="aegyptiacus">
  <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
  <MEANING>
   Egyptian
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae, hindlimb elements, teeth (destroyed in World War II); neck vertebra, fragmentary dentaries, dorsal neural arch"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maroccanus" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
  <MEANING>
   Moroccan
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The gigantic <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> has been estimated at up to
fifty feet long. It was possibly the longest <LINK content="theropod"/>,
but not the biggest, since it was more lightly built than the heavier
<NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and <LINK
content="carcharodontosaurines"/>.</P>
  
  <P>As remarkable as its length was, even more interesting was the huge sail
  along the back, formed by long vertebral spines, up to six feet in height
  at places. The exact nature of this bizarre sail is not known. It may have
  been used for heat dissipation, like the ears of modern-day elephants.
  Or perhaps it was a sexual signal. Similar structures were present in
  the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> and the
  <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>, two 
  <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> living at the same time and area as
  <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. Some primitive amphibians and proto-mammals
  such as <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Dimetrodon"/> and
  <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Edaphosaurus"/> also bore similar sails back in the
  Permian. Such parallelism across so many diverse groups is a strange
  phenomenon.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Spinosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>spine crocodile</MEANING>
 <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="caseanus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P> Once thought to be a <LINK content="pseudosuchian"/>, but may be a
  <LINK content="theropod"/>, possibly a <LINK content="herrerasaurine"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Spondylosoma" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  vertebral body
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/> <!-- Therapsid Assemblage Zone of Santa Maria Fm. -->
 <SPECIES name="absconditum" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1942"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
  <REMAINS type="lecto" museum="GPIT" id="479/30" content="fourth or fifth cervical vertebra, sixth or seventh cervical vertebra, posterior dorsal vertebra, first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra"/>
  <REMAINS content="mid dorsal centrum, third sacral vertebra"/>
  <REMAINS content="proximal and distal scapula, proximal humerus, proximal pubis, distal femur"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Squalodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Grateloup" year="1840"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Cetacea"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Staurikosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Southern</LOW> Cross <LOW>(constellation)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="20"/>
 <MASS value="30"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
 <SPECIES name="pricei">
  <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1970"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Llewellyn Ivor</LOW> Price's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stegoceras" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  roof horn
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <MASS value="55"/>
 <SPECIES name="validum">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
  <REMAINS content="complete skull, postcrania"/>
  <MEANING>
   valid
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bexelli">
  <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevis">
  <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale brevis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="browni">
  <LENGTH value="3"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
  <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonense">
  <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale edmontonensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="formosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lambei">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1945"/>
  <SYNONYM name="validum"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Troodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stegopelta" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  roof shield
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="landerensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Williston" year="1905"/>
  <MEANING>from Lander</MEANING>
  <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>Once thought to be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Nodosaurus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stegosaurides" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Stegosauroides"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae, elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="excavatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
  <MEANING>
   excavated
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>, the latest one known.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stegosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>roofed lizard</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="1800"/>
 <MASS value="2500"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
 <SPECIES name="armatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, fragmentary postcrania"/>
  <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
  <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altispinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus"/>
  <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="armatus2">
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="crassus">
  <SYNONYM name="Priconodon crassus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="discurus">
  <SYNONYM name="Hypsirophus discurus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="duplex">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hastiger">
  <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laticeps" status="dubiumQ" original="Diracodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longispinus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
  <MEANING>from Madagascar</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marshi">
  <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="priscus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stenops">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
  <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, postcrania, 4 braincases"/>
  <MEANING>
   narrow-faced
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="armatus" status="q"/>
  <MEANING>hoofed</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> had an extremely small head for its size. It did not
  have enough brain matter to coordinate the movements of a 20- to
  25-foot-long animal, and so it had a ganglion, or nerve center, in its
  hips to control the movement of the hindquarters. This so-called "second
  brain" (although it wasn't a real brain) was actually larger than the
  brain. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> was the largest <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. Its largest plates were
over two feet high and wide. </P>
  
<P> Recent finds show that the plates were in two alternating rows, not
two paired rows. The tail spikes were held horizontally, not vertically.
Small bony ossicles covered at least the the throat and hips. </P>
  
<P> <NOMEN name="S. laticeps"/> may belong in a separate genus (<NOMEN name="Diracodon"/>), as may
<NOMEN name="S. stenops"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Steneodactylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  narrow finger
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="pergracilis" status="unpublished">
  <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stenonychosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  narrow claw lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="inequalis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
  <MEANING>
   unequally<LOW> clawed</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stenopelix" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Stenopelyx"/>
 <MEANING>
  narrow pelvis
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stenotholus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  narrow dome
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="kohlerorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Giffin, Gabriel, Johnson" year="1988"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stephanosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
 <MEANING>
  Stephan's lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="intermedius">
  <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus intermedius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stereocephalus" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lynch Arribalzaga" year="1884"/>
 <MEANING>
  paired head
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tutus">
  <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stereosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
 <MEANING>paired lizard</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sternbergia">
 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jordan" year="1925"/>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sterrholophus">
 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
 <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Triceratops flabellatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stokesosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Stokes' lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
 <REMAINS content="premaxilla, braincase" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
  <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1974"/>
  <MEANING>
   Cleveland<LOW>-Lloyd Quarry</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Iliosuchus"/>. The two may be very early
  <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. The braincase assigned to this species
  has tyrannosauroid features, although it does not necessarily belong to
  this genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Strenusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  strenuous lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="precerus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Riojasaurus incertus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Streptospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  reversed vertebrae
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <SPECIES name="altdorfensis">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cuvieri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   grand
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
  <MEANING>
   greater
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="meyeri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="recentior" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1851"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Struthiomimus">
 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1917"/>
 <MEANING>
  ostrich mimic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
 <MASS value="150"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="altus" original="Ornithomimus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <MEANING>
   tall
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="currelli">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus edmontonicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="samueli">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tenuis">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus tenuis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Struthiosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ostrich lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Austria, France"/>
 <PLACE name="Hungary, Spain" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
 <REMAINS content="postcranial remains" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="austriacus" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
  <MEANING>
   Austrian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alcinus">
  <SYNONYM name="Rhadinosaurus alcinus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ludgunensis" status="dubium" original="Rhodanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
 <REMAINS content="armor plates"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii" status="dubium" original="Crataeomus">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
  <SYNONYM name="transylvanicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
  <MEANING>
   Transylvanian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="theropod"/> (hence the name).
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stygimoloch" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> Moloch <LOW>(Ammonite/Phoenician god)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <MASS value="25"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 skull fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="spinifer">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="garbanii">
  <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/> was unusual (and cool) in having bony spikes around its
dome, somewhat similar to the <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>
<NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>. </P>
  
