1 <GENUS name="Aachenosaurus" type="with">
2 <MEANING>Aachen lizard</MEANING>
3 <SPECIES name="multidens">
4 <AUTHOR name="Smets" year="1888"/>
5 <PROPERTAXON nonanimal="1"/>
8 <P>Actually a piece of petrified wood.</P>
12 <GENUS name="Abavornis" type="with">
13 <MEANING>great-great-grandfather bird</MEANING>
14 <SPECIES name="bonaparti">
15 <MEANING><LOW>Jose</LOW> Bonaparte's</MEANING>
16 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="TsNIGIRI" id="56/11915" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.1 mm)"/>
19 <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4605" content="coracoid shaft"/>
21 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
22 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
25 <GENUS name="Abelisaurus" type="with">
26 <MEANING>Abel's lizard</MEANING>
27 <LENGTH value="6.5" q="1"/>
28 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
29 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
30 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
31 <REMAINS content="skull lacking tip of snout, much of jaws, & parts of roof" museum="MC" id="11098" type="holo"/>
32 <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
33 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
34 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
37 <P> Known only from a partial skull, 80cm long. </P>
41 <GENUS name="Abrictosaurus">
42 <AUTHOR name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
47 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
48 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
49 <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa"/>
50 <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="B54" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
51 <REMAINS museum="UCL" id="A.100" content="partial skull"/>
52 <SPECIES name="consors" original="Lycorhinus">
53 <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1974"/>
54 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hopson" year="1975"/>
57 <P> Suggested as the female(?) form of another <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
61 <GENUS name="Abrosaurus" type="with">
64 <SPECIES name="dongpoi">
65 <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1989"/>
66 <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Peng, Shu" year="1999"/>
67 <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen including skull"/>
69 <SPECIES name="gigantorhinus">
70 <AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1986"/>
71 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
72 <MEANING>giant-snouted</MEANING>
73 <SYNONYM name="dongpoi"/>
76 <P>Two different species names have been used in conjunction with the
77 same type material. <NOMEN name="Abrosaurus gigantorhinus"/> was used first, but
78 in a dissertation, and hence was not a valid name by ICZN rules. The
79 first version of the name to be published in accord with ICZN rules
80 was <NOMEN name="A. dongpoi"/>.</P>
84 <GENUS name="Acanthopholis" type="with">
85 <MEANING>spine scute</MEANING>
88 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
89 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
90 <PLACE name="England"/>
91 <SPECIES name="horrida" status="dubium">
92 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1867"/>
93 <REMAINS content="teeth, postcranial elements"/>
95 <SPECIES name="eucercus" status="dubium">
96 <MEANING>well-tailored</MEANING>
97 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
98 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
99 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55551" content="caudal vertebra"/>
100 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55552" content="caudal vertebra"/>
101 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55553" content="caudal vertebra"/>
102 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55554" content="caudal vertebra"/>
103 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55555" content="caudal vertebra"/>
104 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="55556" content="caudal vertebra"/>
106 <SPECIES name="hughesii" status="nudum">
107 <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
108 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55463-55490" content="dorsal vertebrae, 7 caudal vertebrae, transverse process, 3 phalanges, 7 dermal plates, ?4 metapodials"/>
110 <SPECIES name="keepingi" status="nudum">
111 <AUTHOR name="Pereda-Superbiola, Barrett" year="1998"/>
112 <REMAINS museum="SMC" id="B55491-55526" content="dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, 3 transverse processes, 13 dermal plates, ?rib, ?chevron, ?metatarsal, ?2 phalanges, ?fragmentary ilium, ?2 indeterminate bones"/>
114 <SPECIES name="macrocercus" status="dubium">
115 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
116 <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 cervical, dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae"/>
117 <REMAINS content="osteoderms"/>
119 <SPECIES name="platypus" status="dubium">
120 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
121 <MEANING>flat-footed</MEANING>
122 <REMAINS content="caudal centra, phalanx"/>
124 <SPECIES name="stereocercus" status="dubium">
125 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
126 <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, dermal spine"/>
128 <ESSAY><P>Much <LINK content="iguanodont"/> material has mistakenly been
129 assigned to various members of this genus.</P></ESSAY>
132 <GENUS name="Achelousaurus" type="with">
133 <MISSPELLED name="Achelosaurus"/>
134 <MEANING>Acheloos' lizard"</MEANING>
136 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
137 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
138 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
139 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="485" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
140 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="591" content="partial skull, nearly complete spine, pelvis, ?femur" age="subadult"/>
141 <SPECIES name="horneri">
142 <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
143 <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
146 <P> <NOMEN name="Achelousaurus"/> was an intermediate between
147 <NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/>.
148 It is named after a shape-changing river god. </P>
152 <GENUS name="Achillobator" type="with">
153 <SPECIES name="giganticus">
154 <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norell, Clark" year="1999"/>
155 <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
157 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
158 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
160 <ESSAY><P>A large <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/> with unusual pelvic features.</P></ESSAY>
163 <GENUS name="Acracanthus" status="oblitum">
164 <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1947"/>
165 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Czaplewski, Cifelli, Langston" year="1994"/>
166 <SYNONYM name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>
167 <MEANING>high spine</MEANING>
170 <GENUS name="Acrocanthosaurus" type="with">
171 <MEANING>high spine lizard</MEANING>
174 <MASS value="2000" q="1"/>
175 <MASS value="3500" q="1"/>
176 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
177 <TIME value="Albian"/>
178 <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Texas, Utah"/>
179 <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
180 <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-59" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
181 <REMAINS museum="MUO" id="8-0-58" content="partial postcranium" type="para"/>
182 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
183 <SPECIES name="atokensis">
184 <AUTHOR name="Stovall, Langston" year="1950"/>
186 <SPECIES name="altispinax">
187 <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax" status="objective"/>
188 <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
191 <P> This large animal had long vertebrae along its back, possibly forming a
192 sail. The vertebral spines were 20-30 cm (8-12 inches) high along the neck
193 and tail, possibly up to 50 cm (20 inches) along the back. It was once
194 classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/>, since, like
195 <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, it had long vertebral spines. But the rest of
196 the animal is little like <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>, and even the "fin"
197 is different. It may be a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
198 <LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
202 <GENUS name="Actiosaurus">
203 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
204 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
207 <GENUS name="Adasaurus" type="with">
208 <MEANING>Ada's <LOW>(evil spirit in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
210 <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
211 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
212 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
213 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
214 <REMAINS musum="GIN" id="100/20" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
215 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
216 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
217 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1983"/>
218 <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
221 <P> Although often classified as a <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>,
222 it may be closer to <LINK content="birds"/>. </P>
226 <GENUS name="Aegyptosaurus" type="with">
227 <MEANING>Egyptian lizard</MEANING>
229 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
230 <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
231 <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII61" content="3 centra; left scapula (partial), humerus, & radius; right ulna; left tibia & femur" comment="destroyed in World War II" type="holo"/>
232 <SPECIES name="baharijensis">
233 <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1932"/>
234 <MEANING>from Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW></MEANING>
238 <GENUS name="Aeolosaurus" type="with">
239 <MISSPELLED name="Eolosaurus"/>
240 <MEANING>Aeolus' <LOW>(god of wind)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
242 <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
243 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
244 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
245 <REMAINS content="5 tail vertebrae, ulna, radius, metacarpal, pubis, ischium, dermal plates"/>
246 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27174" content="5 caudal vertebrae, right ulna, metacarpal, left pubis, right ischium"/>
247 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27175" content="right ulna & radius"/>
248 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27176" content="osteoderm"/>
249 <REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27177" content="osteoderm"/>
250 <SPECIES name="rionegrinus">
251 <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1987"/>
252 <REMAINS museum="MJG-R" id="1" content="7 anterior caudal vertebrae; partial forelimbs; right tibia, fibula, & astragalus; fragments" type="holo"/>
253 <REMAINS museum="MACN-RN" id="147" content="15 articulated caudal vertebrae" q="1"/>
257 <GENUS name="Aepisaurus" type="with">
258 <MISSPELLED name="Aepysaurus"/>
259 <MISSPELLED name="Aepyosaurus"/>
260 <MISSPELLED name="Aeposaurus"/>
261 <MISSPELLED name="Oepysaurus"/>
262 <MEANING>high lizard</MEANING>
264 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
265 <TIME value="Albian"/>
266 <PLACE name="France"/>
267 <REMAINS museum="MNHN" id="1868-242" content="humerus" type="holo"/>
268 <SPECIES name="elephantinus" status="dubium">
269 <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1853"/>
270 <MEANING>elephantine</MEANING>
274 <GENUS name="Aetonyx" type="with">
275 <SPECIES name="palustris">
276 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
277 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
281 <GENUS name="Afrovenator" type="with">
282 <MEANING>African hunter</MEANING>
286 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
287 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
288 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
289 <REMAINS museum="UC OBA" id="1" content="skull lacking much of mandibles & parts of snout & roof; cervical vertebrae (some articulated); incomplete dorsal & caudal series; ribs; pelvis; nearly complete forelimbs; hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
290 <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
291 <SPECIES name="abakensis">
292 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, J. A. Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil, Sues" year="1994"/>
296 <GENUS name="Agathaumas" type="with">
297 <MEANING>great wonder</MEANING>
299 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
300 <REMAINS nuseum="AMNH" id="4000" content="partial sacrum, pelvis" type="holo"/>
301 <SPECIES name="sylvestris" status="dubium">
302 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1872"/>
303 <MEANING>woodland</MEANING>
305 <SPECIES name="milo" status="dubium">
306 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
307 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
309 <SPECIES name="monoclonius">
310 <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1994"/>
311 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus"/>
312 <MEANING>one-sticked</MEANING>
314 <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
315 <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
317 <SPECIES name="prorsus">
318 <SYNONYM name="Triceratops prorsus" status="objective"/>
320 <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
321 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
323 <ESSAY><P>The first <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> genus to be named.</P></ESSAY>
326 <GENUS name="Aggiosaurus" type="with">
327 <SPECIES name="nicaensis">
328 <AUTHOR name="Ambayrac" year="1913"/>
329 <PROPERTAXON name="Crocodylomorpha"/>
333 <GENUS name="Agilisaurus" type="with">
334 <MEANING>agile lizard</MEANING>
335 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
336 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
337 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
338 <PLACE name="China"/>
339 <SPECIES name="louderbecki">
340 <AUTHOR name="Peng" year="1992"/>
341 <REMAINS museum="ZDM" id="6011" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
343 <SPECIES name="multidens">
344 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
347 <P> Either a primitive <LINK content="ornithopod"/> or possibly a
348 <LINK content="fabrosaurid"/>. </P>
352 <GENUS name="Agrosaurus" type="with">
353 <MEANING>wild/hunting lizard</MEANING>
354 <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi" status="dubiumQ">
355 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1891"/>
356 <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
359 <P>Originally thought to be an early find from Australia, this has since
360 been re-identified as a mislabelled specimen of British dinosaur <NOMEN
361 name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>.</P>
365 <GENUS name="Agustinia">
366 <MEANING>Agustin <LOW>Martinelli</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer) one</LOW></MEANING>
367 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
368 <SPECIES name="ligabuei" original="Augustia">
369 <MEANING><LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's</MEANING>
370 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1998"/>
372 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
373 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
374 <REMAINS type="holo" content="fragmentary dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; hindlimb elements; osteoderms"/>
376 <P>Tall osteoderms lined the back of this unusual <LINK content="sauropod"/>.
377 They seem to have been mobile, a case of parallel evolution with
378 <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. The samllest were leaf-shaped, while the
379 largest ones were split into halves, each half bearing an outward-pointing
381 <P><NOMEN name="Agustinia"/> may be related to <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>
382 or to <LINK content="rebbachisaurids"/>.</P>
386 <GENUS name="Alamosaurus" type="with">
387 <MEANING><LOW>Ojo</LOW> Alamo <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
389 <MASS value="30000"/>
390 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
391 <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas, Utah"/>
392 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
393 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="10,486" content="left scapula" type="holo"/>
394 <REMAINS museum="USNM" content="right ischium" type="para"/>
395 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15658" content="caudal centrum"/>
396 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15560" content="30 most anterior caudal vertebrae (articulated); 25 chevrons; ischia; left scapulocoracoid; right forelimb lacking phalanges, 2 sternal plates, 3 fragmentary ribs"/>
397 <SPECIES name="sanjuanensis" status="dubiumQ">
398 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1922"/>
401 <P> The only North American <LINK content="sauropod"/> from the Late
402 <LINK content="Cretaceous"/>. </P>
406 <GENUS name="Albertosaurus" type="with">
407 <MEANING>Alberta lizard</MEANING>
409 <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
412 <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
413 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
414 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
415 <PLACE name="Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Alabama, Georgia" q="1"/>
416 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="028" content="tooth" q="1"/>
417 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="033" content="teeth" q="1"/>
418 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="034" content="premaxillary teeth" q="1"/>
419 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
420 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
421 <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
422 <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5600" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
423 <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="5601" content="incomplete skull" type="para"/>
424 <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="807" synonym="arctunguis" content="sacrum with sacral vertebrae, left scapulocoracoid & forearm, left pelvis, associated limb elements"/>
426 <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
427 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
428 <SYNONYM name="sarcophagus"/>
430 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium" original="Ornithomimus">
431 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
432 <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
434 <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
435 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
437 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
438 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
440 <SPECIES name="libratus">
441 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
443 <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
444 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="subadult"/>
445 <MEANING>big <LOW>&</LOW> gracile</MEANING>
446 <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
448 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
449 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
451 <SPECIES name="olseni">
452 <SYNONYM name="Alectrosaurus olseni" status="objective"/>
454 <SPECIES name="periculosus" status="dubium">
455 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
456 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
458 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
459 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
460 <MEANING><LOW>C. M.</LOW> Sternberg's</MEANING>
464 <GENUS name="Albisaurus" type="with">
465 <SPECIES name="scutifer">
466 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
467 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
471 <GENUS name="Alectrosaurus" type="with">
472 <MEANING>Alectra's/unmarried lizard</MEANING>
475 <MASS value="500" q="1"/>
476 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
477 <TIME value="Turonian" q="1"/>
478 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
479 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6554" content="most of right hindlimb, pubic fragment" type="holo"/>
480 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="6368" content="right humerus, first phalanx of manual digit II, ungual of manual digit I, 4 fragmentary caudal vertebrae" comment="some of this material belongs to a therizinosaur"/>
481 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="21784" q="1" content="2 fragments"/>
482 <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/50" content="partial skeleton including partial maxilla & nasal"/>
483 <REMAINS museum="PST GIN AN MNR" id="100/51" content="partial skeleton including hindlimbs"/>
484 <SPECIES name="olseni">
485 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
487 <SPECIES name="periculosus">
488 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
492 <GENUS name="Aletopelta" type="with">
493 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
494 <SPECIES name="coombsi">
495 <MEANING>Coombs'</MEANING>
496 <AUTHOR name="Ford, Kirkland" year="2001"/>
500 <GENUS name="Alexornis" type="with">
501 <SPECIES name="antecedens">
502 <AUTHOR name="Brodkorb" year="1976"/>
504 <MEANING>Alex<LOW>ander Wetmore's</LOW> bird</MEANING>
506 <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
509 <GENUS name="Algoasaurus" type="with">
510 <MEANING>Algoa <LOW>Bay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
513 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
514 <REMAINS museum="Port Elizabeth Museum" content="fragmentary dorsal vertebra, femur, incomplete scapula, phalanx, ungual" type="holo"/>
515 <SPECIES name="bauri" status="dubium">
516 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1904"/>
517 <MISSPELLED name="baini" author="du Toit" year="1926"/>
520 <P> Could be a <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
524 <GENUS name="Alioramus" type="with">
525 <MEANING>different branch</MEANING>
528 <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
529 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
531 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
532 <REMAINS museum="GI" id="3141/1" content="incompete skull, mandibles, distal part of metatrasus" type="holo"/>
533 <SPECIES name="remotus">
534 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
535 <MEANING>remote</MEANING>
538 <P> Had a long, bumpy ridge with bony knobs along the top of the snout. </P>
542 <GENUS name="Aliwalia" type="with">
543 <MEANING>Aliwal <LOW>North (in South Africa) one</LOW></MEANING>
544 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
545 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
546 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
547 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
548 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
549 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
550 <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1886-XV-39" content="proximal end of left femur" type="co"/>
551 <REMAINS museum="NMW" id="1876-VII-B124" content="distal end of left femur" type="co"/>
552 <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
554 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
555 <MEANING>king</MEANING>
558 <P> Although <NOMEN name="Aliwalia"/> remains are far from complete, they
559 seem to indicate that this creature was the first really large predatory
560 <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, possibly on the same scale as some
561 <LINK content="carnosaurs"/>. It was fairly primitive, but perhaps somewhat
562 more advanced than <NOMEN name="Herrerasaurus"/>. </P>
566 <GENUS name="Allosaurus" type="with">
567 <MEANING>different lizard</MEANING>
568 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
569 <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, S. Dakota, Utah, Wyoming"/>
570 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
571 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
572 <PLACE name="U.S.A., Portugal"/>
577 <MEANING>fragile</MEANING>
578 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1930" content="2 dorsal centra, tooth, proximal phalanx of pedal digit III, portion of humerus" type="holo"/>
579 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1931" synonym="lucaris" content="a few cervical, 6 dorsal, & 2 sacral vertebrae; incomplete scapulocoracoid; radius; ulna; manual phalanx"/>
580 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1879" synonym="Camptonotus amplus" content="pes" q="1"/>
581 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="693" content="skeleton" comment="pathologic"/>
582 <REMAINS museum="UUVP" id="6000" content="skull, first caudal vertebra, chevrons, ribs, forelimbs, pedal elements" type="neo"/>
583 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="4753" content="skeleton" q="1"/>
584 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5731" synonym="Hypsirophus discurus" content="neural spine" q="1"/>
585 <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="12868" content="skeleton"/>
586 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="4734" content="nearly complete skeleton" type="para"/>
587 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8867" content="9 cervical, 10 dorsal, 2 sacral, & 7 caudal vertebrae; cervical & dorsal ribs; 6 chevrons; pubes; ischia; ilial fragments"/>
588 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2323" content="8 cervical, 11 dorsal, & 2 sacral centra; many neural processes of dorsal vertebrae; right ilium, ischium, & femur; incomplete ribs"/>
589 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8423" content="maxillae; 5 dorsal, 5 sacral (coossified), & 3 caudal centra; ilial fragments; broken ischia & pubes; femora; left pes; manual elements"/>
590 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8335" content="right maxilla, teeth"/>
591 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8405" content="5 coossified sacral centra, lateral metatarsal, manual & pedal phalanges"/>
592 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="7336" content="left astragalus"/>
593 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8302" content="right manual digit III"/>
594 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8257" content="right manual digit II"/>
595 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1890" content="jugal, premaxilla, 2 vertebrae, ilium, astragalus, 2 unguals, 2 phalanges" synonym="atrox"/>
596 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2315" content="left dentary with 12 teeth" comment="pathologic" synonym="ferox"/>
598 <SPECIES name="amplexus" status="dubiumQ" original="Epanterias">
599 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
602 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5767" content="anterior dorsal centrum, anterior dorsal neural arch, axis, vertebra, coracoid, fragmentary limb bone" type="holo"/>
604 <SPECIES name="atrox" original="Creosaurus">
605 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
606 <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
608 <SPECIES name="ferox">
609 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
610 <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
611 <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
613 <SPECIES name="lucaris">
614 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
615 <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
617 <SPECIES name="maximus">
618 <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
619 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
620 <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
621 <REMAINS content="dorsal neural arch" type="holo"/>
622 <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1995"/>
623 <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
625 <SPECIES name="medius">
626 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
628 <SPECIES name="meriani">
629 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani"/>
631 <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
632 <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
635 <PROPERTAXON name="Tetanurae" incertae="1"/>
638 <TIME value="Albian"/>
639 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
640 <REMAINS museum="NMV" id="P150070" content="left astragalus"/>
642 <SPECIES name="sp2.">
643 <REMAINS museum="SAM" id="1475" content="pedal ungual"/>
645 <SPECIES name="tendagurensis" status="dubium" q="1">
646 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
647 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
648 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
649 <MISSPELLED name="tandurensis" author="D. A. Russell" year="1994"/>
651 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
652 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
653 <MEANING><LOW>of the</LOW> three-sided tooth</MEANING>
655 <SPECIES name="valens">
656 <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
658 <SPECIES name="whitei" status="nudum">
659 <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
662 <P> One of the most famous and popular <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
663 <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/> is known primarily from the Morrison Formation.
664 It probably hunted <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>,
665 <LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, and perhaps gigantic
666 <LINK content="neosauropods"/> like <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/> and
667 <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>. Its main rival was
668 the slightly smaller <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>. </P>
670 <P> There is debate over the taxonomy of these species. Some feel that most of them
671 should be lumped into <NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/> while others would
672 split them into several genera (<NOMEN name="Creosaurus"/>,
673 <NOMEN name="Epanterias"/>, <NOMEN name="Saurophaganax"/>, etc.)</P>
677 <GENUS name="Alocodon" type="with">
678 <MEANING>wing tooth</MEANING>
679 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
680 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
681 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
682 <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 2" content="left maxillary tooth crown" type="holo"/>
683 <REMAINS museum="LPFU" id="P X 1" content="premaxillary tooth crown" type="para"/>
684 <SPECIES name="kuehni" status="dubium">
685 <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
688 <P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
692 <GENUS name="Altirhinus" type="with">
693 <MEANING>high snout</MEANING>
695 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
696 <SPECIES name="kurzanovi">
697 <AUTHOR name="Norman" year="1998"/>
698 <MEANING>Kurzanov's</MEANING>
700 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
701 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon orientalis" status="objective"/>
705 <P> This bulbous-snouted <LINK content="iguanodont"/> was previously
706 referred to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon orientalis"/>. It shows some
707 <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>-like features. </P>
711 <GENUS name="Altispinax" status="dubium">
712 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
713 <MEANING>high spined <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
714 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
715 <PLACE name="England"/>
716 <PLACE name="Belgium, Germany" q="1"/>
717 <REMAINS museum="University of Marburg" id="N 84" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
718 <REMAINS content="teeth" q="1"/>
719 <SPECIES name="dunkleri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
720 <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1884"/>
721 <MEANING>Dunkler's</MEANING>
723 <SPECIES name="lydekkerhueneorum" status="nudum">
724 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
725 <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1994"/>
726 <MISSPELLED name="lydekkeri-huenensis" author="Pickering" year="1984"/>
727 <MEANING>Lydekker's <LOW>and von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
728 <SYNONYM name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>
730 <SPECIES name="oweni">
731 <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
732 <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
734 <SPECIES name="parkeri">
735 <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
738 <P> The name <NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> was once used to indicate
739 remains of a theropod with high vertebral spines, similar to those of
740 <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. In fact, the type material for this species
741 is merely teeth, teeth which can not confidently be assigned to the same
742 animal as the skeletal remains. The bones were reassigned to a new
743 species of <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>, another high-spined theropod.
744 This species was called <NOMEN name="A. altispinax"/>. But further study
745 indicated that it could not confidently be said to belong to the genus
746 <NOMEN name="Acrocanthosaurus"/>. Hence, it was placed in a new genus and
747 is now known as <NOMEN name="Becklespinax altispinax"/>.
748 <NOMEN name="Altispinax dunkleri"/> is now a dubious species. </P>
752 <GENUS name="Alvarezsaurus" type="with">
753 <MEANING><LOW>Don Gregorio</LOW> Alvarez's lizard</MEANING>
755 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
756 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
757 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
758 <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="54" content="partial spine, girdles, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
759 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
760 <SPECIES name="calvoi">
761 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
764 <P> The most primitive <LINK content="alvarezsaur"/> known. </P>
768 <GENUS name="Alwalkeria">
769 <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee, Creisler" year="1994"/>
770 <MEANING>Al<LOW>ick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
771 <MASS value="3" q="1"/>
772 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
773 <PLACE name="India"/>
774 <REMAINS museum="ISI" id="R 306" age="juvenileQ" type="holo" content="end of snout, vertebrae, femur, astragalus"/>
775 <SPECIES name="maleriensis" original="Walkeria">
776 <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1987"/>
780 <GENUS name="Alxasaurus" type="with">
781 <MEANING>Alxa <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
782 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
786 <TIME value="Albian"/>
787 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
788 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88402" content="right dentary, 5 crushed cervical vertebrae, 2 cervical ribs, 7 crushed ?posterior dorsal vertebrae, 6 dorsal ribs, rib fragments, sacrum with anterior sacral ribs, 20 caudal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
789 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88301" content="verebral & appendicular remains, ribs"/>
790 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88510" content="appendicular remains"/>
791 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="88501" content="5 crushed & disarticulated dorsal vertebrae, first & incomplete second sacral vertebrae, right metcarpal I, left metacarpal III, 4 manual phalanges, ungual phalanges, posterior tip of left ilium, both ends of right & proximal end of left femora, noth ends of left and proximal end of right tibiae, proximal ends of fibulae, pedal phalanges, 3 pedal unguals"/>
792 <SPECIES name="elesitaiensis">
793 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1995"/>
796 <P> <NOMEN name="Alxasaurus"/> was the most primitive
797 <LINK content="therizinosauroid"/>. Many claim that it is more similar to
798 "normal" <LINK content="theropods"/> than other therizinosauroids are. </P>
802 <GENUS name="Amargasaurus" type="with">
803 <MEANING><LOW>La</LOW> Amarga <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
805 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
806 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
807 <SPECIES name="cazaui">
808 <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
809 <REMAINS museum="MACN-N" id="15" content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, forelimb, hindlimb, ilia, astragalus" type="holo"/>
811 <SPECIES name="groeben" status="nudum">
812 <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
815 <P> <NOMEN name="Amargasaurus"/> had two rows of long spines along the back
816 of its neck, possibly forming a double sail. </P>
820 <GENUS name="Ambiortus" type="with">
821 <MEANING>uncertain origin</MEANING>
823 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
824 <REMAINS content="pectoral girdle, forelimb, partial sternum & furcula, back vertebrae"/>
825 <SPECIES name="dementjevi">
826 <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
830 <GENUS name="Amblydectes">
831 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
832 <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
833 <MEANING>blunt biter</MEANING>
836 <GENUS name="Ammosaurus">
837 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
838 <MEANING>sand lizard</MEANING>
839 <SPECIES name="major">
840 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus major" status="objective"/>
842 <SPECIES name="solus">
843 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus solus" status="objective"/>
847 <GENUS name="Ampelosaurus" type="with">
848 <MEANING>vineyard lizard</MEANING>
850 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
851 <PLACE name="France"/>
852 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-247" content="3 articulated dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
853 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-38" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
854 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-59" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
855 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-92" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
856 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-93" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
857 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-94" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
858 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-148" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
859 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-24" content="caudal vertebra"/>
860 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-25" content="caudal vertebra"/>
861 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-26" content="caudal vertebra"/>
862 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-27" content="caudal vertebra"/>
863 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-46" content="caudal vertebra"/>
864 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-55" content="caudal vertebra"/>
865 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-58" content="caudal vertebra"/>
866 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-63" content="caudal vertebra"/>
867 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-64" content="caudal vertebra"/>
868 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-65" content="caudal vertebra"/>
869 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-95" content="caudal vertebra"/>
870 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-96" content="caudal vertebra"/>
871 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-97" content="caudal vertebra"/>
872 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-98" content="caudal vertebra"/>
873 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-99" content="caudal vertebra"/>
874 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-100" content="caudal vertebra"/>
875 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-101" content="caudal vertebra"/>
876 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-124" content="caudal vertebra"/>
877 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-127" content="caudal vertebra"/>
878 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-147" content="caudal vertebra"/>
879 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-60" content="ribs"/>
880 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-72" content="chevrons"/>
881 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-139" content="chevrons"/>
882 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-23" content="sternal plates"/>
883 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-80" content="sternal plates"/>
884 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-22" content="coracoid"/>
885 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-161" content="coracoid"/>
886 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-351" content="coracoid"/>
887 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-21" content="scapula"/>
888 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-145" content="scapula"/>
889 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-1" content="humerus"/>
890 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-79" content="humerus"/>
891 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-81" content="humerus"/>
892 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-86" content="humerus"/>
893 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-175" content="humerus"/>
894 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-372" content="humerus"/>
895 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-56" content="ulna"/>
896 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-83" content="ulna"/>
897 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-300" content="ulna"/>
898 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-85" content="radius"/>
899 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-57" content="pubis"/>
900 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-123" content="ilium"/>
901 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-84" content="ischium"/>
902 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-20" content="femur"/>
903 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-40" content="femur"/>
904 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-44" content="femur"/>
905 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-61" content="femur"/>
906 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-78" content="femur"/>
907 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-210" content="femur"/>
908 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-201" content="femur"/>
909 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-261" content="femur"/>
910 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-137" content="tibia & fibula"/>
911 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-138" content="tibia"/>
912 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-144" content="tibia"/>
913 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-173" content="tibia"/>
914 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-48" content="fibula"/>
915 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-88" content="phalanges"/>
916 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-136" content="osteoderm"/>
917 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-192" content="osteoderm"/>
918 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-204" content="osteoderm"/>
919 <REMAINS museum="MDE" id="C3-325" content="osteoderm"/>
920 <SPECIES name="atacis">
921 <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1995"/>
925 <GENUS name="Amphicoelias" type="with">
926 <MEANING>double cavities</MEANING>
927 <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
928 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
929 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
930 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
931 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="AMNH" id="5764" content="2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, pubis, tooth, scapula, coracoid, ulna"/>
932 <SPECIES name="altus" status="dubiumQ">
933 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
934 <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
936 <SPECIES name="fragillimus" status="dubium">
937 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
938 <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
939 <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
940 <MASS value="150000" q="1"/>
941 <MEANING>very fragile</MEANING>
943 <SPECIES name="latus">
944 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
945 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
946 <MEANING>broad</MEANING>
949 <P> <NOMEN name="Amphicoelias fragillimus"/> was named for an enormous,
950 crumbling vertebra which has since been lost (if it ever existed). Only a
951 drawing remains, which claims that the vertebra was 2.4 m tall.
952 It may have represented an enormous individual of
953 <NOMEN name="A. altus"/> </P>
957 <GENUS name="Amphisaurus" type="with">
958 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Barkas" year="1870"/>
959 <MEANING>double lizard</MEANING>
960 <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
961 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
965 <GENUS name="Amtosaurus" type="with">
966 <MEANING>Amt<LOW>gay</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
968 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
969 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
970 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
971 <REMAINS content="partial braincase" type="holo" museum="N°" id="3780/2"/>
972 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
973 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Tumanova" year="1978"/>
974 <MEANING>great</MEANING>
977 <P> Classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be an early
978 <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. </P>
982 <GENUS name="Amurosaurus" type="with">
983 <MEANING>Amur <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
984 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
985 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
986 <SPECIES name="riabinini">
987 <AUTHOR name="Bolotsky, Kurzanov" year="1991"/>
988 <MEANING>Riabinin's</MEANING>
992 <GENUS name="Amygdalodon" type="with">
993 <MEANING>almond tooth</MEANING>
994 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
995 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
996 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
997 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
998 <REMAINS museum="MLP" id="46-VIII-21-1" content="7 teeth (4 complete), fragmentary presacral & caudal vertebrae, incomplete scapula, partial pubis, rib fragments"/>
999 <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
1000 <AUTHOR name="Cabrera" year="1947"/>
1001 <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
1005 <GENUS name="Anabisetia" type="with">
1006 <SPECIES name="saldiviai" status="nudum">
1007 <AUTHOR name="Coria, Calvo"/>
1008 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Coria" year="1999"/>
1010 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
1011 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
1014 <GENUS name="Anamantarx" status="nudum">
1015 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Lucas, Estep" year="1998"/>
1016 <SYNONYM name="Animantarx"/>
1019 <GENUS name="Anasazisaurus" type="with">
1020 <MEANING>Anasazi <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
1021 <SPECIES name="horneri">
1022 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
1023 <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
1024 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
1028 <GENUS name="Anatosaurus">
1029 <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
1030 <MEANING>duck lizard</MEANING>
1031 <SPECIES name="annectens">
1032 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
1034 <SPECIES name="copei">
1035 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
1036 <MEANING><LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's</MEANING>
1038 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
1039 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
1041 from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton Formation
1044 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
1045 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
1047 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
1048 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
1055 <GENUS name="Anatotitan">
1056 <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman"/>
1057 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chapman, Brett-Surman" year="1990"/>
1059 duck titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW>
1061 <LENGTH value="10"/>
1062 <LENGTH value="13"/>
1063 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
1064 <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota"/>
1065 <SPECIES name="copei" original="Anatosaurus">
1066 <AUTHOR name="Lull, Wright" year="1942"/>
1068 <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
1070 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5730" content="complete skeleton" type="holo"/>
1071 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5886" content="complete skeleton" type="para"/>
1073 <SPECIES name="longiceps" status="dubium" original="Anatosaurus">
1074 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
1075 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="616" content="right dentary with teeth" type="holo"/>
1078 <P> Had a very long, low, flat skull. </P>
1082 <GENUS name="Anchiceratops" type="with">
1087 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
1088 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
1089 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
1090 <SPECIES name="ornatus">
1091 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
1092 <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
1093 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5251" content="incomplete skull" type="holo"/>
1094 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5259" content="braincase, brow horns" type="para"/>
1095 <REMAINS museum="UW" id="5419" content="skull"/>
1096 <REMAINS museum="ROM" id="802" content="skull"/>
1097 <REMAINS museum="NMC" id="8538" content="complete postcranium" q="1"/>
1098 <REMAINS museum="MNC" id="8535" content="skull" synonym="longirostris"/>
1100 <SPECIES name="longirostris">
1101 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
1102 <SYNONYM name="ornatus"/>
1103 <MEANING>long-snouted</MEANING>
1107 <GENUS name="Anchisaurus">
1108 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
1113 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
1114 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
1115 <PLACE name="Connecticut, Massachusetts"/>
1116 <SPECIES name="polyzelus" original="Megadactylus">
1117 <AUTHOR name="Hitchcock" year="1865"/>
1118 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="201" content="fragmentary skeleton" type="holo"/>
1119 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1883" content="skull, 18 presacral vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, left forelimb, ilium, pubes, right hindlimb" synonym="colurus"/>
1120 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="2125" content="partial appendicular & axial remains"/>
1122 <SPECIES name="capensis">
1123 <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
1125 <SPECIES name="colurus">
1126 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
1127 <SYNONYM name="polyzelus" status="q"/>
1129 <SPECIES name="major">
1130 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
1131 <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
1132 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
1134 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
1135 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
1136 <PLACE name="Connecticut, Arizona"/>
1137 <PLACE name="Nova Scotia" q="1"/>
1138 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="208" content="3 presacral vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
1139 <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="209" synonym="Ammosaurus solus" content="pelvis, podes"/>
1140 <REMAINS museum="MNA" id="G2 7233" content="lower parts of skeleton" q="1"/>
1142 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
1143 <SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus sinensis" status="objective"/>
1145 <SPECIES name="solus">
1146 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
1147 <SYNONYM name="Ammosaurus major"/>
1150 <P><NOMEN name="Anchisaurus colurus"/> may represent another gender (female?)
1151 of <NOMEN name="A. polyzelus"/>. <NOMEN name="A. major"/>, the type
1152 species of <NOMEN name="Ammosaurus"/>, may also be a synonym of
1153 <NOMEN name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>.</P>
1157 <GENUS name="Andesaurus" type="with">
1158 <MEANING>Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
1159 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
1160 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
1161 <TIME value="Albian"/>
1162 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
1163 <REMAINS museum="MUCPv" id="132" type="holo" content="articulated vertebrae (4 posterior dorsal, 21 caudal), nearly complete left ischium, incomplete right humerus & femur, incomplete elements"/>
1164 <SPECIES name="delgadoi">
1165 <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
1169 <GENUS name="Angaturama" type="with">
1170 <MEANING>noble one</MEANING>
1171 <TIME value="Albian"/>
1172 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
1173 <REMAINS content="front part of jaws" type="holo"/>
1174 <SPECIES name="limai">
1175 <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1996"/>
1178 <P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. </P>
1182 <GENUS name="Angelinornis">
1183 <AUTHOR name="Kashin" year="1972"/>
1184 <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
1186 Angelina <LOW>Mikhaylovna Sudilovskaya's</LOW> bird
1190 <GENUS name="Angustinaripterus" type="with">
1195 <PLACE name="China"/>
1196 <SPECIES name="longicephalus">
1197 <AUTHOR name="He, Yan, Su" year="1983"/>
1204 <GENUS name="Anhanguera" type="with">
1209 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
1210 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
1211 <SPECIES name="santanae">
1212 <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
1214 from <LOW>the</LOW> Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW>
1217 <SPECIES name="blittersdorffi">
1218 <AUTHOR name="Campos, Kellner" year="1985"/>
1222 <GENUS name="Aniksosaurus" status="unpublished">
1223 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
1224 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
1225 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
1226 <SPECIES name="darwini" status="unpublished">
1227 <MEANING>Darwin's</MEANING>
1230 <P>Hails from the Bajo Barreal Formation.</P>
1234 <GENUS name="Animantarx" type="with">
1235 <MEANING>animate <LOW>(living)</LOW> fortress</MEANING>
1236 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
1237 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
1238 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
1239 <SPECIES name="ramaljonesi">
1240 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="1999"/>
1241 <MEANING>Ramal Jones'</MEANING>
1244 <P>Originally published (as a <I>nomen nudum</I>) as
1245 <NOMEN name="Anamantarx"/>.</P>
1249 <GENUS name="Ankistrodon">
1250 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1865"/>
1251 <SYNONYM name="Epicampodon"/>
1254 <GENUS name="Ankylosaurus" type="with">
1255 <MISSPELLED name="Anchylosaurus"/>
1256 <MISSPELLED name="Ancylosaurus"/>
1257 <MEANING>fused lizard</MEANING>
1258 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
1259 <MASS value="4500"/>
1260 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
1261 <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming, Alberta"/>
1262 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5895" content="skull, scapulocoracoid, vertebrae (7 cervical, 10 dorsal, 4 caudal), ribs, osteoderms" type="holo"/>
1263 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5214" content="tail club"/>
1264 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="1243999" age="juvenile" content="tooth"/>
1265 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="120195" age="juvenile" content="worn tooth"/>
1266 <SPECIES name="magniventris">
1267 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1908"/>
1268 <MEANING>large-sided</MEANING>
1270 <SPECIES name="acinacodens" status="nudum">
1271 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
1272 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
1274 <SPECIES name="tutus">
1275 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
1279 <GENUS name="Anodontosaurus" type="with">
1280 <MEANING>toothless lizard</MEANING>
1281 <SPECIES name="lambei">
1282 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1929"/>
1283 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
1284 <MEANING><LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's</MEANING>
1288 <GENUS name="Anoplosaurus" type="with">
1289 <MEANING>weaponless lizard</MEANING>
1290 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
1291 <PLACE name="England"/>
1292 <SPECIES name="curtonotus">
1293 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
1294 <REMAINS content="skeletal fragments"/>
1296 <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
1297 <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
1299 <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
1300 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1878"/>
1301 <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
1302 <REMAINS museum="SMC" type="holo" content="anterior end of left ramus of mandible, 5 or 6 cervical centra, 12 dorsal vertebrae, 6 sacral centra, neural arches (mostly dorsal), incomplete coracoids, proximal end of scapula, pieces of ribs, ends of right humerus & left femur, partial metatarsals, phalanges, left tibia, fragments"/>
1304 <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus" status="dubium">
1305 <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithopoda" incertae="1"/>
1306 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
1307 <REMAINS museum="SMC" content="19 dorsal, sacral, & caudal vertebrae; neural arch"/>
1310 <P> Once thought to be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but is probably a
1311 primitive <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> (or a combination of fossils from
1316 <GENUS name="Anserimimus" type="with">
1317 <MEANING><NOMEN name="Anser" nolink="1"/> <LOW>(goose)</LOW> mimic</MEANING>
1319 <TIME section="early" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
1320 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
1321 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
1322 <REMAINS museum="SPS GIN AN MPR" id="100/300" content="partial appendicular skeleton including incomplete forelimb, pectoral girdle, & incomplete pes" type="holo"/>
1323 <SPECIES name="planinychus">
1324 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1988"/>
1325 <MEANING>flat-clawed</MEANING>
1329 <GENUS name="Antarctosaurus" type="with">
1330 <MEANING>non-northern lizard</MEANING>
1331 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
1333 <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
1334 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
1335 <PLACE name="Argentina, Chile, Uruguay"/>
1336 <REMAINS museum="Nat'l Museum (Buenos Aires)" id="6804" type="holo" content="incomplete cranium including braincase, mandible?, cervical vertebra, scapula, radius, ulna, pelvis, partial hindlimbs"/>
1337 <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="P13019" content="right femur"/>
1338 <REMAINS museum="AC" id="2300" content="partial left pubis" synonym="giganteus"/>
1340 <SPECIES name="brasiliensis">
1341 <AUTHOR name="Arid, Vizotto" year="1971"/>
1342 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
1343 <REMAINS content="postcranial fragments"/>
1344 <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
1346 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
1347 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
1348 <SYNONYM name="wichmannianus"/>
1349 <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
1351 <SPECIES name="jaxarticus" status="dubium" q="1">
1352 <MISSPELLED name="jaxartensis"/>
1353 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1938"/>
1354 <MEANING>Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW>'s</MEANING>
1356 <SPECIES name="septentrionalis">
1357 <SYNONYM name="Jainosaurus septentrionalis" status="objective"/>
1361 <GENUS name="Anthodon" type="with">
1362 <SPECIES name="serrarius">
1363 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
1364 <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
1365 <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus"/>
1369 <GENUS name="Antrodemus" status="dubium">
1370 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
1371 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
1372 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
1373 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
1374 <REMAINS content="partial tail vertebra" type="holo"/>
1375 <SPECIES name="valens" status="dubium" original="Poekilopleuron">
1376 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1870"/>
1378 <SPECIES name="atrox">
1379 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
1381 <SPECIES name="ferox">
1382 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
1384 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
1385 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
1387 <SPECIES name="lucaris">
1388 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
1390 <SPECIES name="meriani">
1391 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
1393 <SPECIES name="sibiricus">
1394 <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
1396 <SPECIES name="stechowi">
1397 <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus stechowi" status="objective"/>
1398 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
1399 <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
1401 <SPECIES name="sulcatus">
1402 <SYNONYM name="Labrosaurus sulcatus" status="objective"/>
1404 <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
1405 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus tendagurensis" status="objective"/>
1406 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
1408 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
1409 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
1412 <P> This may be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, but remains
1413 are too incomplete to be sure. </P>
1417 <GENUS name="Anurognathus" type="with">
1418 <SPECIES name="ammoni">
1419 <AUTHOR name="Doederline" year="1923"/>
1422 tailless <I>or</I> anuran <LOW>(frog)</LOW> jaw
1424 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
1425 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
1426 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
1429 <GENUS name="Apatodon" type="with">
1430 <MEANING>deceptive tooth</MEANING>
1431 <SPECIES name="mirus" status="dubium">
1432 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
1433 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis"/>
1437 <GENUS name="Apatornis">
1438 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1873"/>
1439 <MEANING>deceptive <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> bird</MEANING>
1441 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
1442 <SPECIES name="celer" original="Ichthyornis">
1443 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
1447 <GENUS name="Apatosaurus" type="with">
1451 <LENGTH value="21"/>
1452 <LENGTH value="26"/>
1453 <MASS value="30000"/>
1454 <MASS value="35000"/>
1455 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
1456 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
1457 <SPECIES name="ajax">
1458 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
1459 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, braincase"/>
1460 <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
1462 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
1463 <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
1465 <SPECIES name="amplus">
1466 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
1467 <SYNONYM name="excelsus"/>
1469 <SPECIES name="excelsus" original="Brontosaurus">
1470 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
1471 <PLACE name="Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
1472 <REMAINS content="6 partial postcrania, skull, jaw, postcranial elements"/>
1474 <SPECIES name="grandis">
1475 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
1480 <SPECIES name="laticollis">
1481 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
1482 <SYNONYM name="ajax"/>
1483 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
1485 <SPECIES name="louisae">
1486 <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1915"/>
1487 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
1488 <REMAINS content="skeleton, postcranium"/>
1490 <SPECIES name="minimus">
1491 <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
1496 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus2">
1497 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
1498 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
1499 <REMAINS content="incomplete pelvic section"/>
1504 <SPECIES name="yahnahpin">
1505 <SYNONYM name="Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin" status="objective"/>
1508 <P> This genus is more popularly known as <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>,
1509 but <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/> has long been considered a junior synonym of
1510 <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>. There is a minority opinion that
1511 <NOMEN name="A. excelsus"/> does represent a valid genus (named
1512 <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>) separate from <NOMEN name="A. ajax"/>. </P>
1514 <P> <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/> was shorter but bulkier than its relatives
1515 <NOMEN name="Barosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
1519 <GENUS name="Apsaravis" type="with">
1520 <MEANING>Apsar bird</MEANING>
1521 <SPECIES name="ukhaana">
1522 <MEANING><LOW>from</LOW> Ukhaa <LOW>Tolgod</LOW></MEANING>
1523 <AUTHOR name="Norell, Clarke" year="2001"/>
1524 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with fragmentary skull"/>
1526 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
1527 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
1530 <GENUS name="Aragosaurus" type="with">
1532 Aragón<LOW>, Spain</LOW>lizard
1534 <LENGTH value="18"/>
1535 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
1536 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
1537 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, forelimb, ischium, pubis, scapula"/>
1538 <SPECIES name="ischiatus">
1539 <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscialoni, Casanovas, Santafe" year="1987"/>
1543 <GENUS name="Aralosaurus" type="with">
1545 Aral <LOW>Sea</LOW> lizard
1549 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
1550 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
1551 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
1552 <REMAINS content="skull, limb bones, vertebrae"/>
1553 <SPECIES name="tuberiferus">
1554 <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
1557 <P> Classified as a <LINK content="gryposaurin hadrosaurine"/>, but
1558 may be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
1562 <GENUS name="Arambourgiania">
1563 <MISSPELLED name="Arambourgiana"/>
1564 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
1566 <LOW>Camille</LOW> Arambourg's <LOW>one</LOW>
1568 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
1569 <PLACE name="Jordan"/>
1570 <SPECIES name="philadelphiae" original="Titanopteryx">
1571 <AUTHOR name="Arambourg" year="1959"/>
1574 <P> This genus was originally called
1575 <NOMEN name="Titanopteryx"/> ("titanic wing"), but that name was already
1576 given to an insect(!) </P>
1580 <GENUS name="Araripedactylus" type="with">
1582 Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> finger
1585 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
1586 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
1587 <REMAINS content="phalanx from 5th digit"/>
1588 <SPECIES name="dehmi">
1589 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1977"/>
1593 <GENUS name="Araripesaurus" type="with">
1595 Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW> lizard
1598 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
1599 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
1600 <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
1601 <SPECIES name="castilhoi">
1602 <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1971"/>
1606 <GENUS name="Araucanoraptor" type="with">
1608 Araucan <LOW>chicken</LOW> raider
1610 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
1612 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
1613 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
1614 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
1615 <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="nudum">
1616 <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
1622 <P> A sickle-clawed predator, probably a <LINK content="paravian"/> or a
1623 <LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
1627 <GENUS name="Archaeoceratops" type="with">
1632 <PLACE name="China"/>
1633 <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs"/>
1634 <SPECIES name="oshimai">
1635 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Azuma" year="1997"/>
1639 <GENUS name="Archaeopteryx" type="with">
1640 <MEANING>ancient wing/feather</MEANING>
1641 <MISSPELLED name="Archäopteryx"/>
1642 <MISSPELLED name="Archaeopterix"/>
1643 <MISSPELLED name="Archeopteryx"/>
1644 <MISSPELLED name="Archopteryx"/>
1645 <LENGTH value="0.45"/>
1647 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
1648 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
1649 <REMAINS content="isolated feather impression" q="1"/>
1650 <SPECIES name="lithographica" status="conservandum">
1651 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
1652 <AUTHOR type="sensu" name="Nopcsa" year="1927"/>
1653 <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete, all with feather impressions)"/>
1654 <MEANING>stone-written</MEANING>
1656 <SPECIES name="bavarica">
1657 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1993"/>
1658 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
1659 <MEANING>Bavarian</MEANING>
1661 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
1662 <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
1664 <SPECIES name="macrura" status="oblitum">
1665 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1862"/>
1666 <MEANING>large-tailed</MEANING>
1667 <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
1669 <SPECIES name="oweni" status="oblitum">
1670 <AUTHOR name="Petronievics" year="1917"/>
1671 <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
1672 <MEANING><LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's</MEANING>
1674 <SPECIES name="recurva">
1675 <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1984"/>
1676 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
1677 <MEANING>recurved</MEANING>
1679 <SPECIES name="siemensii">
1680 <AUTHOR name="Dames" year="1897"/>
1681 <SYNONYM name="lithographica"/>
1684 <P> The origin of <LINK content="birds"/> is associated with this creature,
1685 the "first bird" (nicknamed "Archie"). Although it resembled other small
1686 <LINK content="theropods"/> so much that one skeleton was for years
1687 mistakenly identified as <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, it bore feathers
1688 identical to those of <LINK content="modern flying birds"/>. When it was
1689 first discovered in 1861, early evolutionists quickly recognized it as the
1690 "missing link" between birds and more primitive <LINK content="reptiles"/>.
1693 <P> In many ways, <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> was unlike modern birds.
1694 Like non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>, it had a bony
1695 tail (short for a theropod, very long for a bird), teeth, and clawed fingers.
1696 It also had a hyperextendable "switchblade" claw on each foot, like its
1697 relatives the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. But it was a bird and
1698 featured avian characteristics, like a reduced number of tail vertebrae and
1699 unserrated teeth. </P>
1701 <P> Here is a table of known <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/> specimens (which
1702 are named after where they were first displayed):
1704 <B>Specimen Found Recognized Complete</B>
1710 Eichstätt 1951 1970 X
1712 <NOMEN name="A. bavarica"/> 1992 1993 X
1714 <P>The Solnhofen specimen may represent a new genus and species, <NOMEN
1715 name="Wellnhoferia grandis"/>.</P>
1719 <GENUS name="Archaeoraptor" type="with">
1720 <MEANING>ancient raider <I>or</I> <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>/<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/></MEANING>
1721 <SYNONYM name="Microraptor"/>
1722 <PROPERTAXON name="Aves" incertae="1"/>
1723 <SPECIES name="liaoningensis">
1724 <MEANING>from Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW></MEANING>
1725 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olson" year="2000"/>
1726 <AUTHOR name="Stephen Czerkas, Sylvia Czerkas"/>
1729 <P header="A Messy Situation"> This name has an ugly, if brief, history
1730 behind it. Here is an attempt to sum it up. </P>
1732 <P>The name "Archaeoraptor liaoningensis" was originally published in a
1733 National Geographic article in 1999. Pictures of the type specimen,
1734 supposedly a link between <LINK content="Aves"/> and more primitive, <LINK
1735 content="deinonychosaur"/>-like animals, were also published, but there
1736 was no formal diagnosis. Furthermore, the article disclaimed itself as a
1737 formal description and announced that the animal would be properly
1738 described later. Thus, at that point in time, according to ICZN rules, the
1739 name "Archaeoraptor" was a <I>nomen nudum</I>, completely unofficial.</P>
1741 <P>Shortly after publication, it became clear that the hindpart (tail,
1742 hindlimbs) of "Archaeoraptor" was from a different animal than the rest of
1743 it. This was discovered because the more complete counterslab to the
1744 hindpart had been found, and indicated that that part belonged to a basal
1745 <LINK content="paravian"/>, possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.
1746 The forepart was determined to be <LINK content="avian"/>. At that point I
1747 decided to use the unofficial name "Archaeoraptor" for the avian forepart,
1748 which was the major part of the supposed specimen.</P>
1750 <P>The hindpart and its counterslab were described in 2000 as <NOMEN
1751 name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. But, unbeknownst to the authors, Storrs
1752 Olson, a paleornithologist, had already formally designated the hindpart as the
1753 type specimen of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>, publishing a
1754 minimal description in an obscure journal. (The intent was to remove the
1755 infamous name of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> from the field of
1756 paleornithology.) Thus, as of this writing, the name <NOMEN
1757 name="Microraptor"/> should be considered a junior objective synonym of
1758 <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> by ICZN rules. The avian section should
1759 be considered <LINK content="Aves"/> <I>innom.</I></P>
1761 <P>Many consider Olson's publication unwarranted and irresponsible. There
1762 will be a petition to the ICZN to formally reject the name <NOMEN
1763 name="Archaeoraptor"/> and conserve the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>.