<P> Known from vertebrae and a hindlimb, <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch garbanii"/> has been
assigned to the Hell Creek <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
might be the body of <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Stygivenator">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> hunter
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="molnari">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon molnari" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Styracosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  spike lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
 <MASS value="3000"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1913"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Alberta
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="borealis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <SYNONYM name="parksi"/>
  <MEANING>
   boreal
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="makeli" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Czerkas, Czerkas" year="1990"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Einiosaurus procurvicornis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ovatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
  <TIME value="Campanian"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial frill, fragments"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="parksi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1947"/>
  <SYNONYM name="albertensis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sphenocerus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> In addition to a large nasal horn, <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>
was equipped with horns lining the edge of its frill. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Succinodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="putzeri">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1941"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Mollusca"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Suchomimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>crocodile mimic</MEANING>
 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="11"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
 <SPECIES name="tenerensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1998"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial subadult skeleton" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete postcranium, ?skull"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This <LINK content="baryonychine"/> had a two-foot-high sail over its 
  hips. Some think it may be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Suchoprion">
 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Sugiyamasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
 <MEANING>
  Sugiyama lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Supersaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  super lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="30"/>
 <MASS value="30000"/>
 <MASS value="40000"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, ischium"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 <SPECIES name="vivianae">
  <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. Stood 27 feet (8m) high
  at the shoulders and had a 40 foot (12m) long neck. </P>

<P> "Ultrasaurus macintoshi" was to be a name for some giant
<LINK content="sauropod"/> bones from the Morrison Formation, but before it was
  published the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/> was given to a smaller, dubious Korean
  sauropod (which was originally though to be larger because they
  misidentified a femur as a humerus). The giant American sauropod's name was
  changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/>. More recent analysis indicates that this creature
  is made up of bones from <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
  and a large <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>, so the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/> is
  defunct. 
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Symphyrophus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Symphyrosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  solid roof
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="musculosus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Brachyrophus altarkansanus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Syngonosaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Sygmosaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
 <MEANING>
  fused side lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
  <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Syntarsus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  fused ankle
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="13"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 pelves"/>
 <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1969"/>
  <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
  <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
  <PLACE name="N. Zimbabwe, S. Africa"/>
  <REMAINS content="30 skeletons"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Rhodesia <LOW>(=Zimbabwe)</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="colberti">
  <SYNONYM name="Rioarribasaurus colberti" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kayentakatae">
  <AUTHOR name="Rowe" year="1989"/>
  <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
  <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
  <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
  <MEANING>
   Kayenta <LOW>0</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Syntarsus kayentakatae"/> had two small crests, similar to those of
larger coelophysoids like <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/>.</P>

<P>Individuals thought to be <NOMEN name="S. kayentakatae"/> juveniles
have been reevaluated as adults of a distinct form to be given its own
genus (provisionally called "Shake-N-Bake theropod").</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Syrmosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  crawling lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="viminicaudus">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus grangeri"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
  <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Szechuanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Szechuan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="campi" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
  <LENGTH value="4"/>
  <MASS value="100"/>
  <MASS value="150"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons" q="1"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="yandonesis">
  <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus yandonensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="zigongensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1993"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Zigong
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The skeletons assigned to <NOMEN name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/> may not belong to the same species
  as the type material (teeth).
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Talarurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wicker tail
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="over 5 specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="plicatospineus">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
  <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tangvayosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Tang Vay lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="hoffeti">
  <AUTHOR name="Allian, Taquet, Battail, Dejax, Richir, Veran, Limon-Duparcmeur, Vacant, Mateus, Sayarath, Khenthavong, Phouyavong" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Josué-Heilmann</LOW> Hoffet's</MEANING>
  <TIME value="Aptian"/>
  <TIME value="Albian"/>
  <PLACE name="Laos"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY><P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus falloti"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tanius" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>H. C.</LOW> Tan's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="73 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
  <MEANING>
   from China
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prynadai">
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tanystropheus" type="none">
 <MISSPELLED name="Tanystrophaeus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1855"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
 <MEANING>stretched vertebra</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="bauri">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
  <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="posthumus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Halticosaurus longotarsus"/>
  <MEANING>
   after death
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="willistoni">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
  <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tanystrosuchus">
 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
 <MEANING>
  <NOMEN name="Tanystropheus"/> crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="posthumus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tapejara" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ancient being
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
  <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1989"/>
  <REMAINS content="2 skulls"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="imperator">
  <REMAINS content="skull"/>
  <MEANING>emperor</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Skin impressions show that <NOMEN name="Tapejara imperator"/> 
and an unnamed species had a stretch 
of skin supported by two crests on its head, one above its nostrils, the other 
behind its eyes. This may have been for sexual display.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tapinocephalus">
 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Therapsida"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tarascosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tarasqué <LOW>(Spanish dragon)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="salluvicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Le Loeff, Buffetaut" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tarbosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  alarming lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="efremovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>I. A.</LOW> Efremov's
  </MEANING>
  <LENGTH value="7"/>
  <LENGTH value="8"/>
  <MASS value="2000"/>
  <MASS value="3000"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PEN AN SSR" id="551-3" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bataar" original="Tyrannosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
  <LENGTH value="9"/>
  <LENGTH value="12"/>
  <MASS value="4000"/>
  <MASS value="5000"/>
  <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
  <MEANING>
   warrior/hero 
  </MEANING>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-1" content="skeleton lacking forelimb" type="holo"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-2" content="complete skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-3" content="skull"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-6" content="partial scapulocoracoid"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-91" content="partial snout"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-1" content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-5" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/3" content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
  <REMAINS museum="GIM SPS" id="100/59" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="NSM" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V836" content="fragmentary scapula"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton" synonym="Gorgosaurus novojilovi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
  <MISSPELLED name="lanpingi"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" museum="NIGP" id="V4733" type="holo" content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="periculosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus turpanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>The largest Asian predators known. These species were sometimes
placed in <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>, or sometimes further split up,
with <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/> in <NOMEN name="Jenghizkhan"/>,
but it is now most common to place them as shown.</P>