1764 In the hope that it succeeds, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>
1765 for the basal paravian, despite ICZN rules.</P>
1767 <P>The avian section has yet to be formally described and named.</P>
1772 <GENUS name="Archaeornis">
1773 <MISSPELLED name="Archaeonis"/>
1774 <MISSPELLED name="Archeornis"/>
1775 <AUTHOR name="Petronievics"/>
1776 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Petronievics, Woodward" year="1917"/>
1777 <MEANING>ancient bird</MEANING>
1778 <SPECIES name="siemensii">
1779 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx siemensii" status="objective"/>
1783 <GENUS name="Archaeornithoides" type="with">
1785 <NOMEN name="Archaeornis"/> <LOW>(=<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>)</LOW> form
1787 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="1" q="1"/>
1788 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
1789 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
1790 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull (juvenile)"/>
1791 <SPECIES name="deinosauricus">
1792 <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski, Wellnhofer" year="1992"/>
1798 <P> A poorly known dinosaur, <NOMEN name="Archaeornithoides"/> has been
1799 classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/> because of its unserrated
1800 teeth, but it may be some kind of <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, perhaps a
1801 juvenile <NOMEN name="Byronosaurus"/>. </P>
1805 <GENUS name="Archaeornithomimus">
1806 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
1808 ancient <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/>
1810 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
1811 <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
1812 <TIME value="Albian"/>
1813 <PLACE name="China"/>
1814 <SPECIES name="asiaticus" original="Ornithomimus">
1815 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
1819 <REMAINS content="partial hand, metatarsi, vertebrae, limb elements, claws"/>
1821 <SPECIES name="affinis">
1822 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
1824 <SPECIES name="bissektensis" status="dubium">
1825 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
1826 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
1830 <GENUS name="Arctosaurus" type="with">
1834 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
1836 <PLACE name="Canada"/>
1837 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
1838 <SPECIES name="osborni" status="dubium">
1839 <AUTHOR name="Adams" year="1875"/>
1842 <P> May or may not be a <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
1846 <GENUS name="Argentinosaurus" type="with">
1850 <LENGTH value="35" q="1"/>
1851 <LENGTH value="45" q="1"/>
1852 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
1853 <MASS value="100000" q="1"/>
1854 <TIME value="Albian"/>
1855 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
1856 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
1857 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, tibia, fragmentary ribs, sacrum"/>
1858 <SPECIES name="huinculensis">
1859 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Coria" year="1993"/>
1862 <P> Probably the largest known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
1866 <GENUS name="Argyrosaurus" type="with">
1870 <LENGTH value="20"/>
1871 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
1872 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
1873 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
1874 <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
1875 <REMAINS content="forelimb"/>
1876 <REMAINS content="other material" q="1"/>
1877 <SPECIES name="superbus">
1878 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
1885 <GENUS name="Aristosaurus" type="with">
1889 <SPECIES name="erectus">
1890 <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
1891 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
1898 <GENUS name="Aristosuchus" status="dubiumQ">
1899 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
1900 <MEANING>best crocodile</MEANING>
1901 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
1902 <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
1903 <SPECIES name="pusillus" original="Poekilopleuron" status="dubiumQ">
1904 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
1905 <PLACE name="England"/>
1906 <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1876"/>
1907 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178" content="partial sacrum, pubes" type="holo"/>
1908 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R178a" content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
1909 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R179" content="manual ungual"/>
1910 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R899" content="manual ungual"/>
1911 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R5194" content="femur"/>
1912 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="R6426" content="ischium"/>
1914 <SPECIES name="oweni">
1915 <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus oweni" status="objective"/>
1917 <SPECIES name="sp.">
1918 <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1" q="1"/>
1920 <PLACE name="Romania"/>
1921 <REMAINS content="2 caudal vertebrae"/>
1924 <P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Calamosaurus foxi"/>. Along with
1925 <NOMEN name="Calamospondylus oweni"/>, a confusing taxonomic situation.</P>
1929 <GENUS name="Arkansaurus" type="with">
1930 <MISSPELLED name="Arkanosaurus"/>
1934 <PLACE name="Arkansas"/>
1935 <SPECIES name="fridayi" status="nudum">
1936 <AUTHOR name="Sattler" year="1983"/>
1939 <P> May be a primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>. </P>
1943 <GENUS name="Arrhinoceratops" type="with">
1945 without nose-horn face
1949 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
1950 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
1951 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
1952 <SPECIES name="brachyops">
1953 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1925"/>
1958 <SPECIES name="utahensis">
1959 <SYNONYM name="Torosaurus utahensis" status="objective"/>
1965 <P> Inappropriately named, since it did have a nasal horn. </P>
1969 <GENUS name="Arstanosaurus" type="with">
1973 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
1974 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
1975 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
1976 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan, Mongolia"/>
1977 <REMAINS content="partial maxilla, hindlimb material, teeth"/>
1978 <SPECIES name="akkurganensis" status="dubium">
1979 <AUTHOR name="Suslov, Shilin" year="1982"/>
1982 <P>Once thought to be potentially <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, re-analysis
1983 suggests that this species is <LINK content="iguanodontian"/>,
1984 probably <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
1988 <GENUS name="Arthurdactylus">
1990 <LOW>Sir</LOW> Arthur <LOW>Conan Doyle's</LOW> finger
1992 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
1993 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
1994 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
1995 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
1996 <SPECIES name="conandoylensis">
1997 <AUTHOR name="Frey, Martill" year="1994"/>
1999 <LOW>Sir Arthur</LOW> Conan Doyle's
2003 <P> <NOMEN name="Arthurdactylus"/> had the longest wings proportional
2004 to its size of any flying animal. </P>
2008 <GENUS name="Asiaceratops" type="with">
2014 <TIME value="Albian"/>
2015 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
2016 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, skeletal elements"/>
2017 <SPECIES name="salsopaludalis" status="dubiumQ">
2018 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina, Cherepanov" year="1989"/>
2020 <SPECIES name="sulcidens">
2021 <SYNONYM name="Microceratops sulcidens" status="objective"/>
2025 <GENUS name="Asiahesperornis" type="with">
2026 <SPECIES name="bashanovi">
2027 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Prizemlin" year="1991"/>
2030 Asian <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
2033 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
2036 <GENUS name="Asiamericana" type="with">
2037 <MEANING>Asia-American <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
2038 <SPECIES name="asiatica">
2039 <MEANING>Asian</MEANING>
2040 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
2041 <PROPERTAXON name="Actinopterygii"/>
2043 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
2045 <P>These teeth were though to be from a <LINK content="spinosaurid"/>,
2046 but are actually those of a saurodontid <LINK content="fish"/>.</P>
2050 <GENUS name="Asiatosaurus" type="with">
2055 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
2056 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
2057 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
2061 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
2063 <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium" q="1">
2064 <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
2065 <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
2066 <REMAINS museum="KPE" id="8001" content="tooth (46mm)"/>
2067 <PLACE name="Korea"/>
2069 <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
2070 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
2071 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
2075 <GENUS name="Astrodon" status="dubium">
2076 <MISSPELLED name="Astrond"/>
2077 <MISSPELLED name="Astrood"/>
2078 <MISSPELLED name="Astrodom"/>
2079 <AUTHOR name="Johnston" year="1859"/>
2083 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
2084 <TIME value="Albian"/>
2085 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
2086 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
2087 <SPECIES name="johnstoni" status="dubium">
2088 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
2090 <SPECIES name="montanus">
2091 <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus montanus" status="objective"/>
2093 <SPECIES name="nanus">
2094 <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus nanus" status="objective"/>
2096 <SPECIES name="pusillus" status="dubium">
2097 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
2098 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
2100 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
2101 <SYNONYM name="Pleurocoelus valdensis" status="objective"/>
2104 <P> Maryland's state <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (excluding the Baltimore
2105 oriole, of course). Sometimes synonymized with <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus"/>.
2110 <GENUS name="Astrodonius">
2111 <MISSPELLED name="Astrodontius"/>
2112 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
2116 <SPECIES name="johnstoni">
2117 <SYNONYM name="Astrodon johnstoni" status="objective"/>
2119 <SPECIES name="pusillus">
2120 <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
2124 <GENUS name="Atlantosaurus">
2125 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
2129 <SPECIES name="montanus">
2130 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
2135 <SPECIES name="ajax">
2136 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
2138 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
2139 <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
2141 <SPECIES name="amplus">
2142 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus amplus" status="objective"/>
2144 <SPECIES name="excelsus">
2145 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
2147 <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
2148 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
2149 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax"/>
2151 <SPECIES name="laticollis">
2152 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus laticollis" status="objective"/>
2154 <SPECIES name="louisae">
2155 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
2157 <SPECIES name="minimus">
2158 <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus minimus" status="objective"/>
2165 <GENUS name="Atlasaurus" type="with">
2166 <MEANING>Atlas' <LOW>(mountain range and giant of Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
2167 <SPECIES name="imelakei">
2168 <MEANING>Imelake's <LOW>(giant of Arabian mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
2169 <AUTHOR name="Monbaron, D. A. Russell, Taquet" year="1999"/>
2171 <LENGTH value="13"/>
2172 <LENGTH value="14"/>
2173 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
2174 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
2175 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
2176 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
2179 <GENUS name="Atlascopcosaurus" type="with">
2181 Atlas Copco's <LOW>(mining company)</LOW> lizard
2185 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
2186 <TIME value="Albian"/>
2187 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
2188 <REMAINS content="maxilla, teeth"/>
2189 <SPECIES name="loadsi">
2190 <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
2191 <MEANING><LOW>William</LOW> Loads'</MEANING>
2193 <SPECIES name="sp.">
2197 <GENUS name="Aublysodon" type="with">
2201 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
2202 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
2203 <MASS value="80" q="1"/>
2204 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
2205 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico"/>
2206 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
2207 <REMAINS content="skeletal material" q="1"/>
2208 <SPECIES name="mirandis" status="dubium">
2209 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
2211 <SPECIES name="amplus" status="dubium">
2212 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
2214 <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
2215 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
2220 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
2221 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
2223 <SPECIES name="grandis">
2224 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
2226 <SPECIES name="horridus">
2227 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
2229 <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis">
2230 <SYNONYM name="Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis" status="objective"/>
2232 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
2233 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
2235 <SPECIES name="lancinator">
2236 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
2238 <SPECIES name="lateralis" status="dubium">
2239 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
2240 <SYNONYM name="mirandis"/>
2242 <SPECIES name="molnari">
2243 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
2244 <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
2246 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
2247 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
2249 <ESSAY><P>Probably a juvenile of another genus.</P></ESSAY>
2252 <GENUS name="Aucasaurus" type="with">
2253 <MEANING>Auca <LOW>Mahuevo</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
2254 <SPECIES name="garridoi" status="nudum">
2255 <MEANING><LOW>Alberto</LOW> Garrido's <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
2256 <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Coria"/>
2257 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Dingus" year="2001"/>
2258 <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen with pelvic soft tissue impressions"/>
2261 <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
2262 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
2263 <ESSAY> <P>Similar to the larger <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/>, but with
2264 proportionally longer arms, a longer and lower skull, and bumps instead of
2267 <P>The single specimen was buried at the bottom of a shallow lake, in
2268 sediment that became the Anacleto Member of the Rio Colorado Formation.
2269 Part of its skull was broken apart.</P>
2273 <GENUS name="Augustia" type="with">
2274 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Zariquiey" year="1927"/>
2275 <MEANING>august <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
2276 <SPECIES name="ligabuei">
2277 <SYNONYM name="Agustinia ligabuei" status="objective"/>
2280 This name was preoccupied by a beetle.
2284 <GENUS name="Austroraptor" status="unpublished">
2285 <MISSPELLED name="Austraptor"/>
2286 <SYNONYM name="Ozraptor"/>
2292 <GENUS name="Austrosaurus" type="with">
2296 <LENGTH value="15"/>
2297 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
2298 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, partial limb bones"/>
2299 <SPECIES name="mckillopi" status="dubiumQ">
2300 <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1933"/>
2301 <TIME value="Albian"/>
2303 <SPECIES name="sp.">
2304 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
2308 <GENUS name="Avaceratops" type="with">
2310 Ava <LOW>Cole</LOW>'s horned face
2312 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="2.5"/>
2313 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
2314 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
2315 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skull, skeleton"/>
2316 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="skull" q="1"/>
2317 <SPECIES name="lammersi">
2318 <AUTHOR name="Dodson" year="1986"/>
2321 <P> May be a juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>
2322 genus, or a subadult of its own genus (possibly
2323 non-<LINK content="ceratopsid"/>). </P>
2327 <GENUS name="Avalonia" type="with">
2328 <MISSPELLED name="Abalonia"/>
2329 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Walcott" year="1889"/>
2330 <SPECIES name="sanfordi">
2331 <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi" status="objective"/>
2335 <GENUS name="Avalonianus">
2336 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
2337 <SPECIES name="sanfordi" original="Avalonia">
2338 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
2339 <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
2340 <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
2344 <GENUS name="Avimimus" type="with">
2350 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
2351 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
2352 <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons"/>
2353 <SPECIES name="portentosus">
2354 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1981"/>
2355 <MEANING>0</MEANING>
2358 <P> Some have suggested that the small, toothless(?)
2359 <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> was feathered. It had little ridges running along
2360 its arms that may represent anchor points for feather shafts, although
2361 <LINK content="birds"/> generally have bone "pimples" for anchor points
2362 instead of straight ridges. </P>
2364 <P> This animal is difficult to classify. Its metatarsals were pinched, like
2365 those of <LINK content="arctometatarsalians"/>,
2366 <LINK content="caenagnathids"/>, and advanced <LINK content="alvarezsaurs"/>.
2367 It may belong to any or none of these groups. It had some very bird-like
2368 traits, and its head was somewhat similar to <LINK content="oviraptorids"/>.
2369 It has even been suggested that it may be a chimera made up of two different
2370 animals, but a recent find seems to dispel this idea. </P>
2372 <P> <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/> may be related to <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
2373 and/or <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/>. </P>
2377 <GENUS name="Avipes" type="with">
2382 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
2383 <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
2384 <SPECIES name="dillstedtianus" status="dubium">
2385 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
2388 <P> Possibly a "<LINK content="lagosuchian"/>" or even a very early
2389 <LINK content="theropod"/>. Tiny, whatever it was. </P>
2393 <GENUS name="Avisaurus" type="with">
2398 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
2399 <SPECIES name="archibaldi">
2400 <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman, Paul" year="1985"/>
2402 <SPECIES name="gloriae">
2403 <AUTHOR name="Varrichio, Chiappe" year="1995"/>
2406 <P> Originally thought to be a non-<LINK content="avian"/>
2407 <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
2411 <GENUS name="Azendohsaurus" type="with">
2413 Azendoh <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
2415 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
2416 <TIME section="middle" value="Carnian"/>
2417 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
2418 <REMAINS content="dentary, isolated teeth"/>
2419 <SPECIES name="laaroussi" status="dubiumQ">
2420 <AUTHOR name="Dutuit" year="1972"/>
2424 <GENUS name="Azhdarcho" type="with">
2428 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
2429 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
2430 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
2431 <SPECIES name="lancicollis">
2432 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
2436 <GENUS name="Bactrosaurus" type="with">
2437 <MISSPELLED name="Batractosaurus"/>
2439 club<LOW>-spined</LOW> lizard
2444 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
2445 <REMAINS content="material from at least 6 skeletons"/>
2446 <SPECIES name="johnsoni">
2447 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
2449 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
2450 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
2452 from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
2454 <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae"/>
2455 <REMAINS content="tibia" q="1"/>
2457 <SPECIES name="prynadai">
2458 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1939"/>
2459 <SYNONYM name="johnsoni"/>
2460 <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
2461 <SYNONYM name="Tanius sinensis"/>
2465 <GENUS name="Bagaceratops" type="with">
2470 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
2471 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
2472 <REMAINS content="skulls (5 complete), fragmentary postcrania (juvenile & adult)"/>
2473 <SPECIES name="rozhdestvenskyi">
2474 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
2477 <P> Had a small nasal horn. </P>
2481 <GENUS name="Bagaraatan" type="with">
2486 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
2487 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
2488 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
2489 <REMAINS content="mandible, partial pelvis & hindlimb, back and tail vertebrae"/>
2490 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
2491 <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1996"/>
2493 <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
2498 <GENUS name="Bahariasaurus" type="with">
2500 Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW> lizard
2502 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
2503 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
2504 <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
2505 <TIME value="Albian"/>
2506 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
2507 <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
2508 <PLACE name="Niger" q="1"/>
2509 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
2510 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubiumQ">
2511 <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1934"/>
2515 <GENUS name="Bambiraptor" type="with">
2516 <MEANING>Bambi <LOW>(fictional fawn)</LOW> raider</MEANING>
2517 <SPECIES name="feinbergorum">
2518 <MEANING><LOW>Ann and Michael</LOW> Feinberg's </MEANING>
2519 <AUTHOR name="Burnham, Derstler, Currie, Bakker, Zhou, Ostrom" year="2000"/>
2520 <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Olshevsky" year="2000"/>
2522 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
2523 <LENGTH value="1" age="subadult"/>
2524 <MASS value="3" age="subadult"/>
2525 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
2526 <REMAINS content="specimen" age="subadult" type="holo"/>
2527 <ESSAY><P>This tiny, long-armed, <LINK content="bird"/>-like creature was originally
2528 thought to be a juvenile <LINK content="velociraptorine"/>. It has the
2529 largest brain-to-body ratio of any non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaur.</P>
2530 <P><I>see also</I>: <REFER page="http://www.bambiraptor.com/" title="The Bambiraptor Home Page"/></P>
2534 <GENUS name="Baptornis" type="with">
2539 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
2540 <SPECIES name="advenus">
2541 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
2545 <GENUS name="Barapasaurus" type="with">
2549 <LENGTH value="18"/>
2550 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
2551 <PLACE name="India"/>
2552 <REMAINS content="6 partial skeletons (missing skull & feet)"/>
2553 <SPECIES name="tagorei">
2554 <AUTHOR name="Jain, Kutty, Roy-Chowdhury, Chatterjee" year="1975"/>
2558 <GENUS name="Barosaurus" type="with">
2562 <LENGTH value="20"/>
2563 <LENGTH value="27"/>
2564 <MASS value="10000"/>
2565 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
2566 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
2567 <SPECIES name="lentus">
2568 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
2569 <PLACE name="S. Dakota, Utah"/>
2570 <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, partial tail"/>
2572 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
2573 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1899"/>
2574 <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
2576 <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Gigantosaurus2">
2577 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
2578 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
2579 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons, elements"/>
2584 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
2585 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1961"/>
2586 <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
2587 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
2588 <REMAINS content="limb bones"/>
2594 <P> <NOMEN name="Barosaurus africanus"/> may represent a separate genus
2595 (<NOMEN name="Tornieria"/>). </P>
2599 <GENUS name="Barsboldia" type="with">
2601 <LOW>Rinchen</LOW> Barsbold's <LOW>one</LOW>
2603 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
2604 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
2605 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
2606 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, metatarsus"/>
2607 <SPECIES name="sicinskii" status="dubiumQ">
2608 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
2611 <P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>. </P>
2615 <GENUS name="Baryonyx" type="with">
2619 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
2620 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="9.5"/>
2621 <MASS age="subadult" value="1500"/>
2622 <MASS age="subadult" value="2000"/>
2623 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
2624 <PLACE name="England"/>
2625 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
2626 <MEANING>Walker's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
2627 <AUTHOR name="Charig, Milner" year="1987"/>
2628 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="partial skeleton, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
2631 <P> <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> possessed a number of characteristics that set
2632 it apart from other <LINK content="theropods"/>. The skull and (numerous)
2633 teeth were rather crocodile-like. Unlike most <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>,
2634 the neck lacked a strong S-curve. There was a foot-long claw (for which the
2635 genus is named) on each hand. A piscivorous (fish-eating) lifestyle has been
2636 suggested for this 30-foot long predator, since fish teeth
2637 (<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Lepidotes"/>) and imprints of fish scales have been
2638 found in its belly. </P>
2642 <GENUS name="Bashunosaurus" type="with">
2643 <SPECIES name="kaijiangensis" status="nudum">
2644 <AUTHOR name="Kuang" year="1996"/>
2645 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
2646 <PLACE name="China"/>
2650 <GENUS name="Basutodon" type="with">
2651 <SPECIES name="ferox">
2652 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
2653 <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
2654 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
2655 <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
2659 <GENUS name="Bathygnathus">
2660 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1854"/>
2661 <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenacodontidae"/>
2664 <GENUS name="Batrachognathus">
2669 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
2670 <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
2671 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".5"/>
2672 <SPECIES name="volans">
2673 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1948"/>
2679 <P> So-named for its large, grotesque head. </P>
2683 <GENUS name="Becklespinax">
2684 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
2686 <LOW>Samuel H.</LOW> Beckle's spined <LOW>one</LOW>
2688 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
2689 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
2690 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
2691 <PLACE name="England"/>
2692 <REMAINS content="3 vertebrae, partial metatarsus, teeth"/>
2693 <SPECIES name="altispinax" original="Acrocanthosaurus">
2694 <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
2695 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
2696 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
2701 <SPECIES name="sp.">
2702 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
2705 <P> <REFER page="Altispinax"/> </P>
2709 <GENUS name="Beelemodon" status="nudum">
2710 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1997"/>
2711 <TIME section="late" value="LJ"/>
2712 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
2713 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
2714 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements" q="1"/>
2716 <P> Mentioned as an "omnivorouscarnivorous" <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. </P>
2720 <GENUS name="Beipiaosaurus" type="with">
2724 <LENGTH value="2.2"/>
2725 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
2726 <PLACE name="China"/>
2727 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton with integument impressions"/>
2728 <SPECIES name="inexpectus">
2729 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Tang, Wang" year="1999"/>
2735 <P> The fourth non-<LINK content="avian"/> discovered to have feathers or
2736 feather-like integument, from the same Early Cretaceous Chinese deposits
2737 as the other four (<NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>,
2738 <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
2739 most recently <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>).
2740 <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' integument seems somewhat similar to that
2741 of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>, but longer -- 5 cm on the average and
2742 up to 7 cm on the arms. The ends seem to have branching structures. </P>
2744 <P> Apart from the integument, <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, a primitive
2745 <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>, has features which show therizinosaurs to be
2746 <LINK content="coelurosaurian"/> <LINK content="theropods"/>, not
2747 <LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> or <LINK content="ornithischian"/> relatives as
2748 sometimes thought. Unlike most other theropods, therizinosaurs have
2749 four functional toes, like sauropodomorphs and some ornithischians.
2750 But <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>' feet, which have reduced inner toes,
2751 show that the therizinosaur condition evolved from a three-toed ancestor.
2754 <P> The head was relatively larger than that of other therizinosaurs, and
2755 it had some features similar to the related
2756 <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. </P>
2760 <GENUS name="Bellusaurus" type="with">
2765 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
2766 <PLACE name="China"/>
2767 <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skull, postcrania (from 17 individuals)"/>
2768 <SPECIES name="sui">
2769 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1990"/>
2772 <NOMEN name="Klamelisaurus"/> may represent the adult form of this animal.
2776 <GENUS name="Belodon">
2777 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1842"/>
2778 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
2781 <GENUS name="Bennettazhia" status="dubium">
2782 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1991"/>
2784 Bennett's <LINK content="azhdarchid"/>
2787 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
2790 <GENUS name="Betasuchus" status="dubium">
2791 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
2793 <LOW>ornithomimid genus</LOW> B crocodile
2795 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
2796 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
2797 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
2798 <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
2799 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
2800 <SPECIES name="bredai" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
2801 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
2804 <P> May be an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>. </P>
2808 <GENUS name="Bienosaurus" type="with">
2809 <MEANING><LOW>Mai N.</LOW> Bien's lizard</MEANING>
2810 <SPECIES name="lufengensis">
2811 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
2812 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="2001"/>
2814 <SPECIES name="crichtonii" status="nudum">
2815 <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
2816 <MEANING><LOW>Michael</LOW> Crichton's</MEANING>
2817 <AUTHOR year="2000"/>
2819 <PLACE name="China"/>
2821 <REMAINS content="mandible, skull fragments, etc."/>
2823 A small biped (about 1 meter tall) with armored cheeks.
2827 <GENUS name="Bihariosaurus" type="with">
2831 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
2832 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
2833 <PLACE name="Romania"/>
2834 <REMAINS content="teeth, skeletal fragments"/>
2835 <SPECIES name="bauxiticus">
2836 <AUTHOR name="Marinescu" year="1989"/>
2840 <GENUS name="Bilbeyhallorum" status="nudum">
2841 <AUTHOR name="Burge, Bird, McClelland, Cicconetti" year="1999"/>
2842 <SYNONYM name="Cedarpelta"/>
2845 <GENUS name="Blikanasaurus" type="with">
2851 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
2852 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
2853 <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
2854 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb"/>
2855 <SPECIES name="cromptoni">
2856 <AUTHOR name="Galton, van Heerden" year="1985"/>
2860 <GENUS name="Bogolubovia" status="dubium">
2861 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1989"/>
2863 <LOW>Nikolai</LOW> Bogolubov's <LOW>one</LOW>
2866 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
2869 <GENUS name="Boluochia" type="with">
2871 Boluochi <LOW>one</LOW>
2873 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
2874 <PLACE name="China"/>
2875 <SPECIES name="zhengi">
2876 <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1995"/>
2877 <MEANING>Zheng's</MEANING>
2880 <P> Had a hooked beak and sharp talons. </P>
2884 <GENUS name="Borogovia" type="with">
2886 borogove <LOW>(creature in "Jabberwocky", a poem by Lewis Carroll)</LOW>
2888 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
2889 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
2890 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
2891 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
2892 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
2893 <SPECIES name="gracilicrus">
2894 <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1987"/>
2898 <GENUS name="Bothriospondylus" type="with">
2899 <MISSPELLED name="Bathriospondylus"/>
2900 <MISSPELLED name="Bothrospondylus"/>
2901 <MISSPELLED name="Bothryospondylus"/>
2905 <LENGTH value="15"/>
2906 <LENGTH value="20"/>
2907 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
2908 <PLACE name="England"/>
2909 <SPECIES name="suffosus" status="dubiumQ">
2910 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
2911 <REMAINS content="back and hip verebrae"/>
2913 <SPECIES name="alenquerenis">
2914 <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
2916 <SPECIES name="elongatus" status="dubium">
2917 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
2918 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
2923 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium" q="1">
2924 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
2925 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1895"/>
2926 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
2927 <PLACE name="Europe" q="1"/>
2929 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
2930 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
2931 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
2936 <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubiumQ" original="Marmarospondylus">
2937 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
2938 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
2945 <GENUS name="Brachiosaurus" type="with">
2949 <LENGTH value="22"/>
2950 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
2951 <MASS value="30000"/>
2952 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
2953 <REMAINS content="skull" q="1"/>
2954 <SPECIES name="altithorax">
2955 <AUTHOR name="Riggs" year="1903"/>
2956 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
2957 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
2958 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
2959 <REMAINS content="2 partial specimens"/>
2964 <SPECIES name="atalaiensis">
2965 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
2966 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
2967 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
2968 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hip & limb elements"/>
2970 <SPECIES name="brancai">
2971 <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
2973 <SPECIES name="fraasi">
2974 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
2975 <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai"/>
2977 <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
2978 <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
2980 <SPECIES name="nougaredi" status="dubiumQ" q="1">
2981 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
2982 <TIME value="Albian"/>
2983 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
2984 <PLACE name="Algeria"/>
2985 <REMAINS content="sacrum, forelimb elements"/>
2988 <P> At one time the largest known land animal of all time, <NOMEN
2989 name="Brachiosaurus"/> has since been superceded in height by <NOMEN
2990 name="Sauroposeidon"/> and in mass by South American <LINK
2991 content="titanosaurs"/> such as <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>. </P>
2995 <GENUS name="Brachyceratops" type="with">
2999 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1.8"/>
3000 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3001 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
3002 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
3003 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons (subadult or juvenile)"/>
3004 <SPECIES name="montanensis">
3005 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
3010 <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
3011 <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius dawsoni" status="objective"/>
3013 <SPECIES name="ovatus">
3014 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus ovatus" status="objective"/>
3017 <P> May be the juvenile of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus. </P>
3021 <GENUS name="Brachylophosaurus" type="with">
3026 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
3027 <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
3028 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
3029 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1953"/>
3030 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
3031 <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
3036 <SPECIES name="goodwini">
3037 <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1988"/>
3038 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
3039 <REMAINS content="1 specimen"/>
3043 <GENUS name="Brachypodosaurus" type="with">
3047 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
3048 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3049 <PLACE name="India"/>
3050 <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
3051 <SPECIES name="gravis" status="dubium">
3052 <AUTHOR name="Chakravarti" year="1934"/>
3058 <P> Could be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> or a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
3063 <GENUS name="Brachyrophus" type="with">
3065 short roof<LOW>ed vertebra</LOW>
3067 <SPECIES name="altarkansanus" status="dubium">
3068 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
3069 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar"/>
3073 <GENUS name="Bradycneme" type="with">
3077 <SPECIES name="draculae" status="dubiumQ">
3078 <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
3079 <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
3081 <LOW>Count</LOW> Dracula's
3086 <GENUS name="Brasileodactylus" type="with">
3090 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
3091 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
3092 <REMAINS content="partial lower jaw"/>
3093 <SPECIES name="araripensis">
3094 <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1984"/>
3098 <GENUS name="Brasileosaurus" type="with">
3102 <SPECIES name="pachecoi" status="dubium">
3103 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1931"/>
3104 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
3108 <GENUS name="Breviceratops">
3109 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1990"/>
3114 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
3115 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3116 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
3117 <REMAINS content="5 skulls, partial postcrania"/>
3118 <SPECIES name="kozlowskii" original="Protoceratops">
3119 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1975"/>
3122 <P> Had a small nasal horn/bump. </P>
3126 <GENUS name="Brontoraptor" status="nudum">
3127 <AUTHOR name="Redman" year="1995"/>
3131 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
3132 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
3135 <GENUS name="Brontosaurus" type="with">
3139 <SPECIES name="excelsus">
3140 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
3142 <SPECIES name="ajax">
3143 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
3145 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
3146 <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
3148 <SPECIES name="amplus">
3149 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
3150 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
3152 <SPECIES name="louisae">
3153 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus louisae" status="objective"/>
3155 <SPECIES name="montanus">
3156 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
3160 <GENUS name="Bruhathkayosaurus" type="with">
3161 <MEANING>huge body lizard</MEANING>
3162 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
3163 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
3164 <PLACE name="India"/>
3165 <REMAINS content="radius, ilium, ischium, partial femur, tibia, caudal centrum"/>
3166 <SPECIES name="matleyi">
3167 <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1989"/>
3170 <P>Although originally identified as a friggin' <U>huge</U>
3171 <LINK content="theropod"/>, <NOMEN name="Bruhathkayosaurus"/> seems more
3172 likely to be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>, if it is, indeed,
3173 <LINK content="animalian"/>. The fossil identified as its tibia
3174 is 25% longer than the tibia of <NOMEN name="Argentinosaurus"/>.</P>
3178 <GENUS name="Bugenasaura" type="with">
3182 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
3183 <SPECIES name="infernalis">
3184 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
3185 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1995"/>
3186 <REMAINS content="partial skull, back vertebrae, 2 fingers"/>
3188 infernal <LOW>(from Hell Creek River)</LOW>
3191 <SPECIES name="garbanii" original="Thescelosaurus">
3192 <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1976"/>
3193 <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, hindlimb"/>
3196 <P> The specific name of
3197 <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura infernalis"/> refers to the Hell Creek Formation,
3198 where it is from. </P>
3200 <P> <NOMEN name="B. garbanii"/> has been tentatively reassigned from
3201 <NOMEN name="Thescelosaurus"/> to <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
3202 could represent the body of the <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>
3203 <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>, which is also from Hell Creek. </P>
3207 <GENUS name="Byronosaurus" type="with">
3208 <MEANING>Byron <LOW>Jaffe'</LOW>s lizard</MEANING>
3209 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3210 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
3211 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
3212 <SPECIES name="jaffei">
3213 <MEANING><LOW>Byron</LOW> Jaffe's</MEANING>
3214 <AUTHOR name="Norell, Mackovicky, Clark" year="2000"/>
3217 <P>This is the first <LINK content="troodontid"/> known to have
3218 unserrated teeth, like those of <LINK content="birds"/>.</P>
3222 <GENUS name="Caenagnathasia" type="with">
3224 Asian <NOMEN name="Caenagnathus"/>
3226 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
3227 <MASS value="7" q="1"/>
3228 <MASS value="9" q="1"/>
3229 <TIME section="late" value="Turonian"/>
3230 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
3231 <REMAINS content="two pairs of dentaries"/>
3232 <SPECIES name="martinsoni">
3233 <AUTHOR name="Currie, Godfrey, Nessov" year="1995"/>
3237 <GENUS name="Caenagnathus" type="with">
3241 <SPECIES name="collinsi">
3242 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
3243 <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
3245 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
3246 <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes sternbergi" status="objective"/>
3250 <GENUS name="Calamosaurus" status="dubium">
3251 <MEANING>reed lizard</MEANING>
3252 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1891"/>
3253 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
3254 <MASS value="30" q="1"/>
3255 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
3256 <PLACE name="England"/>
3257 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="BMNH" id="R901" content="2 associated cervical vertebrae" comment="one nearly complete, the other missing neural arch"/>
3258 <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium" original="Calamospondylus2">
3259 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
3263 <GENUS name="Calamospondylus" type="with">
3264 <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
3265 <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
3266 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
3267 <PLACE name="England"/>
3268 <REMAINS content="sacrum" comment="lost"/>
3269 <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
3270 <AUTHOR name="Fox" year="1866"/>
3272 <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
3277 <GENUS name="Calamospondylus2" type="with">
3278 <MEANING>reed vertebra</MEANING>
3279 <MISSPELLED name="Calamosphondylus"/>
3280 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fox" year="1866"/>
3281 <SPECIES name="foxi">
3282 <SYNONYM name="Calamosaurus foxi" status="objective"/>
3286 <GENUS name="Callovosaurus">
3287 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1988"/>
3289 <LINK content="Callovian"/> lizard
3291 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
3292 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus leedsi" status="objective"/>
3296 <GENUS name="Camarasaurus" type="with">
3300 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
3301 <LENGTH value="20"/>
3302 <MASS value="18000"/>
3303 <SPECIES name="supremus">
3304 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
3308 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
3309 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3310 <PLACE name="Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
3311 <REMAINS content="5 partial specimens, braincase, mandibles"/>
3313 <SPECIES name="agilis">
3314 <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
3316 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis">
3317 <SYNONYM name="Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis" status="objective"/>
3319 <SPECIES name="annae">
3320 <AUTHOR name="Ellinger" year="1950"/>
3321 <SYNONYM name="lentus"/>
3323 <SPECIES name="douglassi">
3324 <SYNONYM name="Uintasaurus douglassi" status="objective"/>
3326 <SPECIES name="excelsus">
3327 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus" status="objective"/>
3329 <SPECIES name="grandis">
3330 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
3331 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
3332 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3333 <PLACE name="Colorado, Montana"/>
3334 <REMAINS content="5 specimens, elements"/>
3339 <SPECIES name="impar">
3340 <SYNONYM name="Morosaurus impar" status="objective"/>
3342 <SPECIES name="lentus">
3343 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
3344 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
3345 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3346 <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
3348 <SPECIES name="leptodirus" status="dubium">
3349 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
3350 <SYNONYM name="supremus"/>
3352 <SPECIES name="lewisi" original="Cathetosaurus">
3353 <AUTHOR name="Jensen, James" year="1988"/>
3354 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
3355 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3356 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
3357 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ribs, forelimb, pubis, ischia"/>
3359 <SPECIES name="sp.">
3360 <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
3361 <PLACE name="England"/>
3362 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
3365 <P> A skin impression may or may not belong to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
3370 <GENUS name="Camelotia" type="with">
3374 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
3375 <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
3376 <PLACE name="England"/>
3377 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pubis, ischium, femur, tibia, phalanges"/>
3378 <SPECIES name="borealis">
3379 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1985"/>
3386 <GENUS name="Camposaurus" type="with">
3387 <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
3388 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
3389 <SPECIES name="arizonensis">
3390 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
3396 <P>May be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>.</P>
3400 <GENUS name="Camptonotus" type="with">
3401 <MISSPELLED name="Camptonodus"/>
3402 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Uhler" year="1864"/>
3403 <SPECIES name="dispar">
3404 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
3406 <SPECIES name="amplus">
3407 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
3408 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
3412 <GENUS name="Camptosaurus">
3413 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1885"/>
3417 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
3419 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
3420 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3421 <SPECIES name="dispar" original="Camptonotus">
3422 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
3423 <PLACE name="Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
3424 <REMAINS content="10 skeletons (juvenile to adult), elements"/>
3425 <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
3427 <SPECIES name="amplus">
3428 <SYNONYM name="Camptonotus amplus" status="objective"/>
3430 <SPECIES name="browni">
3431 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
3432 <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
3434 <SPECIES name="depressus" q="1" status="dubiumQ">
3435 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1909"/>
3436 <PLACE name="Wyoming, S. Dakota"/>
3437 <REMAINS content="ilia, vertebrae"/>
3439 <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
3440 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
3442 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
3443 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
3444 <PLACE name="England"/>
3445 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
3447 <SPECIES name="medius">
3448 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
3449 <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
3451 <SPECIES name="nanus">
3452 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
3453 <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
3458 <SPECIES name="prestwichii" original="Cumnoria">
3459 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1880"/>
3460 <PLACE name="England"/>
3461 <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen"/>
3463 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
3464 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
3465 <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus"/>
3466 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
3468 <SPECIES name="sp.">
3469 <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontoidea" incertae="1"/>
3470 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
3471 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
3474 <P> <NOMEN name="Camptosaurus depressus"/> may not even represent an
3475 <LINK content="ornithopod"/>. </P>
3479 <GENUS name="Campylodon">
3480 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
3481 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cuvier, Valenciennes" year="1832"/>
3482 <SYNONYM name="Campylodoniscus"/>
3488 <GENUS name="Campylodoniscus" status="dubium">
3489 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
3491 <NOMEN name="Campylodon"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
3493 <LENGTH value="20" q="1"/>
3494 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3495 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
3496 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
3497 <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
3498 <SPECIES name="ameghinoi" status="dubiumQ" original="Campylodon">
3499 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
3503 <GENUS name="Campylognathoides">
3504 <AUTHOR name="Strand" year="1928"/>
3506 <NOMEN name="Campylognathus"/> form
3509 <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
3510 <REMAINS content="several specimens (some complete)"/>
3511 <SPECIES name="liasicus" original="Campylognathus">
3512 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
3514 Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
3517 <SPECIES name="indicus">
3518 <PLACE name="India"/>
3523 <SPECIES name="zitteli">
3524 <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
3525 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
3529 <GENUS name="Campylognathus">
3530 <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1895"/>
3531 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Reuter" year="1890"/>
3532 <SYNONYM name="Campylognathoides"/>
3533 <MEANING>curved jaw</MEANING>
3536 <GENUS name="Capitalsaurus" status="nudum">
3537 <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1998"/>
3538 <MEANING>capital <LOW>(Washington, D.C.)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
3539 <PLACE name="District of Columbia"/>
3542 <GENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus">
3543 <MISSPELLED name="Carcharadontosaurus" author="Holtz" year="1994"/>
3544 <MISSPELLED name="Carcharodonsaurus" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
3545 <MISSPELLED name="Carchrodontosaurus" author="White" year="1973"/>
3546 <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
3548 shark-toothed lizard
3551 <LENGTH value="14"/>
3552 <MASS value="7000" q="1"/>
3553 <MASS value="8000" q="1"/>
3554 <TIME value="Albian"/>
3555 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
3556 <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Niger"/>
3557 <REMAINS content="isolated teeth, partial skeletons"/>
3558 <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
3559 <REMAINS content="anterior part of dentary"/>
3560 <SPECIES name="saharicus" original="Megalosaurus">
3561 <AUTHOR name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1925"/>
3562 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
3563 <MEANING><LOW>the</LOW> Sahara <LOW>Desert</LOW>'s</MEANING>
3566 <P> <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> has been known for a while from
3567 scrappy remains, but only in recent years have new finds shown what a huge
3568 creature it was, rivalling <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and other <LINK
3569 content="carcharodontosaurines"/> as one of the largest land predators of
3572 <P> A recently unearthed <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/> specimen was
3573 reported to have the largest head of any <LINK content="theropod"/>,
3574 although it seems that the skull was reconstructed too long. A realistic
3575 estimate for head length is 153 cm, which is less than <NOMEN
3576 name="Giganotosaurus"/>' 165 cm. </P>
3580 <GENUS name="Cardiodon" type="with">
3581 <MEANING>heart tooth</MEANING>
3582 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
3583 <SPECIES name="rugulosus" status="dubium">
3584 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
3588 <GENUS name="Carnosaurus" status="nudum">
3589 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
3590 <MEANING>flesh lizard</MEANING>
3592 <P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Carnosauria"/>, in reference to indeterminate
3593 large <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
3597 <GENUS name="Carnotaurus" type="with">
3599 flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> bull
3601 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
3602 <MASS value="1000"/>
3603 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
3604 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
3605 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
3606 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with skin impressions"/>
3607 <SPECIES name="sastrei">
3608 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1985"/>
3611 <P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was an unusual <LINK content="theropod"/>.
3612 The name refers to the small horns it bore above its eyes. The arms were
3613 extremely small and underdeveloped, even more so than those of the <LINK
3614 content="tyrannosaurids"/>. The forearms were so short that the hands
3615 appeared to sprout almost directly from the elbows. Remains are very
3616 complete, with skin impressions that show rows of large, non-bony,
3617 semiconical scales along the right side of the body. </P>
3619 <P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was featured in the book <U>The Lost
3620 World</U>, where it was given amazing, chameleon-like powers of skin
3621 camouflage. Even if this is blatantly unscientific, it would've looked
3622 kind of cool on the big screen. (Unfortunately, <NOMEN
3623 name="Carnotaurus"/> wasn't put in the movie.) </P>
3625 <P>Although originally dated as Early Cretaceous, the sediments this dinosaur
3626 is from appear to be Late Cretaceous instead.</P>
3630 <GENUS name="Caseosaurus" type="with">
3631 <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
3632 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
3633 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
3634 <SPECIES name="crosbyensis">
3635 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Lockley" year="1998"/>
3638 <P> A "<LINK content="herrerasaur"/>" of some kind. Originally referred to
3639 <NOMEN name="Chindesaurus"/>. </P>
3643 <GENUS name="Catenoleimus" type="with">
3644 <MEANING>lineage remainder</MEANING>
3645 <SPECIES name="anachoretus">
3646 <MEANING>reclusive</MEANING>
3647 <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
3648 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4606" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.2 mm)"/>
3649 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
3650 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
3654 <GENUS name="Cathayornis" type="with">
3656 Cathay <LOW>(=China)</LOW> bird
3658 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
3659 <PLACE name="China"/>
3660 <REMAINS content="2 specimens"/>
3661 <SPECIES name="yandica">
3662 <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Jin, Zhang" year="1995"/>
3664 <SPECIES name="caudatus">
3667 <P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Sinornis"/>. </P>
3671 <GENUS name="Cathetosaurus" type="with">
3675 <SPECIES name="lewisi">
3676 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lewisi" status="objective"/>
3680 <GENUS name="Caudipteryx" type="with">
3684 <LENGTH value=".7"/>
3685 <LENGTH value=".9"/>
3686 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
3687 <PLACE name="China"/>
3688 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12340" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
3689 <SPECIES name="zoui">
3690 <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-4-A" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
3691 <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-9-A" type="para" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
3692 <REMAINS museum="BPM" id="0001" q="1" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
3693 <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Currie, Norell, Ji S." year="1998"/>
3694 <MEANING><LOW>Vice-Premier</LOW> Zou <LOW>Jiahua</LOW>'s</MEANING>
3696 <SPECIES name="dongi">
3697 <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
3698 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12344" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
3699 <MEANING>Dong's</MEANING>
3702 <P header="A Feathered Dinosaur"> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> is one of
3703 the few non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> for which
3704 feathery impressions are known. The only others come from the same site
3705 and have also only recently been discovered. <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
3706 specimens were at first mistaken for <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
3709 <P> As the name implies, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had a special
3710 assemblage of feathers on its tail, possibly for ornamental purposes.
3711 There are bands of dark and light on the tail feathers. These may
3712 be remnants of the animal's pigmentation, something that is hardly
3715 <P> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had very short forelimbs and symmetrical
3716 feathers, meaning that it did not fly. It legs were long, perhaps for
3717 running and/or wading. A recent study has suggested that it was capable of perching.</P>
3719 <P header="Relationships"> The original cladistic analysis placed <NOMEN
3720 name="Caudipteryx"/> as a basal <LINK content="avialan"/>, but many now
3721 think it was a more basal <LINK content="maniraptor"/>, probably related
3722 to <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. The original analysis did not allow
3723 for the possibility that it was not <LINK content="eumaniraptoran"/>.</P>
3725 <P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx dongi"/> is a synonym of
3726 <NOMEN name="C. zoui"/>. It is also possible that IVPP V 12340 and BPM
3727 0001 belong to a new species.</P>
3731 <GENUS name="Caudocoelus" status="dubium">
3732 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
3736 <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
3737 <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
3741 <GENUS name="Caulodon" type="with">
3745 <SPECIES name="diversidens" status="dubium">
3746 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
3747 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
3749 <SPECIES name="leptoganus" status="dubium">
3750 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
3751 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus supremus"/>
3753 <SPECIES name="praecursor">
3754 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
3758 <GENUS name="Cearadactylus" type="with">
3762 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
3763 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
3764 <SPECIES name="atrox">
3765 <AUTHOR name="Leonardi, Borgomanero" year="1983"/>
3769 <GENUS name="Cedarosaurus" type="with">
3770 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
3771 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
3772 <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
3773 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
3774 <SPECIES name="weiskopfae">
3775 <MEANING><LOW>Carol</LOW> Weiskopf's</MEANING>
3776 <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Brooks" year="1999"/>
3780 <GENUS name="Cedarpelta" type="with">
3781 <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> shield</MEANING>
3782 <TIME value="Albian"/>
3783 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
3784 <SPECIES name="bilbeyhallorum">
3785 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="2001"/>
3786 <REMAINS type="holo" content="disarticulated skull"/>
3790 <GENUS name="Centemodon">
3791 <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1856"/>
3792 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
3795 <GENUS name="Centrosaurus" type="with">
3800 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3801 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
3802 <REMAINS content="15 skulls, skeletons, juvenile material"/>
3803 <SPECIES name="apertus" original="Monoclonius">
3804 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1904"/>
3805 <MEANING>windowed</MEANING>
3807 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
3808 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
3809 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
3814 <SPECIES name="cutleri" status="dubium" original="Monoclonius">
3815 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
3817 <SPECIES name="flexus">
3818 <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius flexus" status="objective"/>
3820 <SPECIES name="longirostris">
3821 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
3822 <SYNONYM name="apertus"/>
3827 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
3828 <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius nasicornis" status="objective"/>
3830 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
3831 <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
3835 <GENUS name="Ceratops" type="with">
3839 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
3840 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
3841 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
3842 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
3843 <REMAINS content="occipital condyle, horn cores"/>
3844 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
3845 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
3850 <SPECIES name="alticornis">
3851 <SYNONYM name="Triceratops alticornis" status="objective"/>
3853 <SPECIES name="belli">
3854 <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
3856 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
3857 <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
3859 <SPECIES name="horridus">
3860 <SYNONYM name="Triceratops horridus" status="objective"/>
3862 <SPECIES name="paucidens">
3863 <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
3865 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
3866 <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
3869 <P> May be the same as another <LINK content="ceratopsine"/> genus,
3870 perhaps <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>. </P>
3874 <GENUS name="Ceratosaurus" type="with">
3878 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3879 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
3880 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
3881 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
3884 <MASS value="1000"/>
3885 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
3886 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
3891 <SPECIES name="dentisulcatus">
3892 <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
3893 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
3895 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
3896 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
3897 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
3898 <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
3899 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
3900 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
3902 <SPECIES name="magnicornis">
3903 <MEANING>big-horned</MEANING>
3904 <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
3905 <REMAINS content="skull, several specimens"/>
3906 <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
3908 <SPECIES name="meriani" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus" q="1">
3909 <AUTHOR name="Greppin" year="1870"/>
3910 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
3912 <SPECIES name="roechlingi" status="dubium">
3913 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
3914 <MISSPELLED name="roechlinqi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
3916 <SPECIES name="willisobrienorum" status="nudum">
3917 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
3918 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
3919 <MEANING>Willis O'Brien's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
3920 <SYNONYM name="magnicornis"/>
3923 <P> <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/> was a common Jurassic predator that
3924 sported a large horn on the snout and two smaller ones above the eyes.