<P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus efremovi"/> is
a subadult <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>. <NOMEN name="Maleevosaurus novojilovi"/>,
once thought to be a pygmy <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>, may also be
a young <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>.</P>

<P>Eggs tentatively assigned to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> may belong
to this genus. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tarchia">
 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
 <MEANING>
  brainy <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="7 specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="gigantea" original="Dyoplosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1956"/>
  <MEANING>
   gigantic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kielanae">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
  <SYNONYM name="gigantea"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tatisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Ta-Ti <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
 <SPECIES name="oehleri">
  <AUTHOR name="Simmons" year="1965"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/> or a more primitive
  <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Taveirosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Taveiro <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="costai" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-D. A. Russell" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tawasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Dawa lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="minor">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Technosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Texas</LOW> Techno<LOW>logical University</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
 <SPECIES name="smalli">
  <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tecovasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tecovas <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Arizona, Texas"/>
 <PLACE name="France" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="murrayi">
  <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tehuelchesaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Tehuelche <LOW>tribe</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="benitezii">
  <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich, Gimenez, Cúneo, Puerta, Vacca" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Aldino</LOW> Benitez' <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MPEF-PV" id="1125" content="dorsal, sarcal & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; girdle & limb (fore and hind) elements, associated skin impressions"/>
 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
 <ESSAY>
  <P> The (incomplete) dorsal centra of this animal bear similarities to the Asian
  <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis"/>. The
  girdle and limb elements, on the other hand, resemble
  <NOMEN name="Patagosaurus"/>.</P>
  <P>Skin impressions from the thoracic and scapular areas show tubercular
  scales with two patterns.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Teinurosaurus" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
 <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1929"/>
 <MEANING>
  stretched tail lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="sauvagei" status="dubium" original="Saurornithoides2">
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <PLACE name="France"/>
  <REMAINS content="tail vertebra (destroyed in World War II)" type="holo"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Teleocrater" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1956"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
 <MEANING>far bowl</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Telmatosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1903"/>
 <MEANING>
  marsh lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Romania, France, Spain"/>
 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skulls (some with postcrania)"/>
 <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" original="Limnosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
  <MEANING>
   Transylvanian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dolloi">
  <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus dolloi"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prynadai">
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Very primitive for such a late-occurring <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. Its skull
  was more similar to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and its kin. </P>

<P>  Spherical eggs found in clutches of two to four have been
  tentatively assigned to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tenantosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tendaguria" type="with">
 <MEANING>Tendaguru <LOW>beds one</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="tanzaniensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Heinrich, Wild" year="2000"/>
  <MEANING>from Tanzania</MEANING>
  <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
  <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tenontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  tendon lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
 <MASS value="900"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
 <SPECIES name="tillettorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
  <PLACE name="Montana, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Oklahoma"/>
 <REMAINS content="over 25 skeletons, skeletal elements, teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dossi">
  <AUTHOR name="Winkler, Murray, Jacobs" year="1997"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This primitive <LINK content="iguanodont"/> had an extremely long tail. </P>
  
<P>  One specimen was found in association with several <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>, suggesting
  that it may have been preyed upon by packs of these small
  <LINK content="theropods"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Teratosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  monster lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="suevicus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
  <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lloydi">
  <SYNONYM name="Cladeiodon lloydi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
  <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="trossingensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Trossingen
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Termatosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer, Plieninger" year="1844"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tetragonosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  four-sided lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="praeceps">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
  <MEANING>
   forehead?
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-headed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
  <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Texasetes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Texas resident
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebral centra, cranial fragment, partial scapluocoracoid, ends of ilia, limb elements, armor"/>
 <SPECIES name="pleurohalio">
  <AUTHOR name="Coombs" year="1995"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Teyuwasu" type="with">
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <MEANING>big lizard <LOW>(Tupi language)</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="barbarenai">
  <AUTHOR name="Kischlat" year="1999"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>M. C.</LOW> Barbarena's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS content="right femur & tibia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Thecocoelurus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
 <MEANING>
  socket hollow tail
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="daviesi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Thecodontosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  socket tooth lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="2.5" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="40" q="1"/>
 <MASS value="70" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
 <PLACE name="England, Wales"/>
 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
  <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1843"/>
  <REMAINS content="over 100 elements (juvenile to adult), skull, partial skeletons"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="49984" content="tibiae, radius, 2 unguals, tail vertebra, ?tooth" synonym="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi"/>
  <MEANING>
   antique
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="browni2" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
  <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
  <MEANING>
   diagnostic
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dubius" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   doubtful
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elizae">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus elizae" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
  <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gibbidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Galtonia gibbidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   gracile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hermannianus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi">
  <SYNONYM name="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1918"/>
  <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, tibia, ischium"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor2" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   lesser
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
  <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The most primitive well-known <LINK content="sauropodomorph"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Thecospondylus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  socket vertebra
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial sacrum"/>
 <SPECIES name="horneri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="daviesi">
  <SYNONYM name="Thecocoelurus daviesi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally classified as a small <LINK content="theropod"/>
  ("coelurosaur"), but may be <LINK content="ornithischian"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Therizinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  reaper/scythe lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="11"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial forelimb, foot, vertebrae, hindlimb, claws, tooth"/>
 <REMAINS content="ribs, eggs" q="1"/>
 <SPECIES name="cheloniformis">
  <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
  <MEANING>
   turtle-formed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was named for remains from the southern Gobi Desert,
  which included huge claws measuring up to 28 inches (and that's without the
  horny sheath that covered them in life!) as well as seven-foot-long arms
  and some flattened ribs. They were originally thought to be remains of a
  giant <LINK content="turtle"/>-like creature (hence the specific name 
  <NOMEN name="T. cheloniformis"/>). </P>
  