3927 <P> <NOMEN name="C. ingens"/> may have been a humongous African <LINK
3928 content="ceratosaur"/>, among the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
3931 <P> <NOMEN name="C. magnicornis"/> and <NOMEN name="C. dentisulcatus"/>
3932 may be junior synonyms of <NOMEN name="C. nasicornis"/>.</P>
3936 <GENUS name="Cetiosauriscus">
3937 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
3939 <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
3941 <LENGTH value="15"/>
3942 <SPECIES name="stewarti">
3943 <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1980"/>
3944 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
3945 <PLACE name="England"/>
3946 <REMAINS content="hindquarters, vertebrae"/>
3948 <SPECIES name="brancai">
3949 <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
3950 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
3952 <SPECIES name="glymptonensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
3953 <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
3954 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
3955 <PLACE name="England"/>
3956 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
3958 <SPECIES name="greppini" status="dubiumQ" original="Ornithopsis">
3959 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1922"/>
3960 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
3961 <PLACE name="Switzerland"/>
3962 <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
3964 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
3965 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1927"/>
3966 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1905"/>
3967 <SYNONYM name="stewarti"/>
3969 <SPECIES name="leedsii">
3970 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
3972 <SPECIES name="longus" status="dubiumQ" original="Cetiosaurus">
3973 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
3974 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
3975 <PLACE name="England"/>
3976 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
3982 <P>Usually classified as a <LINK content="diplodocid"/>, but that may need
3987 <GENUS name="Cetiosaurus" type="with">
3991 <LENGTH value="14"/>
3992 <LENGTH value="18"/>
3993 <SPECIES name="medius" status="conservandum">
3994 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
3995 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
3996 <PLACE name="England"/>
3997 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb elements"/>
3999 <SPECIES name="brachyurus" status="dubium">
4000 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
4001 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
4006 <SPECIES name="brevis" status="dubium">
4007 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
4008 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
4009 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
4014 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
4015 <AUTHOR name="Melville" year="1849"/>
4016 <PROPERTAXON name="Brachiosauridae" q="1"/>
4017 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
4018 <PLACE name="England"/>
4019 <REMAINS content="caudal vertebrae, chevron"/>
4021 <SPECIES name="epioolithicus" status="oblitum">
4022 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
4023 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus"/>
4024 <MEANING>after <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
4026 <SPECIES name="glymptonensis">
4027 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus glymptonensis" status="objective"/>
4029 <SPECIES name="greppini">
4030 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
4032 <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
4033 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
4035 <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
4038 <SPECIES name="hypoolithicus" status="oblitum">
4039 <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
4040 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1841"/>
4041 <SYNONYM name="medius"/>
4042 <MEANING>under <LOW>the</LOW> Oolite</MEANING>
4044 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
4045 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus leedsi" status="objective"/>
4047 <SPECIES name="leedsii">
4048 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
4050 <SPECIES name="longus">
4051 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus longus" status="objective"/>
4056 <SPECIES name="mogrebiensis" q="1">
4057 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1955"/>
4058 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
4059 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
4060 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
4061 <PLACE name="Algeria" q="1"/>
4062 <REMAINS content="several skeletons"/>
4064 <SPECIES name="oxonensis">
4065 <AUTHOR name="Phillips" year="1871"/>
4066 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
4067 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
4068 <PLACE name="England"/>
4069 <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
4071 <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
4072 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1880"/>
4074 <SPECIES name="rigauxi" status="dubium">
4075 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
4076 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
4078 <SPECIES name="rugulosus">
4079 <SYNONYM name="Cardiodon rugulosus" status="objective"/>
4082 <P> Owen originally considered <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/> to be a
4083 crocodile-like creature, and thus did not include it in the original
4084 description of the taxon <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>, which he published
4085 the same year as <NOMEN name="C. medius"/>. </P>
4089 <GENUS name="Changchengornis" type="with">
4091 Great Wall <LOW>of China</LOW> bird
4093 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
4094 <PLACE name="China"/>
4095 <SPECIES name="hengdaoziensis">
4096 <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Chiappe, Ji S." year="1999"/>
4100 <GENUS name="Changtusaurus">
4101 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
4102 <MISSPELLED name="Changdusaurus"/>
4103 <MISSPELLED name="Chendusaurus"/>
4104 <MISSPELLED name="Chengdusaurus"/>
4106 Changdu <LOW>basin</LOW> lizard
4109 <PLACE name="China"/>
4110 <SPECIES name="laminaplacodus" status="nudum">
4111 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
4115 <GENUS name="Chaoyangia" type="with">
4117 Chaoyang <LOW>County one</LOW>
4119 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
4120 <PLACE name="China"/>
4121 <SPECIES name="beishanensis">
4122 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhang" year="1993"/>
4125 <P> Had long toes, possibly for wading. </P>
4129 <GENUS name="Chaoyangsaurus" type="with">
4130 <MISSPELLED name="Chaoyangosaurus"/>
4132 Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
4134 <TIME value="MJ" q="1"/>
4135 <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
4136 <PLACE name="China"/>
4137 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
4138 <SPECIES name="youngi">
4139 <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng, Xu" year="1999"/>
4141 <SPECIES name="liaosiensis" status="nudum">
4142 <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng" year="1983"/>
4143 <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
4145 <ESSAY><P>The oldest known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, although not quite the most basal.</P></ESSAY>
4148 <GENUS name="Chaoyoungosaurus" status="nudum">
4149 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
4150 <SPECIES name="liaosiensis">
4151 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
4152 <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus liaosiensis" status="objective"/>
4156 <GENUS name="Charonosaurus" type="with">
4157 <MEANING>Charon's <LOW>(ferryman to Hell in Greek mythology)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
4158 <SPECIES name="jiayinensis">
4159 <MEANING>from Jiayin</MEANING>
4160 <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Zan, Jin" year="2000"/>
4161 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
4162 <PLACE name="China"/>
4163 <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skull with fragmentary crest"/>
4164 <REMAINS content="elements from dozens of specimens"/>
4165 <LENGTH value="13"/>
4168 <P>Hails from the Yuliangze Formation.</P>
4172 <GENUS name="Chasmosaurus">
4173 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
4175 chasm <LOW>(skull opening)</LOW> lizard
4179 <MASS value="1500"/>
4180 <SPECIES name="belli" original="Monoclonius">
4181 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
4182 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4183 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
4184 <REMAINS content="8 skulls, skeleton"/>
4186 <SPECIES name="brevirostris">
4187 <AUTHOR name="Kaiseni" year="1933"/>
4188 <SYNONYM name="belli"/>
4193 <SPECIES name="canadensis" original="Monoclonius">
4194 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
4198 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4199 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
4200 <REMAINS content="4 skulls"/>
4202 <SPECIES name="kaiseni">
4203 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
4204 <SYNONYM name="canadensis"/>
4206 <SPECIES name="mariscalensis">
4207 <AUTHOR name="Lehman" year="1989"/>
4208 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
4209 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
4210 <REMAINS content="12 skulls, juvenile specimen"/>
4212 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis">
4213 <SYNONYM name="Monoclonius recurvicornis" status="objective"/>
4215 <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
4218 <SPECIES name="russelli">
4219 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
4220 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4221 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
4222 <REMAINS content="3 skulls"/>
4224 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
4225 <SYNONYM name="Pentaceratops sternbergi" status="objective"/>
4229 <GENUS name="Chassternbergia">
4230 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
4232 Cha<LOW>rle</LOW>s <LOW>M.</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
4234 <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
4235 <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
4239 <GENUS name="Cheneosaurus" type="with">
4243 <SPECIES name="tolmanensis">
4244 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
4245 <SYNONYM name="Hypacrosaurus altispinus"/>
4249 <GENUS name="Chialingosaurus" type="with">
4251 Jia-ling <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
4255 <PLACE name="China"/>
4256 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
4257 <SPECIES name="kuani" status="conservandum">
4258 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
4260 <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
4261 <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
4263 <SPECIES name="chuhsiensis" status="oblitum">
4264 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1959"/>
4265 <SYNONYM name="kuani"/>
4268 <P> This <LINK content="stegosaur"/>'s plates were rather spiky. </P>
4272 <GENUS name="Chiayusaurus" type="with">
4273 <MISSPELLED name="Chiayasaurus"/>
4274 <MISSPELLED name="Chiayuesaurus"/>
4275 <MISSPELLED name="Chiayüsaurus"/>
4276 <MISSPELLED name="Chiryuesaurus"/>
4278 Jiayu<LOW>gan</LOW> lizard
4280 <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
4281 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
4282 <SYNONYM name="Asiatosaurus mongoliensis"/>
4284 lake<LOW>-dwelling</LOW>
4287 <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium">
4288 <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
4289 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
4290 <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
4294 <GENUS name="Chienkosaurus" type="with">
4295 <SPECIES name="ceratosauroides">
4296 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
4297 <SYNONYM name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/>
4298 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
4300 <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>-formed
4305 <GENUS name="Chihuahuasaurus" status="nudum">
4306 <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich"/>
4307 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
4308 <SYNONYM name="Sonorasaurus"/>
4314 <GENUS name="Chilantaisaurus" type="with">
4316 Ch'i-lan-t'ai <LOW>Lake</LOW> lizard
4318 <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
4319 <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
4320 <SPECIES name="tashuikouensis">
4321 <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
4322 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
4323 <TIME value="Albian"/>
4324 <PLACE name="China"/>
4325 <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
4327 <SPECIES name="maortuensis" status="dubium">
4328 <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1964"/>
4329 <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauria" incertae="1"/>
4330 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
4331 <TIME value="Albian"/>
4332 <PLACE name="China"/>
4333 <REMAINS content="partial skull, teeth, other remains"/>
4335 <SPECIES name="sibiricus" status="dubium" original="Antrodemus">
4336 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1914"/>
4337 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
4338 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
4339 <REMAINS content="metatarsal"/>
4341 <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
4342 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
4343 <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauria" incertae="1"/>
4345 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
4346 <REMAINS content="2 foot claws, hand claw"/>
4349 <P> Probably either a late <LINK content="allosaurine"/> or an early
4350 <LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>. </P>
4352 <P> The claws assigned to <NOMEN name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis"/> seem instead to
4353 be from a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>. <NOMEN name="C. maortuensis"/>
4354 may also be a therizinosaur, or a <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>. </P>
4358 <GENUS name="Chindesaurus" type="with">
4360 Chinde <LOW>Point</LOW> lizard
4364 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
4365 <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
4366 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, teeth"/>
4367 <SPECIES name="bryansmalli">
4368 <AUTHOR name="Murray, Long" year="1985"/>
4372 <GENUS name="Chingkankousaurus" type="with">
4374 Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
4376 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4377 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
4378 <PLACE name="China"/>
4379 <REMAINS content="scapula"/>
4380 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
4381 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
4388 <GENUS name="Chinshakiangosaurus" type="with">
4389 <MISSPELLED name="Chinsakiangosaurus"/>
4393 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
4394 <LENGTH value="13" q="1"/>
4396 <PLACE name="China"/>
4397 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
4398 <SPECIES name="zhongheensis" status="nudum">
4399 <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
4401 <SPECIES name="chuhghoensis" status="unknown">
4402 <SYNONYM name="zhongheensis"/>
4405 <P> May have been the largest "prosauropod". </P>
4409 <GENUS name="Chirostenotes" type="with">
4413 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
4414 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
4415 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, 3 feet, hand, sacrum, mandible, etc."/>
4416 <SPECIES name="pergracilis">
4417 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
4419 <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
4421 <SPECIES name="elegans">
4422 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
4424 <SPECIES name="rarus">
4425 <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus rarus" status="objective"/>
4427 <SPECIES name="sp.">
4429 <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Caenagnathus">
4430 <AUTHOR name="Cracraft" year="1971"/>
4431 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
4432 <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
4434 <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
4438 <P> <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes sternbergi"/> may be the same as
4439 <NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>, perhaps a different gender. Some material
4440 may belong to a new species. </P>
4444 <GENUS name="Chondrosteosaurus" type="with">
4446 cartilage bone lizard
4448 <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
4449 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
4450 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
4451 <PLACE name="England"/>
4452 <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae"/>
4453 <SPECIES name="gigas" status="dubiumQ" original="Chondrosteus">
4454 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
4459 <SPECIES name="becklessi">
4460 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
4462 <SPECIES name="magnus">
4463 <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus magnus" status="objective"/>
4465 <SPECIES name="megalus">
4466 <AUTHOR name="Fox"/>
4467 <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1983"/>
4474 <GENUS name="Chondrosteus">
4475 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
4476 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
4477 <SYNONYM name="Chondrosteosaurus"/>
4483 <GENUS name="Chuandongocoelurus" type="with">
4484 <MISSPELLED name="Chuandongosaurus"/>
4486 Chuandong <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
4489 <PLACE name="China"/>
4490 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, possibly also partial hindlimb, pelvis, fibula, scapula"/>
4491 <SPECIES name="primitivus" status="dubiumQ">
4492 <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
4498 <P> May be a <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
4502 <GENUS name="Chuanjiesaurus" type="with">
4503 <MEANING>Chuanjie <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
4504 <SPECIES name="anaensis">
4505 <AUTHOR name="Fang, Pang, Lü, Zhang, Pan, Wang, Li, Cheng" year="2000"/>
4506 <MEANING>from A'na</MEANING>
4507 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="LFCH" id="1001" content="9 cervicals, 17 caudals, 2 ribs, limb & limb girdle elements"/>
4509 <TIME value="MJ" section="earliest" q="1"/>
4510 <PLACE name="China"/>
4511 <ESSAY><P>Originally published as <B><I>C. a'naensis</I></B>, but the
4512 ICZN does not permit non-alphabetic characters in any taxon's name.</P></ESSAY>
4515 <GENUS name="Chubutisaurus" type="with">
4517 Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
4519 <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
4520 <TIME value="Albian"/>
4521 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
4522 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
4523 <SPECIES name="insignis">
4524 <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
4527 <P> Although originally placed in its own family, <NOMEN
4528 name="Chubutisaurus"/> was considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>
4529 despite not having front legs longer than hind legs, like <NOMEN
4530 name="Brachiosaurus"/>. More recent analyses suggest that it
4531 is a very primitive <LINK content="titanosaur"/>.</P>
4535 <GENUS name="Chungkingosaurus" type="with">
4542 <PLACE name="China"/>
4543 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton, 3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
4544 <SPECIES name="jiangbeiensis">
4545 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
4549 <GENUS name="Cimoliornis">
4550 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1846"/>
4551 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
4553 chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
4557 <GENUS name="Cionodon" type="with">
4558 <MISSPELLED name="Cinodon"/>
4562 <SPECIES name="arctatus" status="dubium">
4563 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
4564 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
4566 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumense">
4567 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
4569 <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
4570 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
4574 <GENUS name="Citipati" type="with">
4575 <MEANING>pyre lord</MEANING>
4576 <SPECIES name="osmolskae">
4577 <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
4578 <MEANING><LOW>Halszka</LOW> Osmólska's</MEANING>
4579 <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/978"/>
4580 <REMAINS q="1" museum="IGM" id="100/979" content="partial postcranium overlying a nest with elongatoolithid eggs"/>
4581 <REMAINS museum="IGM" id="100/971" content="embryonic skeleton inside elongatoolothid egg"/>
4583 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
4584 <REMAINS content="skull with associated cervical vertebrae" museum="IGM" id="100/42"/>
4586 <LENGTH q="1" value="2"/>
4587 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
4588 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
4590 <P>The specimen assigned to <NOMEN name="Citipati sp."/>
4591 had previously been assigned to <NOMEN name="Oviraptor philoceratops"/>.</P>
4595 <GENUS name="Cladeiodon" type="with">
4596 <MISSPELLED name="Claderodon"/>
4597 <MISSPELLED name="Cladyodon"/>
4598 <MISSPELLED name="Kladeisteriodon"/>
4599 <MISSPELLED name="Kladyodon"/>
4603 <SPECIES name="lloydi" status="nudum">
4604 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1841"/>
4605 <SYNONYM name="Teratosaurus suevicus"/>
4609 <GENUS name="Claorhynchus" type="with">
4613 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4614 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
4615 <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
4616 <SPECIES name="trihedris" status="dubium">
4617 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
4623 <P> May be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> or a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>.
4628 <GENUS name="Claosaurus">
4629 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
4633 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
4634 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4635 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
4636 <REMAINS content="postcranium with skull fragments"/>
4637 <SPECIES name="agilis" original="Hadrosaurus">
4638 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
4643 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
4644 <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1903"/>
4645 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
4647 <SPECIES name="annectens">
4648 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
4652 <GENUS name="Clarencea" type="with">
4653 <MISSPELLED name="Clarenceia" author="Romer" year="1966"/>
4654 <MISSPELLED name="Clarencia" author="Brink" year="1959"/>
4655 <MISSPELLED name="Clarenica" author="Young" year="1964"/>
4656 <MISSPELLED name="Clarensia" author="Gow, Kitching" year="1988"/>
4657 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
4658 <AUTHOR name="Brink" year="1959"/>
4659 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
4663 <GENUS name="Clasmodosaurus" type="with">
4665 measured fragment lizard
4667 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
4668 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
4669 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
4670 <SPECIES name="spatula" status="dubium" original="Clasmodon">
4671 <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
4673 spatula<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
4678 <GENUS name="Clepsysaurus" type="none">
4679 <AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1851"/>
4680 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
4681 <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
4682 <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
4686 <GENUS name="Clevelanotyrannus" status="nudum">
4687 <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie"/>
4688 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Currie" year="1987"/>
4689 <SYNONYM name="Nanotyrannus"/>
4695 <GENUS name="Coelophysis" type="with">
4699 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
4703 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
4704 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
4705 <PLACE name="Arizona, New Mexico"/>
4706 <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
4707 <REMAINS content="several hundred skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
4708 <SPECIES name="bauri" status="conservandum" original="Coelurus">
4709 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
4710 <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1964"/>
4712 <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
4713 <SYNONYM name="Podokesaurus holyokensis" status="objective"/>
4718 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
4719 <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
4721 <SPECIES name="posthumus">
4722 <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
4724 <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
4725 <SYNONYM name="Syntarsus rhodesiensis" status="objective"/>
4727 <SPECIES name="willistoni">
4728 <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus willistoni" status="objective"/>
4731 <P> <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>, a very common little hunter of the Late
4732 Triassic, came in two forms, "robust" and "gracile". These two forms, or
4733 "morphs", probably represent the two genders. </P>
4735 <P> There was a recent disagreement over the proper name for <NOMEN
4736 name="Coelophysis"/>. The type specimen (that is, the specimen used to
4737 define the genus) was rather fragmentary. Most of our knowledge of <NOMEN
4738 name="Coelophysis"/> comes instead from dozens of very well-preserved
4739 specimens found at a site called Ghost Ranch. Some scientists recently
4740 argued that the Ghost Ranch <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> might not
4741 necessarily be the same as the original <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
4742 specimen. They proposed a new name for the Ghost Ranch dinosaurs - <NOMEN
4743 name="Rioarribasaurus"/>. But by this time the association of the name
4744 <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> with the Ghost Ranch material had become
4745 heavily entrenched in dinosaur terminology. The ICZN (International
4746 Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) voted to redefine the type specimen
4747 of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> as one of the Ghost Ranch specimens. So the
4748 name <NOMEN name="Rioarribasaurus"/> has been officially dropped. </P>
4750 <P> The original type material, which may or may not belong to the same kind
4751 of animal as the neotype, has been given its own (dubious) genus:
4752 <NOMEN name="Eucoelophysis"/> ("true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>"). </P>
4754 <P> A <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> skull from the Carnegie Museum of
4755 Natural History became the first dinosaur fossil to be taken into space on
4756 January 22, 1998 when the Endeavor Space Shuttle took off for Mir Space
4761 <GENUS name="Coelosaurus" type="with">
4762 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Anonymous (Owen)" year="1854"/>
4763 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
4764 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
4765 <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
4767 <SPECIES name="affinis">
4768 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis" status="objective"/>
4772 <GENUS name="Coeluroides" type="with">
4774 <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/> form
4776 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
4777 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
4778 <PLACE name="India, Kazakhstan"/>
4779 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
4780 <SPECIES name="largus" status="dubium">
4781 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
4788 <GENUS name="Coelurosauravus" type="with">
4789 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
4790 <SPECIES name="elivensis">
4791 <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
4792 <PROPERTAXON name="Coelurosauravidae"/>
4795 <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> ancestor
4799 <GENUS name="Coelurosaurus" status="nudum">
4800 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1914"/>
4805 <P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Coelurosauria"/>, in reference to
4806 some indeterminate small <LINK content="theropod"/> material.</P>
4810 <GENUS name="Coelurus" type="with">
4815 <MASS value="20" q="1"/>
4816 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
4817 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
4818 <REMAINS content="postcranial material (single individual?)"/>
4819 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
4820 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
4825 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
4826 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
4827 <SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
4832 <SPECIES name="bauri">
4833 <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
4835 <SPECIES name="daviesi">
4836 <SYNONYM name="Thecospondylus daviesi" status="objective"/>
4838 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
4839 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
4841 <SPECIES name="hermanni">
4842 <SYNONYM name="Ornitholestes hermanni" status="objective"/>
4844 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
4845 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
4846 <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
4850 <GENUS name="Coloborhynchus" type="none">
4851 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
4852 <SYNONYM name="Criorhynchus"/>
4856 <SPECIES name="clavirostris">
4857 <PROPERTAXON name="Anhangueridae"/>
4861 <GENUS name="Colonosaurus">
4862 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
4863 <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
4866 <GENUS name="Coloradia" type="with">
4867 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Blake" year="1863"/>
4869 <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation one</LOW>
4871 <SPECIES name="brevis">
4872 <SYNONYM name="Coloradisaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
4876 <GENUS name="Coloradisaurus">
4877 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1983"/>
4879 <LOW>Los</LOW> Colorados <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
4881 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
4882 <TIME value="Norian"/>
4883 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
4884 <REMAINS content="skull" type="holo"/>
4885 <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Coloradia">
4886 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1978"/>
4892 <P> May be the adult version of <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/>. </P>
4896 <GENUS name="Colossosaurus" status="nudum">
4897 <MEANING>colossal lizard</MEANING>
4898 <AUTHOR name="Mantell"/>
4899 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Cadbury" year="2000"/>
4900 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus"/>
4903 <GENUS name="Comodactylus" type="with">
4905 Como <LOW>Bluff</LOW> finger
4907 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
4908 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
4909 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
4910 <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
4911 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
4912 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1981"/>
4914 <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
4919 <GENUS name="Compsognathus" type="with">
4925 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
4926 <PLACE name="France, Germany"/>
4927 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
4928 <SPECIES name="longipes">
4929 <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1859"/>
4934 <SPECIES name="corallestris">
4935 <AUTHOR name="Demay, Thomel" year="1972"/>
4936 <SYNONYM name="longipes"/>
4938 <SPECIES name="primus">
4939 <SYNONYM name="Sinosauropteryx prima" status="objective"/>
4942 <P> One of the very smallest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK
4943 content="dinosaurs"/>. </P>
4945 <P> There has been disagreement over the poorly preserved hand. One early
4946 restoration with a finned forelimb has been rejected. Usually it is
4947 depicted with two fingers, although it may well have had the usual
4948 theropod three, as its closest relative <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
4949 did. Recently, a bone previously identified as left metacarpal I was
4950 re-diagnosed as the first phalanx of the first digit, bolstering this
4953 <P> The type specimen of <NOMEN name="Compsognathus corallestris"/> probably represents
4954 the adult form, while the type specimen of <NOMEN name="C. longipes"/> is
4955 probably a juvenile. The adult was found with 10 eggs and a skeleton
4956 inside. At first it was thought that the skeleton was of a fetal <NOMEN
4957 name="Compsognathus"/>, and that the animal gave live birth (ovoviviparity),
4958 but it turned out to be a <LINK content="lizard"/> (<NOMEN nolink="1"
4959 name="Bavarisaurus"/>). This is direct evidence of <NOMEN
4960 name="Compsognathus"/>' predatory nature. </P>
4964 <GENUS name="Compsosuchus" type="with">
4968 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
4969 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
4970 <PLACE name="India"/>
4971 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
4972 <SPECIES name="solus" status="dubiumQ">
4973 <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
4977 <GENUS name="Conchoraptor" type="with">
4981 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
4982 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
4983 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
4984 <REMAINS content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
4985 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
4986 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
4993 <GENUS name="Concornis" type="with">
4995 Cuenca <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
4998 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
4999 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with feather impressions"/>
5000 <SPECIES name="lacustris">
5001 <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Buscalioni" year="1992"/>
5008 <GENUS name="Confuciusornis" type="with">
5012 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
5013 <PLACE name="China"/>
5014 <SPECIES name="sanctus">
5015 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Gu, Zhang" year="1995"/>
5019 <REMAINS content="hundreds of complete specimens with feather impressions"/>
5021 <SPECIES name="chuonzhous">
5022 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
5023 <REMAINS content="leg"/>
5025 <SPECIES name="dui">
5027 <SPECIES name="meidus">
5028 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
5029 <SYNONYM name="chuonzhous"/>
5031 <SPECIES name="shuzi">
5032 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
5033 <SYNONYM name="suniae"/>
5035 <SPECIES name="sp.">
5037 <SPECIES name="suniae">
5038 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
5039 <REMAINS content="complete specimen(s?)"/>
5042 <P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have a true beak.
5043 Although toothless, it is probably independent of the two major radiations
5044 of toothless birds, <LINK content="enantiornitheans"/> and <LINK
5045 content="neornitheans"/>. </P>
5049 <GENUS name="Coniornis" type="with">
5051 chalk <LOW>(<LINK content="Cretaceous"/>)</LOW> bird
5053 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
5054 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
5055 <SPECIES name="altus">
5056 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1893"/>
5062 <P> A freshwater <LINK content="hesperornithid"/>, possibly a species of
5063 <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>. </P>
5067 <GENUS name="Corythosaurus" type="with">
5069 Corinthian <LOW>helmet</LOW> lizard
5071 <LENGTH value="10"/>
5072 <MASS value="3500"/>
5073 <MASS value="4000"/>
5074 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
5075 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
5076 <REMAINS content="10 skulls, associated postcrania"/>
5077 <SPECIES name="casuarius">
5078 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
5080 cassowary<LOW>-like</LOW>
5083 <SPECIES name="bicristatus">
5084 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
5085 <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
5090 <SPECIES name="brevicristatus">
5091 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
5092 <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
5097 <SPECIES name="convincens">
5098 <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1968"/>
5099 <SYNONYM name="Jaxartosaurus aralensis"/>
5101 <SPECIES name="excavatus">
5102 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1923"/>
5103 <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
5105 <SPECIES name="frontalis">
5106 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1935"/>
5107 <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
5109 <SPECIES name="intermedius">
5110 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
5111 <SYNONYM name="casuarius"/>
5113 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
5114 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
5117 <P> One of the "<LINK content="helmeted duck-bills"/>", with a large, hollow,
5118 semicircular crest. One gender (female?) had smaller crests. </P>
5122 <GENUS name="Craspedodon" type="with">
5126 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
5127 <PLACE name="Belgium"/>
5128 <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
5129 <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubiumQ">
5130 <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1883"/>
5134 <GENUS name="Crataeomus" type="with">
5135 <SPECIES name="lepidophorus" status="dubium">
5136 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
5137 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
5142 <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii">
5143 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus pawlowitschii" status="objective"/>
5147 <GENUS name="Craterosaurus" type="with">
5151 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
5152 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
5153 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
5154 <PLACE name="England"/>
5155 <REMAINS content="back vertebra"/>
5156 <SPECIES name="pottonensis" status="dubiumQ">
5157 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1874"/>
5160 <P> Possibly a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/>. </P>
5164 <GENUS name="Creosaurus" type="with">
5168 <SPECIES name="atrox">
5169 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus atrox" status="objective"/>
5171 <SPECIES name="potens" status="dubium">
5172 <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
5173 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius"/>
5177 <GENUS name="Cretornis">
5178 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1881"/>
5179 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
5181 <LINK content="Cretaceous"/> bird
5185 <GENUS name="Criorhynchus" type="with">
5189 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
5190 <PLACE name="England"/>
5191 <SPECIES name="simus">
5192 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
5195 <P> Various other species have been named in this genus, which
5196 may be the same as <NOMEN name="Tropeognathus"/>. </P>
5200 <GENUS name="Cristatusaurus" type="with">
5205 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
5206 <REMAINS content="premaxillae, partial maxilla, dentary, etc."/>
5207 <SPECIES name="lapparenti" status="dubiumQ">
5208 <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1998"/>
5210 <LOW>de</LOW> Lapparent's
5214 <P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/> or <NOMEN
5215 name="Suchomimus"/>. </P>
5219 <GENUS name="Cryolophosaurus" type="with">
5221 frozen crested lizard
5224 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
5225 <PLACE name="Antarctica"/>
5226 <REMAINS content="partial cranium, mandibles, pelvis, femur, vertebrae, fibula, tibiotarsus, metatarsals"/>
5227 <SPECIES name="elliotti">
5228 <AUTHOR name="Hammer, Hickerson" year="1994"/>
5231 <P> This is the oldest known <LINK content="carnosaur"/> (and the oldest
5232 known <LINK content="tetanuran"/>, for that matter). Also the only <LINK
5233 content="theropod"/> known from Antarctica, and the first <LINK
5234 content="dinosaur"/> from there to be described. It had an unusual crest
5235 projecting upwards from between its eyes. </P>
5237 <P>Before formally published, this animal was referred to in literature as
5238 <NOMEN name="Elvisaurus"/>, named for its pompadour-like crest.</P>
5242 <GENUS name="Cryptodraco">
5243 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
5247 <SPECIES name="eumerus">
5248 <SYNONYM name="Cryptosaurus eumerus" status="objective"/>
5252 <GENUS name="Cryptosaurus" status="dubium">
5256 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
5257 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
5258 <PLACE name="England"/>
5259 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
5260 <SPECIES name="eumerus" status="dubium">
5261 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
5264 <P> This genus was renamed <NOMEN name="Cryptodraco"/> because the name
5265 <NOMEN name="Cryptosaurus"/> was thought to be preoccupied, but this was
5266 not the case. (The other animal, a lizard, was actually named
5267 <NOMEN name="Cystosaurus" nolink="1"/>.) </P>
5271 <GENUS name="Ctenochasma">
5272 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1852"/>
5276 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
5277 <REMAINS content="6 specimens (some complete)"/>
5278 <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Pterodactylus">
5279 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1851"/>
5281 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
5282 <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
5284 <SPECIES name="porocristata">
5285 <MEANING>porous-crested</MEANING>
5286 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1975"/>
5287 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
5289 <SPECIES name="sp.">
5290 <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1972"/>
5291 <PLACE name="France"/>
5294 <P> This animal filter-fed using the 260 tiny teeth in its jaws. <NOMEN
5295 name="Ctenochasma porocristata"/> had a porous crest on its head. </P>
5299 <GENUS name="Cumnoria">
5300 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
5302 Cumnor's <LOW>one</LOW>
5304 <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
5305 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
5307 <SPECIES name="dispar">
5308 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus dispar" status="objective"/>
5312 <GENUS name="Cuspirostrisornis" type="with">
5314 pointed rostrum bird
5316 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
5317 <TIME value="Aptian" section="late" q="1"/>
5318 <PLACE name="China"/>
5319 <SPECIES name="houi">
5320 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
5321 <MEANING>Hou <LOW>Jifeng</LOW>'s</MEANING>
5323 <SPECIES name="jifengi">
5324 <SYNONYM name="houi"/>
5326 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10897" content="complete skeleton"/>
5329 <GENUS name="Cycnorhamphus">
5330 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
5334 <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
5335 <SPECIES name="suevicus" original="Pterodactylus">
5336 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
5337 <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1855"/>
5338 <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
5339 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
5341 <SPECIES name="canjuerensis">
5342 <PLACE name="France"/>
5343 <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
5346 <P> <NOMEN name="Cycnorhamphus canjuerensis"/> had a crest on the underside of its
5351 <GENUS name="Cylindricodon">
5352 <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
5353 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Inglis, Sawyer" year="1979"/>
5354 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jaeger" year="1828"/>
5355 <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus"/>
5361 <GENUS name="Dacentrurus">
5362 <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrosaurus"/>
5363 <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrurosaurus"/>
5364 <MISSPELLED name="Dacentrus"/>
5365 <MISSPELLED name="Dicentrurus"/>
5366 <MISSPELLED name="Dacenturus"/>
5367 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
5371 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
5372 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
5373 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
5374 <PLACE name="England, France, Portugal"/>
5375 <REMAINS content="postcrania (1 nearly complete), 4 sacra, femora"/>
5376 <SPECIES name="armatus" original="Omosaurus">
5377 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1875"/>
5378 <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
5380 <SPECIES name="hastiger" status="dubium">
5381 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1877"/>
5382 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
5384 <SPECIES name="lennieri">
5385 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
5386 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
5388 <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
5389 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1893"/>
5390 <REMAINS content="partial femur"/>
5392 <SPECIES name="vetustus">
5393 <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
5396 <P> The first <LINK content="stegosaur"/> to be discovered. <NOMEN
5397 name="Dacentrurus"/> was rather primitive, and had no plates, only spikes.
5402 <GENUS name="Dachongosaurus" type="with">
5403 <MISSPELLED name="Dachungosaurus"/>
5407 <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
5408 <TIME value="Pliensbachian" q="1"/>
5409 <PLACE name="China"/>
5410 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
5411 <SPECIES name="yunnanensis" status="nudum">
5412 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
5414 from <LOW>the</LOW> Yunnan <LOW>Formation</LOW>
5419 <GENUS name="Dakosaurus">
5420 <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1856"/>
5421 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
5424 <GENUS name="Damalasaurus" type="with">
5429 <PLACE name="China"/>
5430 <SPECIES name="laticostalis" status="nudum">
5431 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
5433 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="nudum">
5434 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
5440 <P> Perhaps a <LINK content="brachiosaur"/>. </P>
5444 <GENUS name="Dandakosaurus" type="with">
5446 Dandak<LOW>ranya Forest</LOW> lizard
5448 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
5449 <PLACE name="India"/>
5450 <REMAINS content="end of pubis"/>
5451 <SPECIES name="indicus" status="dubiumQ">
5452 <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1982"/>
5459 <GENUS name="Danubiosaurus" type="with">
5461 Danube <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
5463 <SPECIES name="anceps" status="dubium">
5464 <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
5465 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
5469 <GENUS name="Daptosaurus" type="with">
5470 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="nudum">
5471 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
5472 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
5473 <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
5474 <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
5478 <GENUS name="Daspletosaurus" type="with">
5483 <MASS value="2000"/>
5484 <MASS value="3500"/>
5485 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
5486 <SPECIES name="torosus">
5487 <MEANING>muscular</MEANING>
5488 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1970"/>
5489 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
5490 <REMAINS content="skeletons (one nearly complete), skulls (1 complete), 3 partial hindlimbs, partial spine, partial upper jaw"/>
5492 <SPECIES name="sp.">
5493 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
5497 <GENUS name="Dasygnathoides">
5498 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
5499 <SYNONYM name="Ornithosuchus"/>
5502 <GENUS name="Dasygnathus">
5503 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1877"/>
5504 <AUTHOR type="first" name="MacLeary" year="1819"/>
5505 <SYNONYM name="Dasygnathoides"/>
5508 <GENUS name="Datousaurus" type="with">
5510 big head/chieftain lizard
5512 <LENGTH value="14"/>
5513 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
5514 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
5515 <PLACE name="China"/>
5516 <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
5517 <REMAINS content="jaws" q="1"/>
5518 <SPECIES name="bashanensis">
5519 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1984"/>
5523 <GENUS name="Deinocheirus" type="with">
5527 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
5528 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
5529 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
5530 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
5531 <SPECIES name="mirificus">
5532 <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz" year="1970"/>
5533 <REMAINS content="forelimbs"/>
5534 <REMAINS content="ribs, vertebrae" q="1"/>
5536 <SPECIES name="sp.">
5537 <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/64"/>
5540 <P> The incredible <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is known only from two
5541 enormous, eight-foot-long (2.5m) arms with 10-inch claws. The arms are
5542 similar to those of <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>, although the digits
5543 and claws are more curved. <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> may have been on
5544 the same scale as the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>. It lived
5545 alongside <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, another bizarre theropod with
5550 <GENUS name="Deinodon" type="with">
5551 <MISSPELLED name="Dinodon"/>
5555 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
5556 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
5557 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
5558 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
5559 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
5560 <SPECIES name="horridus" status="dubium">
5561 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
5563 <SPECIES name="amplus">
5564 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
5566 <SPECIES name="arctunguis">
5567 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus arctunguis" status="objective"/>
5569 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
5570 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
5572 <SPECIES name="cristatus2">
5573 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
5575 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
5576 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
5578 <SPECIES name="falculus">
5579 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
5581 <SPECIES name="grandis">
5582 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
5584 <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
5585 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
5587 <SPECIES name="incrassatus" status="dubium">
5588 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
5589 <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
5591 <SPECIES name="kenabekides">
5592 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus kenabekides" status="objective"/>
5594 <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
5595 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
5597 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
5598 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
5600 <SPECIES name="lateralis">
5601 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
5603 <SPECIES name="libratus">
5604 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus libratus" status="objective"/>
5606 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
5607 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
5609 <SPECIES name="periculosus">
5610 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
5612 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
5613 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
5615 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
5616 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
5619 <P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named,
5620 this dubious tooth taxon could be the same thing as <NOMEN
5621 name="Gorgosaurus"/> or <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>. </P>
5625 <GENUS name="Deinonychus" type="with">
5629 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
5633 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
5634 <TIME value="Albian"/>
5635 <PLACE name="Montana, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Utah"/>
5636 <PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
5637 <REMAINS content="over 9 skeletons (adult and subadult), teeth"/>
5638 <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
5639 <MEANING>counterbalancing</MEANING>
5640 <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1969"/>
5642 <SPECIES name="koreanensis" status="nudum">
5643 <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
5644 <MEANING>from Korea</MEANING>
5645 <SYNONYM name="Koreanosaurus sp."/>
5649 <GENUS name="Deltadromeus" type="with">
5654 <MASS value="3500"/>
5655 <MASS value="4000"/>
5657 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
5658 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
5659 <REMAINS content="femora"/>
5660 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
5661 <SPECIES name="agilis">
5662 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Duthiel, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varicchio, J. A. Wilson" year="1996"/>
5669 <GENUS name="Dendrorhynchoides">
5670 <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
5671 <MEANING><NOMEN name="Dendrorhynchus"/> form</MEANING>
5672 <SPECIES name="curvidentatus" original="Dendrorhynchus">
5673 <REMAINS museum="GMV" id="2128" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
5674 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
5675 <PLACE name="China"/>
5676 <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
5677 <MEANING>curve-toothed</MEANING>
5681 <GENUS name="Dendrorhynchus">
5682 <AUTHOR type="first"/>
5683 <MEANING><LOW>family</LOW> tree <LOW>of</LOW> <NOMEN name="Rhamphorhynchus"/></MEANING>
5684 <SPECIES name="curvidentatus">
5685 <SYNONYM name="Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus" status="objective"/>
5689 <GENUS name="Denversaurus" type="with">
5690 <MEANING>Denver lizard</MEANING>
5691 <SPECIES name="schlessmani">
5692 <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia schlessmani" status="objective"/>
5696 <GENUS name="Dermodactylus" status="dubium">
5697 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
5698 <MEANING>skin finger</MEANING>
5700 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
5701 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
5702 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
5703 <REMAINS content="metacarpal fragment"/>
5704 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
5711 <GENUS name="Deuterosaurus" type="with">
5712 <MEANING>second <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
5713 <SPECIES name="biarmicus">
5714 <AUTHOR name="Eichwald" year="1860"/>
5715 <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
5719 <GENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" type="with">
5720 <MEANING>Dianchung lizard</MEANING>
5722 <PLACE name="China"/>
5723 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
5724 <MISSPELLED name="Tianchungosaurus">
5725 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
5727 <SPECIES name="lufengensis" status="dubium">
5728 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
5730 from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW>
5733 <SPECIES name="elegans" status="nudum">
5734 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
5735 <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
5739 <GENUS name="Diceratops">
5740 <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
5741 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Lull" year="1907"/>
5742 <MEANING>two-horned face</MEANING>
5744 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
5745 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
5746 <REMAINS content="cranium"/>
5747 <SPECIES name="hatcheri" original="Triceratops">
5748 <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1907"/>
5751 <P> Considered for a long time as a species of <NOMEN
5752 name="Triceratops"/>, this genus was recently resurrected. </P>
5756 <GENUS name="Diclonius" type="with">
5757 <MEANING>double stick</MEANING>
5758 <SPECIES name="pentagonus" status="dubium">
5759 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
5760 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis"/>
5765 <SPECIES name="calamarius" status="nudum">
5766 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
5767 <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
5769 <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
5770 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1883"/>
5771 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
5772 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis"/>
5774 <SPECIES name="perangulatus" status="dubium">
5775 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
5776 <SYNONYM name="pentagonus"/>
5780 <GENUS name="Dicraeosaurus" type="with">
5781 <MEANING>forked lizard</MEANING>
5782 <LENGTH value="13"/>
5783 <LENGTH value="20"/>
5784 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
5785 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
5786 <SPECIES name="hansemanni">
5787 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
5788 <REMAINS content="postcranium missing forelimbs, 2 partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements"/>
5790 <SPECIES name="brancai">
5791 <SYNONYM name="Giraffatitan brancai" status="objective"/>
5792 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
5794 <SPECIES name="sattleri">
5795 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
5796 <REMAINS content="partial postcrania"/>
5800 <GENUS name="Didanodon">
5801 <MISSPELLED name="Didamodon"/>
5802 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1902"/>
5803 <SPECIES name="altidens">
5804 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
5808 <GENUS name="Dilophosaurus">
5809 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1970"/>
5810 <MEANING>double-crested lizard</MEANING>
5815 <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
5816 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
5817 <SPECIES name="wetherilli" original="Megalosaurus">
5818 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1954"/>
5819 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
5820 <REMAINS content="skeletons, fragments"/>
5822 <SPECIES name="breedorum">
5823 <MEANING>The Breeds' <LOW>(including William J.)</LOW></MEANING>
5824 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="77270"/>
5825 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
5826 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
5827 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
5829 <SPECIES name="sinensis" q="1">
5830 <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1993"/>
5831 <PLACE name="China"/>
5832 <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
5833 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
5837 <P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> sported a pair of thin crests running
5838 from above the nostrils to the back of the head. (At least, <NOMEN
5839 name="D. breedorum"/> [which may very well be a junior synonym of <NOMEN
5840 name="D. wetherilli"/>] and <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> did -- that part
5841 of the skull is unknown for <NOMEN name="D. wetherilli"/> <I>sensu
5842 stricto</I>.) These frills were probably ornamental in nature. </P>
5844 <P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was featured in the blockbuster movie
5845 <U>Jurassic Park</U>. Considerable liberties were taken with the
5846 restoration. Real <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> were much larger than their
5847 Jurassic Park counterparts. There is no evidence that they had neck frills or poison
5848 glands. In fact, <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was the largest predator in
5849 its environment and had no need to be poisonous. Furthermore, Jurassic Park's
5850 dilophosaurs had jaws simplified beyond recognition (the cool kink was
5851 utterly smoothed out). </P>
5853 <P> <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> had taller, more robust crests. It may not
5854 belong to this genus. </P>
5858 <GENUS name="Dimodosaurus" type="with">
5859 <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
5860 <AUTHOR name="Pidancet, Chopard" year="1862"/>
5861 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
5865 <GENUS name="Dimorphodon" type="with">
5866 <MEANING>two form teeth</MEANING>
5867 <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
5869 <PLACE name="England"/>
5870 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
5871 <SPECIES name="macronyx">
5872 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
5879 <GENUS name="Dinheirosaurus" type="with">
5880 <SPECIES name="lourinhanensis">
5881 <MEANING>from Lourinhã</MEANING>
5882 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Mateus" year="1999"/>
5885 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
5888 <GENUS name="Dinodocus" type="with">
5892 <SPECIES name="mackesoni">
5893 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus mackesoni" status="objective"/>
5897 <GENUS name="Dinosaurus" type="with">
5898 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fischer de Waldheim" year="1847"/>
5902 <SPECIES name="gresslyi" status="dubium">
5903 <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1856"/>
5904 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
5907 The name <NOMEN name="Dinosaurus" nolink="1"/> was first given to
5908 a species of <NOMEN name="Rhopalodon"/>.
5912 <GENUS name="Dinotyrannus">
5913 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
5914 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
5915 <MEANING>terrible tyrant</MEANING>
5916 <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
5917 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
5921 <GENUS name="Diopocephalus">
5922 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1885"/>
5927 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
5928 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.4"/>
5929 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
5930 <SPECIES name="longicollum" original="Pterodactylus">
5934 <GENUS name="Diplodocus" type="with">
5938 <LENGTH value="27"/>
5939 <MASS value="6000"/>
5940 <MASS value="20000"/>
5941 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
5942 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
5943 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
5944 <SPECIES name="longus">
5945 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
5949 <REMAINS content="2 skulls, partial tails"/>
5951 <SPECIES name="carnegiei">
5952 <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1901"/>
5953 <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, 2 skulls, elements"/>
5955 <LOW>Andrew</LOW> Carnegie's
5958 <SPECIES name="hallorum">
5959 <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Seismosaurus hallorum"/>
5961 <SPECIES name="hayi">
5962 <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1924"/>
5963 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with braincase"/>
5965 <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubiumQ">
5966 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
5967 <SYNONYM name="longus"/>
5971 <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
5973 <SPECIES name="reedi">
5974 <AUTHOR name="Breihaupt" year="1990"/>
5975 <SYNONYM name="carnegiei"/>
5978 <P> Once known as the longest <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (although others
5979 have now replaced it). </P>
5981 <P> A recent find with skin impressions show a row of spines going down
5982 the back. Other <LINK content="sauropods"/> may have shared this trait.
5987 <GENUS name="Diplotomodon" status="dubium">
5988 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1868"/>
5990 double cutting tooth
5993 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
5994 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
5995 <SPECIES name="horrificus" status="dubium" original="Tomodon">
5996 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
6002 <P> Extremely similar to <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/>. </P>
6006 <GENUS name="Diracodon" type="with">
6010 <SPECIES name="laticeps">
6011 <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus laticeps" status="objective"/>
6013 <SPECIES name="stenops">
6014 <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
6018 <GENUS name="Dolichosuchus" type="with">
6022 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
6023 <TIME value="Norian"/>
6024 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
6025 <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
6026 <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium">
6027 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
6034 <GENUS name="Doratodon">
6035 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
6036 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
6039 <GENUS name="Doratorhynchus" type="with">
6043 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6044 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
6045 <PLACE name="England"/>
6046 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
6047 <SPECIES name="validus">
6048 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
6055 <GENUS name="Dorygnathus" type="with">
6060 <TIME section="late" value="EJ"/>
6061 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
6062 <SPECIES name="banthensis">
6063 <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1860"/>
6065 <SPECIES name="mistelgauensis">
6066 <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1971"/>
6070 <GENUS name="Doryphorosaurus">
6072 spear-bearing lizard
6074 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
6075 <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
6076 <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
6077 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Nopcsa" year="1916"/>
6081 <GENUS name="Draconyx" type="with">
6082 <MEANING>dragon claw</MEANING>
6083 <SPECIES name="loureiroi">
6084 <AUTHOR name="Mateus, Antunes" year="2001"/>
6085 <REMAINS type="holo" content="maxillary teeth, 3 caudal centra, chevron, distal epiphyses of right humerus & femur, epiphyses of tibia & fibula, manual phalanx, 3 manual unguals, various pedal elements"/>
6086 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
6087 <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6088 <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
6092 <GENUS name="Dracopelta" type="with">
6096 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
6097 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6098 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
6099 <REMAINS content="partial rib cage, armor"/>
6100 <SPECIES name="zbyszewskii">
6101 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
6105 <GENUS name="Dravidosaurus" type="with">
6106 <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropterygia"/>
6108 Dravid<LOW>anadu</LOW> lizard
6110 <SPECIES name="blanfordi">
6111 <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri, Ayyasami" year="1979"/>
6112 <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
6116 <GENUS name="Drinker" type="with">
6118 <LOW>Edward</LOW> Drinker <LOW>Cope's one</LOW>
6121 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6122 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6123 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
6124 <REMAINS content="adult (tooth, tail vertebrae, partial toes), subadult (partial jaws, centra, partial limbs), juvenile (tooth, centra, humerus, toe, femur, astragalus, radius, metatarsals)"/>
6125 <SPECIES name="nisti">
6126 <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Galton, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1990"/>
6129 <P> Possessed a flexible tail. </P>
6133 <GENUS name="Dromaeosaurus" type="with">
6137 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
6138 <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
6139 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
6140 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
6141 <REMAINS content="incomplete skull, pedal elements, fragments"/>
6142 <REMAINS content="toe claw" q="1"/>
6143 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
6144 <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1922"/>
6149 <SPECIES name="abradens">
6150 <SYNONYM name="Zapsalis abradens" status="objective"/>
6152 <SPECIES name="cristatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
6153 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
6158 <SPECIES name="explanatus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
6159 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
6161 <SPECIES name="falculus">
6162 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
6164 <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium" original="Coelurus">
6165 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
6166 <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
6168 <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
6169 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
6171 <SPECIES name="lateralis">
6172 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon lateralis" status="objective"/>
6174 <SPECIES name="minutus">
6175 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
6179 <GENUS name="Dromiceiomimus">
6180 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1972"/>
6184 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
6187 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
6188 <SPECIES name="brevitertius" original="Struthiomimus">
6189 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
6190 <TIME section="latest" value="Campanian"/>
6191 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
6192 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
6194 <SPECIES name="samueli" original="Struthiomimus">
6195 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1928"/>
6196 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
6197 <REMAINS content="specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
6200 <P> Somewhat longer-limbed than other <LINK content="ornithomimids"/>.
6201 <NOMEN name="Dromiceiomimus samueli"/> may be ancestral to
6202 <NOMEN name="D. brevitertius"/>. </P>
6206 <GENUS name="Dromicosaurus" type="with">
6207 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
6208 <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
6209 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
6216 <GENUS name="Dryosaurus">
6217 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
6221 <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
6222 <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
6223 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6224 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6225 <SPECIES name="altus" original="Laosaurus">
6226 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
6227 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
6231 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, infant specimen, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
6233 <SPECIES name="canaliculatus">
6234 <SYNONYM name="Valdosaurus canaliculatus" status="objective"/>
6236 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
6237 <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1911"/>
6238 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus affinis"/>
6240 <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki" original="Dysalotosaurus">
6241 <MISSPELLED name="lettow-vorbecki"/>
6242 <AUTHOR name="Virchow" year="1919"/>
6243 <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
6244 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Galton" year="1977"/>
6245 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
6246 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
6250 <GENUS name="Dryptosauroides" type="with">
6252 <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/> form
6254 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
6256 <PLACE name="India"/>
6257 <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae"/>
6258 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
6259 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
6266 <GENUS name="Dryptosaurus">
6267 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
6272 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
6273 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
6274 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
6275 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
6276 <SPECIES name="aquilunguis" original="Laelaps">
6277 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1866"/>
6282 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
6283 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
6285 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
6286 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
6288 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
6289 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
6291 <SPECIES name="falculus">
6292 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps falculus" status="objective"/>
6294 <SPECIES name="gallicus" status="dubium" original="Laelaps">
6295 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1867"/>
6297 <SPECIES name="hazenianus">
6298 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps hazenianus" status="objective"/>
6300 <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
6301 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
6303 <SPECIES name="kenabekides" status="dubium">
6304 <AUTHOR name="Hay" year="1899"/>
6305 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
6307 <SPECIES name="laevifrons">
6308 <SYNONYM name="Laelaps laevifrons" status="objective"/>
6310 <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
6311 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
6312 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
6317 <SPECIES name="medius" status="dubium" original="Allosaurus">
6318 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1888"/>
6320 <SPECIES name="potens">
6321 <SYNONYM name="Creosaurus potens" status="objective"/>
6323 <SPECIES name="saharicus">
6324 <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
6325 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
6327 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus">
6328 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus" status="objective"/>
6330 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
6331 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
6334 <P> Once considered a <LINK content="megalosaur"/> (in fact, it was at one
6335 time used as a subgenus of <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/>), this
6336 medium-sized predator is now recognized as a basal <LINK
6337 content="coelurosaur"/>, albeit a very late-occurring one. </P>
6339 <P> Some other large-ish, late-surviving, basal coelurosaurs, like <NOMEN
6340 name="Deltadromeus"/> seem to have some commonalities with <NOMEN
6341 name="Dryptosaurus"/>. Together they may form a clade (Dryptosauridae).