<P>  More remains were found in Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia, and Inner Mongolia
  in the late 50's, including a partial forelimb, partial hindlimbs, and a
  tooth. The new discoveries showed that <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was not a
  turtle at all, but a <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, probably a new kind of
  <LINK content="theropod"/>. (The ribs of the first specimen may belong to a
  <LINK content="sauropod"/>.) </P>
  
<P>  <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was kept in its own group for a long time. 
  Only recently have scientists discovered its close relation to the bizarre
  segnosaurs (now known as <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/>). </P>
  
<P>  One of the most striking characteristics of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>
  (apart from the myriad of striking characteristics it shares with other
  therizinosaurs) is the huge, blade-like claws on the hand. Other
  therizinosaurs had them, but none as insanely large
  as those of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
  
<P>  Many ideas have been postulated about these claws. It has been suggested
  that therizinosaurs used them to rip open giant termite nests, like
  anteaters and aardvarks. But the idea that an animal of
  <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>' size (over 30 feet long) could subsist on a 
  diet of insects seems rather unlikely.  </P>
  
<P>  Instead, the claws may be analogous to those of the
  extinct giant ground sloths and chalicotheres (relatives of horses).
  Members of both of these groups were quite large in size and bore huge,
  blade-like claws on their hands. They were both herbivorous, as
  therizinosaurs probably were. It has been suggested that they used their
  claws when browsing to bring foliage closer to their mouths. They would 
  also have come in handy as defensive weapons. </P>
  
<P>  The giant <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is another mysterious
  theropod known mostly from gigantic arms. Strangely enough, it comes from
  the same time and place as <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
  
<P>  Huge fossilized eggs found in Mongolia (13cm diameter, 45cm long) have been
  attributed to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, or possibly <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Therosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Fitzenger" year="1843"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon mantelli"/>
 <MEANING>
  beast lizard
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Thescelosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wonderful lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MASS value="300"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="4"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
 <REMAINS content="1 complete specimen, 8 partial skeletons, elements, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="neglectus">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1913"/>
  <MEANING>
   neglected
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
  <SYNONYM name="neglectus"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="garbanii">
  <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
  <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with preserved ?heart, cartilaginous sternal ribs and plates attached to ribs, ?tendons attached to vertebrae" nickname="Willo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp2.">
  <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="warrenae">
  <SYNONYM name="Parksosaurus warrenae" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P header='A "Hearty" Fossil'> A new specimen of this genus may be the first
dinosaur fossil with a preserved heart. If the structure is the heart, it confirms predictions, based on
living dinosaurs (<LINK content="neornithean birds"/>) and the dinosaurs'
closest living relatives (<LINK content="crocodylians"/>) that dinosaurs
had four-chambered hearts. The structure is similar to that of birds,
suggesting high levels of activity. <I>see</I> <REFER
page="http://www.dinoheart.org/"/></P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Thespesius" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  mighty <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Nebraska"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, pedal phalanx"/>
 <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
  <MEANING>
   western
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
  <MEANING>
   agile
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amurensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="annectens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="arctatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="calamarius">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grallipes">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
  <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stenopsis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1875"/>
  <MEANING>
   narrow-faced
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Thotobolosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Thobol lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <TIME value="Norian"/>
 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
 <SPECIES name="mabeatae" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tianchisaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Tianchiasaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Tenchisaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Teinchisaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Lake</LOW> Tian Chi <LOW>(Heavenly Pool)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="cranial fragments, vertebrae, limb elements, scutes"/>
 <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferima">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sam </LOW>Ne<LOW>ill, Laura </LOW>De<LOW>rn, Jeff
   </LOW>Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard </LOW>A<LOW>ttenborough,
   Bob </LOW>Pe<LOW>ck, Martin </LOW>Fe<LOW>rrero, Ariana
   </LOW>Ri<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>Ma<LOW>zzello's</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>  <NOMEN name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/> is named after the cast members
  of the movie <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tianzhen lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="Pang, Zheng" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tichosteus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  wall bone
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <SPECIES name="lucasanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="aequifacies" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
  <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tienshanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tien Shan <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <MISSPELLED name="Teishanosaurus" author="Dong" year="1990"/>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, ?17 caudal vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="chitalensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1937"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Timimus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tim <LOW>Rich and Tim Flannery's m</LOW>imic
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="femora (juvenile and adult)"/>
 <SPECIES name="hermani">
  <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally classified as an early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Titanopteryx" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Enderlein" year="1935"/>
 <MEANING>
  Titans' wings
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="philadelphiae">
  <SYNONYM name="Arambourgiania philadelphiae" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Titanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Titan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="India"/>
 <SPECIES name="indicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
  <LENGTH value="12"/>
  <MASS value="5500"/>
  <MASS value="7500"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
  <MEANING>
   Indian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus araukanicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="australis">
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="blanfordi" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="indicus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="colberti">
  <AUTHOR name="Jain, Bandyopadhyay" year="1997"/>
  <LENGTH value="20"/>
  <REMAINS content="postcranium without hindlimbs"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dacus">
  <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus dacus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="falloti" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria" incertae="1"/>
  <PLACE name="Laos"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
  <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus hungaricus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Macrurosaurus semnus"/>
  <MEANING>
   Lydekker's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus madagascariensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nanus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
  <MEANING>
   dwarf
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="rahioliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Mathur, Srivatsava" year="1987"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Neosauropoda" incertae="1"/>
  <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="India"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
  <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Iuticosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Titanosaurus2" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
 <MEANING>
  Titan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="montanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tochisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ostrich lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="metatarsus"/>
 <SPECIES name="nemegtensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Osmólska" year="1991"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tomodon" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Dumeril" year="1853"/>
 <MEANING>
  cutting tooth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="horrificus">
  <SYNONYM name="Diplotomodon horrificus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tonouchisaurus" type="with">
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="complete hand, foot"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1994"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, since
  the hand had two fingers.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tornieria">
 <AUTHOR name="Sternfield" year="1911"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Gustav</LOW> Tornier's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="africana">
  <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
  <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robusta">
  <MISSPELLED name="gigantea" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sternfeld" year="1911"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Torosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  punctured lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <MASS value="7000"/>
 <MASS value="8000"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Saskatchewan"/>
 <REMAINS content="5 partial skulls, elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="latus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
  <MEANING>
   broad
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gladius">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
  <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="utahensis" original="Arrhinoceratops">
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
  <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Utah
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/> once had the largest known head of any land animal, with an
  eight-foot-long skull making up half its body length
  (excluding the tail). Recently, a <NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> skull was found with
  an even larger skull. </P>