6346 <GENUS name="Dsungaripterus" type="with">
6348 Junggar <LOW>Basin</LOW> wing
6350 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
6351 <SPECIES name="weii">
6352 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
6354 <PLACE name="China"/>
6355 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
6357 <SPECIES name="brancai" q="1">
6359 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
6360 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1980"/>
6364 <GENUS name="Dynamosaurus" type="with">
6368 <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
6369 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
6370 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
6374 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" content="lower jaws, vertebrae, ribs" type="holo"/>
6378 <GENUS name="Dyoplosaurus" type="with">
6379 <MISSPELLED name="Dioplosaurus"/>
6380 <SPECIES name="acutosquameus">
6381 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus" status="objective"/>
6383 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
6384 <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
6391 <GENUS name="Dysalotosaurus" type="with">
6393 hard-to-catch lizard
6395 <MISSPELLED name="Dypsalotosaurus" author="Galton" year="1973"/>
6396 <MISSPELLED name="Dysalatosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
6397 <MISSPELLED name="Dysalotasaurus" author="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
6398 <SPECIES name="lettowvorbecki">
6399 <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus lettowvorbecki" status="objective"/>
6403 <GENUS name="Dysganus" type="with">
6405 bad brightness <LOW>(tooth enamel)</LOW>
6407 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
6408 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
6409 <SPECIES name="encaustus" status="dubium">
6410 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
6411 <REMAINS content="tooth, tooth fragments"/>
6413 <SPECIES name="bicarinatus" status="dubium">
6414 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
6415 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
6417 <SPECIES name="haydenianus" status="dubium">
6418 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
6419 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
6421 <SPECIES name="peiganus" status="dubium">
6422 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
6423 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
6427 <GENUS name="Dyslocosaurus" type="with">
6429 hard-to-place lizard
6431 <LENGTH value="17"/>
6432 <LENGTH value="18"/>
6433 <MASS value="5000"/>
6434 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
6435 <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
6436 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
6437 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimbs"/>
6438 <SPECIES name="polyonychius">
6439 <AUTHOR name="MacIntosh, Coombs, D. A. Russell" year="1992"/>
6445 <P> It is unclear whether <NOMEN name="Dyslocosaurus"/> remains came from the
6446 0 Formation or the Lance Formation. This uncertainty gives it its
6447 name. It may come from the Late Jurassic, like most other diplodocids, or
6448 it may be from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), and therefore the
6449 latest <LINK content="diplodocid"/> known. </P>
6453 <GENUS name="Dystrophaeus" type="with">
6457 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6458 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6459 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
6460 <REMAINS content="scapula, ulna, partial forefoot"/>
6461 <SPECIES name="viamalae" status="dubiumQ">
6462 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
6466 <GENUS name="Dystylosaurus" type="with">
6470 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6471 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6472 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
6473 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
6474 <SPECIES name="edwini">
6475 <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
6478 <P> May be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>. </P>
6482 <GENUS name="Echinodon" type="with">
6483 <MISSPELLED name="Echinosaurus"/>
6487 <LENGTH value="0.6" q="1"/>
6488 <SPECIES name="becklessi">
6489 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1861"/>
6490 <PLACE name="England"/>
6491 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6492 <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary skulls, scutes"/>
6495 <P> Possibly a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> related to <NOMEN
6496 name="Scutellosaurus"/>. Also suggested as a <LINK
6497 content="heterodontosaurid"/>. </P>
6501 <GENUS name="Echizensaurus" status="unpublished">
6503 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
6504 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
6507 <GENUS name="Edmarka" type="with">
6509 <LOW>William</LOW> Edmark's <LOW>one</LOW>
6511 <LENGTH value="11"/>
6512 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
6513 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
6514 <REMAINS content="left jugal, ribs, scapulocoracoid"/>
6515 <SPECIES name="rex">
6516 <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Krails, Siegwarth, Filla" year="1992"/>
6522 <P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Torvosaurus"/>. </P>
6526 <GENUS name="Edmontonia" type="with">
6528 <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group's one</LOW>
6532 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
6533 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
6534 <SPECIES name="logiceps">
6535 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1928"/>
6536 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
6537 <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
6539 <SPECIES name="australis">
6540 <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
6541 <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
6543 <SPECIES name="rugosidens" original="Palaeoscincus">
6544 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
6545 <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Texas, Alberta"/>
6546 <REMAINS content="4 specimens"/>
6548 <SPECIES name="schlessmani" original="Denversaurus">
6549 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1988"/>
6550 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
6551 <REMAINS content="skull, teeth, armor fragments"/>
6553 <SPECIES name="sp.">
6554 <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
6557 <P> <NOMEN name="Edmontonia schlessmani"/> may be the same as
6558 <NOMEN name="E. rugosidens"/>. </P>
6562 <GENUS name="Edmontosaurus" type="with">
6564 Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
6566 <LENGTH value="13"/>
6567 <MASS value="3000"/>
6568 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
6569 <SPECIES name="regalis">
6570 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1917"/>
6571 <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
6572 <REMAINS content="several specimens, 7 skulls"/>
6577 <SPECIES name="altispinus" status="nudum">
6578 <AUTHOR name="Benton" year="1993"/>
6579 <SYNONYM name="regalis"/>
6584 <SPECIES name="annectens" original="Claosaurus">
6585 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
6586 <PLACE name="Alberta, Colorado, Montana, Saskatchewan, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
6587 <REMAINS content="5 specimens, skull elements"/>
6589 <SPECIES name="copei">
6590 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei" status="objective"/>
6592 <LOW>Edward Drinker</LOW> Cope's
6595 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
6596 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
6597 <SYNONYM name="annectens"/>
6599 from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
6602 <SPECIES name="minor">
6603 <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor" status="objective"/>
6605 <SPECIES name="minor2">
6606 <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
6608 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis" original="Thespesius">
6609 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1926"/>
6610 <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
6611 <REMAINS content="several skulls (1 complete)"/>
6616 <SPECIES name="sp.">
6617 <PLACE name="Alaska"/>
6621 <GENUS name="Efraasia">
6622 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1973"/>
6624 E. Fraas' <LOW>one</LOW>
6626 <SPECIES name="diagnostica">
6627 <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
6631 <GENUS name="Einiosaurus" type="with">
6636 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
6637 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
6638 <REMAINS content="3 skulls, elements from individuals of various ages"/>
6639 <SPECIES name="procurvicornis">
6640 <AUTHOR name="Sampson" year="1995"/>
6642 <LOW>with</LOW> forward-curving horn
6646 <P> The nasal horn of <NOMEN name="Einiosaurus"/> curved forward, looking
6647 something like a bottle-opener. </P>
6651 <GENUS name="Elaphrosaurus" type="with">
6657 <SPECIES name="bambergi">
6658 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1920"/>
6659 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
6660 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
6661 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
6663 <SPECIES name="agilis">
6664 <SYNONYM name="Coelurus agilis" status="objective"/>
6665 <MEANING>agile</MEANING>
6667 <SPECIES name="gautieri">
6668 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
6669 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
6670 <TIME value="Albian"/>
6671 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
6672 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
6673 <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
6675 <SPECIES name="iguidensis">
6676 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
6677 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
6678 <TIME value="Albian"/>
6679 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
6680 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
6681 <REMAINS content="limb elements"/>
6683 <SPECIES name="philtippettorum" status="nudum" q="1">
6684 <MEANING>Phil Tippett's <LOW>studio's</LOW></MEANING>
6685 <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
6686 <PLACE name="Colorado" q="1"/>
6687 <REMAINS content="humerus" q="1" museum="USNM" id="8415"/>
6689 <SPECIES name="sp.">
6690 <TIME value="Albian"/>
6691 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
6692 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
6695 <P> <NOMEN name="Elaphrosaurus"/> remains are not complete, and it was
6696 originally classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, or
6697 "ostrich mimics". Placement is still uncertain, although most likely it is
6698 some type of <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>, possibly
6699 a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>. </P>
6703 <GENUS name="Elmisaurus" type="with">
6708 <MASS value="15" q="1"/>
6709 <MASS value="45" q="1"/>
6710 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
6711 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
6712 <SPECIES name="rarus">
6713 <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1981"/>
6718 <SPECIES name="elegans" original="Ornithomimus">
6719 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
6725 <P> <NOMEN name="Elmisaurus elegans"/> may belong to <NOMEN name="Chirostenotes"/>,
6726 possibly <NOMEN name="C. pergracilis"/>. </P>
6730 <GENUS name="Elopteryx" type="with">
6736 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
6737 <PLACE name="Romania"/>
6738 <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora, etc."/>
6739 <REMAINS content="cranium" q="1"/>
6740 <SPECIES name="nopcsai" status="dubium">
6741 <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1913"/>
6743 <LOW>Franz</LOW> Nopcsa's
6747 <P> This Transylvanian <LINK content="theropod"/> may be a <LINK
6748 content="paravian"/> (possibly even a <LINK content="neornithean"/>) or a
6749 <LINK content="troodontid"/>.</P>
6753 <GENUS name="Elosaurus" type="with">
6757 <SPECIES name="parvus">
6758 <AUTHOR name="Peterson, Gilmore" year="1902"/>
6759 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus excelsus"/>
6766 <GENUS name="Elvisaurus" status="nudum">
6767 <AUTHOR name="Holmes" year="1993"/>
6768 <SYNONYM name="Cryolophosaurus"/>
6769 <MEANING>Elvis <LOW>Aaron Presley</LOW>'s lizard</MEANING>
6772 <GENUS name="Emausaurus" type="with">
6774 E<LOW>rnst-</LOW>M<LOW>oritz-</LOW>A<LOW>rndt </LOW>U<LOW>niversität</LOW> lizard
6777 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
6778 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
6779 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
6780 <SPECIES name="ernsti">
6781 <AUTHOR name="Haubold" year="1990"/>
6784 <P> Usually considered a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>, but may
6785 be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. </P>
6789 <GENUS name="Embasaurus" type="with">
6791 Emba <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
6794 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
6795 <REMAINS content="2 partial vertebrae"/>
6796 <SPECIES name="minax" status="dubium">
6797 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1931"/>
6801 <GENUS name="Enaliornis" type="with">
6806 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
6807 <REMAINS content="skull fragments, neck vertebrae, femur, tarsometatarsus"/>
6808 <SPECIES name="barretti">
6809 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1876"/>
6811 <SPECIES name="sedgwicki">
6815 <GENUS name="Enantiornis" type="with">
6816 <SPECIES name="leali">
6817 <AUTHOR name="Walker" year="1981"/>
6818 <PLACE name="S. America"/>
6820 <SPECIES name="martini">
6821 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
6823 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
6824 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
6829 <LENGTH value="1" wingspan="1"/>
6832 <P> About the size of a vulture. </P>
6836 <GENUS name="Enigmosaurus" type="with">
6841 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
6842 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
6843 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
6844 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
6845 <REMAINS content="partial pelvis"/>
6846 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
6847 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1983"/>
6854 <GENUS name="Eoalulavis" type="with">
6858 <LENGTH value="0.17" wingspan="1"/>
6860 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
6861 <REMAINS content="postcranium, with impressions of feathers and soft anatomy"/>
6862 <SPECIES name="hoyasi">
6863 <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Chiappe, Perez-Moreno, Buscalioni, Moratalla, Ortega, Poyata-Ariza" year="1996"/>
6866 <P> The earliest <LINK content="bird"/> known to have an alula, or
6867 "bastard wing" -- a group of feathers attached to digit I which aids in
6868 flight control. </P>
6872 <GENUS name="Eobrontosaurus">
6873 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1998"/>
6875 dawn <NOMEN name="Brontosaurus"/>
6877 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
6878 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
6879 <SPECIES name="yahnahpin" original="Apatosaurus">
6880 <AUTHOR name="Filla, James, Redman" year="1994"/>
6884 <GENUS name="Eoceratops" type="with">
6888 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
6889 <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
6896 <GENUS name="Eoenantiornis" type="with">
6897 <MISSPELLED name="Eoenantiornithes"/>
6899 dawn <LINK content="enantiornithean"/>
6901 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
6902 <PLACE name="China"/>
6903 <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="specimen"/>
6904 <SPECIES name="buhleri">
6905 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhou, Feduccia" year="1999"/>
6909 <GENUS name="Eohadrosaurus" type="with">
6911 dawn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
6913 <SPECIES name="caroljonesi" status="nudum">
6914 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1997"/>
6915 <SYNONYM name="Eolambia caroljonesa"/>
6922 <GENUS name="Eolambia" type="with">
6924 dawn <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>
6926 <TIME section="latest" value="Albian"/>
6927 <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian"/>
6928 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
6929 <SPECIES name="caroljonesa">
6930 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
6936 <P> The "proto-<LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>". Was originally going to
6937 be called <NOMEN name="Eohadrosaurus"/>, until its lambeosaurine affinities
6938 were ascertained. It is the earliest <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known
6939 (although <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive). </P>
6943 <GENUS name="Eoraptor" type="with">
6948 <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
6949 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
6950 <REMAINS content="several nearly complete skeletons"/>
6951 <SPECIES name="lunensis">
6952 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Forster, Rogers, Monetta" year="1993"/>
6953 <MEANING>from <LOW>the Valley of</LOW> the Moon</MEANING>
6956 <P> <NOMEN name="Eoraptor"/>, from the Late Triassic, is the most primitive
6957 known <LINK content="dinosaur"/> (assuming it's not too primitive to
6958 be a true dinosaur). </P>
6962 <GENUS name="Eosipterus" type="with">
6966 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
6967 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
6968 <PLACE name="China"/>
6969 <REMAINS content="hindlimbs, forelimbs, misc."/>
6970 <SPECIES name="yangi">
6971 <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
6975 <GENUS name="Eotyrannus" type="with">
6976 <MEANING>dawn tyrant</MEANING>
6977 <PLACE name="England"/>
6978 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
6979 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
6980 <SPECIES name="lengi">
6981 <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Naish, Martill, Barker, Newbery" year="2001"/>
6982 <MEANING><LOW>Gavin</LOW> Leng's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
6983 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="subadult"/>
6986 <P>This <LINK content="theropod"/> may be an early member of
6987 <LINK content="Tyrannosauroidea"/>, a precursor to the "tyrants" of later
6988 times. It hails from the Wessex formation of the Isle of Wight.
6989 Unlike the later <LINK content="Tyrannosauridae"/>, it retained three
6994 <GENUS name="Epachthosaurus" type="with">
6995 <MISSPELLED name="Epachtosaurus"/>
6996 <MEANING>heavy lizard</MEANING>
6997 <LENGTH value="15"/>
6998 <LENGTH value="20"/>
6999 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
7000 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
7001 <REMAINS museum="MACN-CH" id="1317" type="holo" content="partial dorsal vertebra"/>
7002 <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="18689" content="6 posterior dorsal vertebrae, fragmentary sacrum, ilium fragment, pubis"/>
7003 <REMAINS content="well-preserved specimen"/>
7004 <SPECIES name="sciuttoi">
7005 <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1990"/>
7008 <P> A newer, well-preserved specimen of this animal may show that
7009 <NOMEN name="Epachthosaurus"/> is an unarmored(!)
7010 <LINK content="titanosaur"/>, as the specimen lack osteoderms.
7015 <GENUS name="Epanterias" type="with">
7016 <MISSPELLED name="Empaterias"/>
7018 buttressed <LOW>vertebrae</LOW>
7020 <SPECIES name="amplexus">
7021 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus" status="objective"/>
7025 <GENUS name="Ephoenosaurus" status="nudum">
7026 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1839"/>
7027 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
7030 <GENUS name="Epicampodon">
7031 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1885"/>
7032 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
7035 <GENUS name="Erectopus">
7036 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
7041 <TIME value="Albian"/>
7042 <PLACE name="France, Egypt, Portugal"/>
7043 <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
7044 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
7045 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
7047 <SPECIES name="insignis">
7048 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis" status="objective"/>
7050 <SPECIES name="superbus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
7051 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
7052 <SYNONYM name="sauvagei"/>
7053 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
7060 <GENUS name="Erlikosaurus" type="with">
7061 <MISSPELLED name="Erlicosaurus"/>
7063 Erlik's <LOW>(king of the dead in Mongolian mythology)</LOW> lizard
7068 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
7069 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
7070 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
7071 <REMAINS content="skull, foot, vertebrae, humerus, partial hindlimb"/>
7072 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
7073 <AUTHOR name="Perle"/>
7074 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1980"/>
7075 <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
7079 <GENUS name="Eshanosaurus" type="with">
7080 <MEANING>Eshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
7081 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
7082 <PLACE name="China"/>
7083 <SPECIES name="deguchiianus">
7084 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Clark" year="2001"/>
7085 <MEANING><LOW>Hikaru</LOW> Deguchi's</MEANING>
7086 <REMAINS type="holo" content="mandible"/>
7089 <P>Although originally classified as a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>,
7090 there are (as yet unpublished) speculations that this species might be a
7091 <LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> instead. If a <LINK
7092 content="therizinosaur"/>, it would be the earliest one known, indeed, the
7093 earliest <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> known, and would push back the
7094 hypothesized origin of that group by a great amount of time.</P>
7098 <GENUS name="Euacanthus" type="with">
7102 <SPECIES name="vectianus" status="nudum">
7103 <MEANING>of the Isle of Wight</MEANING>
7104 <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
7105 <AUTHOR name="Tennyson" year="1987"/>
7106 <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
7110 <GENUS name="Eucamerotus" status="dubium">
7111 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
7115 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
7116 <PLACE name="England"/>
7117 <REMAINS content="dorsal vertebrae"/>
7118 <SPECIES name="foxi" status="dubium">
7119 <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1995"/>
7123 <GENUS name="Eucentrosaurus">
7124 <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
7125 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus"/>
7127 true <NOMEN name="Centrosaurus"/>
7131 <GENUS name="Eucercosaurus">
7132 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
7133 <MEANING>well-tailored lizard</MEANING>
7134 <SPECIES name="tanyspondylus">
7135 <SYNONYM name="Anoplosaurus tanyspondylus" status="objective"/>
7139 <GENUS name="Eucnemesaurus" type="with">
7143 <SPECIES name="fortis" status="dubium">
7144 <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1920"/>
7145 <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
7152 <GENUS name="Eucoelophysis" type="with">
7154 true <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>
7156 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
7160 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
7161 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
7162 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
7163 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
7164 <SPECIES name="baldwini" status="dubium">
7165 <AUTHOR name="Sullivan, Lucas" year="1999"/>
7168 <P> <REFER page="Coelophysis"/> </P>
7172 <GENUS name="Eudimorphodon" type="with">
7174 true <NOMEN name="Dimorphodon"/>
7177 <TIME value="Norian"/>
7178 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
7179 <SPECIES name="ranzii">
7180 <AUTHOR name="Zambelli" year="1973"/>
7184 <GENUS name="Euhelopus">
7185 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1956"/>
7187 true <NOMEN name="Helopus"/>
7189 <LENGTH value="10"/>
7190 <LENGTH value="15"/>
7191 <MASS value="20000"/>
7192 <MASS value="24000"/>
7193 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" q="1"/>
7194 <PLACE name="China"/>
7195 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, fragments"/>
7196 <SPECIES name="zdanskyi" original="Helopus">
7197 <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
7201 <GENUS name="Euoplocephalus">
7202 <MISSPELLED name="Erroplocephalus"/>
7203 <MISSPELLED name="Euoploasaurus"/>
7204 <MISSPELLED name="Euoplology"/>
7205 <MISSPELLED name="Euplocephalus"/>
7206 <MISSPELLED name="Europlocephalus"/>
7207 <MISSPELLED name="Europecephalus"/>
7208 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1910"/>
7212 <LENGTH value="5.8"/>
7213 <MASS value="2000"/>
7214 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
7215 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
7216 <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
7217 <REMAINS content="40 specimens, 15 skulls, teeth"/>
7218 <SPECIES name="tutus" original="Stereocephalus">
7219 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
7221 <SPECIES name="acutosquameus" original="Dyoplosaurus">
7222 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1924"/>
7224 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
7225 <SYNONYM name="Tarchia gigantea" status="objective"/>
7227 <SPECIES name="magniventris">
7228 <SYNONYM name="Ankylosaurus magniventris" status="objective"/>
7231 <P> <NOMEN name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/> may be the same as
7232 <NOMEN name="E. tutus"/> </P>
7236 <GENUS name="Eupodosaurus">
7237 <AUTHOR name="Boulenger" year="1981"/>
7238 <PROPERTAXON name="Nothosauridae"/>
7244 <GENUS name="Eureodon" type="with">
7245 <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
7246 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
7247 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
7248 <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
7252 <GENUS name="Euronychodon" type="with">
7256 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
7257 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
7258 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
7259 <SPECIES name="portucalensis">
7260 <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-Russel" year="1991"/>
7261 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
7262 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
7267 <SPECIES name="asiaticus" status="dubium" q="1">
7268 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
7269 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
7270 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
7277 <GENUS name="Euskelosaurus" type="with">
7278 <MISSPELLED name="Entelosaurus" author="D. E. Russell" year="1971"/>
7279 <MISSPELLED name="Euscelesaurus"/>
7280 <MISSPELLED name="Euscellosaurus"/>
7281 <MISSPELLED name="Euscelosaurus"/>
7282 <MISSPELLED name="Euskelesaurus" name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
7287 <LENGTH value="12"/>
7288 <MASS value="1800"/>
7289 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
7290 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
7291 <PLACE name="Lesotho, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
7292 <REMAINS content="16 fragmentary skeletons, hundreds of bones"/>
7293 <REMAINS content="partial tibia" synonym="Orinosaurus capensis"/>
7294 <SPECIES name="browni">
7295 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1866"/>
7297 <SPECIES name="africanus">
7298 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
7299 <AUTHOR type="emended" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
7300 <SYNONYM name="browni"/>
7301 <MEANING>African</MEANING>
7303 <SPECIES name="capensis">
7304 <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
7305 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1906"/>
7307 <SPECIES name="fortis">
7308 <SYNONYM name="Eucnemesaurus fortis" status="objective"/>
7310 <SPECIES name="molengraaffi">
7311 <SYNONYM name="Gigantoscelus molengraaffi" status="objective"/>
7312 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
7314 <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
7315 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
7319 <GENUS name="Eustreptospondylus" type="with">
7321 well-reversed vertebra
7323 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
7324 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
7325 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="4"/>
7326 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
7327 <MASS age="subadult" value="200"/>
7328 <MASS age="subadult" value="250"/>
7329 <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
7330 <PLACE name="England"/>
7331 <REMAINS age="subadultQ" content="skeleton, limb elements"/>
7332 <REMAINS content="vertebrae" q="1"/>
7333 <SPECIES name="oxoniensis">
7334 <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
7336 <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
7337 <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
7339 <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
7342 <SPECIES name="divesensis">
7343 <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
7347 <GENUS name="Explorornis" type="with">
7348 <MEANING>discovered bird</MEANING>
7349 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
7350 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
7351 <SPECIES name="nessovi">
7352 <MEANING>Nessov's</MEANING>
7353 <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
7354 <REMAINS content="distally incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.5 mm)" type="holo" museum="PO" id="4819"/>
7356 <SPECIES name="walkeri" q="1">
7357 <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
7358 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4825" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 6.5 mm)"/>
7359 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Panteleev" year="1993"/>
7360 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
7362 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
7363 <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4818" content="incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.3 mm)"/>
7365 <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
7366 <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4817" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of dorsal fossa- ~5.3 mm)"/>
7370 <GENUS name="Fabrosaurus" type="with">
7372 <LOW>Jean</LOW> Fabre's lizard
7374 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
7375 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
7376 <TIME value="Sinemurian" q="1"/>
7377 <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
7378 <REMAINS content="partial dentary with teeth"/>
7379 <SPECIES name="australis" status="dubium">
7380 <AUTHOR name="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
7386 <P> Might be the same as the better-known <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. A
7387 family named after it, Fabrosauridae, has been proposed to include it,
7388 <NOMEN name="Agilisaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Gongbusaurus"/>. </P>
7392 <GENUS name="Fenestrosaurus" status="nudum">
7393 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
7394 <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor"/>
7400 <GENUS name="Frenguellisaurus" type="with">
7404 <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
7405 <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1986"/>
7406 <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
7408 from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
7413 <GENUS name="Fukuiraptor" type="with">
7414 <MEANING>Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> plunderer</MEANING>
7415 <SPECIES name="kitadaniensis">
7416 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
7417 <AUTHOR name="Azuma, Currie" year="2000"/>
7419 <TIME value="Albian"/>
7420 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
7421 <LENGTH value="4.2" age="subadult"/>
7422 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="elements of skull, vertebral column, and fore- and hindlimbs"/>
7424 <P>Originally thought to be a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>, this animal,
7425 originally called <NOMEN name="Kitadanisaurus"/>, is instead
7426 a basal <LINK content="carnosaur"/>. The large manual unguals were confused
7427 for the signature "switchblade" second pedal ungual of
7428 <LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>. The interdental plates were also
7429 thought to be a deinonychosaurian trait.</P>
7430 <P>A close relationship has been proposed with the Australian
7431 <NOMEN name="Allosaurus sp."/>.</P>
7435 <GENUS name="Fukuisaurus" status="nudum">
7436 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
7438 Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> lizard
7441 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
7442 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
7443 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
7444 <REMAINS content="premaxilla, maxilla, dentaries, parietal, teeth, vertebrae, sacrum, digits"/>
7447 <GENUS name="Fulengia" type="with">
7448 <SPECIES name="youngi">
7449 <AUTHOR name="Carroll, Galton" year="1977"/>
7450 <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
7454 <GENUS name="Fulgurotherium" type="with">
7459 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
7460 <TIME value="Albian"/>
7461 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
7462 <SPECIES name="australe" status="dubiumQ">
7463 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
7464 <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora" type="holo"/>
7465 <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
7467 <SPECIES name="sp.">
7468 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements, teeth"/>
7472 <GENUS name="Futabasaurus" status="nudum">
7473 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
7475 Futaba <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
7477 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
7478 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
7479 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
7482 <GENUS name="Gadolosaurus" status="nudum">
7483 <AUTHOR name="Saito" year="1979"/>
7484 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
7487 <P>The name might be a mistransliteration of "<LINK content="hadrosaur"/>".</P>
7488 <P>It has been suggested that this may be a juvenile of
7489 <NOMEN name="Arstanosaurus"/>.</P>
7493 <GENUS name="Galesaurus" type="with">
7494 <SPECIES name="planiceps">
7495 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1859"/>
7496 <PROPERTAXON name="Galesauridae"/>
7497 <MEANING>flat-headed</MEANING>
7500 Originally placed in <LINK content="Crocodylia"/>, then in
7501 <LINK content="Dinosauria"/> by Sauvage in 1883, now known to
7502 be a relative of <LINK content="mammals"/>.
7506 <GENUS name="Gallimimus" type="with">
7508 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Gallus"/> <LOW>(chicken)</LOW> mimic
7510 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
7511 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
7512 <SPECIES name="bullatus">
7513 <AUTHOR name="Osmólska, Roniewicz, Barsbold" year="1972"/>
7518 <MEANING>pneumatic</MEANING>
7519 <REMAINS content="several specimens (some juvenile)"/>
7521 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
7522 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1996"/>
7527 <SPECIES name="sp.">
7528 <SYNONYM name="Sanchusaurus sp."/>
7531 <P> The largest <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>, excluding <NOMEN
7532 name="Deinocheirus"/>. A stampeding herd (flock?) of <NOMEN
7533 name="Gallimimus"/> was featured in the move <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
7537 <GENUS name="Gallodactylus">
7538 <AUTHOR name="Fabre" year="1974"/>
7539 <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus"/>
7545 <GENUS name="Galtonia">
7546 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
7548 <LOW>P.</LOW> Galton's <LOW>one</LOW>
7550 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
7551 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
7552 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
7553 <PLACE name="Pennsylvania"/>
7554 <REMAINS content="premaxillary teeth"/>
7555 <SPECIES name="gibbidens" original="Thecodontosaurus">
7556 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
7560 <GENUS name="Gansus" type="with">
7561 <SPECIES name="yumensis">
7562 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Liu" year="1984"/>
7565 Gansu <LOW>Province's one</LOW>
7568 <PLACE name="China"/>
7571 <GENUS name="Gargantuavis" type="with">
7572 <MEANING>gargantuan bird</MEANING>
7573 <SPECIES name="philoinos">
7574 <MEANING>wine-loving</MEANING>
7576 <REMAINS content="synsacrum, femur" type="holo"/>
7577 <REMAINS content="synsacrum fragment" q="1"/>
7579 <PLACE name="France"/>
7581 <P>This enormous <LINK content="bird"/> may be related to
7582 <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>.</P>
7586 <GENUS name="Gargoyleosaurus" type="with">
7590 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
7591 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
7592 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
7593 <SPECIES name="parkpini">
7594 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="1998"/>
7597 May be the same as <NOMEN name="Mymoorapelta"/>.
7601 <GENUS name="Garudimimus" type="with">
7605 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
7607 <MASS value="85" q="1"/>
7608 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
7609 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
7610 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
7611 <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcrania"/>
7612 <SPECIES name="brevipes">
7613 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
7618 <ESSAY> <P> <NOMEN name="Garudimimus"/> is easily distinguishable from
7619 other <LINK content="ornithomimoids"/> by the small crest in front of its
7620 eyes. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/> (for which no
7621 skull material is known).</P>
7625 <GENUS name="Gasosaurus" type="with">
7627 gas <LOW>company</LOW> lizard
7629 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
7630 <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
7631 <TIME value="Bathonian" q="1"/>
7632 <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
7633 <PLACE name="China"/>
7634 <REMAINS content="humerus, pelvis, femur, other postcranial elements"/>
7635 <SPECIES name="constructus">
7636 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1985"/>
7640 <GENUS name="Gasparinisaura" type="with">
7642 <LOW>Zulma</LOW> Gasparini's lizard
7644 <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="0.8"/>
7645 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
7646 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
7647 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
7648 <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
7649 <SPECIES name="cincosaltensis">
7650 <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1996"/>
7654 <GENUS name="Gastonia" type="with">
7657 <MASS value="1000"/>
7658 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
7659 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
7660 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
7661 <SPECIES name="burgei">
7662 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland" year="1998"/>
7666 <GENUS name="Genusaurus" type="with">
7672 <TIME value="Albian"/>
7673 <PLACE name="France"/>
7674 <REMAINS content="ilium, end of pubis, tibia, fibula, femur, tarsus, vertebra"/>
7675 <SPECIES name="sisteronis">
7676 <AUTHOR name="Accaire, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard, Taquet" year="1995"/>
7680 <GENUS name="Genyodectes" type="with">
7684 <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
7685 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
7686 <REMAINS content="tip of snout"/>
7687 <SPECIES name="serus">
7688 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1901"/>
7691 <P> It is not known exactly which formation <NOMEN name="Genyodectes"/>
7692 came from. It may be the same animal as another <LINK
7693 content="abelisaur"/>, possibly <NOMEN name="Abelisaurus"/>. </P>
7697 <GENUS name="Geosternbergia">
7698 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1978"/>
7699 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
7700 <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
7703 Geo<LOW>rge</LOW> Sternberg's <LOW>one</LOW>
7707 <GENUS name="Geranosaurus" type="with">
7711 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
7712 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
7713 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
7714 <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw"/>
7715 <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
7716 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
7720 <GENUS name="Germanodactylus">
7721 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1964"/>
7726 <SPECIES name="cristatus" original="Pterodactylus">
7727 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
7728 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
7729 <AUTHOR name="Wieman" year="1925"/>
7734 <SPECIES name="rhamphastinus">
7735 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
7736 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
7737 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
7739 <SPECIES name="sp.">
7740 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="late"/>
7741 <AUTHOR name="Unwin" year="1988"/>
7744 <P> <NOMEN name="Germanodactylus cristatus"/> may be an adult <NOMEN
7745 name="Pterodactylus kochi"/>. <NOMEN name="G. rhamphastinus"/> may
7746 represent its own genus. </P>
7750 <GENUS name="Giganotosaurus" type="with">
7752 giant southern lizard
7754 <LENGTH value="13.5"/>
7755 <LENGTH value="14.3"/>
7756 <MASS value="6000"/>
7757 <MASS value="8000"/>
7758 <TIME value="Albian"/>
7759 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
7760 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
7761 <SPECIES name="carolinii">
7762 <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="1995"/>
7763 <MEANING>Carolini's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
7766 <P> <NOMEN name="Giganotosaurus"/>, a recently discovered South American
7767 <LINK content="carcharodontosaurine"/>, outsized the largest known <NOMEN
7768 name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/> by a full five feet in length and two tons in
7769 weight. Except for a new, unnamed carcharodontosaurinae, it was the
7770 largest known carnivore ever to walk upon the surface of the Earth. Unlike
7771 <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>, it may have hunted animals far, far larger than
7772 itself -- <LINK content="titanosaurs"/>, largest land animals of all time.</P>
7776 <GENUS name="Gigantosaurus" type="with">
7780 <SPECIES name="megalonyx" status="dubium">
7781 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
7782 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
7789 <GENUS name="Gigantosaurus2" type="with">
7790 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
7794 <SPECIES name="africanus">
7795 <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
7797 <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
7798 <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
7800 <SPECIES name="robustus">
7801 <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
7805 <GENUS name="Gigantoscelus" type="with">
7806 <MISSPELLED name="Gigantoscelis"/>
7810 <SPECIES name="molengraaffi" status="dubium">
7811 <AUTHOR name="van Hoepen" year="1916"/>
7812 <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
7816 <GENUS name="Gigantspinosaurus" type="with">
7817 <MISSPELLED name="Gigantospinosaurus"/>
7821 <SPECIES name="sichuanensis" status="nudum">
7822 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
7823 <PLACE name="China"/>
7824 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
7828 <GENUS name="Gilmoreosaurus">
7829 <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
7831 <LOW>Charles Whitney</LOW> Gilmore's lizard
7833 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
7834 <MASS value="2000"/>
7835 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
7836 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
7837 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" original="Mandschurosaurus">
7838 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
7839 <PLACE name="China"/>
7840 <REMAINS content="partial specimens"/>
7845 <SPECIES name="arkhangelskyi">
7846 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
7847 <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae, scapula, sacrum"/>
7849 <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
7850 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
7851 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
7853 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
7854 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
7856 from <LOW>the</LOW> Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW>
7861 <GENUS name="Ginnareemimus" status="nudum">
7862 <AUTHOR name="Kaneko" year="2000"/>
7863 <TIME value="Valanginian" q="1"/>
7864 <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
7865 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
7866 <REMAINS content="metatarsal III (pinched), vertebrae, etc."/>
7868 <P>Hails from the Sao Khua Formation. May be an <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.</P>
7869 <P>The spelling will be changed for the final description.</P>
7873 <GENUS name="Giraffatitan">
7874 <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
7875 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
7877 <NOMEN name="Giraffa"/> <LOW>(giraffe)</LOW> Titan
7879 <LENGTH value="22"/>
7880 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
7881 <MASS value="30000"/>
7882 <MASS value="80000" q="1"/>
7883 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
7884 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
7885 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
7886 <REMAINS content="5 partial skeletons, several skulls, limb elements"/>
7887 <SPECIES name="brancai" original="Brachiosaurus">
7888 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1914"/>
7889 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
7892 <P>Usually placed in <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>, but there are
7893 no shared derived traits between <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
7894 (the type species) and <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan brancai"/> to support
7897 <P> <NOMEN name="Giraffatitan"/>'s nasal crest is the highest one known
7898 for <LINK content="sauropods"/>. It was also one of the largest sauropods. </P>
7902 <GENUS name="Glyptodontopelta" type="with">
7903 <MEANING><LINK content="glyptodont"/> shield</MEANING>
7904 <SPECIES name="mimus">
7905 <MEANING>mimicking</MEANING>
7906 <AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
7907 <REMAINS content="armor"/>
7909 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
7912 <GENUS name="Gnathosaurus" type="with">
7916 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
7917 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
7918 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
7919 <REMAINS content="jaw pieces, skull, specimens (adult & juvenile)"/>
7920 <SPECIES name="sublatus">
7921 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1833"/>
7924 <P> The jaw pieces this species is based on were first
7925 thought to be <LINK content="crocodilian"/>. </P>
7929 <GENUS name="Gobipteryx" type="with">
7930 <SPECIES name="minute">
7931 <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="1974"/>
7932 <MEANING>minute</MEANING>
7935 Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> wing
7938 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
7939 <REMAINS content="eggs, embryos"/>
7942 <GENUS name="Gobisaurus" status="nudum">
7944 Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW> lizard
7946 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
7949 <GENUS name="Gojirasaurus" type="with">
7951 Gojira <LOW>(=Godzilla)</LOW> lizard
7953 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5.5"/>
7954 <MASS age="subadult" value="150" q="1"/>
7955 <MASS age="subadult" value="200" q="1"/>
7956 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
7957 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
7958 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
7959 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="individual (ribs, vertebrae, chevron, scapula, gastralia?, pubis, tibia, metatarsal, tooth)"/>
7960 <SPECIES name="quayi">
7961 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1997"/>
7965 <GENUS name="Gondwanatitan" type="with">
7966 <MEANING>Gondwana titan <LOW>(giant of Greek mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
7967 <SPECIES name="faustoi">
7968 <MEANING>Fausto <LOW>L. de Souza Cunha</LOW>'s <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
7969 <AUTHOR name="Kellner, de Azevedo" year="1999"/>
7971 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MN" id="4111-V" content="incomplete skeleton"/>
7972 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
7976 <GENUS name="Gongbusaurus" type="with">
7978 Kung Pu <LOW>(feudal Ministry of Public Works)</LOW> lizard
7982 <PLACE name="China"/>
7983 <SPECIES name="shiyii" status="dubium">
7984 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhao, Zhang" year="1983"/>
7985 <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
7987 <SPECIES name="wucaiwanensis">
7988 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1989"/>
7989 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
7993 <GENUS name="Gongxianosaurus" type="with">
7995 Gongxian <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
7998 <PLACE name="China"/>
7999 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, premaxilla"/>
8000 <SPECIES name="shibeiensis">
8001 <AUTHOR name="He, Wang, Liu S., Zhou, Liu T., Cai, Dai" year="1998"/>
8005 <GENUS name="Gorgosaurus" type="with">
8011 <MASS value="2500"/>
8012 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
8013 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
8014 <PLACE name="New Mexico" q="1"/>
8015 <REMAINS content="over twenty skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
8016 <SPECIES name="libratus">
8017 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
8019 <SPECIES name="horridus">
8020 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
8022 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
8023 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
8024 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
8025 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lance <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
8027 <SPECIES name="lancinator">
8028 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
8029 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
8031 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
8032 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
8033 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
8035 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
8036 <AUTHOR name="Matthew, Brown" year="1923"/>
8037 <SYNONYM name="libratus"/>
8039 <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
8043 <P> Once considered the same as <NOMEN name="Albertosaurus"/>, new
8044 discoveries have shown <NOMEN name="Gorgosaurus"/> to be distinct. </P>
8046 <P> <NOMEN name="G. sternbergi"/> is represented by a juvenile specimen,
8047 probably the same species as <NOMEN name="G. libratus"/>. </P>
8051 <GENUS name="Goyocephale" type="with">
8056 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
8057 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8058 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
8059 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, nearly complete postcranium"/>
8060 <SPECIES name="lattimorei">
8061 <AUTHOR name="Perle, Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1982"/>
8065 <GENUS name="Graciliceratops" type="with">
8066 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
8067 <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
8068 <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="2000"/>
8069 <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton"/>
8074 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
8075 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
8076 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
8078 <P>The holotype specimen was previously referred to <NOMEN name="Microceratops gobiensis"/>.</P>
8082 <GENUS name="Gracilisuchus" type="with">
8086 <SPECIES name="stipanicicorum">
8087 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
8088 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
8092 <GENUS name="Gravisaurus" type="with">
8096 <SPECIES name="tenerensis" status="nudum">
8097 <AUTHOR name="Chabli" year="1988"/>
8098 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Norman" year="1989"/>
8099 <SYNONYM name="Lurdusaurus arenatus"/>
8103 <GENUS name="Gravitholus" type="with">
8107 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
8108 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8109 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
8110 <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
8111 <SPECIES name="albertae">
8112 <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
8119 <GENUS name="Gresslyosaurus" type="with">
8120 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium">
8121 <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
8122 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
8124 <SPECIES name="ajax">
8125 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
8127 <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
8128 <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
8130 <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
8131 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
8133 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
8134 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
8136 <SPECIES name="ingens2">
8137 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
8138 <AUTHOR name="Rütimeyer" year="1857"/>
8139 <SYNONYM name="Camelotia borealis"/>
8141 <SPECIES name="magnus">
8142 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
8144 <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
8145 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
8147 <SPECIES name="robustus">
8148 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
8149 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
8154 <SPECIES name="terquemi">
8155 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus terquemi" status="objective"/>
8157 <SPECIES name="torgeri" status="dubium">
8158 <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1911"/>
8159 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
8161 <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
8162 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
8166 <GENUS name="Griphornis" type="with">
8167 <MISSPELLED name="Gryphornis"/>
8168 <MEANING>Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
8169 <SPECIES name="longicaudatus" status="oblitum">
8170 <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
8171 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
8172 <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
8173 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
8177 <GENUS name="Griphosaurus">
8179 Griffon <LOW>(mythological beast -- half eagle, half lion)</LOW> lizard
8181 <MISSPELLED name="Gryphosaurus"/>
8182 <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1862"/>
8183 <SPECIES name="problematicus" status="oblitum">
8184 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1862"/>
8185 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
8186 <MEANING>problematic</MEANING>
8188 <SPECIES name="longicaudatus">
8189 <SYNONYM name="Griphornis longicaudatus" status="objective"/>
8193 <GENUS name="Gryponyx" type="with">
8197 <SPECIES name="africanus">
8198 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
8199 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
8204 <SPECIES name="taylori" status="dubium">
8205 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
8206 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
8208 <SPECIES name="transvaalensis" status="dubium">
8209 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1912"/>
8210 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
8212 from <LOW>the</LOW> Transvaal
8217 <GENUS name="Gryposaurus" type="with">
8219 hook<LOW>-nosed</LOW> lizard
8221 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8222 <REMAINS content="skulls (10 complete), postcrania, skin impressions"/>
8223 <SPECIES name="notabilis">
8224 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
8225 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
8227 <SPECIES name="incurvimanus" original="Kritosaurus">
8228 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1920"/>
8230 <SPECIES name="latidens">
8231 <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
8233 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
8234 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
8237 <P> Named for its "Roman nose". </P>
8241 <GENUS name="Guaibasaurus" type="with">
8242 <MEANING><LOW>Rio</LOW> Guaiba <LOW>Hydrographic Basin</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
8243 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
8244 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
8245 <REMAINS content="two incomplete specimens"/>
8246 <SPECIES name="candelariensis">
8247 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Ferigolo, Ribeiro" year="1999"/>
8248 <MEANING>from Candelária</MEANING>
8251 <P>This animal was originally placed as a basal <LINK content="saurischian"/>.
8252 Further work has refined it position to just outside <LINK content="Neotheropoda"/>.</P>
8256 <GENUS name="Gurilynia" type="with">
8258 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
8259 <REMAINS content="partial humeri, coracoids"/>
8260 <REMAINS content="lower forelimb" q="1"/>
8261 <SPECIES name="nessovi">
8262 <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1999"/>
8268 <P> A large enantiornithean. </P>
8272 <GENUS name="Gwyneddosaurus">
8273 <AUTHOR name="Bock" year="1945"/>
8274 <PROPERTAXON name="Lepidosauria"/>
8277 <GENUS name="Gyposaurus" type="with">
8278 <MISSPELLED name="Griposaurus"/>
8279 <SPECIES name="capensis">
8280 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
8281 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
8283 <SPECIES name="erectus">
8284 <SYNONYM name="Aristosaurus erectus" status="objective"/>
8286 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
8287 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
8288 <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropodomorpha" incertae="1"/>
8289 <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
8290 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" museum="SAFM" id="990" type="holo"/>
8292 <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
8293 <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
8297 <GENUS name="Hadrosauravus" status="nudum">
8298 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
8300 <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> ancestor
8302 <SPECIES name="latidens">
8303 <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
8307 <GENUS name="Hadrosaurus" type="with">
8308 <MISSPELLED name="Gadrosaurus"/>
8313 <LENGTH value="10"/>
8314 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8315 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
8316 <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranium, teeth"/>
8317 <SPECIES name="foulkii" status="dubium">
8318 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1858"/>
8320 <SPECIES name="agilis">
8321 <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
8323 <SPECIES name="annectens">
8324 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
8326 <SPECIES name="breviceps">
8327 <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
8329 <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
8330 <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
8332 <SPECIES name="cavatus" status="dubium">
8333 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
8334 <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
8336 <SPECIES name="milo">
8337 <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas milo" status="objective"/>
8339 <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
8340 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1870"/>
8345 <SPECIES name="minor2">
8346 <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1948"/>
8347 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens"/>
8352 <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
8353 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon mirabilis" status="objective"/>
8355 <SPECIES name="navajovius">
8356 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius" status="objective"/>
8358 <SPECIES name="notabilis">
8359 <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
8361 <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
8362 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
8364 <SPECIES name="paucidens">
8365 <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus paucidens" status="objective"/>
8367 <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
8368 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
8371 <P> <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> was the first American
8372 non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be described
8373 from a partial skeleton, and the first non-neornithean dinosaur skeleton to
8374 be put on exhibit. It is New Jersey's state fossil. </P>
8376 <P> Discovery of <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> back in 1858 showed that some
8377 dinosaurs were bipedal, correcting erroneous restorations of
8378 <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> as four-footed
8379 animals (although nowadays <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>,
8380 <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>, and all other <LINK content="iguanodonts"/> are
8381 thought to be only semi-bipedal).</P>
8383 <P> Despite being the genus which a large group of dinosaurs
8384 (<LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>) is named after,
8385 <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/> is not well known. Missing the skull, the type
8386 specimen is indistinguishable from other <LINK content="hadrosaurines"/>.
8387 It may belong to a <LINK content="gryposaurin"/>. </P>
8391 <GENUS name="Hallopus">
8392 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
8393 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
8396 <GENUS name="Halticosaurus" type="with">
8400 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
8401 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
8402 <TIME value="Norian"/>
8403 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
8404 <REMAINS content="mandibular fragment, vertebrae, humerus, ilium, femur, metatarsal"/>
8405 <SPECIES name="longotarsus" status="dubiumQ">
8406 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
8411 <SPECIES name="liliensterni">
8412 <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus liliensterni" status="objective"/>
8414 <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus">
8415 <SYNONYM name="Liliensternus orbitoangulatus" status="objective"/>
8418 <P> Might be a <LINK content="coelophysid"/>. </P>
8422 <GENUS name="Haopterus" type="with">
8423 <MEANING>Hao wing</MEANING>
8424 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
8425 <PLACE name="China"/>
8426 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
8427 <AUTHOR name="Wang, Lü" year="2001"/>
8428 <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
8429 <REMAINS type="holo" content="well-preserved specimen with nearly complete skull"/>
8433 <GENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus" type="with">
8437 <LENGTH value="20"/>
8438 <LENGTH value="22"/>
8439 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
8440 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
8441 <PLACE name="Colorado, Wyoming"/>
8442 <SPECIES name="priscus" original="Haplocanthus">
8443 <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
8444 <REMAINS content="2 partial postcrania"/>
8446 <SPECIES name="delfsi">
8447 <AUTHOR name="McIntosh, Williams" year="1988"/>
8448 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
8450 <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Apatosaurus" q="1">
8451 <AUTHOR name="Mook" year="1917"/>
8455 <REMAINS content="sacrum, pelvis"/>
8457 <SPECIES name="utterbacki">
8458 <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1903"/>
8459 <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
8462 <P> <NOMEN name="Haplocanthosaurus"/> has been classified as either a
8463 primitive <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>, a primitive <LINK
8464 content="macronarian"/>, or the sister group to <LINK
8465 content="Neosauropoda"/>. <NOMEN name="H. minimus"/> may be a <LINK
8466 content="titanosaur"/>. </P>
8470 <GENUS name="Haplocanthus" type="with">
8471 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Agassiz" year="1844"/>
8475 <SPECIES name="priscus">
8476 <SYNONYM name="Haplocanthosaurus priscus" status="objective"/>
8480 <GENUS name="Hargeria">
8481 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1903"/>
8482 <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
8484 <LOW>Oskar</LOW> Harger's <LOW>one</LOW>
8488 <GENUS name="Harpymimus" type="with">
8490 Harpy <LOW>(bird-woman monster of Greek Mythology)</LOW> mimic
8493 <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
8494 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
8495 <TIME value="Albian"/>
8496 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
8497 <REMAINS content="skull with incomplete postcranium"/>
8498 <SPECIES name="okladnikovi">
8499 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Perle" year="1984"/>
8502 <P> This primitive <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> retained ten or
8503 eleven conical teeth in its lower jaw. </P>
8507 <GENUS name="Hecatosaurus">
8508 <MISSPELLED name="Hecatasaurus"/>
8509 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
8511 Hecate's <LOW>(a demon)</LOW> lizard
8513 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
8514 <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
8521 <GENUS name="Heishansaurus" type="with">
8526 <PLACE name="China"/>
8527 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
8528 <REMAINS content="armor" q="1"/>
8529 <SPECIES name="pachycephalus" status="dubium">
8530 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
8536 <P> Originally classified as a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, but
8537 may be an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>. </P>
8541 <GENUS name="Helopus" type="with">
8542 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Wagler" year="1832"/>
8546 <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
8547 <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
8551 <GENUS name="Heptasteornis" type="with">
8555 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
8556 <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
8557 <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
8558 <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
8562 <GENUS name="Herbstosaurus" type="with">
8563 <SPECIES name="pigmaeus">
8564 <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1974"/>
8565 <MEANING>pygmy</MEANING>
8570 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
8571 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
8574 <GENUS name="Herrerasaurus" type="with">
8581 <MASS value="350" q="1"/>
8582 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
8583 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
8584 <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, postcranial material"/>
8585 <SPECIES name="ischigualastensis">
8586 <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
8588 from <LOW>the</LOW> Ischigualasto <LOW>Group</LOW>
8593 <GENUS name="Hesperornis" type="with">
8597 <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
8598 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
8599 <SPECIES name="regalis">
8600 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
8605 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
8606 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
8608 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
8609 <SYNONYM name="Parahesperornis gracilis" status="objective"/>
8611 <SPECIES name="rossica">
8615 <GENUS name="Hesperosaurus" type="with">
8616 <MEANING>western lizard</MEANING>
8617 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
8618 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
8619 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
8620 <SPECIES name="mjosi">
8621 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="2001"/>
8625 <GENUS name="Heterodontosaurus" type="with">
8626 <MISSPELLED name="Heterosaurus" author="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
8628 differently toothed lizard
8630 <LENGTH value="0.9"/>
8631 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
8633 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
8634 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
8635 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
8636 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, skull, fragmentary jaw"/>
8637 <SPECIES name="tucki">
8638 <AUTHOR name="Crompton, Charig" year="1962"/>
8639 <MEANING>Tuck's</MEANING>
8643 <GENUS name="Heterosaurus" type="with">
8647 <SPECIES name="neocomiensis">
8648 <AUTHOR name="Cornuel" year="1850"/>
8649 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
8651 from <LOW>the</LOW> <LINK content="Neocomian"/>
8656 <GENUS name="Hierosaurus" type="with">
8657 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
8658 <AUTHOR name="Wieland" year="1909"/>
8659 <SYNONYM name="Nodosaurus textilis"/>
8661 <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
8664 <SPECIES name="coleii">
8665 <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
8669 <GENUS name="Hikanodon">
8670 <AUTHOR name="Keferstein" year="1834"/>
8671 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
8674 <GENUS name="Hironosaurus" status="nudum">
8675 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
8677 Hirono<LOW>-machi</LOW> lizard
8680 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
8681 <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebra"/>
8684 <GENUS name="Hisanohamasaurus" status="nudum">
8685 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
8690 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
8691 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
8694 <GENUS name="Histriasaurus" type="with">
8695 <MEANING>Istrian lizard</MEANING>
8696 <TIME section="late" value="Hauterivian"/>
8697 <TIME section="early" value="Barremian"/>
8698 <PLACE name="Croatia"/>
8699 <SPECIES name="boscarollii">
8700 <MEANING><LOW>Dario</LOW> Boscarolli's</MEANING>
8701 <AUTHOR name="Dalla Vecchia" year="1998"/>
8705 <GENUS name="Holbotia" type="with">
8706 <MEANING>Holbotu <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
8707 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
8708 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
8709 <SPECIES name="ponomarenkoi" status="nudum">
8710 <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1982"/>
8713 <P>Originally assigned to the <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>, but
8714 actually a <LINK content="bird"/>, perhaps similar to
8715 (or the same as) <NOMEN name="Ambiortus"/>.</P>
8719 <GENUS name="Homalocephale" type="with">
8720 <MEANING>even head</MEANING>
8722 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8723 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
8724 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
8725 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
8726 <SPECIES name="calathocercos">
8727 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
8731 <GENUS name="Honghesaurus" status="nudum">
8732 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1981"/>
8733 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
8736 <GENUS name="Hoplitosaurus">
8737 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1902"/>
8739 hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry)</LOW> lizard
8741 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
8742 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with armor plates"/>
8743 <SPECIES name="marshi" original="Stegosaurus">
8744 <AUTHOR name="Lucas" year="1901"/>
8746 <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's
8751 <GENUS name="Hoplosaurus" type="with">
8755 <SPECIES name="ischyrus" status="dubium">
8756 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
8757 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
8764 <GENUS name="Horezmavis" type="with">
8765 <SPECIES name="eocretacea">
8766 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
8767 <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> dawn <LOW>of the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
8770 Khorezm <LOW>Oasis</LOW> bird
8773 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
8776 <GENUS name="Hortalotarsus" type="with">
8780 <SPECIES name="skirtopodus" status="dubium">
8781 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1894"/>
8782 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="q"/>
8786 <GENUS name="Huabeisaurus" type="with">
8787 <MEANING>Huabei lizard</MEANING>
8788 <SPECIES name="allocotus">
8789 <MEANING>differently-formed</MEANING>
8790 <AUTHOR name="Pang, Cheng" year="2000"/>
8791 <PLACE name="China"/>
8792 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
8796 <GENUS name="Huanhepterus" type="with">
8800 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
8802 <PLACE name="China"/>
8803 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
8804 <SPECIES name="qinyangensis">
8805 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1982"/>
8809 <GENUS name="Huayangosaurus" type="with">
8814 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
8815 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
8816 <PLACE name="China"/>
8817 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, 5 fragmentary postcrania"/>
8818 <SPECIES name="taibaii">
8819 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang, Zhou" year="1982"/>
8823 <GENUS name="Hudiesaurus" type="with">
8825 butterfly <LOW>vertebra</LOW> lizard
8827 <LENGTH value="30"/>
8828 <PLACE name="China"/>
8829 <REMAINS content="4 teeth, forelimb, first dorsal vertebra"/>
8830 <SPECIES name="sinojapanorum" status="nudum">
8831 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
8838 <GENUS name="Hulsanpes" type="with">
8842 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8843 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
8844 <REMAINS content="partial foot"/>
8845 <SPECIES name="perlei">
8846 <AUTHOR name="Osmólska" year="1982"/>
8849 <P> Had a "switchblade" foot claw. </P>
8853 <GENUS name="Hunhosaurus" status="nudum">
8854 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
8855 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus hongheensis"/>
8858 <GENUS name="Hylaeosaurus" type="with">
8859 <MISSPELLED name="Hyaelosaurus"/>
8865 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
8866 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
8867 <PLACE name="England, France"/>
8868 <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary postcrania, isolated elements"/>
8869 <SPECIES name="armatus">
8870 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1833"/>
8871 <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
8873 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
8874 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
8875 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
8877 <SPECIES name="foxii">
8878 <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii" status="objective"/>
8880 <SPECIES name="northamptoni">
8881 <SYNONYM name="Regnosaurus northamptoni" status="objective"/>
8883 <SPECIES name="oweni">
8884 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
8885 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
8887 <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
8891 <P> <NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> was one of the original three animals
8892 used by Sir Richard Owen to define the <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>,
8893 along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>. </P>
8897 <GENUS name="Hylosaurus" type="with">
8901 <SPECIES name="mantelli">
8902 <AUTHOR name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
8903 <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
8905 <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
8910 <GENUS name="Hypacrosaurus" type="with">
8912 below the top lizard
8915 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
8916 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
8917 <SPECIES name="altispinus">
8918 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1913"/>
8922 <REMAINS content="skeletons & skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
8924 <SPECIES name="casuarius">
8925 <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius" status="objective"/>
8927 <SPECIES name="lambei">
8928 <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei" status="objective"/>
8930 <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
8933 <SPECIES name="stebingeri">
8934 <AUTHOR name="Horner, Currie" year="1994"/>
8935 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragments, eggs with embryos"/>
8938 <P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Barsboldia"/>. </P>
8942 <GENUS name="Hypselorhachis" type="with">
8943 <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="nudum">
8944 <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
8945 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
8949 <GENUS name="Hypselosaurus" type="with">
8953 <LENGTH value="12"/>
8954 <MASS value="10000"/>
8955 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
8956 <PLACE name="France, Spain"/>
8957 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements from at least 10 individuals"/>
8958 <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
8959 <SPECIES name="priscus">
8960 <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
8963 <P> Fossilized eggs about a foot long from the south of France have been
8964 attributed to this <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
8968 <GENUS name="Hypsibema" type="with">
8972 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
8973 <SPECIES name="crassicauda" status="dubium">
8974 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
8975 <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
8976 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, humerus, tibia, metatarsal"/>
8978 <SPECIES name="missouriensis" status="dubium" original="Neosaurus">
8979 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore"/>
8980 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore, Stewart" year="1945"/>
8981 <PLACE name="Missouri"/>
8988 <GENUS name="Hypsilophodon" type="with">
8990 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Hypsilophus"/> <LOW>("high ridge" -- iguanid <LINK content="lizard"/>)</LOW> tooth
8992 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
8993 <LENGTH value="2.3"/>
8995 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
8996 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
8997 <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
8998 <REMAINS content="13 skeletons (3 nearly complete), skeletal elements"/>
8999 <SPECIES name="foxii">
9000 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
9002 <SPECIES name="wielandi" status="dubium">
9003 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
9007 <GENUS name="Hypsirophus" type="with">
9008 <MISSPELLED name="Hypsirhophus"/>
9012 <SPECIES name="discurus" status="dubium">
9013 <MISSPELLED name="discurus"/>
9014 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
9015 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="q"/>
9017 <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
9018 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
9019 <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus armatus"/>
9021 <SPECIES name="stenops">
9022 <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus stenops" status="objective"/>
9024 <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
9025 <SYNONYM name="Stegosaurus ungulatus" status="objective"/>
9029 <GENUS name="Iberomesornis" type="with">
9031 Iberian intermediate bird
9033 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
9034 <SPECIES name="romeralli">
9035 <AUTHOR name="Sanz, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
9037 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
9041 <GENUS name="Ichthyornis" type="with">
9043 fish<LOW>-like vertebrae</LOW> bird
9046 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
9047 <SPECIES name="dispar">
9048 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
9049 <MEANING>disparate</MEANING>
9051 <SPECIES name="antecessor">
9053 <SPECIES name="celer">
9054 <SYNONYM name="Apatornis celer" status="objective"/>
9056 <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi">
9057 <SYNONYM name="Lenesornis maltshevskyi" status="objective"/>
9059 <SPECIES name="victor">
9060 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
9061 <SYNONYM name="dispar"/>
9065 <GENUS name="Iguanodon">
9066 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1825"/>
9068 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> tooth
9071 <LENGTH value="10"/>
9072 <MASS value="4500"/>
9073 <MASS value="5500"/>
9074 <SPECIES name="bernissartensis">
9075 <AUTHOR name="Boulenger"/>
9076 <AUTHOR name="van Beneden" year="1881"/>
9077 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9078 <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain, Mongolia?"/>
9079 <PLACE name="France, Tunisia" q="1"/>
9080 <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (some complete), teeth"/>
9081 <LENGTH value="11"/>
9083 <SPECIES name="anglicus">
9084 <AUTHOR name="Holl" year="1829"/>
9085 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
9086 <PLACE name="England"/>
9087 <REMAINS content="teeth, fragments"/>
9092 <SPECIES name="atherfieldensis">
9093 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1924"/>
9094 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9095 <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain"/>
9096 <REMAINS content="3 complete skeletons, partial skeletons, teeth, postcrania (juvenile to adult)"/>
9098 <SPECIES name="dawsoni">
9099 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
9100 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
9101 <PLACE name="England"/>
9102 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
9104 <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
9105 <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
9107 <SPECIES name="fittoni">
9108 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
9109 <PLACE name="England, Spain"/>
9110 <REMAINS content="3 partial skulls"/>
9112 <SPECIES name="foxii">
9113 <SYNONYM name="Hypsilophodon foxii" status="objective"/>
9115 <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
9116 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
9117 <SYNONYM name="atherfieldensis"/>
9122 <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
9123 <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
9124 <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
9126 <SPECIES name="hoggi">
9127 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
9128 <PLACE name="England"/>
9129 <REMAINS content="lower jaw"/>
9131 <SPECIES name="hollingtonensis">
9132 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
9133 <SYNONYM name="fittoni"/>
9135 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
9136 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
9138 <SPECIES name="lakotaensis">
9139 <AUTHOR name="Weishampel, Bjork" year="1989"/>
9140 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
9141 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae"/>
9143 from <LOW>the</LOW> Lakota <LOW>Formation</LOW>
9146 <SPECIES name="major">
9147 <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus major" status="objective"/>
9149 <SPECIES name="mantelli">
9150 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
9151 <SYNONYM name="anglicus"/>
9153 <LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
9156 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
9157 <AUTHOR name="Whitfield" year="1992"/>
9158 <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
9163 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
9164 <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
9165 <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
9166 <SYNONYM name="Altirhinus kurzanovi"/>
9171 <SPECIES name="ottingeri" status="dubium">
9172 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
9173 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
9174 <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="teeth"/>
9176 <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
9177 <SYNONYM name="Priodontognathus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
9179 <SPECIES name="praecursor" status="dubium">
9180 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1876"/>
9181 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus"/>
9186 <SPECIES name="prestwichii">
9187 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus prestwichii" status="objective"/>
9189 <SPECIES name="prestwichii2">
9190 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
9191 <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei"/>
9193 <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
9194 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
9195 <SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
9197 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
9199 <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
9201 <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
9202 <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
9203 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
9205 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
9206 <SYNONYM name="Vectisaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
9208 <SPECIES name="valdensis2">
9209 <SYNONYM name="Camptosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
9212 <P> This was the first <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be scientifically
9213 recognized. Along with <NOMEN name="Megalosaurus"/> and
9214 <NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/> it was one of the first three creatures to be
9215 placed in <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
9217 <P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> was originally restored as a four-legged,
9218 rhinoceros-like beast. Later the "nasal horn" turned out to be a thumb spike.
9219 Its posture was changed to bipedal, since its hindlimbs were so much longer
9220 than its forelimbs. Nowadays it, like other large
9221 <LINK content="iguanodonts"/>, is thought to have been facultatively bipedal,
9222 that is, primarily quadrupedal, but capable of moving on two legs as well. </P>
9224 <P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> as shown here may be a paraphyletic genus, with
9225 some species closer to
9226 <LINK content="hadrosauroids"/> than others. As with most old genera, there is some
9227 taxonomic sorting to be done. The original type species (<NOMEN name="I. anglicus"/>)
9228 is based on very poor material, and thus the type was recently
9229 changed to the better-known <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/>
9232 <P> <NOMEN name="I. hollingtonensis"/> and <NOMEN name="I. atherfieldensis"/>
9233 were rather gracile and long-spined, while <NOMEN name="I. dawsoni"/> and
9234 <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/> were more robust and short-spined. </P>
9238 <GENUS name="Iguanosaurus" status="nudum">
9239 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1824"/>
9240 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon"/>
9242 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> <LINK content="lizard"/>
9246 <GENUS name="Iliosuchus" type="with">
9248 ilium <LOW>(hip bone) like a</LOW> crocodile
9250 <MASS value="1.5" q="1"/>
9251 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
9252 <PLACE name="England"/>
9253 <REMAINS content="2 ilia"/>
9254 <SPECIES name="incognitus">
9255 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
9260 <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
9261 <SYNONYM name="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" status="objective"/>
9264 <P> This tiny creature may be related to <NOMEN name="Stokesosaurus"/>.
9265 Both may have been very early <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. </P>
9269 <GENUS name="Ilokelesia" type="with">
9270 <SPECIES name="aguadagrandensis">
9271 <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="2000"/>
9273 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
9274 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
9277 <GENUS name="Incolornis" type="with">
9278 <MEANING>inhabitant bird</MEANING>
9279 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
9280 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
9281 <SPECIES name="silvae">
9282 <MEANING>of the forest</MEANING>
9283 <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
9284 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4604" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.6 mm)"/>
9286 <SPECIES name="martini">
9287 <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
9288 <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
9289 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4609" content="proximal fragment of coracoid"/>
9291 <ESSAY><P>These two species may be the same.</P></ESSAY>
9294 <GENUS name="Indosaurus" type="with">
9298 <MASS value="700" q="1"/>
9299 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
9300 <PLACE name="India"/>
9301 <REMAINS content="partial skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
9302 <SPECIES name="matleyi">
9303 <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
9306 <P> May have had two horns on its head. Had a thick braincase. </P>
9310 <GENUS name="Indosuchus" type="with">
9315 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
9316 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
9317 <PLACE name="India"/>
9318 <SPECIES name="raptorius">
9319 <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1923"/>
9320 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcranial fragments"/>
9321 <MEANING>thievish</MEANING>
9323 <SPECIES name="rawesi" status="dubium" original="Massospondylus">
9324 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
9325 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
9329 <GENUS name="Ingenia" type="with">
9331 Ingeni<LOW>-Khobur (in the Gobi Desert) one</LOW>
9333 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
9334 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
9335 <MASS value="6" q="1"/>
9336 <TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
9337 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
9338 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
9339 <REMAINS content="6 skeletons (some complete)"/>
9340 <SPECIES name="yanshini">
9341 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1981"/>
9342 <MEANING><LOW>Professor</LOW> Yanshin's</MEANING>
9345 <P> <NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had very odd hands. Most
9346 <LINK content="tetanurans"/> have a very short first digit, a long second
9347 digit, and a third digit somewhat shorter than the second.
9348 <NOMEN name="Ingenia"/> had a short first digit, a shorter second digit, and
9349 an even shorter third. All fingers were stubby, unlike those of most other
9350 <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/>, and the claws were small, unlike the large claws
9351 of its close relative <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
9353 <P> Apart from the hands, it is much like other oviraptorids. It was
9354 suggested that it might have been the same as <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>,
9355 but a different gender. However, the large difference in the hands between
9356 these two animals seems to go beyond sexual dimorphism. </P>
9360 <GENUS name="Inosaurus" type="with">
9362 In <LOW>Tendreft</LOW> lizard
9364 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
9365 <TIME value="Albian"/>
9366 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
9367 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
9368 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial tibia"/>
9369 <SPECIES name="tedreftensis" status="dubium">
9370 <MEANING>from <LOW>In</LOW> Tendreft</MEANING>
9371 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
9375 <GENUS name="Irritator" type="with">
9379 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
9380 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
9381 <TIME value="Albian"/>
9382 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
9383 <REMAINS content="nearly complete (but obfuscated) skull"/>
9384 <SPECIES name="challengeri">
9385 <AUTHOR name="Martill, Cruikshank, Frey, Small, Clarke" year="1996"/>
9387 <LOW>Professor</LOW> Challenger's <LOW>(character in A. C. Doyle's <U>The Lost World</U>)</LOW>
9391 <P> <NOMEN name="Irritator"/> is known from an unusual skull which was badly
9392 obscured by amateurs' attempts to exaggerate it with plaster, hence the
9393 name <NOMEN name="Irritator"/>. The skull has been re-evaluated since its
9394 initial publication. </P>
9398 <GENUS name="Isanosaurus" type="with">
9399 <MEANING>Isan lizard</MEANING>
9400 <SPECIES name="attavipachi">
9401 <MEANING><LOW>P.</LOW> Attavipach's</MEANING>
9402 <PLACE name="Thailand"/> <!--NE, Nam Phong Fm.-->
9403 <TIME value="Norian" section="late" q="1"/>
9404 <TIME value="Rhaetian" q="1"/>
9405 <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Cuny, Tong, Le Loeuff, Khansubha, Jongautchariyakul" year="2000"/>
9406 <REMAINS content="1 cervical, 1 dorsal, and 6 caudal vertebrae; neural arch of posterior dorsal vertebra; 2 chevrons; rib fragments; right sternal plate; scapula; femur"/>
9407 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="6.5" q="1"/>
9410 <P>The earliest known <LINK content="sauropod"/>.</P>
9414 <GENUS name="Ischisaurus" type="with">
9416 Ischi<LOW>gualasto Group</LOW> lizard
9418 <SPECIES name="cattoi">
9419 <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
9420 <SYNONYM name="Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"/>
9424 <GENUS name="Ischyrosaurus" type="with">
9425 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1869"/>
9426 <MEANING>strong/equally-handed lizard</MEANING>
9427 <LENGTH value="25" q="1"/>
9428 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
9429 <PLACE name="England"/>
9430 <REMAINS content="humerus"/>
9431 <SPECIES name="manseli" status="dubium">
9432 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
9433 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
9437 <GENUS name="Istiodactylus">
9438 <MEANING>sail finger</MEANING>
9439 <AUTHOR name="Howse, Milner, Martill" year="2001"/>
9440 <SPECIES name="latidens" original="Ornithodesmus">
9441 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1913"/>
9444 <PLACE name="England"/>
9445 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
9448 <GENUS name="Itemirus" type="with">
9450 Itemir <LOW>(in the Kyzyl Kum Desert) one</LOW>
9452 <LENGTH value="1.5" q="1"/>
9453 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
9454 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
9455 <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
9456 <SPECIES name="medullaris">
9457 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1976"/>
9460 <P> <NOMEN name="Itemirus"/> is a poorly known <LINK content="theropod"/> of
9461 medium size. It may be allied with the <LINK content="tyrannosaurids"/>, or
9462 possibly with the <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>. </P>
9466 <GENUS name="Iuticosaurus" status="dubium">
9467 <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff" year="1993"/>
9469 Jutes' <LOW>(Germanic tribe)</LOW> lizard
9471 <MISSPELLED name="Luticosaurus"/>
9472 <LENGTH value="10"/>
9473 <LENGTH value="20"/>
9474 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9475 <PLACE name="England"/>
9476 <REMAINS content="caudal centra"/>
9477 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
9478 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
9480 from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
9485 <GENUS name="Jainosaurus">
9486 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lockley, Lucas, von Meyer" year="1995"/>
9490 <LENGTH value="18"/>
9491 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
9492 <PLACE name="India"/>
9493 <REMAINS content="basicranium, partial postcranium"/>
9494 <SPECIES name="septentrionalis" original="Antarctosaurus">
9495 <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
9498 <P> May be a junior synonym of <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus indicus"/>. </P>
9502 <GENUS name="Janenschia">
9503 <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1991"/>
9505 <LOW>Werner</LOW> Janensch's <LOW>one</LOW>
9507 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
9508 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
9509 <REMAINS content="3 hindlimbs, 2 forelimbs, forefoot, back & tail vertebrae"/>
9510 <SPECIES name="robusta" original="Gigantosaurus2">
9511 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1908"/>
9512 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Wild" year="1991"/>
9517 <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
9518 <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
9519 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lessem, Glut" year="1993"/>
9522 <P> The earliest known <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Some material assigned
9523 to it may be <LINK content="diplodocimorphan"/>. </P>
9527 <GENUS name="Jaxartosaurus" type="with">
9528 <MISSPELLED name="Yaxartosaurus"/>
9530 Jaxartes <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
9533 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
9534 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
9535 <REMAINS content="skull roof, braincase"/>
9536 <SPECIES name="aralensis">
9537 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1934"/>
9538 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
9540 from <LOW>the</LOW> Aral <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
9543 <SPECIES name="fuyunensis" status="dubium">
9544 <AUTHOR name="Wu" year="1984"/>
9548 <GENUS name="Jeholosaurus" type="with">
9549 <MEANING>Jehol <LOW>Group</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
9550 <SPECIES name="shangyuanensis">
9551 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2000"/>
9552 <MEANING>from Shangyuan</MEANING>
9553 <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly compete skull (dorsally compressed)"/>
9554 <REMAINS content="skull (laterally compressed), some skeletal elements"/>
9558 <GENUS name="Jenghizkhan">
9559 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
9560 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
9562 Genghis Khan's <LOW>one</LOW>
9564 <SPECIES name="bataar">
9565 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
9567 <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
9568 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
9572 <GENUS name="Jensenosaurus" status="nudum">
9573 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
9574 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="B. D. Curtice, Stadtman, L. J. Curtice" year="1996"/>
9575 <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros"/>
9581 <GENUS name="Jiangjunmiaosaurus" status="nudum">
9582 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1987"/>
9583 <SYNONYM name="Monolophosaurus"/>
9584 <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor"/>
9590 <GENUS name="Jibeinia" type="with">
9591 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
9592 <PLACE name="China"/>
9593 <MEANING>Ji Bei <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
9594 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
9595 <SPECIES name="luanhera">
9596 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="2000"/>
9600 <GENUS name="Jingshanosaurus" type="with">
9604 <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
9606 <PLACE name="China"/>
9607 <REMAINS content="skull and nearly complete skeleton"/>
9608 <SPECIES name="xinwaensis">
9609 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Yang" year="1995"/>
9612 <P> Could be synonymous with <NOMEN name="Yunnanosaurus"/>. </P>
9616 <GENUS name="Jinzhousaurus" type="with">
9617 <MEANING>Jinzhou lizard</MEANING>
9618 <SPECIES name="yangi">
9619 <MEANING>Yang's</MEANING>
9620 <AUTHOR name="Wang, Xu" year="2001"/>
9622 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9623 <PLACE name="China"/>
9626 <GENUS name="Jobaria" type="with">
9627 <MEANING>Jobar <LOW>(creature of Tuareg mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
9628 <LENGTH value="21"/>
9629 <MASS value="18000"/>
9630 <REMAINS content="complete specimens of various ages"/>
9631 <REMAINS content="pes"/>
9632 <SPECIES name="tiguidensis">
9633 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
9635 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
9636 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
9637 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9639 <P>This newly discovered animal has its own website:
9640 <REFER page="http://www.jobaria.org"/></P>
9644 <GENUS name="Jubbulpuria" type="with">
9646 Jubbulpore <LOW>one</LOW>
9650 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
9651 <PLACE name="India"/>
9652 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
9653 <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
9654 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
9658 <GENUS name="Judinornis" type="with">
9659 <SPECIES name="nogontsavensis">
9660 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Borkin" year="1983"/>
9663 <LOW>Konstantin Alekseyevich</LOW> Yudin's bird
9666 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
9669 <GENUS name="Jurapteryx">
9670 <AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1985"/>
9671 <MEANING>Jura wing</MEANING>
9672 <SPECIES name="recurva">
9673 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx recurva" status="objective"/>
9677 <GENUS name="Jurassosaurus" type="with">
9679 Jurassic <LOW>Park</LOW> lizard
9681 <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferkimorum" status="nudum">
9682 <AUTHOR name="Dong"/>
9683 <AUTHOR name="Holden" year="1992"/>
9684 <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/>
9686 <LOW>Sam</LOW> Ne<LOW>ill, Laura</LOW> De<LOW>rn, Jeff</LOW>
9687 Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard</LOW> A<LOW>ttenborough, Bob</LOW>
9688 Pe<LOW>ck, Martin</LOW> Fer<LOW>rero, Wayne </LOW>K<LOW>night,
9689 Ariana R</LOW>i<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>M<LOW>azzello</LOW>'s
9694 <GENUS name="Kagasaurus" status="nudum">
9695 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1988"/>
9700 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
9701 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
9704 <GENUS name="Kaijiangosaurus" type="with">
9708 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
9709 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
9710 <PLACE name="China"/>
9711 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
9712 <SPECIES name="lini">
9713 <AUTHOR name="He" year="1984"/>
9717 <GENUS name="Kakuru" type="with">
9721 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
9722 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
9723 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
9724 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
9725 <REMAINS content="tibia"/>
9726 <REMAINS content="foot claw" q="1"/>
9727 <SPECIES name="kujani">
9728 <AUTHOR name="Molnar, Pledge" year="1980"/>
9731 <P> <NOMEN name="Kakuru"/> is the only known <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
9732 preserved as opal, a leg bone resembling <NOMEN name="Avimimus"/>. Its
9733 whereabouts were unknown until recently. </P>
9737 <GENUS name="Kangnasaurus" type="with">
9739 Kangnas <LOW>farm</LOW> lizard
9742 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
9743 <REMAINS content="tooth, partial hindlimb, postcranial elements"/>
9744 <SPECIES name="coetzeei" status="dubiumQ">
9745 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1915"/>
9749 <GENUS name="Katsuyamakensaurus" status="unpublished">
9750 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9751 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
9752 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
9755 <GENUS name="Katsuyamasaurus" status="nudum">
9756 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
9760 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
9761 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
9762 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
9763 <REMAINS content="ulna, tail vertebra"/>
9766 <GENUS name="Kelmayisaurus" type="with">
9770 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
9771 <TIME value="Albian"/>
9772 <PLACE name="China"/>
9773 <SPECIES name="petrolicus" status="dubium">
9774 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
9775 <REMAINS content="maxilla, dentary"/>
9777 <SPECIES name="giganticus" status="nudum">
9778 <AUTHOR name="Grady" year="1993"/>
9779 <LENGTH value="22" q="1"/>
9783 <REMAINS content="vertebral column"/>
9786 <P> <NOMEN name="Kelmayisaurus giganticus"/> has not been described,
9787 and may be a <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
9791 <GENUS name="Kentrosaurus" type="with">
9792 <MISSPELLED name="Kenthrosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
9796 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
9799 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
9800 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
9801 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements from several individuals"/>
9802 <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
9803 <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1915"/>
9805 Ethiopian <LOW>(African)</LOW>
9808 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
9809 <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
9811 <SPECIES q="1" name="longispinus" original="Stegosaurus">
9812 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
9813 <REMAINS content="fragmentary postcranium"/>
9814 <MEANING>long-spined</MEANING>
9817 <P> This small <LINK content="stegosaur"/> had triangular plates running
9818 down its neck that gave way to spikes on its back and tail. </P>
9822 <GENUS name="Kentrurosaurus">
9823 <MISSPELLED name="Centrurosaurus" author="Nopcsa" year="1917"/>
9824 <MISSPELLED name="Kentrorosaurus" author="Young" year="1944"/>
9825 <MISSPELLED name="Kentruruosaurus" author="Bakker" year="1996"/>
9826 <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
9830 <SPECIES name="aethiopicus">
9831 <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus aethiopicus" status="objective"/>
9832 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Hennig" year="1916"/>
9836 <GENUS name="Kepodactylus" type="with">
9838 Garden <LOW>Park</LOW> finger
9840 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
9841 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
9842 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
9843 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, partial forelimb"/>
9844 <SPECIES name="insperatus">
9845 <AUTHOR name="Harris, Carpenter" year="1996"/>
9849 <GENUS name="Khaan" type="with">
9850 <MEANING>lord</MEANING>
9851 <SPECIES name="mckennai">
9852 <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
9853 <MEANING><LOW>Malcolm</LOW> McKenna's</MEANING>
9854 <REMAINS type="holo" content="complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/1127"/>
9855 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton (lacking distal half of tail)" museum="IGM" id="100/1002"/>
9856 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/973"/>
9858 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
9859 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
9860 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
9862 <P>The material referred to this species was previously referred to
9863 <NOMEN name="Ingenia"/>.</P>
9864 <P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> for the shortest genus name of any
9865 non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, and it is
9866 the only monosyllabic genus name for a non-neornithean dinosaur.</P>
9870 <GENUS name="Kitadanisaurus" status="nudum">
9871 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
9873 Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
9875 <SYNONYM name="Fukuiraptor"/>
9878 <GENUS name="Kizylkumavis" type="with">
9879 <SPECIES name="cretacea">
9880 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
9881 <MEANING><LOW>from the</LOW> Cretaceous</MEANING>
9884 Kyzyl Kum <LOW>Desert</LOW> bird
9887 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
9890 <GENUS name="Klamelisaurus" type="with">
9894 <LENGTH value="17"/>
9895 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
9896 <PLACE name="China"/>
9897 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton"/>
9898 <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
9899 <AUTHOR name="Zhao X." year="1993"/>
9901 from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
9905 <P> Suggested as the adult form of <NOMEN name="Bellusaurus"/>. </P>
9909 <GENUS name="Koparion" type="with">
9911 scalpel <LOW>tooth</LOW>
9913 <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
9914 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
9915 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
9916 <REMAINS content="upper tooth"/>
9917 <SPECIES name="douglassi">
9918 <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1994"/>
9921 <P> Could be a tiny, early <LINK content="troodontid"/>. </P>
9925 <GENUS name="Koreanosaurus" status="nudum">
9926 <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1979"/>
9931 <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
9932 <REMAINS content="femur"/>
9935 <GENUS name="Kotasaurus" type="with">
9937 Kota <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
9940 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
9941 <PLACE name="India"/>
9942 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
9943 <SPECIES name="yamanpalliensis">
9944 <AUTHOR name="Yadagiri" year="1988"/>
9948 <GENUS name="Kritosaurus" type="with">
9952 <LENGTH value="10"/>
9953 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
9954 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
9955 <SPECIES name="navajovius">
9956 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
9957 <PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas"/>
9958 <REMAINS content="skull" synonym="Naashoibitosaurus ostromi"/>
9959 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcrania"/>
9960 <REMAINS content="partial skull" museum="BYU" id="12950" synonym="Anasazisaurus horneri"/>
9962 Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
9965 <SPECIES name="australis" q="1">
9966 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1984"/>
9967 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
9972 <SPECIES name="breviceps">
9973 <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
9975 <SPECIES name="grallipes">
9976 <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
9978 <SPECIES name="horneri">
9979 <SYNONYM name="Anasazisaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
9981 <SPECIES name="incurvimanus">
9982 <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus incurvimanus" status="objective"/>
9984 <SPECIES name="latidens">
9985 <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus latidens" status="objective"/>
9987 <SPECIES name="marginatus" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
9988 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
9989 <SYNONYM name="navajovius"/>
9991 <SPECIES name="notabilis">
9992 <SYNONYM name="Gryposaurus notabilis" status="objective"/>
9995 <P> <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus australis"/> is the only well-known
9996 <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> from the Southern Hemisphere. It may not
9997 belong to the same genus as the poorly known type of
9998 <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus"/>. </P>
10002 <GENUS name="Kulceratops" type="with">
10006 <TIME value="Albian"/>
10007 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
10008 <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
10009 <SPECIES name="kulensis" status="dubiumQ">
10010 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
10014 <GENUS name="Kunmingosaurus" type="with">
10019 <PLACE name="China"/>
10020 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
10021 <SPECIES name="wudingensis" status="nudum">
10022 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
10026 <GENUS name="Kuszholia">
10027 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
10032 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
10034 <P> Possibly flightless. </P>
10036 <P> Named after <I>Kus Zholi</I>, the Kazakh term for The Milky Way. </P>
10040 <GENUS name="Labocania" type="with">
10042 La Bocana <LOW>Roja Formation one</LOW>
10044 <LENGTH value="6"/>
10045 <MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
10046 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
10047 <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
10048 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
10049 <SPECIES name="anomala" status="dubiumQ">
10050 <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1974"/>
10057 Although classified as a <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>,
10058 the remains of this <LINK content="theropod"/> are too scrappy to place it
10059 with any certainty.
10064 <GENUS name="Labrosaurus">
10065 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
10069 <SPECIES name="lucaris">
10070 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
10072 <SPECIES name="ferox">
10073 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus ferox" status="objective"/>
10075 <SPECIES name="fragilis">
10076 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus fragilis" status="objective"/>
10078 <SPECIES name="medius">
10079 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
10081 <SPECIES name="meriani">
10082 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
10084 <SPECIES name="stechowi" status="dubium">
10085 <AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
10086 <MISSPELLED name="steschowi" author="Chabli" year="1986"/>
10087 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus roechlingi"/>
10089 <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
10090 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
10091 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"/>
10093 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
10094 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
10098 <GENUS name="Laelaps" type="with">
10099 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Koch" year="1839"/>
10100 <MEANING>Laelaps <LOW>(mythological leaper)</LOW></MEANING>
10101 <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
10102 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
10104 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
10105 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
10107 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
10108 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
10110 <SPECIES name="falculus">
10111 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
10112 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon mirandis"/>
10114 <SPECIES name="gallicus">
10115 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
10117 <SPECIES name="hazenianus" status="dubium">
10118 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
10119 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus"/>
10121 <SPECIES name="incrassatus">
10122 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon incrassatus" status="objective"/>
10124 <SPECIES name="incrassatus2" status="dubiumQ">
10125 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
10126 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus sarcophagus"/>
10128 <SPECIES name="laevifrons" status="dubium">
10129 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
10130 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus"/>
10132 <SPECIES name="macropus" status="dubium">
10133 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1868"/>
10134 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus"/>
10139 <SPECIES name="trihedrodon">
10140 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus trihedrodon" status="objective"/>
10144 <GENUS name="Laevisuchus" type="with">
10146 lucky/left/light crocodile
10148 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
10149 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
10150 <PLACE name="India"/>
10151 <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/613" content="cervical vertebra"/>
10152 <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/614" content="cervical vertebra"/>
10153 <REMAINS type="co" museum="IM" id="K20/696" content="cervical vertebra"/>
10154 <SPECIES name="indicus">
10155 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
10156 <MEANING>Indian</MEANING>
10160 <GENUS name="Lagerpeton" type="with">
10161 <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
10162 <MASS value="0.45"/>
10163 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
10164 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10165 <REMAINS content="hindlimb, hips, vertebrae, foot, miscellaneous elements"/>
10166 <SPECIES name="canarensis">
10167 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
10171 <GENUS name="Lagosuchus" type="with">
10175 <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
10176 <MASS value="0.09"/>
10177 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
10178 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10179 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
10180 <SPECIES name="talampayensis" status="dubium">
10181 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1971"/>
10182 <MEANING>from Talampaya <LOW>National Park</LOW></MEANING>
10184 <SPECIES name="lilloensis">
10185 <SYNONYM name="Marasuchus lilloensis" status="objective"/>
10188 <P> <REFER page="Marasuchus"/> </P>
10192 <GENUS name="Lambeosaurus" type="with">
10194 <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's lizard
10196 <LENGTH value="9"/>
10197 <LENGTH value="15"/>
10198 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
10199 <SPECIES name="lambei">
10200 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1923"/>
10201 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
10202 <REMAINS content="7 specimens, 10 skulls (juvenile to adult)"/>
10204 <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
10207 <SPECIES name="clavinitalis">
10208 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
10209 <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
10211 <SPECIES name="laticaudus" status="dubiumQ">
10212 <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1941"/>
10213 <PLACE name="Mexico"/>
10214 <REMAINS content="skull, postcranial elements"/>
10216 <SPECIES name="magnicristatus">
10217 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
10218 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
10219 <REMAINS content="skeleton, skull"/>
10224 <SPECIES name="paucidens" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
10225 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
10226 <SYNONYM name="lambei"/>
10228 <SPECIES name="sp.">
10229 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
10232 <P> The "hatchet-shaped" crest of <NOMEN name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/> had a
10233 large, hollow part pointing forward from above the eyes and a spike jutting
10234 backward. The crest of <NOMEN name="L. magnicristatus"/> had a larger hollow
10235 section and barely any spike, looking more like <NOMEN name="Corythosaurus"/>
10236 and its relatives. </P>
10240 <GENUS name="Lametasaurus" type="with">
10242 Lameta <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
10244 <SPECIES name="indicus">
10245 <AUTHOR name="Matley" year="1923"/>
10246 <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius"/>
10247 <PROPERTAXON name="Ankylosauria"/>
10254 <GENUS name="Lanasaurus" type="with">
10258 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
10259 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
10260 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
10261 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
10262 <REMAINS content="maxilla"/>
10263 <SPECIES name="scalpridens">
10264 <AUTHOR name="Gow" year="1975"/>
10267 <P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Lycorhinus angustidens"/>. </P>
10271 <GENUS name="Lancangosaurus" status="nudum">
10272 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
10273 <SYNONYM name="Datousaurus bashanensis"/>
10276 <GENUS name="Lancanjiangosaurus" type="with">
10277 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
10278 <SPECIES name="cachuensis" status="nudum">
10279 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
10283 <GENUS name="Laopteryx" status="dubium">
10284 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
10288 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
10289 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
10290 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
10293 <GENUS name="Laosaurus" type="with">
10297 <SPECIES name="celer">
10298 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
10299 <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
10301 <SPECIES name="altus">
10302 <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus" status="objective"/>
10304 <SPECIES name="consors">
10305 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1894"/>
10306 <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex"/>
10308 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
10309 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1925"/>
10310 <SYNONYM name="Dryosaurus altus"/>
10315 <SPECIES name="minimus">
10316 <SYNONYM name="Orodromeus minimus" status="objective"/>
10318 <SPECIES name="rex">
10319 <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
10323 <GENUS name="Laplatasaurus" type="with">
10327 <LENGTH value="18" q="1"/>
10328 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
10329 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
10330 <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
10331 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
10332 <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
10333 <REMAINS content="partial tail, limb elements, dermal armor"/>
10335 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Titanosaurus">
10336 <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
10337 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
10338 <REMAINS content="2 tail vertebrae, scute"/>
10343 <SPECIES name="wichmannianus">
10344 <SYNONYM name="Antarctosaurus wichmannianus" status="objective"/>
10348 <GENUS name="Lapparentosaurus" type="with">
10350 <LOW>Albert F. de</LOW> Lapparent's lizard
10352 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
10353 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
10354 <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="4 partial postcrania, teeth"/>
10355 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
10356 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1986"/>
10361 <ESSAY><P>This material was originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Bothriospondylus madagascariensis"/>.
10365 <GENUS name="Largirostrisornis" type="with">
10369 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
10370 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
10371 <PLACE name="China"/>
10372 <SPECIES name="sexdentoris">
10373 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
10378 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V. 10531" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
10381 <GENUS name="Leaellynasaura" type="with">
10383 Leaellyn <LOW>Rich's</LOW> lizard
10385 <LENGTH value="2"/>
10386 <LENGTH value="3"/>
10387 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
10388 <TIME value="Albian"/>
10389 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
10390 <REMAINS content="skull fragments, teeth, postcrania"/>
10391 <SPECIES name="amicagraphica">
10392 <AUTHOR name="T. Rich, P. Rich" year="1989"/>
10395 <P> <NOMEN name="Leaellynasaura"/> is known from the
10396 mid-<LINK content="Cretaceous"/> of Australia, which was close to the South
10397 Pole at the time. It had very large eyes, which some have interpreted as an
10398 adaptation to the long period of winter darkness which occurs near the south
10403 <GENUS name="Lectavis" type="with">
10404 <SPECIES name="brevipedalis">
10405 <MEANING>short-footed</MEANING>
10406 <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
10409 bed <LOW>(=Lecho Formation)</LOW> bird
10412 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10415 <GENUS name="Leipsanosaurus" type="with">
10416 <MISSPELLED name="Lepanosaurus"/>
10417 <SPECIES name="noricus" status="dubium">
10418 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1918"/>
10419 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
10423 <GENUS name="Lenesornis">
10424 <AUTHOR name="Kurochkin" year="1996"/>
10426 Le<LOW>v Alexandrovich</LOW> Nes<LOW>sov's</LOW> bird
10428 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
10429 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
10430 <SPECIES name="maltshevskyi" original="Ichthyornis">
10431 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1986"/>
10435 <GENUS name="Leptoceratops" type="with">
10437 slender horned face
10439 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
10440 <LENGTH value="3"/>
10442 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
10443 <PLACE name="Alberta, Wyoming"/>
10444 <REMAINS content="5 skulls (3 complete), skeletons"/>
10445 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
10446 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
10451 <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus">
10452 <SYNONYM name="Montanoceratops cerorhynchus" status="objective"/>
10455 <P> Bipedal or facultatively quadrupedal. </P>
10459 <GENUS name="Leptospondylus" type="with">
10463 <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
10464 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
10465 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
10469 <GENUS name="Lesothosaurus" type="with">
10473 <LENGTH value="1"/>
10474 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
10475 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
10476 <PLACE name="Lesotho"/>
10477 <REMAINS content="4 skulls, skeletal material"/>
10478 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
10479 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1978"/>
10484 <SPECIES name="australis">
10485 <SYNONYM status="objective" name="Fabrosaurus australis"/>
10486 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Norman" year="1985"/>
10489 <P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> could be a junior synonym of
10490 <NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/>. Although the type material of
10491 <NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> is very similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>
10492 material, the <NOMEN name="Fabrosaurus"/> material is very poor,
10493 and not quite good enough to tell if these two are indeed the same. </P>
10495 <P> <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/> is the best known
10496 non-<LINK content="genasaurian ornithischian"/>. </P>
10500 <GENUS name="Lessemsaurus" type="with">
10501 <MEANING><LOW>Don</LOW> Lessem's lizard</MEANING>
10502 <SPECIES name="sauropoides">
10503 <MEANING><LINK content="sauropod"/>-like</MEANING>
10504 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1999"/>
10506 <TIME value="Norian"/>
10507 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10508 <REMAINS content="partial articulated spine" comment="mainly neural arches" type="holo"/>
10511 <GENUS name="Lestornis">
10512 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
10513 <SYNONYM name="Hesperornis"/>
10519 <GENUS name="Lewisuchus" type="with">
10520 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
10521 <SPECIES name="admixtus">
10522 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
10523 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
10527 <GENUS name="Lexovisaurus">
10528 <MISSPELLED name="Lexovsaurus"/>
10529 <AUTHOR name="Hoffstetter" year="1957"/>
10531 Lexovix <LOW>(tribe)</LOW> lizard
10533 <LENGTH value="5"/>
10534 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
10535 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
10536 <PLACE name="England, France"/>
10537 <REMAINS content="3 partial postcrania, skeletal elements (juvenile to adult)"/>
10538 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
10539 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
10541 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
10542 <SYNONYM name="Sarcolestes leedsi" status="objective"/>
10544 <SPECIES name="vetustus" status="dubium" original="Omosaurus">
10545 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
10548 <P> Plates formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/> were
10549 actually the gill rakers of a large <LINK content="fish"/>
10550 (<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Leedsichthys"/>). </P>
10554 <GENUS name="Liaoningornis" type="with">
10556 Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
10558 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
10559 <PLACE name="China"/>
10560 <SPECIES name="longiditrus">
10561 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
10564 <P> Possibly the earliest <LINK content="ornithuran bird"/>. </P>
10568 <GENUS name="Liaoningosaurus" type="with">
10569 <MEANING>Liaoning <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
10570 <SPECIES name="paradoxus">
10571 <MEANING>paradoxical</MEANING>
10572 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2001"/>
10573 <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
10575 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
10576 <PLACE name="China"/>
10578 <P>This specimen, the only dinosaur known with a bony plate covering
10579 its abdomen, seems to have both <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/>
10580 and <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> features. A cladistic analysis has placed
10581 it in <LINK content="Nodosauridae"/>.</P>
10585 <GENUS name="Liaoxiornis" type="with">
10586 <SPECIES name="delicatus">
10587 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Chen" year="1999"/>
10588 <MEANING>delicate</MEANING>
10590 <LENGTH value="0.06"/>
10591 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
10592 <PLACE name="China"/>
10594 <P> This tiny <LINK content="bird"/> is the smallest known adult
10595 <LINK content="dinosaur"/> from the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
10596 under 2½ inches in length, despite its unusually long pygostyle. </P>
10598 <P>The counterslab of the type specimen was originally published as
10599 <NOMEN name="Lingyuanornis parvus"/>.</P>
10604 <GENUS name="Liassaurus" type="with">
10605 <MEANING><LINK content="Lias"/> lizard</MEANING>
10606 <SPECIES name="huenei" status="nudum">
10607 <MEANING><LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's</MEANING>
10608 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
10609 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
10612 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
10613 <REMAINS content="tibia" museum="Warwick Museum"/>
10616 <GENUS name="Libycosaurus" type="with">
10617 <SPECIES name="petrocchi">
10618 <AUTHOR name="Bonarelli" year="1947"/>
10619 <PROPERTAXON name="Artiodactyla"/>
10622 Originally described as an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>, but shown by
10623 de Lapparent in 1954 to be the synonym of a <LINK content="mammalian"/>
10628 <GENUS name="Ligabueino" type="with">
10630 <LOW>Giancarlo</LOW> Ligabue's little <LOW>one</LOW>
10632 <LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
10633 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
10634 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10635 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pedal elements, etc."/>
10636 <SPECIES name="andesi">
10637 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
10639 <LOW>from the</LOW> Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
10642 <ESSAY><P>May have had a hyperextensible second pedal digit, like
10643 the related <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> and the not-so-closely-related
10644 <LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>.</P></ESSAY>
10647 <GENUS name="Likhoelesaurus" type="with">
10648 <SPECIES name="ingens">
10649 <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
10650 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
10652 <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
10653 <MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
10654 <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
10655 <SYNONYM name="ingens"/>
10661 May be the same as <NOMEN name="Basutodon ferox"/>.
10665 <GENUS name="Liliensternus">
10666 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
10668 <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's <LOW>one</LOW>
10670 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
10671 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="3"/>
10672 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="5"/>
10673 <MASS value="400" q="1"/>
10674 <MASS age="subadult" value="130"/>
10675 <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
10676 <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
10677 <SPECIES name="liliensterni" original="Halticosaurus">
10678 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1934"/>
10679 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
10680 <REMAINS content="2 partial subadult skeletons"/>
10682 <LOW>Hugo Rüle von</LOW> Lilienstern's
10685 <SPECIES name="airelensis">
10686 <AUTHOR name="Curry, Galton" year="1993"/>
10687 <PLACE name="France"/>
10688 <REMAINS content="tooth, vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle"/>
10690 <SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus" original="Halticosaurus">
10691 <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenosuchidae"/>
10692 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
10693 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
10694 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
10701 <GENUS name="Limaysaurus" status="nudum">
10702 <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado"/>
10703 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Novas" year="1997"/>
10707 <TIME value="Albian"/>
10708 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10709 <SPECIES name="tessonei" original="Rebbachisaurus">
10710 <AUTHOR name="Calvo, Salgado" year="1995"/>
10713 <P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
10717 <GENUS name="Limenavis" type="with">
10718 <MEANING>Limen bird</MEANING>
10719 <SPECIES name="patagonica">
10720 <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
10721 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
10722 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
10723 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10724 <AUTHOR name="Clarke, Chiappe" year="2001"/>
10725 <REMAINS museum="PVL" id="4731" content="distal humerus, proximal and distal ulna, proximal radius, proximal and distal carpometacarpus, partial ulnare, radiale, incomplete phalanx II-1" type="holo"/>
10729 <GENUS name="Limnosaurus" type="with">
10730 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
10734 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
10735 <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
10739 <GENUS name="Lingyuanornis" type="with">
10740 <MEANING>Lingyuan bird</MEANING>
10741 <SPECIES name="parvus">
10742 <MEANING>small</MEANING>
10743 <SYNONYM name="Liaoxiornis delicatus"/>
10744 <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
10748 <GENUS name="Lirainosaurus" type="with">
10749 <MISSPELLED name="Lirainasaurus"/>
10750 <MEANING>slender <LOW>(Basque)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
10751 <SPECIES name="astibiae">
10752 <AUTHOR name="Sanz, J. E. Powell, Le Loeuff, Martínez, Pereda-Suberbiola" year="1999"/>
10753 <MEANING><LOW>Humberto</LOW> Astiba's</MEANING>
10755 <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
10756 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early" q="1"/>
10757 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
10758 <REMAINS type="holo" content="anterior caudal vertebra"/>
10759 <REMAINS type="para" content="occipital part of skull, isolated teeth, dorsal & caudal vertebrae, coracoid, sternal plate, humeri, fragments of ilium & pubis, femors, tibia, osteoderms"/>
10762 <GENUS name="Lisboasaurus">
10763 <AUTHOR name="Seiffert" year="1973"/>
10764 <PROPERTAXON name="Mesoeucrocodylia"/>
10770 <GENUS name="Lonchodectes">
10771 <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1914"/>
10772 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
10778 <GENUS name="Loncosaurus" type="with">
10782 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
10783 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
10784 <TIME section="early" value="Campanian"/>
10785 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
10786 <REMAINS content="end of femur, teeth"/>
10787 <SPECIES name="argentinus" status="dubium">
10788 <AUTHOR name="Ameghino" year="1899"/>
10795 <GENUS name="Longchengornis" type="with">
10796 <MISSPELLED name="Langchengornis"/>
10797 <PLACE name="China"/>
10798 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
10799 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
10800 <MEANING>Dragon Town <LOW>(Chaoyang)</LOW> bird</MEANING>
10801 <SPECIES name="sanyanensis">
10802 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1997"/>
10803 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> three <LOW>feudal states of the</LOW> Yan <LOW>Kingdom</LOW></MEANING>
10805 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10530" content="incomplete skeleton with skull fragments"/>
10806 <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
10809 <GENUS name="Longipteryx" type="with">
10810 <MEANING>long feathers</MEANING>
10811 <SPECIES name="chaoyangensis">
10812 <MEANING>from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
10813 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou, Hou, Gu" year="2001"/>
10815 <PLACE name="China"/>
10818 <P>Hails from the Jiufotang Formation. The bill is rather long.</P>
10822 <GENUS name="Longisquama" type="with">
10826 <SPECIES name="insignis">
10827 <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1970"/>
10828 <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
10832 <GENUS name="Longosaurus">
10833 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1984"/>
10837 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
10838 <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
10842 <GENUS name="Lophorhothon" type="with">
10846 <LENGTH value="15" q="y"/>
10847 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
10848 <PLACE name="Alabama, N. Carolina"/>
10849 <PLACE name="Mississippi" q="1"/>
10850 <REMAINS content="skeleton, skeletal elements"/>
10851 <REMAINS content="tooth" q="1"/>
10852 <SPECIES name="atopus">
10853 <AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1960"/>
10857 <P> Could be a small <LINK content="hadrosaurine"/> or a young <NOMEN
10858 name="Parasaurolophus"/>. (The length estimate on this page assumes it is
10859 known from juvenile material.) Had a small bump in front of its eyes. </P>
10864 <GENUS name="Loricosaurus" type="with">
10865 <SPECIES name="scutatus">
10866 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
10867 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
10871 <GENUS name="Losillasaurus" type="with">
10872 <MEANING>Losilla lizard</MEANING>
10873 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
10874 <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
10875 <REMAINS age="subadult" type="holo" content="cervical vertebra"/>
10876 <REMAINS age="subadult" content="cranial fragment; cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae; vertebral fragments; humerus; ulna; radius; metacarpal; sternal plates; ilium; ischium; pubis"/>
10877 <AUTHOR name="Casanovas, Santafe, Sanz" year="2001"/>
10879 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
10880 <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
10881 <TIME value="EK" q="1"/>
10883 <P>Hails from the Collano Formation.</P>
10887 <GENUS name="Lourinhanosaurus" type="with">
10889 Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
10891 <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
10892 <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
10893 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
10894 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
10895 <REMAINS type="holo" content="cervical, dorsal, & caudal vertebrae; ribs; chevrons; pelvic girdle; hindlimbs; gastroliths"/>
10896 <REMAINS content="eggs with embryos"/>
10897 <SPECIES name="antunesi">
10898 <AUTHOR name="Mateus" year="1998"/>
10902 <GENUS name="Lourinhasaurus">
10903 <AUTHOR name="Dantas, Sanz, Da Silva, Ortega, Dos Santos, Cachco" year="1998"/>
10905 Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
10907 <LENGTH value="17"/>
10908 <MASS value="15000"/>
10909 <MASS value="20000"/>
10910 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
10911 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
10912 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
10913 <REMAINS content="partial postcrania, tail vertebrae, teeth"/>
10914 <SPECIES name="alenquerensis" original="Apatosaurus">
10915 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
10918 <P> Originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Apatosaurus"/>, and then to
10919 <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>, new material shows that this Portuguese
10920 species to belong to a separate genus. </P>
10924 <GENUS name="Luanpingosaurus" type="with">
10926 <PLACE name="China"/>
10927 <SPECIES name="jingshanensis" status="nudum">
10928 <AUTHOR name="Cheng"/>
10929 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chen" year="1996"/>
10933 <GENUS name="Lucianosaurus" type="with">
10935 Luciano <LOW>Mesa</LOW> lizard
10937 <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
10938 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
10939 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
10940 <SPECIES name="wildi">
10941 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
10945 <GENUS name="Lufengocephalus" type="with">
10947 Lu-feng <LOW>Series</LOW> head
10949 <SPECIES name="tawae">
10950 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1974"/>
10951 <SYNONYM name="Tawasaurus minor"/>
10955 <GENUS name="Lufengosaurus" type="with">
10957 Lu-Feng <LOW>Series</LOW> lizard
10959 <LENGTH value="6"/>
10960 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
10961 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
10962 <PLACE name="China"/>
10963 <REMAINS content="over 30 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile)"/>
10964 <SPECIES name="huenei">
10965 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1941"/>
10967 <LOW>Friedrich von</LOW> Huene's
10970 <SPECIES name="changduensis" status="nudum">
10971 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
10973 <SPECIES name="magnus">
10974 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
10975 <SYNONYM name="huenei"/>
10982 <GENUS name="Lukousaurus" type="with">
10984 Lukou <LOW>Bridge</LOW> lizard
10986 <SPECIES name="yini">
10987 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
10988 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
10992 <GENUS name="Lurdusaurus" type="with">
10996 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
10997 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
10998 <SPECIES name="arenatus">
10999 <AUTHOR name="Taquet, D. A. Russell" year="1999"/>
11001 <LENGTH value="9"/>
11002 <MASS value="5000"/>
11003 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MMHN GDF" id="1700" content="partial skull postcranium missing parts of pelvis & pes"/>
11005 <P> Previously known as <NOMEN name="Gravisaurus"/>. A bulky, massively
11006 constructed <LINK content="iguanodont"/>. </P>
11010 <GENUS name="Lusitanosaurus" type="with">
11012 Lusitanian <LOW>(=Portuguese)</LOW> lizard
11014 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
11015 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
11016 <REMAINS content="skull fragment, teeth"/>
11017 <SPECIES name="liassicus" status="dubium">
11018 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
11020 Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
11024 <P> Probably a basal <LINK content="thyreophoran"/> of some kind. </P>
11028 <GENUS name="Lycorhinus" type="with">
11032 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
11033 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
11034 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
11035 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
11036 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
11037 <SPECIES name="angustidens">
11038 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
11039 <MISSPELLED name="angusticeps" author="Gow" year="1991"/>
11041 <SPECIES name="consors">
11042 <SYNONYM name="Abrictosaurus consors" status="objective"/>
11044 <SPECIES name="tucki">
11045 <SYNONYM name="Heterodontosaurus tucki" status="objective"/>
11046 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Thulborn" year="1970"/>
11049 <P> Originally thought to be a mammal, since its sharp tusks look like
11054 <GENUS name="Macelognathus">
11055 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
11056 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
11059 <GENUS name="Macrodontophion" status="dubium">
11060 <AUTHOR name="Zborzewski" year="1834"/>
11061 <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
11064 <GENUS name="Macrophalangia" type="with">
11068 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
11069 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
11070 <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
11075 <SPECIES name="elegans">
11076 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus elegans" status="objective"/>
11080 <GENUS name="Macroscelosaurus" status="nudum">
11081 <AUTHOR name="Münster"/>
11082 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
11086 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
11089 <GENUS name="Macrurosaurus" type="with">
11093 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
11094 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
11095 <TIME value="Albian"/>
11096 <PLACE name="England"/>
11097 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, elements"/>
11098 <SPECIES name="semnus">
11099 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1896"/>
11101 <SPECIES name="platypus">
11102 <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis platypus" status="objective"/>
11106 <GENUS name="Madsenius" status="nudum">
11107 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
11108 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus"/>
11111 <GENUS name="Magnosaurus">
11112 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
11116 <MASS value="150" q="1"/>
11117 <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
11118 <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
11119 <TIME section="early" value="Bajocian"/>
11120 <PLACE name="England"/>
11121 <SPECIES name="nethercombensis" original="Megalosaurus">
11122 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
11123 <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth, postcranial fragments"/>
11125 <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
11126 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
11127 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
11129 <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
11130 <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
11134 <GENUS name="Magulodon" type="with">
11138 <TIME value="Albian"/>
11139 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
11140 <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
11141 <SPECIES name="muirkirkensis" status="dubium">
11142 <AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1996"/>
11149 <GENUS name="Magyarosaurus">
11150 <MISSPELLED name="Maggiarosaurus"/>
11151 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
11153 Magyars' <LOW>European tribe</LOW> lizard
11155 <LENGTH value="5"/>
11156 <LENGTH value="6"/>
11157 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
11158 <SPECIES name="dacus" original="Titanosaurus">
11159 <PLACE name="Hungary, Romania"/>
11160 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
11161 <REMAINS content="postcranial remains from at least 10 individuals"/>
11162 <REMAINS q="1" content="osteoderm"/>
11164 <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
11165 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
11166 <SYNONYM name="dacus"/>
11167 <REMAINS content="fibula"/>
11172 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
11173 <PLACE name="Romania"/>
11174 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
11175 <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
11181 <P> A dwarf <LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
11185 <GENUS name="Maiasaura" type="with">
11189 <LENGTH value="9"/>
11190 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
11191 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
11192 <REMAINS content="over 200 skeletons (from embryo to adult), eggs"/>
11193 <SPECIES name="peeblesorum">
11194 <AUTHOR name="Horner, Makela" year="1979"/>
11197 <P> Babies have been found of this <LINK content="duck-bill"/>. They hatched
11198 in great earthen nests, like those of crocodiles or mallee fowl, and were
11199 watched over by the parents. The nests, each containing 20-30 eggs, were
11200 grouped in colonies for better protection against predators. </P>
11202 <P> Infant <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> about three feet long have been found.