<P> <REFER page="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/3404/"
title="The Torosaurus Home Page"/> </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Torvosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  savage lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="12"/>
 <MASS value="2000"/>
 <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="tanneri">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Trachodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  rough tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
  <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="affinis">
  <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus affinis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="agilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="altidens" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
  <SYNONYM name="mirabilis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amurense">
  <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="annectens">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="arctatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="breviceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="calamarius">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cavatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus cavatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="foulkii">
  <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="grallipes">
  <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="imperfectus">
  <SYNONYM name="Sanpasaurus imperfectus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longiceps2">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1897"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-headed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minor">
  <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="selwyni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
  <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named.
Although for decades the name <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/> has been associated with
the archetypical "duck-bill" dinosaur (now <NOMEN name="Anatotitan"/>), the
type specimen is in fact a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> tooth!</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Trialestes">
 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1982"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Triassolestes">
 <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Tillyard" year="1918"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Trialestes"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
 </MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tribelesodon">
 <AUTHOR name="Basani" year="1886"/>
 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Triceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  three horns face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="8"/>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <MASS value="4500"/>
 <MASS value="8000"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Alberta, Saskatchewan"/>
 <REMAINS content="around 50 skulls, many partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="horridus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <MEANING>
   horrid
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="albertensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1949"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull parts"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Alberta
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="alticornis" status="dubium" original="Bison">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
  <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
  <MEANING>
   tall-horned
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevicornis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
  <SYNONYM name="prorsus"/>
  <MEANING>
   short-horned
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="calicornus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
  <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="elatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
  <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="eurycephalus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Schlaikjer" year="1935"/>
  <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull including cheek and brow horns"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="galeus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
 <REMAINS content="nose horn"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hatcheri">
  <SYNONYM name="Diceratops hatcheri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1915"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
  <REMAINS content="8 vertebrae, 2 ribs"/>
  <MEANING>
   greatest
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
  <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="obtusus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
  <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
  <MEANING>
   obtuse
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="prorsus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="serratus">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
  <MEANING>
   serrated
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
  <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sylvestris">
  <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas sylvestris" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, the largest <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, was different from other
  <LINK content="ceratopsines"/> in having a short, completely solid frill
  (in contrast to the large "windows" in those of other ceratopsines,
  especially <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>). This 30-foot-long herbivore has often been
  portrayed in combat with its largest predator, <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>.
  
  <NOMEN name="Triceratops prorsus"/> may be synonymous with <NOMEN name="T. horridus"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Trimucrodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  triply-pointed tooth
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="cuneatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tripriodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="caperatus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Mammalia"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Triprotodon" status="dubium">
 <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
 <MEANING>
  three fore teeth
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="caperatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Troodon" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Troödon"/>
 <MEANING>
  wounding tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <MASS value="50"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Wyoming"/>
 <PLACE name="Alaska" q="1"/> <!-- teeth; Prince Creek Fm. -->
 <SPECIES name="formosus">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
  <REMAINS content="teeth, 20 skeletons, eggs with embryos"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
  <SYNONYM name="Heptasteornis andrewsi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
  <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bakkeri" status="dubium" original="Pectinodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
  <SYNONYM name="formosus"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bexelli">
  <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="brevis">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras brevis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras edmontonense" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="isfarensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides isfarensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="minutus">
  <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
  <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="validus">
  <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The creature we know as <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was once called <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/>. The
  genus <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was first named (as <I>Troödon</I>) for some sharp teeth
  (one of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named).
  These were mistakenly identified as those of (among other things) a
  monitor lizard, a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Stegoceras"/>), and a
  carnivorous <LINK content="hypsilophodont"/>! They were later recognized
  as identical to those of the more complete <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/> specimens, so
  the younger name was dropped in favor of the older. </P>

<P>  Eggs formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Orodromeus"/> have turned out to be <NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. Some have
  been found in dirt nests. </P>
  
<P>  <NOMEN name="Troodon bakkeri"/> may be a distinct species, or even genus (<NOMEN name="Pectinodon"/>). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tropeognathus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  keel jaw
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <SPECIES name="mesembrinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
  <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
  <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tsagantegia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tsagan Teg <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="longicranialis">
  <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>
   long-skulled
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tsintaosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Qingdao lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 skulls, elements from at least 4 individuals"/>
 <SPECIES name="spinorhinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
  <MEANING>
   spine-nosed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Tanius chingkankouensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
  <SYNONYM name="spinorhinus"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This "unicorn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>" had a thin, hollow crest jutting
forward. Some argued that the crest was an artifact of preservation
(an altered snout bone), but another specimen was found with
the same feature. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tsuchikurasaurus" status="unpublished">
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tugulusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tugulo <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="hindlimb, rib, vertebral centrum"/>
 <SPECIES name="faciles" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
  <MEANING>
   easy
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tuojiangosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Tiejiangosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Tuojiongosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Tueojiangosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Tuo River lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="multispinus">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Li, Zhou, Zhang" year="1973"/>
  <MEANING>
   multi-spined
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had fifteen pairs of triangular plates down the back and two pairs of
  spikes on the tail. The best-known Asian <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tupuxuara" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Tupuxuara <LOW>(a familiar spirit)</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
 <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens, misc."/>
 <SPECIES name="leonardii">
  <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1988"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longicristatus">
  <MEANING>long-crested</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Turanoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Turanian <LOW>Platform</LOW> horned face
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
 <SPECIES name="tardabilis">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina" year="1989"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Could be the only Asian <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, possibly a <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tylocephale" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  swollen head
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
  <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete skull"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bexelli" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
  <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tylosteus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  swollen bone
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="oblitum">
  <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1872"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis"/>
  <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tyrannosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  tyrant lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="rex" status="conservandum">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
  <LENGTH value="10"/>
  <LENGTH value="14"/>
  <MASS value="4500"/>
  <MASS value="7000"/>
  <MEANING>
   king
  </MEANING>
  <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
  <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
  <PLACE name="Texas" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" museum="CM" id="9380" content="skeleton lacking some neck vertebrae, forelimbs, most of tail"/>
  <REMAINS museum="CM" id="7541" content="nearly complete skull"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="008" content="skull"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="009" content="pelvis, hindlimb, skull"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="555" content="skeleton" nickname="The Wankel Specimen"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="559" content="back part of braincase"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="980" content="skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="U. of Notre Dame" content="dentaries, incomplete pelvis, etc." q="1" nickname="The Rigby Giant"/>
  <REMAINS museum="DIS" id="101" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="Ill. State Geo. Survey" content="metatarsal"/>
  <REMAINS museum="private" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Mr. Zed"/>
  <REMAINS museum="Bowman College" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Bowman"/>
  <REMAINS museum="Dakota Dinosaur Museum" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="Royal Saskatchewan Museum" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Scottie"/>
  <REMAINS museum="Madison Museum, U. of Wis." content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="PR2081" content="skeleton lacking tail tip, forelimb, foot"/>
  <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="118742" content="maxilla"/>
  <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="131583" content="maxilla, dentaries"/>
  <REMAINS museum="NMMNH" id="P-1013-1" content="fragmentary skull, chevron"/>
  <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23844" content="skull material, etc.?"/>
  <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23845" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5027" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5117" content="braincase"/>
  <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5881" content="hindlimb"/>
  <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.6.1" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.12.1" content="postorbital, partial spine, hindlimbs"/>
  <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="82.50.11" content="maxilla"/>
  <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="1400" content="skull fragments, ribs, chevrons, ischia"/>
  <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9379" content="braincase"/>
  <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9380" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="DMNH" id="2827" content="partial hindlimb"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="4100" content="partial skeleton"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Fox"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Steve"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="6183" content="hindlimb without foot"/>
  <REMAINS age="juvenile" museum="TMM" id="41436-1" content="left maxilla" q="1"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="2033" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
  <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="3033" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
  <REMAINS museum="SDSM" id="12047" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
  <REMAINS museum="MMS" id="51-2004" content="front part of braincase" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
  <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="358563" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
  <REMAINS content="partial skull" nickname="Jordan theropod" age="juvenile" synonym="Aublysodon molnari"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" content="partial skeleton" age="subadult" synonym="Albertosaurus megagracilis"/>
  <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="CMNH" id="7541" content="complete skull" synonym="Gorgosaurus lancensis"/>
  <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile" nickname="Tinker"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="amplus">
  <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bataar">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="efremovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus efremovi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="gigantus" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR year="1990"/>
  <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
  <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Dynamosaurus imperiosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
  <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lancinator">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus lanpingensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium">
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
  <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
  <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="stanwinstonorum" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
  <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="torosus">
  <SYNONYM name="Daspletosaurus torosus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhai, Zheng, Tong" year="1978"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, possibly the most popular <LINK
content="dinosaur"/> ever, was for a long time the largest known
terrestrial predator. But new discoveries of <LINK
content="carcharodontosaurines"/> have recently ousted the "king of the
tyrant lizards" from its title. But there still remains the possibility
that an even larger <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> specimen may be found some day.
And it <U>was</U> the largest known predator of its time, at the end of
the Mesozoic Era.</P>

<P> The most complete <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> skeleton, a 
<NOMEN name="T. rex"/> (=<NOMEN name="T. stanwinstonorum"/>) nicknamed "Sue",
was recently sold for over $7 million by Sotheby's to corporate benefactors
on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum. Although originally diagnosed as
a female, its sex is uncertain.</P>

<P header="Tyrant Dung"> Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from
Saskatchewan was referred to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>. At 43cm in length and
2.4L in volume, this is the largest known coprolite from a carnivore. Tiny,
well-crushed bone fragments indicate that the meal was a small subadult
<LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>

<P header="Species"> Many smaller <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/> "species"
now seem to be young <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, including species
which were thought to be pygmies (<NOMEN name="Nanotyrannus lancensis"/>),
primitive tyrannosaurids (<NOMEN name="Stygivenator molnari"/>), and close
relatives (<NOMEN name="Dinotyrannus megagracilis"/>).</P>

<P>Certain Asian <LINK content="Tyrannosaurini"/> were once included by some 
in this genus, but are now usually placed in <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Tyreophorus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Thyreophora"/>, in reference
 to indeterminate <LINK content="ankylosaurian"/> material. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Udanoceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Udan<LOW>-Sayr</LOW> horned face
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="4.5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull (missing frill), partial pelvis, scapula, coracoid, fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="tschizhovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1992"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The largest bipedal <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>. Its jaw was very deep.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ugrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>ugly lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial premaxilla, nose horn, fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="olsoni" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cobabe, Fastovsky" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Uintasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Uinta <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="douglassi">
  <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1919"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ultrasauros">
 <AUTHOR name="Jensen"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  ultra lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="macintoshi" original="Ultrasaurus2">
  <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ultrasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  ultra lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="S. Korea"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial femur, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="tabriensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> This animal was once thought to be a huge <LINK content="sauropod"/>, and 
  described as a species of Ultrasaurus, a huge North American 
  sauropod. Unfortunately, Ultrasaurus macintoshi was not officially described
  at that time, so this Korean species accidentally became 
  the type species of <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/>. The name of the North American species was
  changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros macintoshi"/>. </P>