11203 The eggs were much smaller, on level with those of today's largest birds. The
11204 relatively tiny baby <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> had a lot of growing to
11205 do before they could become 30- to 40-foot-long fully grown duck-bills. </P>
11207 <P> <NOMEN name="Maiasaura"/> had a very small, spiky crest in front of its
11212 <GENUS name="Majungasaurus" type="with">
11216 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
11217 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
11218 <REMAINS content="partial dentary, teeth, tail vertebrae"/>
11219 <SPECIES name="crenatissimus" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
11220 <AUTHOR name="Depéret" year="1896"/>
11221 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Lavocat" year="1955"/>
11224 <P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>, but material is too
11225 scant to be certain. </P>
11229 <GENUS name="Majungatholus" type="with">
11233 <LENGTH value="7"/>
11234 <LENGTH value="9"/>
11235 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
11236 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
11237 <PLACEn name="Egypt, India" q="1"/>
11238 <REMAINS content="adult individual (nearly complete skull, most of tail), immature individual (incomplete skull, spine except for tail, ilium, ribs), etc."/>
11239 <SPECIES name="atopus">
11240 <AUTHOR name="Sues, Taquet" year="1979"/>
11243 <P> <NOMEN name="Majungatholus"/>. was originally thought to be a
11244 <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>. Then it was synonymized with
11245 <NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/>, an <LINK content="abelisaur"/> known from part
11246 of a jawbone. More recently, <NOMEN name="Majungasaurus"/> material has been
11247 judged too poor to make synonymy certain. </P>
11249 <P> This animal had a small horn above its eyes. The skull was nearly 60cm
11254 <GENUS name="Malawisaurus">
11255 <AUTHOR name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
11260 <PLACE name="Malawi"/>
11261 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, ischium, pubis, partial scapula, sternal plates, premaxilla, dentaries, teeth"/>
11262 <SPECIES name="dixeyi" original="Gigantosaurus2">
11263 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1928"/>
11264 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Jacobs, Winkler, Downs, Gomani" year="1993"/>
11268 <GENUS name="Maleevosaurus">
11269 <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1984"/>
11270 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Carpenter" year="1992"/>
11272 <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's lizard
11274 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
11275 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
11279 <GENUS name="Maleevus">
11280 <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1987"/>
11282 <LOW>Eugene Alexandrovich</LOW> Maleev's <LOW>one</LOW>
11284 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
11285 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
11286 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
11287 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
11288 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus" original="Syrmosaurus">
11289 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
11290 <MEANING>disparately serrated</MEANING>
11294 <GENUS name="Mamenchisaurus" type="with">
11295 <MISSPELLED name="Mamemchisaurus"/>
11296 <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchiosaurus"/>
11297 <MISSPELLED name="Mamenchisaurus"/>
11298 <MISSPELLED name="Mammenchisaurus"/>
11299 <MISSPELLED name="Menenchisaurus"/>
11301 Mamenxi <LOW>Ferry</LOW> lizard
11303 <LENGTH value="22"/>
11304 <LENGTH value="25"/>
11305 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
11306 <PLACE name="China"/>
11307 <PLACE name="Mongolia" q="1"/>
11308 <SPECIES name="constructus">
11309 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1954"/>
11310 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
11312 <SPECIES name="anyuensis">
11313 <AUTHOR name="He, Yang, Cai, Li, Liu" year="1996"/>
11315 <SPECIES name="changshouensis" original="Omeisaurus">
11316 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
11317 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
11319 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis" original="Zigongosaurus">
11320 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Zhao, Chu" year="1976"/>
11322 <SPECIES name="gongjianensis" status="nudum" original="Omeisaurus">
11323 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhen" year="1996"/>
11325 <SPECIES name="guangyuanensis" status="nudum">
11326 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
11328 <SPECIES name="hochuanensis">
11329 <AUTHOR name="Young, Zhao" year="1972"/>
11330 <MASS value="11500"/>
11331 <REMAINS content="4 partial postcrania"/>
11333 <SPECIES name="jingyangensis" status="nudum">
11334 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li, Zeng" year="1998"/>
11335 <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen with skull"/>
11337 <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
11338 <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
11340 <SPECIES name="sinocanadorum">
11341 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zheng" year="1995"/>
11342 <LENGTH value="26"/>
11343 <MASS value="17500"/>
11344 <REMAINS content="partial skull, partial skull, neck vertebrae, ribs"/>
11349 <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
11350 <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
11352 <SPECIES name="yangi" status="nudum">
11353 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1993"/>
11354 <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
11356 <SPECIES name="yaochinensis" status="nudum">
11357 <AUTHOR name="He, al." year="1996"/>
11358 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1999"/>
11360 <SPECIES name="youngi">
11361 <AUTHOR name="Pi, Ouyang, Ye" year="1996"/>
11363 <SPECIES name="youngsi" status="nudum">
11364 <AUTHOR name="Ouyang"/>
11365 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
11366 <SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
11368 <SPECIES name="sp.">
11369 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
11370 <TIME section="early" value="Albian"/>
11371 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
11372 <REMAINS content="fragmentary humerus" synonym="Moshisaurus sp."/>
11376 <GENUS name="Mandschurosaurus">
11377 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
11381 <LENGTH value="8"/>
11382 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
11383 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
11384 <PLACE name="China"/>
11385 <SPECIES name="amurensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
11386 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
11387 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
11389 <SPECIES name="jiainensis" status="dubiumQ">
11390 <AUTHOR name="Luo, Zhang, Li" year="1983"/>
11391 <SYNONYM name="amurensis"/>
11393 <SPECIES name="laosensis" status="dubium">
11394 <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
11395 <PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontia"/>
11396 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
11398 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
11399 <SYNONYM name="Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
11406 <GENUS name="Manospondylus" type="with">
11407 <MEANING>porous vertebra</MEANING>
11408 <SPECIES name="gigas" status="oblitum">
11409 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1892"/>
11410 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
11411 <MEANING>giant</MEANING>
11412 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="3982" content="2 dorsal vertebrae" type="holo"/>
11414 <SPECIES name="amplus">
11415 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
11419 <GENUS name="Marasuchus">
11420 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Arcucci" year="1994"/>
11424 <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
11425 <MASS value="0.1"/>
11426 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
11427 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
11428 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
11429 <SPECIES name="lilloensis" original="Lagosuchus">
11430 <AUTHOR name="Romer" year="1972"/>
11433 <P> The name <NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> was given to some specimens
11434 formerly referred to <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>. However, the type specimen
11435 of <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/> is too fragmentary to be sure that the
11436 <NOMEN name="Marasuchus"/> specimens are the same animal as it. </P>
11438 <P> This genus is named after the mara, a South American hare-like
11439 relative of guinea pigs. </P>
11443 <GENUS name="Marmarospondylus" type="with">
11447 <SPECIES name="robustus">
11448 <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus robustus" status="objective"/>
11455 <GENUS name="Marshosaurus" type="with">
11457 <LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's lizard
11459 <LENGTH value="5"/>
11460 <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
11461 <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
11462 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
11463 <PLACE name="Utah, Colorado"/>
11464 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
11465 <SPECIES name="bicentisimus">
11466 <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1976"/>
11468 bicentennial <LOW>(of the U.S.A.)</LOW>
11473 <GENUS name="Masiakasaurus" type="with">
11474 <MEANING>vicious <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
11475 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
11476 <LENGTH value="2"/>
11477 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
11478 <SPECIES name="knopfleri">
11479 <AUTHOR name="Sampson, Carrano, Forster" year="2001"/>
11480 <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
11481 <MEANING><LOW>Mark</LOW> Knopfler's <LOW>(member of rock band Dire Straits)</LOW></MEANING>
11484 <P>This small predator had strange, forward-pointing teeth, like those of
11485 some <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>. It may be a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>.</P>
11486 <P>Hails from the Maevarano Formation.</P>
11490 <GENUS name="Massospondylus" type="with">
11494 <LENGTH value="4"/>
11495 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
11496 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
11497 <PLACE name="Lesotho, Namibia, S. Africa, Zimbabwe"/>
11498 <PLACE name="Arizona" q="1"/>
11499 <SPECIES name="carinatus">
11500 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
11501 <REMAINS content="over 80 partial skeletons (juvenile to adult), 4 skulls, isolated elements, gastroliths, etc."/>
11502 <REMAINS content="partial foot" age="juvenile" synonym="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus"/>
11503 <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
11505 <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
11506 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
11507 <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
11509 <SPECIES name="harriesi">
11510 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1911"/>
11511 <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
11513 <SPECIES name="hislopi" status="dubium">
11514 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
11515 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
11517 <SPECIES name="huenei">
11518 <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei" status="objective"/>
11520 <SPECIES name="rawesi">
11521 <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
11523 <SPECIES name="schwarzi" status="dubium">
11524 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
11525 <SYNONYM name="carinatus"/>
11528 <P> A nest of six eggs, 26 inches long and 22 inches in diameter, may belong
11529 to <NOMEN name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>. </P>
11533 <GENUS name="Megacervixosaurus" type="with">
11538 <PLACE name="China"/>
11539 <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebrae"/>
11540 <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
11541 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
11548 <GENUS name="Megadactylus" type="with">
11549 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
11553 <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
11554 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
11558 <GENUS name="Megadontosaurus" type="with">
11562 <SPECIES name="ferox" status="nudum">
11563 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
11564 <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
11565 <SYNONYM name="Microvenator celer"/>
11566 <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus"/>
11573 <GENUS name="Megalancosaurus">
11574 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha" incertae="1"/>
11577 <GENUS name="Megalosaurus" type="with">
11581 <MISSPELLED name="Melagosaurus" author="Depéret, Savornin" year="1928"/>
11582 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
11583 <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
11584 <AUTHOR name="Ritgen" year="1826"/>
11585 <LENGTH value="9"/>
11586 <LENGTH value="10"/>
11587 <MASS value="900"/>
11588 <MASS value="1500"/>
11589 <PLACE name="England, France"/>
11590 <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
11591 <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements"/>
11593 <LOW>William</LOW> Buckland's
11596 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
11597 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
11598 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
11599 <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
11601 <SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
11602 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus aquilunguis" status="objective"/>
11604 <SPECIES name="argentinus">
11605 <SYNONYM name="Loncosaurus argentinus" status="objective"/>
11607 <SPECIES name="bradleyi">
11608 <SYNONYM name="Proceratosaurus bradleyi" status="objective"/>
11610 <SPECIES name="bredai">
11611 <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai" status="objective"/>
11613 <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
11614 <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
11616 <SPECIES name="chubutensis" status="dubium">
11617 <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1974"/>
11618 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
11619 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
11620 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
11622 from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
11625 <SPECIES name="cloacinus" status="dubium">
11626 <AUTHOR name="Quenstedt" year="1858"/>
11627 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
11628 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
11630 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
11631 <SYNONYM name="bucklandii"/>
11633 <SPECIES name="crenatissimus">
11634 <SYNONYM name="Majungasaurus crenatissimus" status="objective"/>
11636 <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
11637 <SYNONYM name="Streptospondylus cuvieri" status="objective"/>
11639 <SPECIES name="dabukaensis" status="dubium">
11640 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
11641 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
11643 <SPECIES name="destructor">
11644 <SYNONYM name="Nuthetes destructor" status="objective"/>
11646 <SPECIES name="dunkleri">
11647 <SYNONYM name="Altispinax dunkleri" status="objective"/>
11649 <SPECIES name="hesperis">
11650 <SYNONYM name="Walkersaurus hesperis" status="objective"/>
11652 <SPECIES name="horridus">
11653 <SYNONYM name="Deinodon horridus" status="objective"/>
11655 <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
11656 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
11657 <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
11658 <PLACE name="Hungary"/>
11659 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
11664 <SPECIES name="incognitus">
11665 <SYNONYM name="Iliosuchus incognitus" status="objective"/>
11667 <SPECIES name="inexpectatus" status="dubium">
11668 <AUTHOR name="del Corro" year="1966"/>
11669 <PROPERTAXON name="Theropoda" incertae="1"/>
11670 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
11675 <SPECIES name="ingens">
11676 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus ingens" status="objective"/>
11678 <SPECIES name="insignis" status="dubium">
11679 <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps, Lennier" year="1870"/>
11680 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
11681 <REMAINS content="teeth, postctranial elements"/>
11683 <SPECIES name="lonzeensis">
11684 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis" status="objective"/>
11686 <SPECIES name="lydekkeri">
11687 <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus lydekkeri" status="objective"/>
11689 <SPECIES name="matleyi">
11690 <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi" status="objective"/>
11692 <SPECIES name="meriani">
11693 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
11695 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
11696 <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" status="objective"/>
11698 <SPECIES name="nethercombensis">
11699 <SYNONYM name="Magnosaurus nethercombensis" status="objective"/>
11701 <SPECIES name="obtusus" status="dubium">
11702 <AUTHOR name="Henry" year="1876"/>
11703 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
11704 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
11709 <SPECIES name="oweni">
11710 <SYNONYM name="Valdoraptor oweni" status="objective"/>
11712 <SPECIES name="pannoniensis" status="dubium">
11713 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
11714 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
11715 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
11717 <SPECIES name="parkeri">
11718 <SYNONYM name="Metriacanthosaurus parkeri" status="objective"/>
11720 <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
11721 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
11722 <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron bucklandii"/>
11727 <SPECIES name="phillipsi" status="nudum">
11728 <MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Phillips'</MEANING>
11729 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
11730 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
11732 <SPECIES name="pombali" status="dubium">
11733 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent, Zbyszewski" year="1957"/>
11734 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
11735 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
11737 <SPECIES name="rawesi">
11738 <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
11740 <SPECIES name="saharicus">
11741 <SYNONYM name="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" status="objective"/>
11742 <MISSPELLED name="africanus" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
11744 <SPECIES name="schmidti">
11745 <SYNONYM name="Poekilopleuron schmidti" status="objective"/>
11747 <SPECIES name="sp.">
11748 <TIME value="Aalenian"/>
11749 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
11750 <PLACE name="England"/>
11752 <SPECIES name="superbus">
11753 <SYNONYM name="Erectopus superbus" status="objective"/>
11755 <SPECIES name="tanneri">
11756 <SYNONYM name="Torvosaurus tanneri" status="objective"/>
11758 <SPECIES name="terquemi" status="dubium">
11759 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
11760 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
11761 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
11763 <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="dubium">
11764 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
11765 <PLACE name="China" q="1"/>
11770 <SPECIES name="valens">
11771 <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
11773 <SPECIES name="wetherilli">
11774 <SYNONYM name="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" status="objective"/>
11776 <SPECIES name="woodwardi">
11777 <SYNONYM name="Walgettosuchus woodwardi" status="objective"/>
11780 <P> This was the first non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
11781 <LINK content="dinosaur"/> to be formally named and described
11782 (<NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> had been discovered earlier, but wasn't published
11783 until later.) Along with <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and
11784 <NOMEN name="Hylaeosaurus"/>, it was one of the original animals placed in
11785 <LINK content="Dinosauria"/>. </P>
11787 <P> Early restorations showed it as quadrupedal(!) In fact, it and other
11788 <LINK content="torvosaurids"/> had very short forelimbs, even for
11789 <LINK content="theropods"/>. </P>
11791 <P> This genus has over the years been used as a grab-bag for all kinds of
11792 <LINK content="theropod"/> species, and even some non-theropods.
11793 There is much taxonomic sorting to be done on these. </P>
11797 <GENUS name="Megaraptor" type="with">
11798 <MEANING>big raider</MEANING>
11799 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
11800 <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
11801 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
11802 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
11803 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
11804 <REMAINS museum="MCF-PVPH" id="79" content='"sickle claw", metatarsal, ulna, finger'/>
11805 <SPECIES name="namunhuaiquii">
11806 <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1998"/>
11807 <MEANING>foot-lanced</MEANING>
11810 <P> Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. If so, it would be the
11811 largest one, beating out <NOMEN name="Utahraptor"/>. Its "sickle claw" was
11812 14 inches long. This claw inspired its specific name, which is Mapuche for
11815 <P> It has been suggested that this may be the adult version of the
11816 <LINK content="avialan"/> <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. They are from the same
11817 time and place, and there is no overlapping material between them.
11818 More material must be found to verify or falsify this.</P>
11822 <GENUS name="Melanorosaurus" type="with">
11823 <MISSPELLED name="Melanosaurus"/>
11825 black mountain lizard
11827 <LENGTH value="10"/>
11828 <LENGTH value="15"/>
11829 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
11830 <TIME section="early" value="Norian"/>
11831 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
11832 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
11833 <SPECIES name="readi">
11834 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
11835 <REMAINS content="partial limbs, partial pelvis"/>
11837 <SPECIES name="thabanensis">
11838 <AUTHOR name="Gauffre" year="1993"/>
11842 <GENUS name="Meniscoessus">
11843 <SPECIES name="caperatus">
11844 <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
11848 <GENUS name="Merosaurus" type="with">
11849 <SPECIES name="newmani" status="nudum">
11850 <MEANING>Newman's</MEANING>
11851 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
11852 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
11854 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
11855 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
11856 <PLACE name="England"/>
11857 <REMAINS content="knee joint"/>
11858 <REMAINS content="etc." q="1"/>
11859 <ESSAY><P>Based on remains originally assigned to <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus harrisonii"/>.</P></ESSAY>
11862 <GENUS name="Mesadactylus" type="with">
11866 <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
11867 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
11868 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
11869 <SPECIES name="ornithosphyos">
11870 <AUTHOR name="Jensen, Padian" year="1989"/>
11874 <GENUS name="Metriacanthosaurus">
11875 <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
11877 medium spine lizard
11879 <LENGTH value="8"/>
11880 <MASS value="1000"/>
11881 <TIME section="early" value="Oxfordian"/>
11882 <PLACE name="England"/>
11883 <SPECIES name="parkeri" original="Megalosaurus">
11884 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
11885 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
11887 <SPECIES name="brevis" status="nudum">
11888 <MEANING>short</MEANING>
11889 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
11890 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
11892 <SPECIES name="reynoldsi" status="nudum">
11893 <MEANING>Reynolds'</MEANING>
11894 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
11895 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
11897 <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
11898 <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis" status="objective"/>
11901 <P> Perhaps a <LINK content="sinraptorid"/>. </P>
11905 <GENUS name="Microcephale" status="nudum">
11906 <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="1997"/>
11911 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
11912 <REMAINS content="2 partial crania"/>
11914 <P> Yet to be described. Based on two 2-inch-wide skull tops.
11919 <GENUS name="Microceratops" type="with">
11923 <LENGTH value="0.6" age="juvenile"/>
11924 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
11925 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
11926 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
11927 <SPECIES name="gobiensis" status="dubiumQ">
11928 <REMAINS content="partial skull, skeleton" type="holo" age="juvenile"/>
11929 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
11931 from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
11934 <SPECIES name="sulcidens" status="dubium" q="1">
11935 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
11936 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
11937 <SYNONYM name="gobiensis"/>
11941 <GENUS name="Microcoelus" type="with">
11942 <MISSPELLED name="Microsaurus"/>
11946 <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
11947 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
11948 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis"/>
11953 <SPECIES name="australis">
11954 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
11958 <GENUS name="Microdontosaurus" type="with">
11960 small-toothed lizard
11962 <PLACE name="China"/>
11963 <SPECIES name="dayensis" status="nudum">
11964 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
11968 <GENUS name="Microhadrosaurus" type="with">
11970 small <NOMEN name="Hadrosaurus"/>
11973 <PLACE name="China"/>
11974 <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
11975 <SPECIES name="nanshiungensis" status="dubium">
11976 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
11983 <GENUS name="Micropachycephalosaurus" type="with">
11984 <MISSPELLED name="Micropachycephale"/>
11986 small <NOMEN name="Pachycephalosaurus"/>
11988 <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
11989 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
11990 <PLACE name="China"/>
11991 <REMAINS content="partial mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
11992 <SPECIES name="hongtuyanensis">
11993 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1978"/>
11996 <P> <NOMEN name="Micropachycephalosaurus"/> bears the dubious honor of the <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
11997 with the longest generic name, with 23 letters and 9 syllables. For such a
11998 huge name, it was actually a pretty small dinosaur, one of the smallest of
11999 all non-<LINK content="avian"/> dinosaurs.
12004 <GENUS name="Microraptor" type="with">
12005 <MEANING>small plunderer</MEANING>
12006 <SPECIES name="zhaoianus">
12007 <MEANING>Zhao <LOW>Xijin</LOW>'s</MEANING>
12008 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
12009 <REMAINS type="holo" content="articulated skeleton missing middle portion, with patches of preserved integument"/>
12010 <PLACE name="China"/>
12011 <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
12012 <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
12013 <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
12017 <P header='The "Tiny Raptor"'>Possibly the smallest non-<LINK
12018 content="avian"> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, assuming (as the authors do)
12019 that is is fully grown.</P>
12021 <P header="Placement">The counterslab to the hindquarters of this specimen
12022 was already published as half of the chimerical <NOMEN
12023 name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>. The front half of that specimen is
12024 actually an <LINK content="avialan"/>.</P>
12026 <P>Although the authors classified this species as a <LINK
12027 content="dromaeosaurid"/>, it has troodontid features (arctometatarsalian
12028 pes, "waisted" teeth, maxilla bordering naris, closely packed dentary
12029 teeth) and avialan features (<NOMEN name="Rahonavis"/>-like ischium, avian
12030 features of the teeth, maxilla bordering naris) as well. Some features
12031 (rod-like extensions of prezygaopohyses which stiffen the tail, large
12032 second pedal ungual) are dromaeosaurid-like. Hopefully this species can
12033 shed light on how the three groups are related to each other.</P>
12035 <P>Wherever this species belongs, it does not appear to be <LINK
12036 content="avian"/>, and thus dispels notions that dinosaurs were too big to
12037 be bird ancestors. (This species is smaller than <NOMEN
12038 name="Archaeopteryx"/>, the most primitive bird known.)</P>
12040 <P header="Small AND Fuzzy">Feathers or (feather-like integument with a
12041 rachis, or vane) similar to those of <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/> and
12042 <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> are preserved. They are found near the
12043 femur, tibia, and ischium.</P>
12045 <P header="A Climber?"> Some features of this species have been
12046 interpreted as indicating a scansorial lifestyle. These include distally
12047 placed metatarsal and pedal digit I. </P>
12049 <P header="Transitional Teeth"> <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> has heterodont
12050 teeth, the anterior ones being more recurved and laterally compressed and
12051 lacking serrations. They are more bird-like than the posterior teeth, and
12052 thus may indicate that avian dental traits began in the front and spread
12053 to the back over the course of evolution. </P>
12055 <P header="Trouble with the Name"> Technically, by ICZN rules, this animal
12056 should be referred to as <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>.
12057 However, there will be a petition to reject that name and conserve the
12058 name <NOMEN name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. In the hope that this petition
12059 goes through, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> despite ICZN
12060 rules. See the entry on <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> for more on this
12061 nomenclatural debacle.</P>
12066 <GENUS name="Microsaurops">
12067 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
12068 <SYNONYM name="Microcoelus"/>
12074 <GENUS name="Microvenator" type="with">
12078 <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="1.2"/>
12079 <MASS age="juvenileQ" value="3" q="1"/>
12080 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
12081 <TIME value="Albian"/>
12082 <SPECIES name="celer">
12083 <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
12084 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
12085 <REMAINS age="juvenileQ" content="partial skeleton"/>
12087 <SPECIES name="chagyaensis" status="nudum">
12088 <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Li" year="1986"/>
12091 <P> When first found, <NOMEN name="Microvenator"/> was associated with the teeth of the
12092 larger <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>. Hence it was reconstructed with an oversized head and
12093 informally dubbed <NOMEN name="Megadontosaurus ferox"/> ("fierce, big-toothed lizard").</P>
12095 <P> Although sometimes classified as a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>, it is too
12101 <GENUS name="Mifunesaurus" status="nudum">
12102 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
12104 Mifune <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
12106 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
12107 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
12108 <REMAINS content="tooth, metatarsal, tibia, phalanx"/>
12111 <GENUS name="Minmi" type="with">
12113 Minmi <LOW>Crossing one</LOW>
12115 <LENGTH value="2"/>
12116 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
12117 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
12118 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragmentary postcranium"/>
12119 <SPECIES name="paravertebra">
12120 <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1980"/>
12126 <P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Khaan"/> for the shortest genus name of any
12127 non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.</P>
12129 <P> <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> was once considered an <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/> due to a supposed club at the end of its tail,
12130 but the club turned out to be an artifact of preservation. Instead, it is
12131 probably a very primitive <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>.
12136 <GENUS name="Mochlodon">
12137 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
12141 <SPECIES name="suessi">
12142 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon suessi" status="objective"/>
12144 <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
12145 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon inkeyi" status="objective"/>
12147 <SPECIES name="priscus">
12148 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus" status="objective"/>
12150 <SPECIES name="robustus">
12151 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon robustus" status="objective"/>
12155 <GENUS name="Mongolosaurus" type="with">
12156 <MISSPELLED name="Mongolisaurus"/>
12160 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
12161 <TIME value="Albian"/>
12162 <PLACE name="China"/>
12163 <REMAINS content="teeth, basioccipital, neck vertebrae"/>
12164 <SPECIES name="haplodon" status="dubiumQ">
12165 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
12169 <GENUS name="Monkonosaurus" type="with">
12171 Monko <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
12173 <LENGTH value="5"/>
12174 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
12175 <PLACE name="China"/>
12176 <REMAINS content="2 vertebrae, sacrum, 3 plates"/>
12177 <SPECIES name="lawulacus">
12178 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
12179 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Dong" year="1990"/>
12183 <GENUS name="Monoclonius" type="with">
12187 <LENGTH value="5"/>
12188 <LENGTH value="6"/>
12189 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
12190 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
12191 <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
12192 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
12193 <REMAINS content="5 skulls"/>
12195 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
12196 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis" status="objective"/>
12198 <SPECIES name="apertus">
12199 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus" status="objective"/>
12201 <SPECIES name="belli">
12202 <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
12204 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
12205 <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus canadensis" status="objective"/>
12207 <SPECIES name="cutleri">
12208 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus cutleri" status="objective"/>
12210 <SPECIES name="dawsoni" status="dubium">
12211 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
12212 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
12214 <SPECIES name="fissus" status="dubium">
12215 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
12216 <REMAINS content="pterygoid"/>
12218 <SPECIES name="flexus">
12219 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1914"/>
12220 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
12222 <SPECIES name="lowei" status="dubium">
12223 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
12224 <SYNONYM name="crassus"/>
12226 <SPECIES name="montanensis">
12227 <SYNONYM name="Brachyceratops montanensis" status="objective"/>
12229 <SPECIES name="nasicornis">
12230 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1917"/>
12231 <SYNONYM name="Centrosaurus apertus"/>
12232 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus albertensis"/>
12237 <SPECIES name="recurvicornis" status="dubium">
12238 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
12239 <REMAINS content="braincase, 3 horns, fragments"/>
12241 <LOW>with a</LOW> recurved horn
12244 <SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
12245 <SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
12248 <P> May be the subadult of another <LINK content="centrosaurine"/> genus or a valid genus
12249 with paedomorphic (juvenile-like) features.
12254 <GENUS name="Monolophosaurus" type="with">
12256 single crest lizard
12258 <LENGTH value="5"/>
12259 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
12260 <PLACE name="China"/>
12261 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
12262 <SPECIES name="jiangi">
12263 <AUTHOR name="Zhao, Currie" year="1994"/>
12265 <SPECIES name="jiangjiunmiaoi" status="nudum">
12266 <SYNONYM name="jiangi"/>
12270 <GENUS name="Mononychus" type="with">
12271 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Schüppel" year="1824"/>
12272 <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
12273 <SPECIES name="olecranus">
12274 <SYNONYM name="Mononykus olecranus" status="objective"/>
12278 <GENUS name="Mononykus">
12279 <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
12280 <MEANING>one claw</MEANING>
12281 <LENGTH value="1"/>
12283 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
12284 <REMAINS content="partial skeletons"/>
12285 <SPECIES name="olecranus" original="Mononychus">
12286 <AUTHOR name="Perle, Norrell, Chiappe, Clark" year="1993"/>
12288 <LOW>with a large</LOW> olecranon <LOW>process (elbow)</LOW>
12292 <P> Characteristics of the odd, singly-digited forelimbs seem to indicate
12293 proficiency at digging. These include a large olecranon and possibly the
12294 keel on the sternum. A mole-like lifestyle has been proposed, but this
12295 does not agree with the long, cursorial hindlimbs. Instead, it is possible
12296 that <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> filled an ant-eating niche, similar to today's
12297 numbats and aardvarks.
12302 <GENUS name="Montanazhdarcho">
12303 <AUTHOR name="Padian, Ricqles, Horner" year="1995"/>
12305 Montana <NOMEN name="Azhdarcho"/>
12308 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
12309 <REMAINS content="partial forelimb"/>
12312 <GENUS name="Montanoceratops">
12313 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1951"/>
12315 Montana horned face
12317 <LENGTH value="3"/>
12318 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
12319 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
12320 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
12321 <SPECIES name="cerorhynchus" original="Leptoceratops">
12322 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1942"/>
12323 <MEANING>horn-nosed</MEANING>
12326 <P> Bore a small horn on its nose. </P>
12330 <GENUS name="Morinosaurus" type="with">
12332 Morini <LOW>(ancient French tribe)</LOW> lizard
12334 <SPECIES name="typus" status="dubium">
12335 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1874"/>
12336 <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli"/>
12337 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
12341 <GENUS name="Morosaurus" type="with">
12342 <MEANING>moronic lizard</MEANING>
12343 <SPECIES name="impar">
12344 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
12345 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
12347 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
12348 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
12349 <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda"/>
12350 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
12351 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
12352 <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
12357 <SPECIES name="becklessi">
12358 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus becklessi" status="objective"/>
12360 <SPECIES name="brevis">
12361 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosaurus brevis" status="objective"/>
12363 <SPECIES name="grandis">
12364 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
12366 <SPECIES name="lentus">
12367 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus" status="objective"/>
12369 <SPECIES name="marchei" status="dubium">
12370 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1897"/>
12371 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus insignis"/>
12373 <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium">
12374 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
12375 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
12381 <P> Originally assigned to a now-defunct genus (synonymous with
12382 <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>), <NOMEN name="Morosaurus agilis"/> awaits a new generic name. It might be
12383 related to <NOMEN name="Cetiosaurus"/>.
12388 <GENUS name="Moshisaurus" status="nudum">
12389 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
12390 <SPECIES name="sp.">
12391 <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus sp."/>
12395 <GENUS name="Mussaurus" type="with">
12396 <MISSPELLED name="Mussasaurus"/>
12400 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
12401 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.2"/>
12402 <TIME value="Norian"/>
12403 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
12404 <REMAINS content="eggs, 10 skeletons and 4 skulls (juvenile)"/>
12405 <SPECIES name="patagonicus">
12406 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Vince" year="1979"/>
12412 <P> <NOMEN name="Mussaurus"/> is known only from infant specimens, which
12413 were extremely small (nine inches long). The eggs were
12414 not much more than an inch long. <NOMEN name="Coloradisaurus"/> may be
12420 <GENUS name="Muttaburrasaurus" type="with">
12424 <LENGTH value="7"/>
12425 <TIME value="Albian"/>
12426 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
12427 <SPECIES name="langdoni">
12428 <AUTHOR name="Bartholomai, Molnar" year="1981"/>
12429 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 fragmentary)"/>
12431 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
12432 <REMAINS museum="QM" id="F14921" content="skull"/>
12435 <P> Unlike other <LINK content="ornithopods"/>, <NOMEN name="Muttaburrasaurus"/>
12436 may have replaced all of its teeth simultaneously, instead
12442 <GENUS name="Mymoorapelta" type="with">
12444 Mygatt-Moore <LOW>Quarry</LOW> shield
12446 <LENGTH value="2.7"/>
12447 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
12448 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
12449 <REMAINS content="ilium, vetrebrae, ribs, ulna, metacarpal, armor, pedal elements"/>
12450 <SPECIES name="maysi">
12451 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Carpenter" year="1994"/>
12455 <GENUS name="Naashoibitosaurus" type="with">
12457 Naashoibito <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
12459 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
12460 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
12462 <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
12464 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
12468 <GENUS name="Nanantius" type="with">
12469 <SPECIES name="eos">
12470 <AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1986"/>
12471 <MEANING>dawn</MEANING>
12472 <REMAINS content="tibiotarsus" type="holo"/>
12473 <REMAINS content="partial tibiotarsus, vertebra" q="1"/>
12474 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
12476 <SPECIES name="valifanovi">
12477 <PLACE name="Asia"/>
12478 <REMAINS content="fairly complete skeleton"/>
12481 dwarf opposite <LOW>bird (=<LINK content="enantiornithean"/>)</LOW>
12483 <TIME value="Albian"/>
12485 <P> About the size of the average <LINK content="songbird"/>.
12490 <GENUS name="Nanosaurus" type="with">
12491 <MISSPELLED name="Nannosaurus"/>
12495 <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
12496 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
12497 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
12498 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
12499 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
12500 <REMAINS content="tooth molds"/>
12501 <SPECIES name="agilis" status="dubium">
12502 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
12507 <SPECIES name="rex">
12508 <SYNONYM name="Othnielia rex" status="objective"/>
12512 <GENUS name="Nanotyrannus">
12513 <AUTHOR name="Bakker, Williams, Currie" year="1988"/>
12517 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
12518 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
12522 <GENUS name="Nanshiungosaurus" type="with">
12526 <LENGTH value="4"/>
12527 <PLACE name="China"/>
12528 <SPECIES name="brevispinus">
12529 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
12530 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
12531 <REMAINS content="vertebral column (excluding tail), pelvis"/>
12536 <SPECIES name="bohlini">
12537 <AUTHOR name="Dong, You" year="1997"/>
12538 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
12539 <REMAINS content="presacral vertebrae, ribs"/>
12540 <PROPERTAXON name="Therizinosauridae" q="1"/>
12544 <GENUS name="Nanyangosaurus" type="with">
12545 <MEANING>Nanyang lizard</MEANING>
12546 <SPECIES name="zhugeii">
12547 <MEANING>Zhuge <LOW>Liang</LOW>'s</MEANING>
12548 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 11821" type="holo" content="8 dorsal, 6 sacral & 36 caudal vertebrae; 3 proximal chevron; humerus; radius; ulna; incomplete manus; partial ischium; femur; tibia; fibula; astragalocalcaneum, pes"/>
12549 <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
12550 <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Sangping Fm.-->
12551 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
12552 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Lü, Huang, Li, Dong" year="2000"/>
12555 <P>Hails from the Sangping Formation.</P>
12559 <GENUS name="Nectosaurus" type="with">
12560 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Merriam" year="1905"/>
12561 <SPECIES name="navajovius" status="nudum">
12562 <AUTHOR name="Versluys" year="1910"/>
12563 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
12565 Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
12570 <GENUS name="Nedcolbertia" type="with">
12572 <LOW>Edwin H. (</LOW>Ned<LOW>)</LOW> Colbert's <LOW>one</LOW>
12574 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
12575 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
12576 <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons"/>
12577 <SPECIES name="justinhoffmani">
12578 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Britt, Whittle, S. K. Madsen, Burge" year="1998"/>
12579 <MEANING>Justin Hoffman's</MEANING>
12581 <SPECIES name="whittlei" status="nudum">
12582 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1996"/>
12583 <SYNONYM name="justinhoffmani"/>
12586 This species was originally to be named after its discoverer (Whittle),
12587 but instead was named after a young boy (Justin Hoffman) who won a
12592 <GENUS name="Neimenggusaurus" status="unpublished">
12593 <MEANING>Neimenggu <LOW>(Inner Mongolia)</LOW></MEANING>
12594 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
12595 <PLACE name="China"/>
12596 <ESSAY><P>Published in Chinese as "Neimenggulong" ("Inner Mongolian
12597 dragon"). Hails from the Erlian Basin.</P></ESSAY>
12600 <GENUS name="Nemegtosaurus" type="with">
12601 <MISSPELLED name="Nemagtosaurus"/>
12602 <MISSPELLED name="Nemegitosaurus"/>
12604 Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
12606 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
12607 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
12608 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
12609 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
12610 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
12611 <AUTHOR name="Nowinski" year="1971"/>
12612 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
12617 <SPECIES name="pachi" status="dubium">
12618 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
12620 <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
12621 <SYNONYM name="Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii" status="objective"/>
12624 <P> <NOMEN name="Opisthocoelicaudia"/> may be the body of <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, but
12625 further material is needed to be certain. </P>
12629 <GENUS name="Neosaurus" type="with">
12630 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
12634 <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
12635 <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
12642 <GENUS name="Neosodon">
12643 <AUTHOR name="de la Moussaye" year="1885"/>
12645 new type <LOW>of</LOW> tooth
12647 <SPECIES name="praecursor">
12648 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
12652 <GENUS name="Neovenator" type="with">
12656 <LENGTH value="6"/>
12657 <LENGTH value="7"/>
12658 <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
12659 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
12660 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
12661 <PLACE name="England"/>
12662 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
12663 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" type="para"/>
12664 <REMAINS content="phalangeal material"/>
12665 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
12666 <SPECIES name="salerii">
12667 <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Martill, Barker" year="1996"/>
12671 <GENUS name="Nesodactylus" type="with">
12675 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
12676 <PLACE name="Cuba"/>
12677 <SPECIES name="hesperius">
12678 <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1969"/>
12685 <GENUS name="Neuquenornis" type="with">
12686 <SPECIES name="volans">
12687 <MEANING>flying</MEANING>
12688 <AUTHOR name="Chiappe"/>
12689 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Calvo" year="1994"/>
12692 Neuquén <LOW>Province</LOW> bird
12695 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
12698 <GENUS name="Neuquensaurus">
12699 <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1992"/>
12701 Neuquén <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
12703 <LENGTH value="10"/>
12704 <LENGTH value="15"/>
12705 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
12706 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
12707 <REMAINS content="2 individuals (vertebrae, humerus, femur, armor; limb bones, pelvis, majority of tail, two osteoderms)"/>
12708 <SPECIES name="australis" original="Titanosaurus">
12709 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
12714 <SPECIES name="robustus" status="dubium" original="Titanosaurus">
12715 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
12716 <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
12722 <P> Armor scutes from this animal were originally thought to be from an
12723 <LINK content="ankylosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Loricosaurus"/>). </P>
12727 <GENUS name="Newtonsaurus" status="nudum">
12728 <AUTHOR name="Welles" year="1995"/>
12729 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
12730 <MEANING>Newton's lizard</MEANING>
12731 <SPECIES name="cambrensis" status="dubiumQ" original="Zanclodon">
12732 <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1899"/>
12733 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Welles, Pickering" year="1999"/>
12735 <PLACE name="Wales"/>
12736 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
12739 <GENUS name="Ngexisaurus" type="with">
12740 <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
12741 <PLACE name="China"/>
12742 <SPECIES name="dapukaensis" status="nudum">
12743 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1982"/>
12747 <GENUS name="Nigersaurus" type="with">
12748 <MEANING>Nigerian lizard</MEANING>
12749 <SPECIES name="taqueti">
12750 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
12751 <MEANING>Taquet's</MEANING>
12752 <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
12753 <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens"/>
12755 <LENGTH value="15"/>
12756 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
12759 <P>This animal had numerous small teeth, arranged similarly to the
12760 "dental batteries" of <LINK content="cerapods"/>.</P>
12764 <GENUS name="Ninghsiasaurus">
12765 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1965"/>
12766 <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus ninghsiensis"/>
12769 <GENUS name="Niobrarasaurus">
12770 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Dilkes, Weishampel" year="1995"/>
12772 Niobrara <LOW>chalk</LOW> lizard
12774 <LENGTH value="5"/>
12775 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
12776 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
12777 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, 2 chevrons, ribs, scapulocoracoid, ilium, forelimb, hindlimb, astragalus, calcaneum, armor"/>
12778 <SPECIES name="coleii" original="Hierosaurus">
12779 <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1936"/>
12783 <GENUS name="Nipponosaurus" type="with">
12785 Nippon <LOW>(=Japan)</LOW> lizard
12787 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
12788 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
12789 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
12790 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton (juvenile)"/>
12791 <SPECIES name="sachalinensis">
12792 <AUTHOR name="Nagao" year="1936"/>
12794 from Sakhalin <LOW>Island</LOW>
12798 <P> Could be the young of another <LINK content="lambeosaurin"/> genus.
12800 Found in 1935 on the island of Sakhalin, which belonged to Japan at the
12801 time (hence the name).
12806 <GENUS name="Noasaurus" type="with">
12807 <MEANING>N<LOW>or</LOW>o<LOW>este (Northwest) </LOW>A<LOW>rgentina</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
12808 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
12809 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
12811 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
12812 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
12813 <REMAINS content="skull & foot elements, vertebrae"/>
12814 <SPECIES name="leali">
12815 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
12818 <P> <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> was a smaller predator which sported a huge hyperextendable
12819 "switchblade" claw on each foot, much like those of
12820 <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="troodontids"/>. The claws were
12821 different in structure, having a pit for the flexor muscle attachment
12822 instead of a knob as in the other two groups. The evolution of such
12823 superficially similar structures in three separate groups of small
12824 <LINK content="Cretaceous"/> <LINK content="theropods"/> is a striking
12825 example of convergent evolution. </P>
12829 <GENUS name="Nodocephalosaurus" type="with">
12833 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
12834 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
12835 <SPECIES name="kirtlandi">
12836 <AUTHOR name="Sullivan" year="1999"/>
12838 from <LOW>the</LOW> Kirtland <LOW>Formation</LOW>
12843 <GENUS name="Nodosaurus" type="with">
12847 <LENGTH value="4"/>
12848 <LENGTH value="6"/>
12849 <TIME value="Albian"/>
12850 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
12851 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Kansas"/>
12852 <REMAINS content="3 fragmentary postcrania"/>
12853 <SPECIES name="textilis">
12854 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
12856 <SPECIES name="armatus">
12857 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
12859 <SPECIES name="coleii">
12860 <SYNONYM name="Niobrarasaurus coleii" status="objective"/>
12862 <SPECIES name="ischyrus">
12863 <SYNONYM name="Hoplosaurus ischyrus" status="objective"/>
12865 <SPECIES name="landerensis">
12866 <SYNONYM name="Stegopelta landerensis" status="objective"/>
12868 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
12869 <SYNONYM name="Hierosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
12873 <GENUS name="Noguerornis" type="with">
12875 Noguera <LOW>River</LOW> bird
12878 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
12879 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
12880 <SPECIES name="gonzalezi">
12881 <AUTHOR name="Lacasa-Ruiz" year="1989"/>
12885 <GENUS name="Nomingia" type="with">
12886 <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
12887 <REMAINS museum="GIN" id="100/119" content="3 cervical vertebrae, 10 dorsal vertebrae, 10 fragmentary dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum (5 vertebrae), pelvis, femur, tibiae, fibulae, tail (24 vertebrae)"/>
12888 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska, Watabe, Currie, Tsogtbataar" year="2000"/>
12889 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW></MEANING>
12891 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
12892 <TIME value="LK" section="latest"/>
12894 <P>The only non-<LINK content="pygostylian"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> known
12895 to have a pygostyle (a fusion of vertebrae at the end of the tail).</P>
12899 <GENUS name="Noripterus" type="with">
12900 <SPECIES name="complicidens">
12901 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1973"/>
12906 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="2.1"/>
12908 <PLACE name="China"/>
12909 <REMAINS content="several incompete specimens"/>
12912 <GENUS name="Normannognathus" type="with">
12916 <LENGTH value="0.1"/>
12917 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
12918 <PLACE name="France"/>
12919 <REMAINS content="partial jaws"/>
12920 <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
12921 <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, J.-J. LePage, G. LePage" year="1998"/>
12923 <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
12928 <GENUS name="Nothronychus" type="with">
12929 <MEANING>slothful claw</MEANING>
12930 <SPECIES name="mckinleyi">
12931 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Wolfe"/>
12932 <AUTHOR name="Stanley" type="vide" year="2001"/>
12933 <MEANING>McKinley's</MEANING>
12934 <REMAINS content="skeleton nearly half complete" museum="MSM" id="P21026"/>
12936 <TIME value="Turonian" section="middle"/>
12937 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
12938 <MASS value="900" q="1"/>
12939 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
12940 <LENGTH value="6"/>
12942 <P>This is the first <LINK content="therizinosaur"/> to be named which is
12943 not from Asia. Its ischium was originally thought to be the squamosal bone
12944 of <NOMEN name="Zuniceratops christopheri"/>. The name refers to the
12945 resemblance between therizinosaurs and extinct ground sloths, both of
12946 which had large manual claws, stood somewhat upright, and probably
12951 <GENUS name="Notoceratops" type="with">
12953 southern horned face
12955 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
12956 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
12957 <REMAINS content="dentary (lost)"/>
12958 <SPECIES name="bonarelli" status="dubium">
12959 <AUTHOR name="Tapia" year="1918"/>
12962 <P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, but could
12963 be a <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>.
12968 <GENUS name="Notohypsilophodon" type="with">
12970 southern <NOMEN name="Hypsilophodon"/>
12972 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
12973 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
12974 <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="cervical, dorsal, sacral & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; partial scapula; coracoid; humerus; ulnae; partial femur; tibiae; fibulae; astrgalus; calcaneum; 13 pedal phalanges (including 3 unguals)"/>
12975 <SPECIES name="comodorensis">
12976 <AUTHOR name="Martínez" year="1998"/>
12979 May be a <LINK content="dryosaurid"/>.
12983 <GENUS name="Nqwebasaurus" type="with">
12985 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
12986 <SPECIES name="thwazi">
12987 <AUTHOR name="de Klerk, Forster, Sampson, Chinsamy, Ross" year="2000"/>
12988 <REMAINS nickname="Kirky" type="holo" content="70% of an articulated skeleton, including fragmentary cranium (frontals, parietal, partial basicranium, sclerotic ring), 7 postaxial cervical vertebrae, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, pubic shaft, partial femora, tibiae, fibulae, pedes, isolated centra and neural arches"/>
12991 <P>The first named <LINK content="dinosaurian"/> genus with a
12992 click sound (the "q" represents a palatal click, made against the roof of
12994 <P>The first digit had a very large claw.</P>
12998 <GENUS name="Nurosaurus" type="with">
12999 <MISSPELLED name="Nuoerosaurus"/>
13000 <LENGTH value="26"/>
13002 <PLACE name="China"/>
13003 <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
13004 <SPECIES name="qaganensis" status="nudum">
13005 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1992"/>
13009 <GENUS name="Nuthetes" type="with">
13010 <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary & postcranium"/>
13011 <SPECIES name="destructor" status="dubium">
13012 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
13018 The armor originally assigned to this species more likely belongs to a
13019 <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
13023 <GENUS name="Nyasasaurus" status="nudum">
13024 <MISSPELLED name="Nyasaurus"/>
13025 <SPECIES name="cromptoni" status="nudum">
13026 <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
13027 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
13031 <GENUS name="Nyctodactylus">
13032 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
13033 <SYNONYM name="Nyctosaurus"/>
13035 night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> finger
13039 <GENUS name="Nyctosaurus" type="with">
13041 night <LOW>(bat)</LOW> lizard
13043 <LENGTH value="3"/>
13044 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
13045 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
13046 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
13047 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
13052 <SPECIES name="lamegoi" q="1">
13053 <AUTHOR name="Price" year="1953"/>
13054 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
13055 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
13056 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
13060 <GENUS name="Occidentalia">
13061 <MEANING>western <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
13062 <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
13063 <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon occidentalis" status="objective"/>
13067 <GENUS name="Odontorhynchus" type="with">
13068 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Pelzeln" year="1868"/>
13072 <SPECIES name="aculeatus" status="dubium">
13073 <AUTHOR name="Stolley" year="1936"/>
13074 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="early"/>
13075 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
13078 <P> The type specimen for this name has been lost.</P>
13082 <GENUS name="Ohmdenosaurus" type="with">
13086 <LENGTH value="4"/>
13087 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
13088 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
13089 <REMAINS content="tibia, tarsus"/>
13090 <SPECIES name="liasicus">
13091 <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
13093 Lias <LOW>(=<LINK content="Early Jurassic"/>)</LOW>
13098 <GENUS name="Oligosaurus" type="with">
13102 <SPECIES name="adelus" status="dubium">
13103 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
13104 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
13108 <GENUS name="Omeisaurus" type="with">
13110 <LOW>Mount</LOW> O-mei lizard
13112 <LENGTH value="10"/>
13113 <LENGTH value="15"/>
13114 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
13115 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
13116 <PLACE name="China"/>
13117 <SPECIES name="junghsiensis">
13118 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1939"/>
13119 <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, partial skull"/>
13121 <SPECIES name="changshouensis">
13122 <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus changshouensis" status="objective"/>
13124 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
13125 <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
13127 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis2">
13128 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
13129 <SYNONYM name="junghsiensis"/>
13131 <SPECIES name="gongjianensis">
13132 <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus gongjianensis" status="objective"/>
13134 <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
13135 <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
13136 <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai" year="1988"/>
13138 <SPECIES name="sinensis" status="nudum">
13139 <MEANING>from China</MEANING>
13140 <SYNONYM name="tianfuensis"/>
13141 <AUTHOR year="1993"/>
13143 <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
13144 <AUTHOR name="He, Li, Cai, Gao" year="1984"/>
13145 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
13147 <SPECIES name="zigongensis" status="nudum">
13148 <AUTHOR name="Tanimoto" year="1988"/>
13151 <P> Tail clubs assigned to this genus are probably from large <NOMEN name="Shunosaurus"/>
13156 <GENUS name="Omosaurus" type="with">
13157 <MISSPELLED name="Osmosaurus"/>
13158 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
13162 <SPECIES name="armatus">
13163 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
13165 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
13166 <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
13168 <SPECIES name="hastiger">
13169 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
13171 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
13172 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1901"/>
13173 <SYNONYM name="durobrivensis"/>
13175 <SPECIES name="lennieri">
13176 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
13177 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus"/>
13179 <SPECIES name="phillipsii">
13180 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus phillipsii" status="objective"/>
13182 <SPECIES name="vetustus">
13183 <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus vetustus" status="objective"/>
13187 <GENUS name="Onychosaurus" type="with">
13191 <SPECIES name="hungaricus" status="dubium">
13192 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1902"/>
13193 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus austriacus"/>
13200 <GENUS name="Opisthocoelicaudia" type="with">
13202 tail <LOW>vertebrae</LOW> cupped behind
13204 <LENGTH value="12"/>
13205 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
13206 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
13207 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
13208 <REMAINS content="skeleton (missing head & neck)"/>
13209 <SPECIES name="skarzynskii">
13210 <AUTHOR name="Borsuk-Bialynicka" year="1977"/>
13212 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
13213 <SYNONYM name="Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
13216 <P> Once classified as a <LINK content="camarasaur"/>, but now
13217 thought to be an advanced <LINK content="titanosaur"/>. Could be the body of
13218 <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>. </P>
13220 <P> Features of the hip and tail suggest that this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
13221 may have been capable of rearing up into a tripod position, possibly
13226 <GENUS name="Oplosaurus" type="with">
13230 <SPECIES name="armatus">
13231 <AUTHOR name="Gervais" year="1852"/>
13232 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
13233 <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
13237 <GENUS name="Orcomimus" status="nudum">
13238 <AUTHOR name="Triebold" year="1997"/>
13239 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
13240 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
13241 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
13242 <REMAINS content="pelvis, hindlimb"/>
13245 <GENUS name="Orinosaurus" type="with">
13246 <MEANING>mountain lizard</MEANING>
13247 <SPECIES name="capensis" status="dubium">
13248 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
13249 <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
13253 <GENUS name="Ornatotholus">
13254 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
13258 <SPECIES name="browni">
13259 <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras browni" status="objective"/>
13263 <GENUS name="Ornithocephalus" type="with">
13267 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
13268 <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus antiquus" status="objective"/>
13269 <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
13273 <GENUS name="Ornithocheirus" type="none">
13277 <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
13278 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
13279 <SPECIES name="clifti">
13281 <SPECIES name="blavatschi">
13282 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
13283 <PLACE name="Czech Republic"/>
13284 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch"/>
13286 <SPECIES name="bunzeli">
13288 <PLACE name="Austria"/>
13289 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
13291 <SPECIES name="compressirostris">
13292 <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> compressed rostrum</MEANING>
13293 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
13294 <PLACE name="England"/>
13295 <AUTHOR name="Bowerbank" year="1845"/>
13297 <SPECIES name="curtus">
13299 <PLACE name="England"/>
13300 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
13302 <SPECIES name="cuvieri">
13304 <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
13307 <SPECIES name="daviesi">
13308 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
13309 <PLACE name="England"/>
13310 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
13312 <SPECIES name="diomedius">
13313 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
13314 <PLACE name="England"/>
13315 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
13317 <SPECIES name="fittoni">
13319 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
13324 <SPECIES name="hilsensis">
13325 <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
13326 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
13327 <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1885"/>
13329 <SPECIES name="microdon">
13330 <MEANING>small-toothed</MEANING>
13332 <SPECIES name="sagittirostris">
13333 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
13334 <PLACE name="England"/>
13335 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1874"/>
13337 <LOW>with a</LOW> sagittal rostrum
13340 <SPECIES name="sedgewicki">
13341 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
13342 <PLACE name="England"/>
13343 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
13345 <SPECIES name="sp.">
13347 <PLACE name="France"/>
13350 <P> The deposits this creature comes from are either Cenomanian or
13351 redeposited Albian.</P>
13353 <P> Thirty-six species of <NOMEN name="Ornithocheirus"/> have been named.