<P>  The "humerus" of this animal turned out to be a femur, so it was not as large
  as originally thought.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Ultrasaurus2" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Kim" year="1983"/>
 <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
  <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Umarsaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1992"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Barsboldia"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Unenlagia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  half-bird
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
 <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> One of the closest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to
  <LINK content="birds"/>, this South American creature had a back-turned pubis,
  like <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and birds. It also had a shoulder joint
  that would allow flapping. <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> itself was too big to fly, so it was
  probably secondarily flightless, like modern-day
  <LINK content="ratites"/>. </P>
  
<P>  It was found in the same area as the larger <NOMEN name="Megaraptor"/>. It has been
  suggested that they could be the same, <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> being the
  juvenile or subadult form.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Unicerosaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Baugh"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Armstrong" year="1987"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Gnathostomata" incertae="1"/>
 <MEANING>one horn lizard</MEANING>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Unquillosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Unquillo <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
 <SPECIES name="ceibalii">
  <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Originally claimed to be a giant, 35 feet (11m) in length. </P>

<P>  May be the same as <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Utahraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Utah raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <MASS value="1000"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
 <REMAINS content="claws (hand & foot), tibia, lachrymal, premaxilla, tail vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="ostrommaysorum">
  <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Gaston, Burge" year="1993"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom and Mays'
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="spielbergi" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonar, Lassieur, McCafferty, Voci"/>
  <SYNONYM name="ostrommaysorum"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Steven</LOW> Spielberg's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The largest definite <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Valdoraptor">
 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
 <MEANING>
  Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="metatarsi"/>
 <SPECIES name="oweni" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Valdosaurus">
 <MISSPELLED name="Baldosaurus"/>
 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
 <MEANING>
  Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <SPECIES name="canaliculatus" original="Dryosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1975"/>
  <PLACE name="England, Romania"/>
 <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements (including femora)"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="dextrapoda" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1998"/>
  <PLACE name="England"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton, Taquet" year="1982"/>
  <PLACE name="Niger"/>
  <REMAINS content="femora"/>
  <MEANING>from Niger</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Variraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Var <LOW>Department</LOW> raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <MASS value="50"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
 <PLACE name="France"/>
 <REMAINS museum="MDE"/>
 <SPECIES name="mechinorum" status="dubiumQ">
  <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff, Buffetaut" year="1998"/>
  <MEANING><LOW>Anne and Patrick</LOW> Mechin's</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Vectensia" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Delair" year="1982"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Vectisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>Isle of Wight <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Velocipes" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  speedy foot
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial bone (fibula?)"/>
 <SPECIES name="guerichi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Velociraptor" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  speedy raider
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="2"/>
 <MASS value="7"/>
 <MASS value="15"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
 <PLACE name="Russia" q="1"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeletons (adult & juvenile)"/>
 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Mongolia
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
  <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="langstoni">
  <SYNONYM name="Saurornitholestes langstoni" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sp.">
  <SYNONYM name="Bambiraptor feinbergorum"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Velocisaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  speedy lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="tibia, astragalus, foot"/>
 <SPECIES name="unicus">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
  <P>This animal's middle metatarsal was greatly enlargened, while the outer ones
  were reduced. This was probably an adaptation for running, opposite to
  that of many running <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> (whose outer metatarsals
  became stronger, greatly reducing the inner one).</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Venaticosuchus">
 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1971"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Venenosaurus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="dicrocei">
  <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Meyer" year="2001"/>
  <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton, including limb elements and caudal vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <REMAINS content="specimen" q="1" age="juvenile"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Volkheimeria" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Wolfgang</LOW> Volkheimer's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pelvis, hindlimb"/>
 <SPECIES name="chubutensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
  <MEANING>
   from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Sometimes considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Vorona" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
 <REMAINS content="hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 partial humeri"/>
 <SPECIES name="berivotrensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Forster, Chiappe, Krause, Sampson" year="1996"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Vulcanodon" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  volcano tooth
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <PLACE name="Zimbabwe"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, scapula"/>
 <SPECIES name="karibaensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1972"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The teeth (found in rock of volcanic origin) which this genus was named
  after actually came from a predator that may have eaten it.
  <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> was similar to "<LINK content="prosauropods"/>".
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wakinosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Wakino <LOW>Subgroup</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
 <REMAINS content="incomplete tooth"/>
 <SPECIES name="satoi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Okazaki" year="1992"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Proposed as a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>, but, hey, it's just a tooth
(an incomplete one at that). It could be anything.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Walgettosuchus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Walgett crocodile
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
 <REMAINS content="tail vertebra"/>
 <SPECIES name="woodwardi" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Walkeria" type="with">
 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fleming" year="1823"/>
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>Alick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="maleriensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Alwalkeria maleriensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Walkersaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
 <MEANING>Walker's lizard</MEANING>
 <MASS value="300" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="snout fragments, teeth"/>
 <SPECIES name="hesperis" original="Megalosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Waldman" year="1974"/>
  <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
  <MEANING>western</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wannanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Wannan lizard"
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull roof, mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
 <SPECIES name="yansiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1977"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wellnhoferia" type="with">
 <MEANING><LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="grandis">
  <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="2001"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wuerhosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Wuerho lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
 <TIME value="Albian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="homheni">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
  <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, 3 tail vertebrae"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
  <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium without limbs"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The last of the <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wyleyia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  <LOW>J. F.</LOW> Wyley's <LOW>one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1973"/>
  <MEANING>
   from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wyomingopteryx" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1994"/>
 <MEANING>
  Wyoming wing
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Wyomingraptor" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
 <MEANING>
  Wyoming raider
 </MEANING>
 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>Based on material assigned to <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, to be 