13354 Many are probably dubious or in need of reconsideration.</P>
13358 <GENUS name="Ornithodesmus" type="with">
13359 <MEANING>bird link</MEANING>
13360 <PLACE name="England"/>
13361 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
13362 <REMAINS content="6 vertebrae, sacrum, etc."/>
13363 <SPECIES name="cluniculus" status="dubiumQ">
13364 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
13366 <SPECIES name="latidens">
13367 <SYNONYM name="Istiodactylus latidens" status="objective"/>
13370 <P> Once identified as a <LINK content="troodontid"/>, this scrappy specimen
13371 may instead to belong to some kind of <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. </P>
13375 <GENUS name="Ornithoides" type="with">
13379 <SPECIES name="oshiensis" status="nudum">
13380 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
13381 <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides mongoliensis"/>
13385 <GENUS name="Ornitholestes" type="with">
13389 <LENGTH value="2"/>
13392 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
13393 <REMAINS content="skull, postcrania"/>
13394 <SPECIES name="hermanni">
13395 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1903"/>
13396 <PLACE name="Utah, Wyoming"/>
13398 <SPECIES name="sp.">
13399 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
13401 <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
13402 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
13403 <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/19"/>
13404 <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/21"/>
13405 <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-II/28"/>
13409 <GENUS name="Ornithomerus" type="with">
13413 <SPECIES name="gracilis" status="dubium">
13414 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
13415 <SYNONYM name="Rhabdodon priscus"/>
13422 <GENUS name="Ornithomimidorum" status="nudum">
13423 <MEANING><LINK content="ornithomimids"/>'</MEANING>
13424 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus lonzeensis"/>
13425 <SYNONYM name="Betasuchus bredai"/>
13427 An erratum given for two separate animals which von Huene wished to transfer to <LINK content="Ornithomimidae"/>
13431 <GENUS name="Ornithomimoides" type="with">
13433 <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> form
13435 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
13436 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
13437 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
13438 <PLACE name="India"/>
13439 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
13440 <SPECIES name="mobilis" status="dubium">
13441 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
13446 <SPECIES name="barasimiensis" status="dubium">
13447 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
13448 <SYNONYM name="mobilis"/>
13452 <GENUS name="Ornithomimus" type="with">
13456 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
13457 <LENGTH value="3"/>
13458 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
13459 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
13460 <SPECIES name="velox">
13461 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
13462 <MASS value="175" q="1"/>
13463 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah"/>
13464 <REMAINS content="postcrania"/>
13469 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
13470 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1920"/>
13471 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
13472 <MASS value="125" q="1"/>
13473 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
13474 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
13475 <PLACE name="New Jersey"/>
13476 <REMAINS content="fragments including toe claws"/>
13478 <SPECIES name="altus">
13479 <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus altus" status="objective"/>
13481 <SPECIES name="angustus">
13482 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg"/>
13483 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
13484 <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
13486 <SPECIES name="antiquus" status="dubium" original="Coelosaurus">
13487 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1865"/>
13488 <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
13490 <SPECIES name="asiaticus">
13491 <SYNONYM name="Archaeornithomimus asiaticus" status="objective"/>
13493 <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
13494 <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
13496 <SPECIES name="bullatus">
13497 <SYNONYM name="Gallimimus bullatus" status="objective"/>
13499 <SPECIES name="currelli">
13500 <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus currelli" status="objective"/>
13502 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
13503 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska" year="1990"/>
13504 <SYNONYM name="edmontonicus"/>
13506 from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
13509 <SPECIES name="edmontonicus">
13510 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1933"/>
13511 <MASS value="100"/>
13512 <MASS value="170"/>
13513 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
13514 <REMAINS content="1 skeleton, 2 fragmentary postcrania"/>
13516 Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
13519 <SPECIES name="elegans">
13520 <SYNONYM name="Elmisaurus elegans" status="objective"/>
13522 <SPECIES name="grandis">
13523 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus grandis" status="objective"/>
13525 <SPECIES name="ingens">
13526 <SYNONYM name="Struthiomimus ingens" status="objective"/>
13528 <SPECIES name="lonzeensis" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
13529 <AUTHOR name="Dollo" year="1903"/>
13530 <REMAINS content="pedal ungual"/>
13532 <SPECIES name="minutus">
13533 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
13534 <PROPERTAXON name="Mononykinae"/>
13535 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
13537 <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
13538 <REMAINS content="partial metatarsus"/>
13543 <SPECIES name="samueli">
13544 <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
13546 <SPECIES name="sedens" status="dubiumQ">
13547 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
13548 <REMAINS content="sacrum, fragmentary ilium"/>
13550 <SPECIES name="tenuis" status="dubium">
13551 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
13552 <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
13553 <REMAINS content="fragmentary metatarsal"/>
13555 <SPECIES name="sp.">
13556 <PROPERTAXON name="Maniraptoriformes" incertae="1"/>
13557 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
13558 <TIME value="Albian"/>
13559 <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
13562 <P> The archetypical "<LINK content="ostrich mimic"/>". </P>
13564 <P> <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus affinis"/> was originally placed in
13565 <NOMEN name="Ornithomimus"/> (and then <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/>)
13566 because of <LINK content="ornithomimid"/>-like toe claws, but the material
13567 is too indeterminate to assign confidently to any known
13568 <LINK content="theropod"/> genus. </P>
13572 <GENUS name="Ornithopsis" type="with">
13576 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
13577 <PLACE name="England"/>
13578 <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
13579 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae"/>
13580 <SPECIES name="hulkei" status="dubiumQ">
13581 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1870"/>
13583 <SPECIES name="conybearei">
13584 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei" status="objective"/>
13586 <SPECIES name="eucamerotus" status="dubium">
13587 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
13588 <SYNONYM name="Eucamerotus foxi"/>
13593 <SPECIES name="greppini">
13594 <SYNONYM name="Cetiosauriscus greppini" status="objective"/>
13596 <SPECIES name="humerocristatus">
13597 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus humerocristatus" status="objective"/>
13599 <SPECIES name="leedsii">
13600 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus leedsii" status="objective"/>
13602 <SPECIES name="manseli">
13603 <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
13605 <SPECIES name="suffosus">
13606 <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
13610 <GENUS name="Ornithopterus">
13611 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1838"/>
13612 <SYNONYM name="Rhamphorhynchus"/>
13618 <GENUS name="Ornithostoma">
13619 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1871"/>
13624 <SPECIES name="seeleyi">
13625 <PLACE name="England"/>
13626 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1904"/>
13628 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
13629 <PLACE name="Russia"/>
13630 <AUTHOR name="Bogolubov" year="1914"/>
13631 <MEANING>oriental</MEANING>
13635 <GENUS name="Ornithosuchus">
13636 <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1894"/>
13637 <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
13638 <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
13644 <GENUS name="Ornithotarsus" type="with">
13645 <MISSPELLED name="Ornithosaurus"/>
13649 <SPECIES name="immanis" status="dubium">
13650 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1869"/>
13651 <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii"/>
13655 <GENUS name="Orodromeus" type="with">
13657 <LOW>Egg</LOW> Mountain runner
13659 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
13660 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
13661 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
13662 <SPECIES name="makelai">
13663 <AUTHOR name="Horner, Weishampel" year="1988"/>
13664 <REMAINS content="3 partial skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
13666 <SPECIES name="minimus" status="dubium" original="Laosaurus">
13667 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1924"/>
13668 <REMAINS content="partial hindlimb, veretbrae"/>
13674 <P> Eggs formerly assigned to this genus have turned out to belong to
13675 <NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. </P>
13679 <GENUS name="Orosaurus">
13680 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1869"/>
13681 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Peters" year="1862"/>
13682 <MISSPELLED nme="Orosauravus" author="Norman" year="1985"/>
13686 <SPECIES name="capensis">
13687 <SYNONYM name="Orinosaurus capensis" status="objective"/>
13688 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Steel" year="1970"/>
13692 <GENUS name="Orthogoniosaurus" type="with">
13694 straight-sided <LOW>tooth</LOW> lizard
13696 <SPECIES name="matleyi" status="dubium">
13697 <AUTHOR name="Das-Gupta" year="1931"/>
13698 <SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi"/>
13699 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
13701 <SPECIES name="raptorius">
13702 <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus raptorius" status="objective"/>
13707 <SPECIES name="rawesi">
13708 <SYNONYM name="Indosuchus rawesi" status="objective"/>
13712 <GENUS name="Orthomerus" type="with">
13716 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
13717 <PLACE name="Netherlands"/>
13718 <SPECIES name="dolloi" status="dubium">
13719 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1883"/>
13720 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, femur, tibia"/>
13725 <SPECIES name="hilli" status="dubium">
13726 <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1892"/>
13727 <SYNONYM name="Craspedodon lonzeensis"/>
13729 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
13730 <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
13732 <SPECIES name="weberae" status="dubium">
13733 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1925"/>
13734 <REMAINS content="fragmentary hindlimb"/>
13738 <GENUS name="Oshanosaurus" type="with">
13740 <PLACE name="China"/>
13741 <SPECIES name="youngi" status="nudum">
13742 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
13746 <GENUS name="Othnielia">
13747 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
13749 Othniel <LOW>Charles Marsh's one</LOW>
13751 <LENGTH value="1.4"/>
13752 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
13753 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
13754 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
13755 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, postcranial elements, teeth"/>
13756 <SPECIES name="rex" original="Nanosaurus">
13757 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
13762 <SPECIES name="multidens">
13763 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
13765 <SPECIES name="nisti">
13766 <SYNONYM name="Drinker nisti" status="objective"/>
13770 <GENUS name="Otogornis" type="with">
13771 <SPECIES name="genghisi">
13772 <MEANING>Genghis <LOW>Khan</LOW>'s</MEANING>
13773 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1994"/>
13776 Otog<LOW>-qi</LOW> bird
13779 <PLACE name="China"/>
13780 <ESSAY><P>Originally placed in <LINK content="Enantiornithes"/>, but
13781 may be an <LINK content="ambiortiform"/>.</P></ESSAY>
13784 <GENUS name="Ouranosaurus" type="with">
13786 brave <LOW>(monitor)</LOW> lizard
13788 <LENGTH value="7"/>
13789 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
13790 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
13791 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons"/>
13792 <REMAINS content="hindlimb with pes"/>
13793 <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
13794 <AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1976"/>
13800 <P> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> was remarkable in having a sail along its
13801 back, like that of the <LINK content="theropod"/> <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>
13802 and the <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>. </P>
13806 <GENUS name="Oviraptor" type="with">
13810 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
13811 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
13812 <SPECIES name="philoceratops">
13813 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924" subyear="b"/>
13815 <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving
13817 <REMAINS content="skeletons (some complete), eggs"/>
13818 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
13819 <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
13820 <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
13823 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
13824 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
13825 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
13826 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
13827 <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
13832 <SPECIES name="yanshini">
13833 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
13834 <SYNONYM name="Ingenia yanshini" status="objective"/>
13837 <P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> had a crest on its head, grasping hands, and
13838 an unusual penchant for being fossilized in interesting positions. The first
13839 one was found near what was thought to be the nest of a
13840 <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, presumably intent on snatching an egg. This
13841 gave it its name, which means "<LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving egg
13844 <P> In fact, analysis of the fetuses inside the eggs have since shown it to
13845 be the <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>'s own nest. More recently, another oviraptorid
13846 (possibly <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>) has been
13847 found which died in a sandstorm while sitting on a nest of its own brood.
13848 These two discoveries show that <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> probably cared
13849 for its offspring, as <LINK content="birds"/> and
13850 <LINK content="crocodylians"/> do today. </P>
13852 <P> <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/> was featured in the book <U>Dinotopia</U>,
13853 where it was renamed <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Ovinutrix"/> ("egg nurse"),
13854 since that was its function in the book's utopian society of prehistoric
13855 animals and humans. Strangely enough, the name given in the
13856 fictional book has turned out to fit the animal better than its actual name.
13861 <GENUS name="Ovoraptor" type="with">
13865 <SPECIES name="djadochtari" status="nudum">
13866 <AUTHOR year="1924"/>
13867 <SYNONYM name="Velociraptor mongoliensis"/>
13869 Djadokhta <LOW>Formation</LOW>
13874 <GENUS name="Ozraptor" type="with">
13876 Oz <LOW>(=Australia)</LOW> raider
13878 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
13879 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
13880 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
13881 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
13882 <REMAINS museum="UWA" id="82469" content="distal fragment of tibia"/>
13883 <SPECIES name="subotaii">
13884 <AUTHOR name="Long, Molnar" year="1998"/>
13886 Subotai's <LOW>(character in <U>Conan the Barbarian</U>)</LOW>
13890 <P> Originally identified as the remains of a <LINK content="turtle"/>. </P>
13894 <GENUS name="Pachycephalosaurus">
13895 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
13897 thick-headed lizard
13899 <LENGTH value="5"/>
13900 <LENGTH value="8"/>
13901 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
13902 <PLACE name="Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
13903 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skull, skull fragments"/>
13904 <SPECIES name="wyomingensis" original="Troodon" status="conservandum">
13905 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1931"/>
13906 <MEANING>from Wyoming</MEANING>
13908 <SPECIES name="grangeri">
13909 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
13910 <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
13912 <SPECIES name="reinheimeri">
13913 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
13914 <SYNONYM name="wyomingensis"/>
13916 <SPECIES name="sp.">
13917 <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
13918 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
13921 <P> This, the largest of <LINK content="pachycephalosaurs"/>, had a skull dome 10
13927 <GENUS name="Pachyrhinosaurus" type="with">
13931 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
13932 <LENGTH value="7"/>
13933 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
13934 <PLACE name="Alaska, Alberta"/>
13935 <REMAINS content="12 partial skulls, disarticulated material"/>
13936 <SPECIES name="canadensis">
13937 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1950"/>
13942 <SPECIES name="horneri">
13943 <SYNONYM name="Achelousaurus horneri" status="objective"/>
13946 <P> <NOMEN name="Pachyrhinosaurus"/> had a large horny pad covering the top of its face,
13947 possibly supporting a truly gigantic horn, as well as several small,
13948 straight horns on the middle of its frill. </P>
13952 <GENUS name="Pachysauriscus">
13953 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
13955 <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
13957 <SPECIES name="ajax">
13958 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus ajax" status="objective"/>
13960 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
13961 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus giganteus" status="objective"/>
13963 <SPECIES name="magnus">
13964 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus magnus" status="objective"/>
13966 <SPECIES name="reinigeri">
13967 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus reinigeri" status="objective"/>
13969 <SPECIES name="wetzelianus">
13970 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus wetzelianus" status="objective"/>
13974 <GENUS name="Pachysaurops">
13975 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1961"/>
13976 <SYNONYM name="Pachysaurus"/>
13978 <NOMEN name="Pachysaurus"/> face
13982 <GENUS name="Pachysaurus" type="with">
13983 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fitzinger" year="1843"/>
13987 <SPECIES name="ajax" status="dubium">
13988 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
13989 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
13990 <MEANING>Ajax <LOW>(hero of the Trojan War)</LOW></MEANING>
13992 <SPECIES name="giganteus" status="dubium">
13993 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
13994 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
13999 <SPECIES name="magnus" status="dubium">
14000 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
14001 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
14006 <SPECIES name="wetzelianus" status="dubium">
14007 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
14008 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
14012 <GENUS name="Pachyspondylus" type="with">
14016 <SPECIES name="orpenii" status="dubium">
14017 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
14018 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
14019 <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae"/>
14023 <GENUS name="Palaeoctonus">
14024 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
14025 <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
14028 <GENUS name="Palaeonornis">
14029 <AUTHOR name="Emmons" year="1857"/>
14030 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia"/>
14033 <GENUS name="Palaeopteryx" type="with">
14037 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
14038 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
14039 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
14040 <REMAINS content="end of radius"/>
14041 <SPECIES name="thomsoni" status="dubium">
14042 <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1981"/>
14045 <P> Originally classified as <LINK content="archaeopterygian"/>,
14046 but may be <LINK content="deinonychosaurian"/> or <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
14051 <GENUS name="Palaeornis">
14052 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1844"/>
14053 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
14059 <GENUS name="Palaeosauriscus" type="with">
14061 <NOMEN name="Palaeosaurus2"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
14063 <SPECIES name="cylindrodon">
14064 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1959"/>
14065 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
14067 cylindrically-toothed
14070 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
14071 <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus diagnosticus" status="objective"/>
14073 <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
14074 <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
14078 <GENUS name="Palaeosaurus" type="with">
14079 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
14083 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
14084 <AUTHOR name="Riley, Stutchbury" year="1836"/>
14085 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia" incertae="1"/>
14086 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
14093 <GENUS name="Palaeosaurus2" type="with">
14094 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" year="1833"/>
14098 <SPECIES name="fraserianus" status="dubium">
14099 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
14100 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>
14101 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
14105 <GENUS name="Palaeoscincus" type="with">
14107 old <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Scincus"/> <LOW>(skink)</LOW>
14109 <SPECIES name="costatus" status="dubium">
14110 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
14111 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
14113 <SPECIES name="africanus">
14114 <SYNONYM name="Paranthodon africanus" status="objective"/>
14116 <SPECIES name="asper" status="dubium">
14117 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
14118 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus"/>
14120 <SPECIES name="latus" status="dubium">
14121 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1892"/>
14122 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
14124 broad<LOW>-toothed</LOW>
14127 <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
14128 <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
14130 <SPECIES name="tutus">
14131 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
14134 <P> This dubious genus, based on teeth, was one of the first American
14135 <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named. <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus costatus"/> may belong to
14136 <NOMEN name="Panoplosaurus mirus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Palaeoscincus latus"/>
14137 may belong to <NOMEN name="Edmontonia"/>. </P>
14141 <GENUS name="Panoplosaurus" type="with">
14143 completely armored lizard
14145 <LENGTH value="7"/>
14146 <MASS value="3500"/>
14147 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
14148 <PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
14149 <REMAINS content="partial specimen with complete cranium, teeth"/>
14150 <SPECIES name="mirus">
14151 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1919"/>
14153 <SPECIES name="logiceps">
14154 <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia logiceps" status="objective"/>
14156 <SPECIES name="rugosidens">
14157 <SYNONYM name="Edmontonia rugosidens" status="objective"/>
14161 <GENUS name="Parahesperornis" type="with">
14163 <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>
14166 <PLACE name="N. America"/>
14167 <SPECIES name="alexi">
14168 <AUTHOR name="Martin" year="1984"/>
14169 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton with feather impressions"/>
14171 <SPECIES name="gracilis" original="Hesperornis" q="1">
14177 <P> <NOMEN name="Parahesperornis gracilis"/> may belong in <NOMEN name="Hesperornis"/>, as it was originally placed.
14178 Its feathers were rather hair-like. </P>
14182 <GENUS name="Paraiguanodon" type="with">
14184 <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
14186 <SPECIES name="incolapaludalis" status="nudum">
14187 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
14188 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
14189 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus johnsoni"/>
14193 <GENUS name="Paralititan" type="with">
14194 <MEANING>tidal Titan</MEANING>
14195 <SPECIES name="stromeri">
14196 <MEANING><LOW>Ernst</LOW> Stromer's</MEANING>
14197 <AUTHOR name="Smith, Lamanna, Lacovara, Dodson, Smith, Poole, Giegengack, Attia" year="2001"/>
14198 <TIME value="Albian"/>
14199 <MASS value="70000" q="1"/>
14200 <LENGTH value="24" q="1"/>
14201 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
14202 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
14203 <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
14204 <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial specimen"/>
14205 <REMAINS q="1" museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII64" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
14208 <P>One of the largest land animals, and the largest known African land animal.</P>
14212 <GENUS name="Paranthodon">
14213 <MISSPELLED name="Paracanthodon"/>
14214 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
14216 <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Anthodon"/>
14218 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
14219 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
14220 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
14221 <PLACE name="S. Africa"/>
14222 <REMAINS content="partial skull with teeth"/>
14223 <SPECIES name="africanus" original="Palaeoscincus">
14224 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1910"/>
14229 <SPECIES name="oweni" status="dubium">
14230 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
14231 <SYNONYM name="africanus"/>
14233 <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
14238 <GENUS name="Parapsicephalus">
14239 <AUTHOR name="Arthaber" year="1918"/>
14243 <TIME section="early" value="Toarcian"/>
14244 <PLACE name="England"/>
14245 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
14246 <SPECIES name="purdoni" original="Scaphognathus">
14247 <AUTHOR name="Newton" year="1888"/>
14251 <GENUS name="Pararhabdodon" type="with">
14253 <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Rhabdodon"/>
14255 <LENGTH value="5"/>
14256 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
14257 <PLACE name="Spain, France"/>
14258 <REMAINS content="neck & back vertebrae, humerus, end of ulna, cranial and postcranial material"/>
14259 <SPECIES name="isonense">
14260 <AUTHOR name="Casanovas-Cladellas, Santafe-Llopis, Isidro-Llorens" year="1993"/>
14263 <P> May be a <LINK content="lambeosaurine"/>. </P>
14267 <GENUS name="Parasaurolophus" type="with">
14269 <LOW>one</LOW> beside <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
14271 <LENGTH value="10"/>
14272 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
14273 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
14274 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
14275 <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
14276 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/> <!-- Fruitland Fm. -->
14277 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
14278 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1922"/>
14279 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
14280 <PLACE name="Montana, Utah" q="1"/>
14282 <SPECIES name="cyrtocristatus">
14283 <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1961"/>
14284 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
14286 <SPECIES name="tubicen">
14287 <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1931"/>
14288 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
14291 <P> <NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus walkeri"/> had the largest crest of any
14292 <LINK content="duck-bill"/>. It was a long, hollow tube which extended back from
14293 the skull, curving downwards. There may be a notch in its spine where the
14294 crest habitually rested. </P>
14296 <P>The crest of <NOMEN name="P. cyrtocristatus"/> was similar, but smaller.</P>
14300 <GENUS name="Parascaniornis" type="with">
14301 <MEANING>near <NOMEN name="Scaniornis"/> <LOW>(Scanian bird)</LOW></MEANING>
14302 <SPECIES name="stensioi" status="dubium">
14303 <AUTHOR name="Lambrecht" year="1933"/>
14305 <PLACE name="Sweden"/>
14309 <GENUS name="Pareiasaurus">
14310 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
14311 <PROPERTAXON name="Pareiasauridae"/>
14314 <GENUS name="Parksosaurus">
14315 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1937"/>
14317 <LOW>William</LOW> Parks' lizard
14319 <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
14321 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
14322 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
14323 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton"/>
14324 <SPECIES name="warrenae" original="Thescelosaurus">
14325 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1926"/>
14326 <MEANING>Warren's</MEANING>
14330 <GENUS name="Paronychodon" type="with">
14332 <LOW>one</LOW> beside claw tooth
14334 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
14335 <PLACE name="Montana, New Mexico, Wyoming"/>
14336 <REMAINS content="teeth (adult & juvenile)"/>
14337 <SPECIES name="lacustris" status="dubium">
14338 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
14343 <SPECIES name="caperatus">
14344 <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
14346 <SPECIES name="explanatus">
14347 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus explanatus" status="objective"/>
14350 <P> Possibly a <LINK content="troodontid"/>.
14355 <GENUS name="Parrosaurus" status="dubium">
14356 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1945"/>
14357 <SPECIES name="missouriensis">
14358 <SYNONYM name="Hypsibema missouriensis" status="objective"/>
14362 <GENUS name="Parvicursor" type="with">
14366 <LENGTH value="1"/>
14367 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
14368 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
14369 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (with pelvis, hindlimb, parts of tail and back)"/>
14370 <SPECIES name="remotus">
14371 <AUTHOR name="Karhu, Rautian" year="1996"/>
14378 <GENUS name="Pasquiaornis" type="with">
14380 Pasquia <LOW>Hills</LOW> bird
14382 <TIME section="early" value="LK"/>
14383 <PLACE name="Saskatchewan"/>
14384 <SPECIES name="hardiei">
14385 <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
14387 <SPECIES name="tankei">
14388 <AUTHOR name="Tokaryk, Cumbaa, Storer" year="1997"/>
14392 <GENUS name="Patagonykus" type="with">
14396 <LENGTH value="2"/>
14397 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
14398 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
14399 <SPECIES name="puertai">
14400 <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1996"/>
14403 <P> Transitional between basal <LINK content="alvarezsaurids"/>
14404 (like <NOMEN name="Alvarezsaurus"/>) and <LINK content="mononykines"/>
14405 (like <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>). </P>
14409 <GENUS name="Patagopteryx" type="with">
14413 <LENGTH value="0.75"/>
14415 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
14416 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MACN" id="N 03" content="specimen"/>
14417 <REMAINS museum="MACN" id="N 11" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
14418 <REMAINS content="other specimens"/>
14419 <SPECIES name="deferrariasi">
14420 <AUTHOR name="Alvarenga, Bonaparte" year="1992"/>
14421 <MEANING><LOW>Professor Oscar</LOW> de Ferrarias'</MEANING>
14424 <P> <NOMEN name="Patagopteryx"/>' wings were quite short, indicating that it had lost
14425 the ability to fly. Although reconstructed as having a short tail with no
14426 pygostyle, it probably did have a pygostyle. </P>
14430 <GENUS name="Patagosaurus" type="with">
14434 <LENGTH value="18"/>
14435 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
14436 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
14437 <REMAINS content="12 skeletons"/>
14438 <SPECIES name="fariasi">
14439 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
14443 <GENUS name="Patricosaurus" type="with">
14448 <PLACE name="England"/>
14449 <REMAINS content="fragmentary femur & sacral vertebra"/>
14450 <SPECIES name="merocratus" status="dubium">
14451 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
14452 <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
14456 <GENUS name="Pawpawsaurus" type="with">
14458 Paw Paw <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
14460 <TIME value="Albian"/>
14461 <TIME section="earliest" value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
14462 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
14463 <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
14464 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
14465 <SPECIES name="campbelli">
14466 <AUTHOR name="Lee" year="1996"/>
14469 <P> Bony eyelids have been preserved from this species.
14474 <GENUS name="Pectinodon" type="with">
14478 <SPECIES name="bakkeri">
14479 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
14480 <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
14482 <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
14485 <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
14486 <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
14490 <GENUS name="Peishansaurus" type="with">
14495 <PLACE name="China"/>
14496 <REMAINS content="fragmentary jaw with tooth"/>
14497 <SPECIES name="philemys" status="dubium">
14498 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
14501 <P> Originally classified as an <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>, but may be a
14502 <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>.
14507 <GENUS name="Pekinosaurus" type="with">
14511 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
14512 <PLACE name="N. Carolina"/>
14513 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
14514 <SPECIES name="olseni">
14515 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
14519 <GENUS name="Pelagornis2">
14520 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1866"/>
14521 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lartet" year="1857"/>
14522 <SYNONYM name="Enaliornis"/>
14523 <MEANING>sea bird</MEANING>
14526 <GENUS name="Pelecanimimus" type="with">
14530 <LENGTH value="2"/>
14531 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
14532 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
14533 <PLACE name="Spain"/>
14534 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pectoral girdle, sternum, forelimb, skin impressions"/>
14535 <SPECIES name="polyodon">
14536 <AUTHOR name="Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalloni, Moratalla, Ortega, Rasskin-Gutman" year="1994"/>
14542 <P> Despite being a member of a mostly toothless group, <NOMEN name="Pelecanimimus"/> had
14543 more teeth than any other <LINK content="theropod"/> (over 220)! </P>
14545 <P> Tissue impressions of this animal show a small dewlap or throat pouch
14546 (hence the name). They were also originally thought to show 4
14547 structures, possibly related to feathers, but further analysis shows them
14548 to be imprints of muscle fibers. </P>
14552 <GENUS name="Pellegrinisaurus" type="with">
14554 <LOW>Lake</LOW> Pellegrini lizard
14556 <LENGTH value="20"/>
14557 <LENGTH value="25"/>
14558 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
14559 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
14560 <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, partial femur"/>
14561 <SPECIES name="powelli">
14562 <AUTHOR name="Salgado" year="1996"/>
14566 <GENUS name="Pelorosaurus" type="with">
14567 <MISSPELLED name="Pelerosaurus"/>
14568 <MISSPELLED name="Pelosaurus"/>
14569 <MISSPELLED name="Pelrorosaurus"/>
14570 <MISSPELLED name="Polorosaurus"/>
14571 <MISSPELLED name="Telorosaurus"/>
14575 <LENGTH value="24"/>
14576 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
14577 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
14578 <PLACE name="England"/>
14579 <PLACE name="Portugal" q="1"/>
14580 <REMAINS content="neck and back vertebrae, humerus, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimb elements"/>
14581 <SPECIES name="conybearei" status="dubium">
14582 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1850"/>
14584 <SPECIES name="armatus">
14585 <SYNONYM name="Oplosaurus armatus" status="objective"/>
14587 <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
14588 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1852"/>
14590 <SPECIES name="hulkei">
14591 <SYNONYM name="Ornithopsis hulkei" status="objective"/>
14593 <SPECIES name="humerocristatus" status="dubium" original="Cetiosaurus">
14594 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1874"/>
14596 <LOW>with a</LOW> crested humerus
14599 <SPECIES name="leedsii" status="dubium" original="Ornithopsis">
14600 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1887"/>
14602 <SPECIES name="mackesoni" status="dubium" original="Dinodocus">
14603 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1884"/>
14605 <SPECIES name="manseli">
14606 <SYNONYM name="Ischyrosaurus manseli" status="objective"/>
14608 <SPECIES name="megalonyx">
14609 <SYNONYM name="Gigantosaurus megalonyx" status="objective"/>
14611 <SPECIES name="praecursor">
14612 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon praecursor" status="objective"/>
14615 <P> The skin bore small, hexagon-like tubercles.
14620 <GENUS name="Peltosaurus" status="nudum">
14621 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
14622 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
14623 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Cope" year="1873"/>
14624 <SYNONYM name="Sauropelta"/>
14630 <GENUS name="Pentaceratops" type="with">
14634 <LENGTH value="5"/>
14635 <LENGTH value="8"/>
14636 <MASS value="2500"/>
14637 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
14638 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
14639 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
14640 <PLACE name="Colorado"/> <!-- Williams Fork Fm -->
14641 <REMAINS content="9 skulls, skeletons (some complete)"/>
14642 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
14643 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
14645 <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
14648 <SPECIES name="fenestratus">
14649 <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1930"/>
14650 <SYNONYM name="sternbergi"/>
14656 <P> A recently discovered skull (over 3m long) gives
14657 <NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> the title of Terrestrial Animal with the
14658 Largest Head, formerly held by <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>. </P>
14662 <GENUS name="Peteinosaurus" type="with">
14666 <TIME value="Norian"/>
14667 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
14668 <REMAINS content="incomplete postcranium, partial skeleton"/>
14669 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value=".6"/>
14670 <SPECIES name="zambelli">
14671 <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1978"/>
14675 <GENUS name="Phaedrolosaurus" type="with">
14680 <PLACE name="China"/>
14681 <REMAINS content="tibia, phalanges, teeth"/>
14682 <SPECIES name="ilikensis" status="dubium">
14683 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
14686 <P>Possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.</P>
14690 <GENUS name="Phobetor" type="with">
14691 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Krøyer" year="1844"/>
14692 <MEANING>Phobetor <LOW>(god of fear)</LOW></MEANING>
14693 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
14695 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
14696 <SPECIES name="parvus">
14697 <AUTHOR name="Balhurina" year="1986"/>
14703 <P> Had odd, upwardly curving, narrow jaws. </P>
14705 <P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Phobetor"/> is preoccupied by a
14706 <LINK content="fish"/>. </P>
14710 <GENUS name="Phuwiangosaurus" type="with">
14714 <LENGTH value="25"/>
14715 <LENGTH value="30"/>
14717 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
14718 <REMAINS content="4 partial skeletons, skull material"/>
14719 <REMAINS age="juvenile" content="skeletal material"/>
14720 <SPECIES name="sirindhornae">
14721 <AUTHOR name="Martin, Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1994"/>
14725 <GENUS name="Phyllodon" type="with">
14729 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
14730 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
14731 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
14732 <SPECIES name="henkeli" status="dubium">
14733 <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
14737 <GENUS name="Piatnitzkysaurus" type="with">
14739 <LOW>A.</LOW> Piatnitzky's lizard
14741 <LENGTH value="6"/>
14742 <MASS value="250"/>
14743 <MASS value="300"/>
14744 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
14745 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
14746 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
14747 <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons"/>
14748 <SPECIES name="floresi">
14749 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
14753 <GENUS name="Picrodon" type="with">
14757 <TIME value="LTr"/>
14758 <PLACE name="England"/>
14759 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
14760 <REMAINS content="neck vertebrae" q="1"/>
14761 <SPECIES name="herveyi" status="dubium">
14762 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1898"/>
14763 <SYNONYM name="Avalonianus sanfordi"/>
14767 <GENUS name="Pinacosaurus" type="with">
14771 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
14772 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
14773 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
14774 <SPECIES name="grangeri">
14775 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1933"/>
14776 <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
14777 <REMAINS content="over 35 specimens (some juvenile)"/>
14779 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
14780 <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
14782 <SPECIES name="mephistocephalus">
14783 <AUTHOR name="Godefroit, Pereda-Superbiola, Li, Dong"/>
14784 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
14785 <REMAINS content="articulated specimen"/>
14787 <SPECIES name="ninghsiensis">
14788 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1935"/>
14789 <SYNONYM name="grangeri"/>
14792 <P> A group of about 20 juveniles was recently found, fueling speculations that
14793 these animals may have formed herds based on age.
14798 <GENUS name="Pisanosaurus" type="with">
14802 <LENGTH value="1"/>
14803 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
14804 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
14805 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
14806 <SPECIES name="merti">
14807 <AUTHOR name="Casamiquela" year="1967"/>
14810 <P> The earliest well-known <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. Once classified as a
14811 <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>.
14816 <GENUS name="Piveteausaurus">
14817 <AUTHOR name="Taquet, Welles" year="1977"/>
14821 <TIME section="late" value="Callovian"/>
14822 <PLACE name="France"/>
14823 <REMAINS content="braincase, skeletal elements"/>
14824 <SPECIES name="divesensis" original="Eustreptospondylus">
14825 <AUTHOR name="C. A. Walker" year="1964"/>
14829 <GENUS name="Planicoxa" type="with">
14830 <SPECIES name="venenica">
14831 <AUTHOR name="DiCroce, Carpenter" year="2001"/>
14832 <REMAINS type="holo" content="ilium"/>
14833 <REMAINS content="limb & girdle elements, vertebrae"/>
14835 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
14836 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
14838 <P>All specimens come from "Tony's Bone Bed" in the Cedar Mountain Formation
14839 of eastern Utah.</P>
14843 <GENUS name="Plataleorhynchus" type="with">
14845 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platalea"/> <LOW>(spoonbill)</LOW> beak
14847 <TIME value="Tithonian" q="1"/>
14848 <PLACE name="England"/>
14849 <REMAINS content="end of snout"/>
14850 <SPECIES name="streptophorodon">
14851 <AUTHOR name="Howse, Browner" year="1995"/>
14854 <P> May be from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous).
14859 <GENUS name="Platanavis" type="with">
14860 <SPECIES name="nana">
14861 <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
14862 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1992"/>
14865 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platanus"/> <LOW>(sycamore tree)</LOW> bird
14868 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
14871 <GENUS name="Plateosauravus">
14872 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
14874 <NOMEN name="Plateosaurus"/> ancestor
14876 <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
14877 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus cullingworthi" status="objective"/>
14878 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
14880 <SPECIES name="stormbergensis">
14881 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus stormbergensis" status="objective"/>
14882 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
14886 <GENUS name="Plateosaurus" type="with">
14887 <MISSPELLED name="Platysaurus"/>
14891 <LENGTH value="6"/>
14892 <LENGTH value="10"/>
14893 <MASS value="700"/>
14894 <TIME section="late" value="Norian"/>
14895 <PLACE name="Germany, Switzerland, France"/>
14896 <PLACE name="Sweden" q="1"/>
14897 <REMAINS content="around 100 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 10 skulls, isolated elements, teeth"/>
14898 <SPECIES name="engelhardti">
14899 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1837"/>
14901 <SPECIES name="carinatus">
14902 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="objective"/>
14904 <SPECIES name="cloacinus">
14905 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus cloacinus" status="objective"/>
14907 <SPECIES name="cullingworthi">
14908 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
14909 <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
14911 <SPECIES name="elizae" status="dubium">
14912 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1907"/>
14913 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
14914 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
14916 <SPECIES name="erlenbergiensis">
14917 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1905"/>
14918 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14920 <SPECIES name="fraasi">
14921 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus fraasi" status="objective"/>
14923 <SPECIES name="fraasianus">
14924 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
14925 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14927 <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
14930 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
14931 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
14933 <SPECIES name="integer">
14934 <AUTHOR name="Fraas"/>
14935 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1915"/>
14936 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14938 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
14939 <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1913"/>
14940 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14945 <SPECIES name="obtusus">
14946 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus obtusus" status="objective"/>
14948 <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="dubium">
14949 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
14950 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14955 <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
14956 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
14957 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14959 <SPECIES name="poligniensis">
14960 <SYNONYM name="Dimodosaurus poligniensis" status="objective"/>
14962 <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
14963 <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
14965 <SPECIES name="reinigeri" status="dubium">
14966 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
14967 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14969 <SPECIES name="robustus">
14970 <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
14972 <SPECIES name="stormbergensis" status="dubium">
14973 <AUTHOR name="Broom" year="1915"/>
14974 <SYNONYM name="Euskelosaurus browni"/>
14976 <SPECIES name="torgeri">
14977 <SYNONYM name="Gresslyosaurus torgeri" status="objective"/>
14979 <SPECIES name="trossingensis">
14980 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
14981 <SYNONYM name="engelhardti"/>
14988 <GENUS name="Plegadornis">
14989 <AUTHOR name="Wetmore" year="1962"/>
14990 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Brehm" year="1855"/>
14991 <SYNONYM name="Ichthyornis"/>
14993 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Plegadis"/> <LOW>(ibis)</LOW> bird
14997 <GENUS name="Pleurocoelus" type="with">
14998 <MISSPELLED name="Plaurocoelus"/>
14999 <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocaelus"/>
15000 <MISSPELLED name="Pleurocoelis"/>
15001 <MEANING>hollow side</MEANING>
15002 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
15003 <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
15004 <REMAINS content="skull elements, teeth, vertebrae, tibia, fibula, etc."/>
15005 <SPECIES name="nanus">
15006 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
15007 <MEANING>dwarf</MEANING>
15008 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
15010 <SPECIES name="altus">
15011 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
15012 <MEANING>tall</MEANING>
15013 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
15014 <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
15016 <SPECIES name="montanus" status="dubium">
15017 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
15018 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus grandis"/>
15019 <MEANING>montane</MEANING>
15021 <SPECIES name="pusillus">
15022 <SYNONYM name="Astrodon pusillus" status="objective"/>
15024 <SPECIES name="suffosus">
15025 <SYNONYM name="Bothriospondylus suffosus" status="objective"/>
15027 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubiumQ">
15028 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
15029 <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
15030 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW></MEANING>
15032 <SPECIES name="sp.">
15033 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
15034 <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria"/>
15037 <P> <NOMEN name="Pleurocoelus altus"/> was once thought to be the adult form of
15038 <NOMEN name="P. nanus"/>, but more recently is has been suggested as an
15039 entirely different sauropod. The Texan material assigned to this genus
15040 also may not belong. </P>
15044 <GENUS name="Pleuropeltus" type="with">
15048 <SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
15049 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
15050 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus transylvanicus"/>
15054 <GENUS name="Pneumatoarthrus">
15055 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1870"/>
15056 <PROPERTAXON name="Chelonia"/>
15062 <GENUS name="Podokesaurus" type="with">
15066 <LENGTH value="1"/>
15067 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
15068 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
15069 <PLACE name="Connecticut"/>
15070 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skeleton (destroyed in a fire)"/>
15071 <SPECIES name="holyokensis">
15072 <AUTHOR name="Talbot" year="1911"/>
15078 <P> May be a <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>. Some consider it synonymous with
15079 <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/>. </P>
15083 <GENUS name="Podopteryx" type="with">
15084 <MEANING>foot wing</MEANING>
15085 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Selys-Longchamps" year="1871"/>
15086 <SPECIES name="mirabilis">
15087 <SYNONYM name="Sharovipteryx mirabilis" status="objective"/>
15091 <GENUS name="Poekilopleuron" type="with">
15092 <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleuron"/>
15093 <MISSPELLED name="Poecilopleurum"/>
15094 <MISSPELLED name="Poicilopleuron"/>
15095 <MISSPELLED name="Poikilopleuron"/>
15099 <LENGTH value="9"/>
15100 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
15101 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
15102 <PLACE name="France"/>
15103 <SPECIES name="bucklandii">
15104 <AUTHOR name="Eudes-Deslongchamps" year="1838"/>
15105 <REMAINS content="forelimb elements (destroyed in World War II)"/>
15106 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" q="1"/>
15108 <LOW>2</LOW> Buckland's
15111 <SPECIES name="gallicum">
15112 <SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus gallicus" status="objective"/>
15114 <SPECIES name="minor">
15115 <AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
15116 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
15117 <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus2 foxi"/>
15122 <SPECIES name="poikilopleuron">
15123 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus poikilopleuron" status="objective"/>
15125 <SPECIES name="pusillum">
15126 <SYNONYM name="Aristosuchus pusillus" status="objective"/>
15128 <SPECIES name="schmidti" status="dubium">
15129 <AUTHOR name="Kiprijanov" year="1883"/>
15130 <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
15131 <REMAINS content="ribs, tibia fragment"/>
15133 <SPECIES name="valens">
15134 <SYNONYM name="Antrodemus valens" status="objective"/>
15138 <GENUS name="Polacanthoides" type="with">
15140 <NOMEN name="Polacanthus"/> form
15142 <SPECIES name="ponderosus">
15143 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
15144 <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
15145 <SYNONYM name="Hylaeosaurus armatus"/>
15149 <GENUS name="Polacanthus" type="with">
15153 <LENGTH value="4"/>
15154 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
15155 <SPECIES name="foxii">
15156 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1881"/>
15157 <PLACE name="England"/>
15158 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
15160 <SPECIES name="becklessi" status="dubium">
15161 <AUTHOR name="Hennig" year="1925"/>
15162 <SYNONYM name="foxii"/>
15164 <SPECIES name="marshi">
15165 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pereda-Superbiola"/>
15166 <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
15168 <SPECIES name="rudgwickensis">
15169 <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1996"/>
15170 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, humerus, tibia, ribs, armor"/>
15174 <GENUS name="Polyodontosaurus" type="with">
15176 many-toothed lizard
15178 <SPECIES name="grandis">
15179 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1932"/>
15180 <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
15187 <GENUS name="Polyonax" type="with">
15189 master <LOW>of</LOW> many
15191 <LENGTH value="7"/>
15192 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
15193 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
15194 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, limb fragments, horn core fragments"/>
15195 <SPECIES name="mortuarius" status="dubium">
15196 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1874"/>
15199 <P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
15203 <GENUS name="Ponerosteus" status="unpublished">
15207 <SPECIES name="exogyrarum" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
15208 <MEANING><NOMEN nolink="1" name="Exogyra"/>'s <LOW>(shell from the same formation)</LOW></MEANING>
15209 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1878"/>
15210 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
15214 <GENUS name="Poposaurus" type="with">
15215 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
15216 <AUTHOR name="Mehl" year="1915"/>
15217 <PROPERTAXON name="Poposauridae"/>
15224 <GENUS name="Prenocephale" type="with">
15228 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
15229 <SPECIES name="prenes">
15230 <REMAINS content="complete skull with partial postcranium"/>
15231 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
15232 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
15233 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
15234 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
15239 <SPECIES name="brevis" original="Stegoceras" q="1">
15240 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1918"/>
15241 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
15242 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
15243 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
15248 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis" original="Troodon" q="1">
15249 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
15250 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sullivan" year="2000"/>
15251 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
15252 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
15253 <REMAINS content="skull fragments"/>
15255 from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Formation</LOW>
15260 <GENUS name="Preondactylus" type="with">
15261 <MEANING>Preone <LOW>Valley</LOW> finger</MEANING>
15262 <SPECIES name="buffarinii">
15263 <AUTHOR name="Wild" year="1983"/>
15264 <MEANING><LOW>N.</LOW> Buffarini's</MEANING>
15266 <TIME value="Norian" section="early"/>
15267 <TIME value="Norian" section="middle"/>
15268 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
15269 <REMAINS content="articulated skeleton"/>
15270 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" comment="digested"/>
15271 <REMAINS content="forelimb elements"/>
15272 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1.5"/>
15274 <P>The most primitive known <LINK content="pterosaur"/>.</P>
15278 <GENUS name="Priconodon" type="with">
15279 <MISSPELLED name="Princonodon"/>
15283 <TIME value="Albian"/>
15284 <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
15285 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
15286 <SPECIES name="crassus" status="dubium">
15287 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1888"/>
15291 <GENUS name="Priodontognathus" status="dubium">
15292 <MISSPELLED name="Priodontosaurus"/>
15293 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1875"/>
15297 <TIME value="Oxfordian" q="1"/>
15298 <PLACE name="England"/>
15299 <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
15300 <SPECIES name="phillipsii" status="dubium" original="Iguanodon">
15301 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
15304 <P> Once included a partial femur now referred to
15305 <NOMEN name="Dacentrurus phillipsii"/>. </P>
15309 <GENUS name="Priscavolucris" status="dubium">
15310 <AUTHOR name="Gomez" year="1979"/>
15311 <PROPERTAXON name="Chondrichthyes"/>
15317 <GENUS name="Probactrosaurus" type="with">
15319 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Bactrosaurus"/>
15321 <LENGTH value="6"/>
15322 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
15323 <TIME value="Albian"/>
15324 <PLACE name="China"/>
15325 <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
15326 <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
15327 <REMAINS content="skeleton"/>
15329 from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
15332 <SPECIES name="alashanicus">
15333 <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1966"/>
15334 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
15336 Alashan <LOW>Desert</LOW>
15339 <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
15340 <AUTHOR name="Lu" year="1991"/>
15341 <REMAINS content="posterior of skull, postcrania"/>
15344 <P> May be a basal <LINK content="styracosternan"/>, the sister group to
15345 <LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>, or something in between. </P>
15349 <GENUS name="Proceratops">
15350 <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1906"/>
15352 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratops"/>
15354 <SPECIES name="montanus">
15355 <SYNONYM name="Ceratops montanus" status="objective"/>
15359 <GENUS name="Proceratosaurus">
15360 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1926"/>
15362 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>
15364 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
15365 <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
15366 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
15367 <PLACE name="England"/>
15368 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
15369 <SPECIES name="bradleyi" original="Megalosaurus">
15370 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1910"/>
15372 <SPECIES name="divesensis">
15373 <SYNONYM name="Piveteausaurus divesensis" status="objective"/>
15376 <P> Once thought of as the ancestor of <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>,
15377 another theropod with a nasal horn/crest, it is now recognized as a
15378 <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, the earliest one known. </P>
15382 <GENUS name="Procerosaurus">
15383 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
15384 <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus"/>
15386 <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
15390 <GENUS name="Procerosaurus2">
15391 <AUTHOR name="Fritsch" year="1905"/>
15392 <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
15394 <LOW>one</LOW> before horned lizard
15396 <SPECIES name="exogyrarum">
15397 <SYNONYM name="Ponerosteus exogyrarum" status="objective"/>
15401 <GENUS name="Procheneosaurus">
15402 <AUTHOR name="Matthew" year="1920"/>
15404 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Cheneosaurus"/>
15406 <SPECIES name="praeceps">
15407 <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus praeceps" status="objective"/>
15409 <SPECIES name="altidens">
15410 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
15412 <SPECIES name="convincens">
15413 <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus convincens" status="objective"/>
15415 <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
15416 <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus cranibrevis" status="objective"/>
15418 <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
15419 <SYNONYM name="Tetragonosaurus erectofrons" status="objective"/>
15423 <GENUS name="Procompsognathus" type="with">
15425 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>
15427 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
15429 <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
15430 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
15431 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, vertebrae, pubes, hindlimb, radius, ulna, partial manus, scapulocoracoid"/>
15432 <SPECIES name="triassicus">
15433 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1913"/>
15435 <LINK content="Triassic"/>
15440 <GENUS name="Prodeinodon" type="with">
15442 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Deinodon"/>
15444 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
15445 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
15446 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
15447 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
15448 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
15453 <SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
15454 <AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
15456 <SPECIES name="tibetensis" status="nudum">
15457 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Li" year="1997"/>
15464 <GENUS name="Proiguanodon" status="nudum">
15465 <AUTHOR name="van den Broeck" year="1900"/>
15467 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
15469 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon" q="1"/>
15472 <GENUS name="Proornis" type="with">
15473 <SPECIES name="coreae" status="nudum">
15474 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
15475 <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
15476 <AUTHOR name="Lim"/>
15477 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pak, Kim" year="1996"/>
15478 <REMAINS type="holo" content="skull, cervical vertebrae, forelimb with feathers"/>
15481 <P>Hails from the Sinoiju Series.</P>
15485 <GENUS name="Prosaurolophus" type="with">
15487 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
15489 <LENGTH value="8"/>
15490 <LENGTH value="9"/>
15491 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
15492 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
15493 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
15494 <REMAINS content="over 20 skeletons"/>
15495 <SPECIES name="maximus">
15496 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
15500 <LENGTH value="8"/>
15501 <LENGTH q="1" value="15"/>
15503 <SPECIES name="blackfeetensis">
15504 <AUTHOR name="Horner" year="1992"/>
15506 from <LOW>the land of the</LOW> Blackfeet <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
15509 <SPECIES name="breviceps" status="dubium" original="Hadrosaurus">
15510 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
15515 <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
15516 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1916"/>
15522 <P> Possible ancestor to <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>. </P>
15526 <GENUS name="Protarchaeopteryx" type="with">
15528 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>
15530 <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
15531 <PLACE name="China"/>
15532 <REMAINS content="2 specimens, including feather remains"/>
15533 <SPECIES name="robusta">
15534 <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1997"/>
15540 <P> The recently discovered <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
15541 ("before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>") seems to have actually
15542 lived much later than <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>, although
15543 it is more primitive. In fact, it may not even be an
15544 <LINK content="avialan"/> as first thought, but a more basal
15545 <LINK content="maniraptor"/>. </P>
15547 <P> <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> was about turkey-sized. Its forelimbs,
15548 proportionally shorter than those of flying animals, bore long,
15549 symmetrical feathers. Since all flying birds have asymmetrical feathers,
15550 <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> probably could not fly. </P>
15554 <GENUS name="Protiguanodon" type="with">
15555 <MISSPELLED name="Proiguanodon"/>
15557 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
15559 <SPECIES name="mongoliense">
15560 <SYNONYM name="Psittacosaurus mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
15564 <GENUS name="Protoavis" type="with">
15565 <MEANING>beginning bird
15567 <MASS value="0.35"/>
15568 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
15569 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
15570 <REMAINS content="skeletal material from at least 2 individuals (possibly chimeric)"/>
15571 <SPECIES name="texensis">
15572 <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1991"/>
15575 <P> When this Triassic creature was first discovered, its describer declared it
15576 the earliest <LINK content="bird"/>. This has been met with some skepticism, since the next
15577 bird (chronologically) does not occur until the Late Jurassic
15578 (<NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>). Some believe <NOMEN name="Protoavis"/> to be a chimera, made up of
15579 parts of different animals. Some bones may belong to a <LINK content="pterosaur"/>,
15580 others to some kind of <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
15584 <GENUS name="Protoceratops" type="with">
15586 <LOW>one</LOW> before horned face
15588 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
15589 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
15590 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
15591 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
15592 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
15593 <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (juvenile & adult), eggs"/>
15594 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
15595 <AUTHOR name="Granger, Gregory" year="1923"/>
15596 <MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
15598 <SPECIES name="grangeri" status="nudum">
15599 <AUTHOR name="Fleury" year="1992"/>
15600 <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
15602 <SPECIES name="kozlowskii">
15603 <SYNONYM name="Breviceratops kozlowskii" status="objective"/>
15605 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
15606 <AUTHOR name="Lahey" year="1993"/>
15607 <SYNONYM name="andrewsi"/>
15613 <P> There are two forms of <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/>, the "gracile" form, with low
15614 frill and flat snout, and the "robust" form with raised frill and a high
15615 bump on the nose. These probably represent the two genders. </P>
15617 <P> One spectacular find from Mongolia shows a <NOMEN name="Protoceratops"/> locked
15618 in combat with a <NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/>. The two were buried by a sandstorm as they
15621 <P> Eggs formerly assigned to this animal have turned out to belong to
15622 <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>. </P>
15626 <GENUS name="Protognathosaurus">
15627 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
15629 <NOMEN name="Protognathus"/> ("fore jaw") lizard
15631 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
15632 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
15633 <PLACE name="China"/>
15634 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
15635 <SPECIES name="oxyodon" original="Protognathus">
15636 <AUTHOR name="Zhang" year="1988"/>
15640 <GENUS name="Protognathus" type="with">
15641 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Basilewsky" year="1950"/>
15645 <SPECIES name="oxyodon">
15646 <SYNONYM name="Protognathosaurus oxyodon" status="objective"/>
15650 <GENUS name="Protohadros" type="with">
15651 <MEANING>beginning <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
15653 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
15654 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
15655 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
15656 <SPECIES name="byrdi">
15658 <LOW>Gary</LOW> Byrd's
15660 <AUTHOR name="Head" year="1998"/>
15663 <P> <NOMEN name="Protohadros"/> is the most primitive <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> known (if not quite the earliest). </P>
15667 <GENUS name="Protopteryx" type="with">
15668 <MEANING>beginning feather</MEANING>
15669 <SPECIES name="fengningensis">
15670 <MEANING>from Fengning <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
15671 <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou" year="2000"/>
15672 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11665" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="holo"/>
15673 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11844" content="partial skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="para"/>
15674 <PLACE name="China"/>
15675 <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
15678 <P>This starling-sized species had long tail feathers which lack barbs and rami toward the base.</P>
15682 <GENUS name="Protorosaurus">
15683 <MEANING>beginning lizard</MEANING>
15684 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
15685 <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
15688 <GENUS name="Protorosaurus2">
15689 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
15690 <AUTHOR type="first" name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
15692 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/>
15694 <SPECIES name="belli">
15695 <SYNONYM name="Chasmosaurus belli" status="objective"/>
15699 <GENUS name="Protrachodon" status="nudum">
15700 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1923"/>
15702 <LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/>
15704 <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus"/>
15706 <P>Proposed to give a type genus to the taxon Protrachodontidae, which
15707 had been named earlier.</P>
15711 <GENUS name="Pseudolagosuchus" type="with">
15713 false <NOMEN name="Lagosuchus"/>
15715 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
15716 <MASS value="2" q="1"/>
15717 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
15718 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
15719 <REMAINS content="pubes, femur, tibia, vertebrae, etc."/>
15720 <SPECIES name="major">
15721 <AUTHOR name="Arcucci" year="1987"/>
15728 <GENUS name="Psittacosaurus" type="with">
15732 <LENGTH value="0.8"/>
15733 <LENGTH value="2"/>
15735 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
15736 <TIME value="Albian"/>
15737 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
15738 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
15739 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
15740 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
15741 <REMAINS content="remains from over 85 individuals"/>
15746 <SPECIES name="chaoyangi" status="nudum">
15747 <AUTHOR name="Wang" year="1983"/>
15748 <SYNONYM name="Chaoyangsaurus youngi"/>
15750 from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW>
15753 <SPECIES name="guyangensis">
15754 <AUTHOR name="Zheng" year="1983"/>
15755 <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
15757 <SPECIES name="mazongshanensis">
15758 <AUTHOR name="Xu" year="1997"/>
15759 <PLACE name="China"/>
15760 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, forelimb, gastrolith impressions"/>
15762 <SPECIES name="meileyingensis">
15763 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao, Zheng, Rao" year="1988"/>
15764 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
15765 <PLACE name="China"/>
15766 <REMAINS content="4 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
15768 <SPECIES name="neimongoliensis">
15769 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
15770 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
15772 <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
15773 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
15774 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
15776 <SPECIES name="osborni">
15777 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
15778 <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
15780 <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
15783 <SPECIES name="protiguandonensis">
15784 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
15785 <SYNONYM name="mongoliensis"/>
15787 from before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>
15790 <SPECIES name="sattayaraki">
15791 <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn" year="1992"/>
15792 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
15793 <REMAINS content="dentary, maxilla fragment"/>
15795 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
15796 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
15797 <PLACE name="China"/>
15798 <REMAINS content="material from over 20 individuals"/>
15803 <SPECIES name="sp.">
15805 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
15806 <REMAINS content="partial skull, articulated skeleton with gastroliths"/>
15808 <SPECIES name="tingi">
15809 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
15810 <SYNONYM name="osborni"/>
15812 <SPECIES name="xinjiangensis">
15813 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao" year="1988"/>
15814 <PLACE name="China"/>
15815 <REMAINS content="material from over 10 individuals"/>
15817 <SPECIES name="youngi">
15818 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1962"/>
15819 <SYNONYM name="sinensis"/>
15822 <P> <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was originally classified in <LINK content="Ornithopoda"/>,
15823 mainly due to its bipedal stance. One specimen was actually named
15824 <NOMEN name="Protiguanodon"/> ("before <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/>", <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> being a typical
15825 ornithopod). But <NOMEN name="Psittacosaurus"/> was soon recognized as being closer
15826 to <LINK content="ceratopsids"/> than ornithopods. In fact, it represents a
15827 transitional phase from early, ornithopod-like <LINK content="ornithischians"/>
15828 to the large, mostly quadrupedal <LINK content="neoceratopsians"/>. </P>
15830 <P> This genus has more valid species than any other non-<LINK content="neornithean"/>
15831 <LINK content="dinosaur"/>. Some think it should be split into more genera,
15832 although there have been no formal proposals. </P>
15836 <GENUS name="Ptenodactylus">
15837 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
15838 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Gray" year="1845"/>
15839 <SYNONYM name="Ornithocheirus"/>
15845 <GENUS name="Ptenodracon">
15846 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
15847 <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus"/>
15853 <GENUS name="Pteranodon" type="with">
15854 <MEANING>wing without tooth</MEANING>
15855 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
15856 <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
15857 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
15858 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
15859 <REMAINS content="dozens of specimens"/>
15860 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
15861 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1876"/>
15863 <SPECIES name="ingens" original="Pterodactylus">
15864 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
15865 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="7"/>
15867 <SPECIES name="eatoni">
15868 <MEANING>Eaton's</MEANING>
15869 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
15871 <SPECIES name="marshi">
15872 <MEANING><LOW>Othniel Charles</LOW> Marsh's</MEANING>
15873 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
15875 <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium" original="Pterodactylus">
15876 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
15877 <MEANING>western</MEANING>
15879 <SPECIES name="oregonensis">
15880 <MEANING>from Oregon</MEANING>
15881 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1928"/>
15882 <PLACE name="Oregon"/>
15883 <TIME value="Albian"/>
15885 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
15886 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
15887 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
15888 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
15889 <AUTHOR name="Ikuwo, Hasegawa, Otsuka" year="1972"/>
15891 <SPECIES name="sternbergi" original="Pterodactylus">
15892 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
15893 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="9.2"/>
15895 <LOW>George</LOW> Sternberg's
15898 <SPECIES name="walkeri">
15899 <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
15900 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
15903 <P> One of the most popular <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>,
15904 <NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/> had no teeth, barely any tail, and a large crest
15905 on its head. The long crest of <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>
15906 and <NOMEN name="P. ingens"/> stuck out behind,
15907 while <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>'s crest was more vertical. </P>
15909 <P> The name <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Longicepia"/> Miller, 1972 was
15910 proposed as a subgenus name for <NOMEN name="P. longiceps"/>,
15911 but since this is the type species, the subgeneric name is, by default,
15912 <NOMEN name="Pteranodon"/>. <NOMEN name="Geosternbergia"/>
15913 is the subgeneric name for <NOMEN name="P. sternbergi"/>
15914 (<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Sternbergia"/> was
15915 preoccupied). It is sometimes used as a separate
15916 genus name. <NOMEN name="Occidentalia"/> has been proposed as
15917 the subgeneric name for the dubious species
15918 <NOMEN name="P. occidentalis"/>. Thus, these species are fully rendered as
15919 <B><I>P. (P.) longiceps</I></B>,
15920 <B><I>P. (Geosternbergia) sternbergi</I></B>, and
15921 <I><B>P.</B> (Occidentalia) occidentalis</I>.