re-described by Robert Bakker.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Xenotarsosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  strange ankle lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, leg elements"/>
 <SPECIES name="bonapartei">
  <AUTHOR name="Martínez, Giminez, Rodriguez, Bochatey" year="1986"/>
  <MEANING>
   <LOW>José</LOW> Bonaparte's
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Xiaosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  small/dawn lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="teeth, partial mandible, postcranial material"/>
 <SPECIES name="dashanpensis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="multidens">
  <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Probably either a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/> or a primitive
  <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Xuanhanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="6"/>
 <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulae, forelimbs"/>
 <SPECIES name="qilixiaensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Xuanhuasaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="EK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="niei" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1986"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Possibly a relative of <NOMEN name="Chaoyangsaurus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yaleosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
 <MEANING>
  Yale <LOW>University</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="colurus">
  <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus colurus" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yandangornis" type="with">
 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <LENGTH value=".6"/>
 <MEANING>Yandang <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <REMAINS museum="ZMNH" id="M1326" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton (missing parts of forelimbs, skull, and tail)"/>
 <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
  <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Cai, Zhao" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
<ESSAY><P>Classified as a <LINK content="bird"/> by its authors, but may
not be. If it is an <LINK content="avian"/>, it is the only one known to
combine a long tail (at least 20 vertebrae; <I>sans</I> pygostyle; about
half total length) and a lack of teeth (in the premaxilla, at least). The
holotype was found in association with the <LINK content="pterosaur"/>
<NOMEN name="Zhejiangopterus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yandusaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Yandu <LOW>(=Zigong)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="2 nearly complete skeletons"/>
 <SPECIES name="hongheensis">
  <AUTHOR name="He" year="1979"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="multidens">
  <AUTHOR name="He, Cai" year="1983"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Othnieliidae"/>
  <REMAINS museum="T" id="6001" content="incomplete skeleton" type="holo"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Yandusaurus multidens"/> seems to be a different type of <LINK content="ornithopod"/>
  than the type species, and will be given a new generic name.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yangchuanosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Yang-chu'an <LOW>District</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="10"/>
 <LENGTH value="11"/>
 <MASS value="3500"/>
 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
 <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs, feet, or end of tail"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="hepingensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor hepingensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="longqiaoensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="magnus">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
  <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pelvis, femur"/>
  <MEANING>
   great
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="yandonensis" original="Szechuanosaurus">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yanornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>Yan bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="martini">
  <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yaverlandia" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Yaverland <LOW>Point (on the Isle of Wight) one</LOW>
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1"/>
 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
 <PLACE name="England"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull fragment"/>
 <SPECIES name="bitholus">
  <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1971"/>
  <MEANING>
   doubly domed
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Usually considered a very primitive <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, although
  one recent study suggests that it is more advanced, despite its early
  occurrence.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yezosaurus">
 <AUTHOR name="Obata, Muramoto" year="1977"/>
 <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yimenosaurus" type="with">
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, limb elements, etc."/>
 <SPECIES name="youngi">
  <AUTHOR name="Bai" year="1990"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Bai, Yang, Wang" year="1990"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yingshanosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Yinshanosaurus"/>
 <MISSPELLED name="Yunshanosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Yingshan lizard
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LJ"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <SPECIES name="jichuanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> Had broad spikes on its shoulders.
</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yixianornis" type="with">
 <MEANING>Yixian <LOW>Formation</LOW> bird</MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="grabaui">
  <MEANING>Grabau's</MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yubasaurus" status="nudum">
 <AUTHOR name="He" year="1975"/>
 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yungavolucris" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="bretincola">
  <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Yunga bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Yunnanosaurus" type="with">
 <MISSPELLED name="Yünnanosaurus"/>
 <MEANING>
  Yunnan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="7"/>
 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 2 skulls"/>
 <SPECIES name="huangi">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="robustus">
  <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1951"/>
  <SYNONYM name="huangi"/>
  <MEANING>
   robust
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P>A <LINK content="sauropod"/>-like maxilla assigned to this genus
is now thought to actually be from a sauropod.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zanclodon" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="laevis" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   lucky/left/light
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="bavaricus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Sandberger" year="1894"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
  <MEANING>
   Bavarian
  </MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus plieningeri" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
  <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1900"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="schutzii" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1900"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="sileiacus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1910"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zapsalis" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  through shears
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="abradens" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
  <SYNONYM name="Paronychodon lacustris"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zatomus" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus" status="dubium">
  <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
  <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
  <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zephyrosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Zephyr's <LOW>(god of the west wind)</LOW> lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae"/>
 <SPECIES name="schaffi">
  <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1980"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zhejiangopterus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Zhejiang <LOW>Province</LOW> wing
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="5"/>
 <TIME section="early-middle" value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="four specimens"/>
 <SPECIES name="linhaiensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Cai, Feng" year="1994"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zhyraornis" type="with">
 <SPECIES name="kashkarovi">
  <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <MEANING>
  Dzhyra<LOW>kuduk waterwell</LOW> bird
 </MEANING>
 <TIME value="LK"/>
 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zigongosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Zigong lizard
 </MEANING>
 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
  <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zizhongosaurus" type="with">
 <MEANING>
  Zizhong lizard
 </MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="9"/>
 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
 <PLACE name="China"/>
 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pubis, humerus"/>
 <SPECIES name="chuanchengensis">
  <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <SPECIES name="huangshibanensis" status="nudum">
  <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
  <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
 </SPECIES>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zuniceratops" type="with">
 <MEANING>Zuni <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> horned face</MEANING>
 <LENGTH value="3"/>
 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
 <MASS value="200"/>
 <MASS value="250"/>
 <TIME section="middle" value="Turonian"/>
 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
 <SPECIES name="christopheri">
  <MEANING>Christopher's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
  <AUTHOR name="Wolfe, Kirkland" year="1998"/>
 </SPECIES>
 <ESSAY>
<P> The first known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> with brow horns, and the
oldest named American ceratopsian. Its snout is rather long.</P>
<P>An element thought to be a squamosal of this species is actually the
ischium of <NOMEN name="Nothronychus"/>.</P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>

<GENUS name="Zupaysaurus" status="unpublished">
 <MEANING>devil lizard</MEANING>
 <TIME value="LTr"/>
 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
 <REMAINS content="partial vertebra, pelvic bones, shoulder bones, complete skull, etc."/>
 <ESSAY>
<P>If you were really bored and felt like going through the whole Genus List
alphabetically one by one, you can stop now. (Or, if you're going backwards,
quit now; you'll never make it). </P>
 </ESSAY>
</GENUS>