15926 <GENUS name="Pterodactylus">
15927 <MISSPELLED name="Ptero-dactyle"/>
15928 <AUTHOR name="Cuvier" year="1809"/>
15929 <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Rafinesque" year="1815"/>
15933 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
15934 <SPECIES name="antiquus" original="Ornithocephalus">
15935 <AUTHOR name="Soemmering" year="1812"/>
15936 <MEANING>antique</MEANING>
15937 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
15938 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
15940 <SPECIES name="arningi">
15942 <SPECIES name="cerinensis">
15943 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1973"/>
15944 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
15945 <PLACE name="France"/>
15947 <SPECIES name="crassipes" status="oblitum">
15948 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
15949 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica"/>
15951 <SPECIES name="crassirostris">
15952 <SYNONYM name="Scaphognathus crassirostris" status="objective"/>
15954 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
15955 <SYNONYM name="Germanodactylus cristatus" status="objective"/>
15957 <SPECIES name="elegans">
15958 <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis"/>
15959 <MEANING>elegant</MEANING>
15961 <SPECIES name="gracile">
15962 <SYNONYM name="Ctenochasma gracilis" status="objective"/>
15964 <SPECIES name="grandipelvis">
15965 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1970"/>
15966 <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> grand pelvis <LOW>(hip)</LOW></MEANING>
15967 <TIME value="Tithonian" section="late"/>
15968 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
15970 <SPECIES name="grandis">
15971 <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
15973 <SPECIES name="kochi">
15975 <SPECIES name="longicollum">
15976 <SYNONYM name="Diopocephalus longicollum" status="objective"/>
15978 <SPECIES name="manseli">
15980 <SPECIES name="maximus">
15981 <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
15982 <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
15984 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
15986 <SPECIES name="micronyx">
15987 <MEANING>small-clawed</MEANING>
15989 <SPECIES name="montanus">
15990 <SYNONYM name="Dermodactylus montanus" status="objective"/>
15992 <SPECIES name="pleydelli">
15993 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1865"/>
15994 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
15995 <PLACE name="England"/>
15997 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
15998 <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
16000 <SPECIES name="suevicus">
16001 <SYNONYM name="Cycnorhamphus suevicus" status="objective"/>
16003 <SPECIES name="suprajurensis">
16004 <PLACE name="France"/>
16005 <AUTHOR name="Goldfuss" year="1831"/>
16008 <P> The genus was initially named as <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> by Cuvier in 1809
16009 with no type species (which was permissible back then). The creature named
16010 <NOMEN name="Ornithocephalus antiquus"/> by Soemmering in 1812 was recognized by
16011 Lydekker to be the same as Cuvier's <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>, so he
16012 transferred <NOMEN name="O. antiquus"/> to the older genus <I>Ptero-dactyle</I>.
16013 Rafinesque later emended the spelling of <I>Ptero-dactyle</I> to
16014 <NOMEN name="Pterodactylus"/> in 1815.
16019 <GENUS name="Pterodaustro" type="with">
16021 wing <LOW>of the</LOW> south
16023 <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
16024 <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
16025 <SPECIES name="guinzaui">
16026 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
16027 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
16029 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
16030 <PLACE name="Chile"/>
16031 <AUTHOR name="Chong" year="1976"/>
16033 <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
16034 <PLACE name="France"/>
16037 <P> This filter-feeding <LINK content="pterosaur"/> used its smaller upper teeth to comb out its lower teeth.
16038 The lower teeth fit outside the upper teeth. </P>
16040 <P> <NOMEN name="Pterodaustro"/> had tiny fingers (except for the wing finger)
16041 and very large feet for a pterosaur.
16046 <GENUS name="Pteropelyx" type="with">
16047 <MISSPELLED name="Pteroplax"/>
16052 <REMAINS content="postcranium"/>
16053 <SPECIES name="grallipes" status="dubium">
16054 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
16056 <SPECIES name="altidens">
16057 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
16059 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
16060 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
16062 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
16063 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
16067 <GENUS name="Pterospondylus" type="with">
16071 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
16072 <TIME value="LTr"/>
16073 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
16074 <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
16075 <SPECIES name="trielbae" status="dubium">
16076 <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1914"/>
16080 <GENUS name="Puntanipterus" type="with">
16081 <SPECIES name="globosus">
16082 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Sanchez" year="1974"/>
16088 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
16091 <GENUS name="Pyroraptor" type="with">
16092 <MEANING><LOW>forest</LOW> fire raider</MEANING>
16093 <SPECIES name="olympius">
16094 <MEANING><LOW>from the base of Mt.</LOW> Olympe <LOW>(Provence)</LOW></MEANING>
16095 <AUTHOR name="Allain, Taquet" year="2000"/>
16097 <PLACE name="France"/>
16098 <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
16099 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
16100 <REMAINS content="ungual phalanx, pedal & other limb bones, 2 vertebrae, teeth"/>
16102 <P>Named for the fact that it was found after a forest fire.</P>
16103 <P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Variraptor"/>.</P>
16107 <GENUS name="Qantassaurus" type="with">
16108 <MEANING>QANTAS <LOW>(airline)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
16110 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
16111 <SPECIES name="intrepidus">
16112 <MEANING>intrepid</MEANING>
16113 <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1999"/>
16115 <REMAINS type="holo" content="dentary & tooth"/>
16116 <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
16119 <GENUS name="Qinlingosaurus" type="with">
16121 <PLACE name="China"/>
16122 <SPECIES name="luonanensis">
16123 <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
16127 <GENUS name="Quaesitosaurus" type="with">
16128 <MISSPELLED name="Qaesitosaurus"/>
16129 <MISSPELLED name="Questiosaurus"/>
16130 <MISSPELLED name="Questosaurus"/>
16132 extraordinary lizard
16134 <LENGTH value="23" q="1"/>
16135 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
16136 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16137 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
16138 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
16139 <SPECIES name="orientalis">
16140 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Bannikov" year="1983"/>
16146 <P> Like its close relative <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Quaesitosaurus"/> is only
16147 known from skull material. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Nemegtosaurus"/>.
16152 <GENUS name="Quetzalcoatlus" type="with">
16154 Quetzalcoatl <LOW>(feathered serpent god of the Aztecs)</LOW>
16156 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16157 <SPECIES name="northropi">
16158 <AUTHOR name="Lawson" year="1975"/>
16159 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="11"/>
16160 <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
16161 <MASS value="220" q="1"/>
16162 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
16163 <REMAINS content="forelimb bones"/>
16165 <SPECIES name="sp.">
16166 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="5.5"/>
16167 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
16168 <AUTHOR name="Currie, Russell" year="1982"/>
16169 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons"/>
16173 <GENUS name="Quilmesaurus" type="with">
16174 <SPECIES name="curriei">
16175 <MEANING><LOW>Philip</LOW> Currie's</MEANING>
16176 <AUTHOR name="Coria" year="2001"/>
16178 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
16179 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16180 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
16181 <REMAINS content="hindlimb material, etc."/>
16183 <P>This medium-sized carnivore hails from the Allen Formation.</P>
16187 <GENUS name="Rachitrema">
16188 <AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
16189 <PROPERTAXON name="Ichthyopterygia"/>
16192 <GENUS name="Rahona" type="with">
16193 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Griveaud" year="1975"/>
16197 <SPECIES name="ostromi">
16198 <SYNONYM name="Rahonavis ostromi" status="objective"/>
16202 <GENUS name="Rahonavis">
16203 <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
16207 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
16208 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
16209 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial limbs" type="holo"/>
16210 <REMAINS content="2 distal humeri"/>
16211 <SPECIES name="ostromi" original="Rahona">
16212 <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
16214 <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
16218 <P> This raven-sized creature appears to be somewhere between
16219 <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/>. It had a "sickle claw",
16220 like dromaeosaurids, and feathered wings, like birds (feather
16221 impressions were not preserved, but anchor points are evident along the
16222 wing's bones, as in many <LINK content="modern birds"/>). It also had a bird-like sacrum.
16224 <P> The fossil was found in two parts, the thorax in hindlimbs in one part,
16225 and the sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail in the other. This led to some suspicion
16226 that it was a chimera, but given that the halves came out in the same position
16227 from cladistic analyses that tested them separately, coupled with additional
16228 anatomic and taphonomic details, it seems quite likely that both
16229 halves belonged to the same individual.
16234 <GENUS name="Rapator" type="with">
16238 <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
16239 <LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
16240 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
16241 <TIME value="Albian"/>
16242 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
16243 <REMAINS content="metacarpal"/>
16244 <REMAINS content="other bones" q="1"/>
16245 <SPECIES name="ornitholestoides" status="dubiumQ">
16246 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
16248 <NOMEN name="Ornitholestes"/>-formed
16252 <P> Has been suggested as an <LINK content="ornitholestid"/>, a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>,
16253 or an <LINK content="abelisaur"/>.
16258 <GENUS name="Rapetosaurus" type="with">
16259 <MEANING>Rapeto <LOW>(mischievous giant)</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
16260 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
16261 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
16262 <SPECIES name="krausei">
16263 <AUTHOR name="Rogers, Forster" year="2001"/>
16264 <MEANING><LOW>David W.</LOW> Krause's</MEANING>
16265 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="UA" id="8698" content="skull with maxillae, nasals, lacrimal, jugal, quadrate, pterygoids, partial basioccipital, paroccipital process, dentary, surangular, angular, & 24 teeth"/>
16266 <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2184-2192, 2194, 2196, 2197, 2210" content="exoccipital, opisthotic, laterosphenoid, supraoccipital, frontals, prefrontals, surangular, parietal, caudal centrum"/>
16267 <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2209" age="juvenile" content="75% complete skeleton"/>
16268 <REMAINS museum="UCB" id="92829" content="mid-caudal centrum"/>
16270 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="8"/>
16271 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
16273 <P>The type specimen of this genus is the most complete <LINK content="titanosaur"/>
16274 known. It shows that at least some titanosaurs had low, "horse-like" skulls like
16275 <LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/> rather than "boxy" skulls like
16276 <NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>.</P>
16280 <GENUS name="Rayososaurus" type="with">
16282 Rayoso <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
16284 <TIME value="Albian"/>
16285 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
16286 <REMAINS content="partial scapula, partial fibula, femur, fragments"/>
16287 <SPECIES name="agrionensis" status="dubiumQ">
16288 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
16290 <SPECIES name="tessonei">
16291 <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
16294 <P>May be a species of <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>.<P>
16298 <GENUS name="Rebbachisaurus" type="with">
16300 <LOW>Ait</LOW> Rebbach lizard
16302 <TIME value="Albian"/>
16303 <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
16304 <SPECIES name="garasbae">
16305 <AUTHOR name="Lavocat" year="1954"/>
16306 <LENGTH value="20"/>
16307 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
16309 <SPECIES name="tasmenensis" status="dubium">
16310 <AUTHOR name="de Lapparent" year="1960"/>
16311 <PROPERTAXON name="Eusauropoda" incertae="1"/>
16312 <PLACE name="Algeria, Niger, Tunisia"/>
16313 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
16314 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
16316 <SPECIES name="tessonei">
16317 <SYNONYM name="Limaysaurus tessonei" status="objective"/>
16320 <P> This animal sported a large sail on its back, like the <LINK content="theropod"/>
16321 <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> and the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/>. Its tallest
16322 spines reached a height of about 4½ feet (1.5m). </P>
16324 <P><NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus tasmenensis"/> was not a <LINK content="diplodocimorph"/>
16325 at all. No holotype specimen was ever designated for it, and some thing
16326 referred to it may belong to <NOMEN name="Jobaria"/>. </P>
16330 <GENUS name="Regnosaurus" type="with">
16332 Regni <LOW>(ancient English tribe)</LOW> lizard
16334 <LENGTH value="4"/>
16335 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
16336 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
16337 <PLACE name="England"/>
16338 <REMAINS content="partial dentary and pubis, rib, tail spines, scute"/>
16339 <SPECIES name="northamptoni" status="dubiumQ">
16340 <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1848"/>
16343 <P> May be a <LINK content="huayangosaurid"/> and/or the same as <NOMEN name="Craterosaurus"/>.
16348 <GENUS name="Revueltosaurus" type="with">
16350 Revuelto <LOW>Creek</LOW> lizard
16352 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
16353 <TIME value="Norian"/>
16354 <PLACE name="New Mexico, Arizona"/>
16355 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
16356 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
16357 <SPECIES name="callenderi">
16358 <AUTHOR name="Hunt" year="1989"/>
16361 <P>One of the largest <LINK content="Ornithischia"/> of its time.</P>
16365 <GENUS name="Rhabdodon" type="with">
16366 <MISSPELLED name="Rabdodon"/>
16370 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
16371 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16372 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
16373 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, teeth, skeletal material"/>
16374 <SPECIES name="priscus">
16375 <AUTHOR name="Matheron" year="1869"/>
16376 <PLACE name="Austria, France, Romania, Spain"/>
16378 <SPECIES name="inkeyi">
16379 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
16380 <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
16382 <SPECIES name="robustus">
16383 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1900"/>
16384 <SYNONYM name="priscus"/>
16385 <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
16387 <SPECIES name="septimanicus">
16388 <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Le Loeuff" year="1991"/>
16389 <PLACE name="France"/>
16393 <GENUS name="Rhadinosaurus" type="with">
16394 <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
16395 <REMAINS content="2 humeri, 2 vertebrae" q="1"/>
16396 <SPECIES name="alcinus" status="dubium">
16397 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
16400 <P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
16405 <GENUS name="Rhamphinion" type="with">
16406 <SPECIES name="jenkinsi">
16407 <AUTHOR name="Padian" year="1984"/>
16410 <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak nape-of-the-neck
16413 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
16416 <GENUS name="Rhamphocephalus">
16418 <LINK content="rhamphorhynchid"/>/beak head
16420 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
16421 <PLACE name="England"/>
16422 <REMAINS content="fragments"/>
16423 <SPECIES name="bucklandi">
16424 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
16426 <SPECIES name="depressirostris">
16427 <MEANING><LOW>with a</LOW> depressed snout</MEANING>
16428 <AUTHOR name="Huxley" year="1859"/>
16430 <SPECIES name="prestwichi">
16431 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1880"/>
16435 <GENUS name="Rhamphorhynchus" type="with">
16439 <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
16440 <SPECIES name="intermedius">
16441 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1847"/>
16443 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
16448 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
16449 <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
16451 <SPECIES name="gemmingi">
16453 <SPECIES name="jessoni" q="1">
16454 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1890"/>
16455 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
16456 <PLACE name="England"/>
16458 <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
16459 <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
16461 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
16466 <SPECIES name="muensteri">
16468 <SPECIES name="sp.">
16469 <TIME value="Callovian" section="late"/>
16470 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian" section="early"/>
16471 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
16472 <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
16474 <SPECIES name="tendagurensis">
16475 <AUTHOR name="Reck" year="1931"/>
16477 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
16478 <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Tendaguru <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
16482 <GENUS name="Rhodanosaurus" type="with">
16484 Rhône <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
16486 <SPECIES name="ludgunensis">
16487 <SYNONYM name="Struthiosaurus ludgunensis" status="objective"/>
16491 <GENUS name="Rhoetosaurus" type="with">
16492 <MISSPELLED name="Rhaetosaurus"/>
16493 <MISSPELLED name="Rheteosaurus"/>
16495 Rhoetos' <LOW>(mythological Greek giant)</LOW> lizard
16497 <LENGTH value="12"/>
16498 <MASS value="20000"/>
16499 <TIME value="Aalenian" q="1"/>
16500 <TIME value="Bajocian"/>
16501 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
16502 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, hindlimb elements, pelvic fragments"/>
16503 <SPECIES name="brownei">
16504 <AUTHOR name="Longman" year="1925"/>
16508 <GENUS name="Rhopalodon" type="with">
16509 <SPECIES name="wangenheimi">
16510 <AUTHOR name="Fischer de Waldheim"/>
16511 <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
16515 <GENUS name="Ricardoestesia" type="with">
16516 <MISSPELLED name="Richardoestesia"/>
16518 Richard Estes' <LOW>one</LOW>
16520 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
16521 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16522 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
16523 <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Montana"/>
16524 <PLACE name="Wyoming" q="1"/>
16525 <REMAINS content="dentaries, teeth"/>
16526 <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
16527 <AUTHOR name="Currie, Rigby, Sloan" year="1990"/>
16530 <P> May be a <LINK content="caenagnathid"/>.
16535 <GENUS name="Rileya" type="with">
16536 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Howard" year="1888"/>
16538 Riley's <LOW>one</LOW>
16540 <SPECIES name="bristolensis">
16541 <SYNONYM name="Rileyasuchus bristolensis" status="objective"/>
16545 <GENUS name="Rileyasuchus">
16546 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1961"/>
16550 <TIME value="LTr"/>
16551 <SPECIES name="bristolensis" original="Rileya">
16552 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1902"/>
16556 <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia" q="1"/>
16557 <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
16561 <GENUS name="Rinchenia" status="nudum">
16562 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
16564 Rinchen's <LOW>one</LOW>
16566 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
16567 <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
16570 <P>This genus is named for the father of its namer. </P>
16574 <GENUS name="Rioarribasaurus" type="with">
16576 Rio Arriba <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
16578 <SPECIES name="colberti" status="oblitum">
16579 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1991"/>
16580 <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri"/>
16582 <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
16585 <SPECIES name="bauri">
16586 <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
16590 <GENUS name="Riojasaurus" type="with">
16592 <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
16594 <LENGTH value="6"/>
16595 <LENGTH value="11"/>
16596 <TIME value="Norian"/>
16597 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
16598 <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), skull"/>
16599 <SPECIES name="incertus">
16600 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
16607 <GENUS name="Riojasuchus" type="with">
16609 <LOW>La</LOW> Rioja <LOW>County</LOW> crocodile
16611 <SPECIES name="tenuisceps">
16612 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
16613 <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchidae"/>
16617 <GENUS name="Rocasaurus" type="with">
16618 <MEANING><LOW>General</LOW> Roca <LOW>city</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
16619 <SPECIES name="muniozi">
16620 <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Azpilicueta" year="2000"/>
16621 <MEANING>Munioz'</MEANING>
16622 <REMAINS museum="MPCA-PV" id="46" type="holo"/>
16623 <REMAINS content="specimens"/>
16625 <LENGTH value="8"/>
16626 <LENGTH value="9"/>
16627 <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
16628 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
16629 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
16630 <ESSAY><P>Hails from the Allen Formation.</P></ESSAY>
16633 <GENUS name="Roccosaurus" type="with">
16637 <SPECIES name="tetrasacralis" status="nudum">
16638 <AUTHOR name="van Heerden"/>
16639 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Anderson, Cruikshank" year="1978"/>
16640 <SYNONYM name="Melanorosaurus readi"/>
16642 <LOW>with</LOW> four sacral <LOW>(hip) vertebrae</LOW>
16647 <GENUS name="Ruehleia" type="with">
16648 <MEANING><LOW>Hugo</LOW> Rüle <LOW>von Lilienstern</LOW>'s <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
16649 <SPECIES name="bedheimensis">
16650 <MEANING>from Bedheim</MEANING>
16651 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="2001"/>
16652 <REMAINS museum="MB" id=" (unnumbered)" type="holo" content="cervical vertebrae 4-10, dorsal vertebrae 1-14, partial sacrum, about 20 caudals, right scapulocoracoid, both humeri, right radius and ulna, both manus (incomplete), both pelvic girdles, femora, tibiae and right astragalus"/>
16654 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
16655 <TIME value="Norian" section="late"/>
16658 <GENUS name="Saichania" type="with">
16660 beautiful <LOW>one</LOW>
16662 <LENGTH value="7"/>
16663 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16664 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
16665 <REMAINS content="3 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
16666 <SPECIES name="chulsanensis">
16667 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
16674 <GENUS name="Saltasaurus" type="with">
16675 <MEANING>Salta <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
16676 <LENGTH value="12"/>
16677 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
16678 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
16679 <PLACE name="Argentina, Uruguay"/>
16680 <REMAINS content="several partial skeletons, vertebrae, limb elements, jaws, armor"/>
16681 <SPECIES name="loricatus">
16682 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, J. E. Powell" year="1980"/>
16684 <SPECIES name="australis">
16685 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
16687 <SPECIES name="robustus">
16688 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
16692 <GENUS name="Saltoposuchus">
16693 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
16694 <MEANING>quick foot crocodile</MEANING>
16697 <GENUS name="Saltopus" type="with">
16698 <MEANING>quick foot</MEANING>
16699 <SPECIES name="elginensis">
16700 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1910"/>
16701 <PROPERTAXON name="Ornithosuchia" incertae="1"/>
16705 <GENUS name="Saltriosaurus" status="nudum">
16706 <TIME value="Sinemurian" section="middle"/>
16707 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
16708 <AUTHOR name="Dal Sasso" year="2000"/>
16709 <REMAINS content="humerus, phalanges, rib fragments, scapula fragments"/>
16711 <P>The earliest known large <LINK content="tetanuran"/>.
16712 (<NOMEN name="Zupaysaurus"/> is earlier.)</P>
16716 <GENUS name="Sanchusaurus" status="nudum">
16717 <AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
16718 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
16719 <SPECIES name="sp.">
16721 <REMAINS content="partial caudal vertebra"/>
16723 Referred by some to <NOMEN name="Gallimimus sp."/>.
16727 <GENUS name="Sanghonghesaurus" status="nudum">
16728 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
16729 <SYNONYM name="Tianchisaurus"/>
16733 <PLACE name="China"/>
16736 <GENUS name="Sanpasaurus" type="with">
16740 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
16741 <PLACE name="China"/>
16742 <REMAINS content="postcranial elements"/>
16743 <SPECIES name="yaoi" status="dubium">
16744 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
16746 <SPECIES name="imperfectus" status="dubium">
16747 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1944"/>
16753 <P> Some bones assigned to this genus are in fact <LINK content="sauropodan"/>.
16758 <GENUS name="Santanadactylus" type="with">
16760 Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> finger
16762 <LENGTH value="3"/>
16763 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
16764 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
16765 <REMAINS content="several specimens"/>
16766 <SPECIES name="araripensis">
16767 <AUTHOR name="Buisonje" year="1980"/>
16769 from <LOW>the</LOW> Araripe <LOW>Plateau</LOW>
16772 <SPECIES name="brasilensis">
16773 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
16774 <MEANING>Brazilian</MEANING>
16776 <SPECIES name="spixi">
16777 <AUTHOR name="Bennett" year="1989"/>
16779 <SPECIES name="pricei">
16780 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer, Buffetaut, Gigase" year="1983"/>
16784 <GENUS name="Santanaraptor" type="with">
16785 <MEANING>Santana <LOW>Formation</LOW> raider</MEANING>
16786 <SPECIES name="placidus">
16787 <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1999"/>
16789 <REMAINS museum="MN" id="4802-V" content="partial postcranium with soft tissue impressions"/>
16790 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
16791 <TIME value="Albian"/>
16794 <GENUS name="Sarcolestes" type="with">
16798 <LENGTH value="3"/>
16799 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
16800 <PLACE name="England"/>
16801 <REMAINS content="partial mandible"/>
16802 <SPECIES name="leedsi">
16803 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
16807 <GENUS name="Sarcosaurus" type="with">
16809 flesh<LOW>-eating</LOW> lizard
16811 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
16812 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
16813 <PLACE name="England"/>
16814 <REMAINS content="partial pelvis, femur, vertebrae"/>
16815 <SPECIES name="woodi">
16816 <AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1921"/>
16818 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
16819 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus andrewsi" status="objective"/>
16823 <GENUS name="Saturnalia" type="with">
16824 <MEANING>Saturnalia <LOW>(Roman winter solstice festival)</LOW></MEANING>
16825 <SPECIES name="tupiniquim">
16826 <AUTHOR name="Langer, Abdala, Richter, Benton" year="1999"/>
16827 <MEANING>native</MEANING>
16829 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
16830 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
16831 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
16832 <REMAINS content="semi-articulated skeleton including most of presacral vertebral series, pectoral girdle, right humerus, partial right ulna, pelvic girdle with sacral series, left femur, most of left hindlimb" type="holo"/>
16833 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons including impression of mandibular ramus with teeth & postcranial elements" type="para"/>
16836 <GENUS name="Sauraechinodon" status="nudum">
16837 <MISSPELLED name="Saurechinodon"/>
16838 <MISSPELLED name="Sauraechmodon"/>
16839 <AUTHOR name="Falconer" year="1861"/>
16840 <SYNONYM name="Echinodon"/>
16842 lizard prickly tooth
16846 <GENUS name="Saurolophus" type="with">
16850 <LENGTH value="9"/>
16851 <LENGTH value="12"/>
16852 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
16853 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
16854 <SPECIES name="osborni">
16855 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1912"/>
16856 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
16858 <LOW>Henry F.</LOW> Osborn's
16861 <SPECIES name="angustirostris" q="1">
16862 <AUTHOR name="Rozhdestvensky" year="1952"/>
16863 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
16865 <SPECIES name="krischtofovici" status="dubium" q="1">
16866 <AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
16868 <SPECIES name="maximus">
16869 <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus maximus" status="objective"/>
16873 <GENUS name="Sauropelta" type="with">
16877 <LENGTH value="7"/>
16878 <LENGTH value="8"/>
16879 <MASS value="3200"/>
16880 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
16881 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
16882 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, Utah"/>
16883 <REMAINS content="partial specimens (1 with skull), postcranial elements"/>
16884 <SPECIES name="edwardsorum">
16885 <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
16889 <GENUS name="Saurophaganax" type="with">
16891 lizard-eater master
16893 <SPECIES name="maximus">
16894 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus maximus" status="objective"/>
16898 <GENUS name="Saurophagus" type="with">
16899 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Swainson" year="1831"/>
16903 <SPECIES name="maximus">
16904 <AUTHOR name="Stovall"/>
16905 <AUTHOR name="Ray" year="1941"/>
16906 <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus amplexus"/>
16913 <GENUS name="Sauroplites" type="with">
16915 lizard hoplite <LOW>(ancient Greek infantry soldier)</LOW>
16917 <LENGTH value="6" q="1"/>
16919 <PLACE name="China"/>
16920 <REMAINS content="ilium, ribs, armor"/>
16921 <SPECIES name="scutiger" status="dubium">
16922 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
16926 <GENUS name="Sauroposeidon" type="with">
16927 <MEANING>lizard Poseidon <LOW>(Greek god of, among other things, earthquakes)</LOW></MEANING>
16928 <SPECIES name="proteles">
16929 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Franklin" year="2000"/>
16930 <AUTHOR name="Wedel, Cifelli, Sanders"/>
16932 <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
16933 <TIME value="Albian"/>
16934 <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
16935 <REMAINS content="rib, cervical vertebrae"/>
16937 <P> This new <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus"/>-like <LINK content="dinosaur"/>
16938 was perhaps the tallest. With its head raised, it stood 60 feet (nearly
16943 <GENUS name="Saurornithoides" type="with">
16947 <LENGTH value="2"/>
16948 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
16951 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
16952 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
16953 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
16954 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
16955 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
16956 <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
16961 <SPECIES name="asiamericanus" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
16962 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1985"/>
16963 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
16964 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
16969 <SPECIES name="inequalis">
16970 <SYNONYM name="Stenonychosaurus inequalis" status="objective"/>
16972 <SPECIES name="isfarensis" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
16973 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1995"/>
16974 <PLACE name="Tadzhikistan"/>
16975 <REMAINS content="partial frontal"/>
16977 <SPECIES name="junior">
16978 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1974"/>
16979 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
16980 <REMAINS content="skull with fragmentary postcranium"/>
16987 <GENUS name="Saurornithoides2" type="with">
16988 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
16992 <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
16993 <SYNONYM name="Caudocoelus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
16997 <GENUS name="Saurornitholestes" type="with">
17001 <LENGTH value="2"/>
17003 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
17004 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
17005 <REMAINS content="fragments from 3 individuals"/>
17006 <SPECIES name="langstoni">
17007 <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1978"/>
17011 <GENUS name="Sazavis" type="with">
17012 <SPECIES name="prisca">
17013 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1989"/>
17019 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
17022 <GENUS name="Scaphognathus">
17023 <AUTHOR name="Wagner" year="1861"/>
17028 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
17029 <REMAINS content="two specimens"/>
17030 <LENGTH wingspan="1" value="1"/>
17031 <SPECIES name="crassirostris" original="Pterodactylus">
17033 <SPECIES name="crassipes">
17034 <SYNONYM name="Pterodactylus crassipes" status="objective"/>
17036 <SPECIES name="purdoni">
17037 <SYNONYM name="Parapsicephalus purdoni" status="objective"/>
17041 <GENUS name="Scaphonyx">
17042 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1908"/>
17043 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
17044 <PLACE name="S. America"/>
17047 <GENUS name="Scelidosaurus" type="with">
17051 <LENGTH value="3"/>
17052 <LENGTH value="4"/>
17053 <MASS value="200"/>
17054 <MASS value="250"/>
17055 <TIME value="Sinemurian"/>
17056 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
17057 <PLACE name="England, Arizona"/>
17058 <REMAINS content="2 skeletons (1 juvenile)"/>
17059 <SPECIES name="harrisonii">
17060 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1868"/>
17062 <SPECIES name="oehleri">
17063 <SYNONYM name="Tatisaurus oehleri" status="objective"/>
17066 <P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was an early <LINK content="dinosaur"/> which marks a transitional
17067 stage between the small, bipedal <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> and the larger, heavily
17068 armored <LINK content="ankylosaurs"/>. Some consider it a primitive ankylosaur,
17069 but it also bears a strong resemblance to primitive
17070 <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>. It or something like it probably gave rise to both
17073 <P> <NOMEN name="Scelidosaurus"/> was most likely quadrupedal. There were interesting tricorns
17074 behind the ears. The back was studded with large, bony scutes.
17079 <GENUS name="Scipionyx" type="with">
17081 Scipio <LOW>Africanus and Scipione Breislak's</LOW> claw
17083 <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
17084 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.6"/>
17085 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
17086 <PLACE name="Italy"/>
17087 <REMAINS content="juvenile skeleton missing parts of legs and tail, impressions of soft anatomy"/>
17088 <SPECIES name="samniticus">
17089 <AUTHOR name="dal Sasso, Signore" year="1998"/>
17092 <P> This extremely well-preserved <LINK content="theropod"/> shows traces of the
17093 intestines, windpipe, liver, and muscle fibers.
17095 Previously known as the "Benevento theropod".
17100 <GENUS name="Scleromochlus" type="with">
17101 <LENGTH value="0.2"/>
17102 <TIME value="Norian"/>
17103 <PLACE name="Scotland"/>
17104 <REMAINS content="imprints of skeletons (partial and complete)"/>
17105 <SPECIES name="taylori">
17106 <AUTHOR name="Woodward" year="1907"/>
17109 <P> This miniscule animal may be part of the lineage that led to flying
17110 <LINK content="pterosaurs"/>. It had long, thin legs which may have supported a
17116 <GENUS name="Scolosaurus" type="with">
17117 <MISSPELLED name="Scalosaurus"/>
17118 <SPECIES name="cutleri">
17119 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
17120 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus acutosquameus"/>
17124 <GENUS name="Scrotum" type="with">
17125 <MEANING>scrotum</MEANING>
17126 <SPECIES name="humanum" status="oblitum">
17127 <AUTHOR name="Brookes" year="1783"/>
17128 <SYNONYM name="Megalosaurus bucklandii" status="q"/>
17129 <MEANING>human</MEANING>
17133 <GENUS name="Scutellosaurus" type="with">
17135 little shield lizard
17137 <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
17139 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
17140 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
17141 <REMAINS content="2 fragmentary skeletons, scutes"/>
17142 <SPECIES name="lawleri">
17143 <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1981"/>
17146 <P> <NOMEN name="Scutellosaurus"/> was a small, semi-bipedal, long-tailed
17147 <LINK content="dinosaur"/> similar to <NOMEN name="Lesothosaurus"/>. In fact, it was often
17148 included with that genus in Fabrosauridae (=Lesothosauridae). But
17149 it seems instead to be an early form of <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>. The back
17150 was covered in small, bony scutes.
17155 <GENUS name="Secernosaurus" type="with">
17159 <LENGTH value="3"/>
17160 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
17161 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
17162 <REMAINS content="braincase, postcranial elements"/>
17163 <SPECIES name="koerneri">
17164 <AUTHOR name="Brett-Surman" year="1979"/>
17167 <P> One of the few <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> from the Southern hemisphere.
17172 <GENUS name="Segisaurus" type="with">
17174 Segi <LOW>Canyon</LOW> lizard
17176 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="1" q="1"/>
17177 <MASS age="subadult" value="5" q="1"/>
17178 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
17179 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
17180 <REMAINS content="partial subadult postcranium"/>
17181 <SPECIES name="halli">
17182 <AUTHOR name="Camp" year="1936"/>
17186 <GENUS name="Segnosaurus" type="with">
17190 <LENGTH value="4"/>
17191 <LENGTH value="9"/>
17192 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
17193 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
17194 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
17195 <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/80" content="mandible, partial limbs, pelvic girdle, spine fragments" type="holo"/>
17196 <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/81" content="tibia, fibula"/>
17197 <REMAINS museum="GI SPS" id="100/82" content="partial hindlimb, rib fragments, ilia, fragmentary ischium, pubis"/>
17198 <SPECIES name="galbinensis">
17199 <AUTHOR name="Perle" year="1979"/>
17201 <SPECIES name="zheziangensis">
17202 <SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus zheziangensis" status="objective"/>
17206 <GENUS name="Seismosaurus" type="with">
17210 <LENGTH value="40" q="1"/>
17211 <LENGTH value="50" q="1"/>
17212 <MASS value="30000" q="1"/>
17213 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
17214 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
17215 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
17216 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, partial pelvis, chevrons, ribs, other elements, gastroliths"/>
17217 <SPECIES name="hallorum">
17218 <AUTHOR name="Gillette" year="1991"/>
17221 <P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. May be a large <NOMEN
17222 name="Diplodocus"/>. </P>
17226 <GENUS name="Sellosaurus" type="with">
17230 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
17231 <TIME section="middle" value="Norian"/>
17232 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
17233 <REMAINS content="21 partial skeletons (some juvenile; 3 with partial skulls), skeletal elements, gastroliths"/>
17234 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
17235 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
17240 <SPECIES name="fraasi">
17241 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
17242 <SYNONYM name="gracilis"/>
17244 <LOW>E.</LOW> Fraas'
17247 <SPECIES name="hermannianus">
17248 <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus hermannianus" status="objective"/>
17252 <GENUS name="Shamosaurus" type="with">
17254 Shamo <LOW>(=Gobi Desert)</LOW> lizard
17256 <LENGTH value="7"/>
17257 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
17258 <TIME value="Albian"/>
17259 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
17260 <REMAINS content="3 specimens (including complete skull and armor)"/>
17261 <SPECIES name="scutatus">
17262 <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1983"/>
17266 <GENUS name="Shanshanosaurus" type="with">
17268 Shanshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
17270 <LENGTH value="2"/>
17271 <LENGTH value="3"/>
17272 <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
17273 <MASS value="90" q="1"/>
17274 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
17275 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
17276 <PLACE name="China"/>
17277 <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis" status="dubiumQ">
17278 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" type="holo"/>
17279 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
17282 <P>Probably a juvenile <LINK content="Tarbosaurus"/>.
17287 <GENUS name="Shantungosaurus" type="with">
17291 <LENGTH value="12"/>
17292 <LENGTH value="15"/>
17293 <TIME section="early-middle" value="Maastrichtian"/>
17294 <PLACE name="China"/>
17295 <REMAINS content="5 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
17296 <SPECIES name="giganteus">
17297 <AUTHOR name="Hu" year="1973"/>
17303 <P> Possibly the largest <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
17308 <GENUS name="Shanxia" type="with">
17310 Shanxi <LOW>Province one</LOW>
17312 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
17313 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
17314 <PLACE name="China"/>
17315 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
17316 <SPECIES name="tianzhenensis">
17317 <AUTHOR name="Barrett, You, Upchurch, Burton" year="1998"/>
17321 <GENUS name="Shanyangosaurus" type="with">
17322 <PLACE name="China"/>
17323 <MEANING>Shanyang <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
17324 <SPECIES name="niupanggouensis">
17325 <PLACE name="China"/> <!--Shaanxi-->
17326 <REMAINS museum="NWUV" id="1111" content="partial sacrum, proximal scapula, humeri, femur, metatarsal IV (left and right), partial phalanx, pedal ungual"/>
17327 <LENGTH value="1.75" q="y"/>
17328 <LENGTH value="2.5" q="y"/>
17329 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="late"/>
17330 <AUTHOR name="Xue, Zhang, Bi" year="1996"/>
17331 <MEANING>from Niupanggou</MEANING>
17335 <GENUS name="Sharovipteryx">
17336 <AUTHOR name="Cowen" year="1981"/>
17340 <TIME value="LTr"/>
17341 <PLACE name="Kirghizia"/>
17342 <REMAINS content="skeleton with membrane impression"/>
17343 <SPECIES name="mirabilis" original="Podopteryx">
17344 <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
17347 <P> This animal possessed a uropatagium, a flap of skin stretching between its
17348 long legs and its tail. It seems similar to <NOMEN name="Scleromochlus"/>.
17353 <GENUS name="Shunosaurus" type="with">
17357 <LENGTH value="9"/>
17358 <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
17359 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
17360 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
17361 <PLACE name="China"/>
17362 <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (including 5 skulls)"/>
17363 <SPECIES name="lii">
17364 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
17366 <SPECIES name="ziliujingensis" status="nudum">
17367 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1986"/>
17370 <P> The only <LINK content="sauropod"/> known to have had a tail club.
17375 <GENUS name="Shuosaurus" status="nudum">
17376 <AUTHOR name="Chou" year="1979"/>
17377 <SYNONYM name="Shunosaurus"/>
17383 <GENUS name="Shuvosaurus" type="with">
17384 <SPECIES name="inexpectatus">
17385 <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1993"/>
17386 <MEANING>unexpected</MEANING>
17388 <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
17389 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
17391 <P>Originally placed as an extremely early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>,
17392 then as a toothless <LINK content="rauisuchian"/>. Now it seems
17393 to be a toothless <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>.</P>
17397 <GENUS name="Shuvuuia" type="with">
17401 <LENGTH value="1"/>
17402 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
17403 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
17404 <REMAINS content="2 skulls, postcranial material"/>
17405 <SPECIES name="deserti">
17406 <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Norell, Clark" year="1998"/>
17409 <P> This is the only <LINK content="alvarezsaurid"/> for which the skull material is
17410 well-known. Its jaw shows definite <LINK content="avian"/> characteristics. </P>
17412 <P> This turkey-sized creature was quite similar to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/>. Some bones
17413 previously assigned to <NOMEN name="Mononykus"/> have been reassigned to
17414 <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/>. </P>
17416 <P> Chemical analysis of <NOMEN name="Shuvuuia"/> seems to reveal that it had feathers, or at least
17417 feather-like structures. </P>
17421 <GENUS name="Siamosaurus" type="with">
17423 Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> lizard
17426 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
17427 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
17428 <SPECIES name="suteethorni">
17429 <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Ingavat" year="1986"/>
17433 <GENUS name="Siamotyrannus" type="with">
17435 Siam <LOW>(=Thailand)</LOW> tyrant
17437 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
17438 <MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
17440 <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
17441 <REMAINS content="pelvis, tail"/>
17442 <SPECIES name="isanensis">
17443 <AUTHOR name="Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong" year="1996"/>
17446 <P> Proposed as an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, but that may not be the
17451 <GENUS name="Sidormimus" status="unpublished">
17452 <MEANING><LOW>Chris</LOW> Sidor's mimic</MEANING>
17453 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
17454 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
17457 <GENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" type="with">
17461 <TIME value="Albian" q="1"/>
17462 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
17463 <SPECIES name="brevicollis" status="dubium">
17464 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
17467 <P> Previously known as "<NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> B". May belong to
17468 <NOMEN name="Carcharodontosaurus"/>. </P>
17472 <GENUS name="Siluosaurus" type="with">
17474 Silu <LOW>(Silk Road)</LOW> lizard
17476 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
17477 <TIME value="Albian"/>
17478 <PLACE name="China"/>
17479 <REMAINS content="2 teeth"/>
17480 <SPECIES name="zhangqiani">
17481 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1997"/>
17485 <GENUS name="Silvisaurus" type="with">
17489 <LENGTH value="4"/>
17490 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
17491 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
17492 <PLACE name="Kansas"/>
17493 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
17494 <SPECIES name="condrayi">
17495 <AUTHOR name="Eaton" year="1960"/>
17499 <GENUS name="Sinocoelurus" type="with">
17501 Chinese <NOMEN name="Coelurus"/>
17503 <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
17504 <PLACE name="China"/>
17505 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
17506 <SPECIES name="fragilis" status="dubium">
17507 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
17514 <GENUS name="Sinornis" type="with">
17518 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
17519 <PLACE name="China"/>
17520 <SPECIES name="santensis">
17521 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Rao" year="1992"/>
17524 <P> Roughly <LINK content="sparrow"/>-size. Was capable of perching.
17529 <GENUS name="Sinornithoides" type="with">
17533 <LENGTH value="1.1"/>
17534 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
17535 <TIME value="Albian"/>
17536 <PLACE name="China"/>
17537 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, partial foot, teeth"/>
17538 <SPECIES name="youngi">
17539 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Dong" year="1994"/>
17543 <GENUS name="Sinornithosaurus" type="with">
17544 <MEANING>Chinese bird-lizard</MEANING>
17545 <SPECIES name="millenii">
17546 <MEANING>of the <LOW>second</LOW> millen<LOW>n</LOW>ium <LOW>[<I>sic</I>] C.E.</LOW></MEANING>
17547 <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, Wu" year="1999"/>
17549 <LENGTH value="1" age="subadultQ"/>
17550 <PLACE name="China"/>
17551 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
17552 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="IVPP" id="V12811" content="nearly complete specimen with integument impressions" age="subadultQ"/>
17554 <P>The fifth non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> with
17555 remains of feathers or feather-like integument to be published. Of the five
17556 known so far (all from the same Chinese locality),
17557 <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> is the one most closely related to
17558 <LINK content="birds"/>. It has long been suspected that
17559 <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/> (a.k.a. "'raptors") were
17560 feathered -- this animal is the first proof of that.</P>
17562 <P><NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus millenii"/> has been diagnosed as a
17563 primitive, or basal, deinonychosaur. Its arms are
17564 proportionally very long -- 80% as long as the legs -- and its shoulder
17565 joint has features like those of flying birds. </P>
17567 <P>The authors of this species have interpreted it as evidence for a
17568 "Ground Up" model of flight evolution (see
17569 <LINK content="Avialae"/>). However, it may instead lend credence to the
17570 idea that deinonychosaurs, and perhaps other coelurosaurs, are secondarily
17571 flightless (like <LINK content="ratite"/> birds), since it has more flight
17572 characteristics than more advanced deinonychosaurs.</P>
17574 <P>A new subadult specimen with well-preserved integumentary structures
17575 may belong to this genus, or a new one.</P>
17579 <GENUS name="Sinosauropteryx" type="with">
17581 Chinese lizard <LOW>with</LOW> feathers
17583 <LENGTH value="1.3"/>
17584 <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="0.7"/>
17585 <TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
17586 <PLACE name="China"/>
17587 <REMAINS content="4 complete skeletons (one juvenile) with tissue impressions"/>
17588 <SPECIES name="prima">
17589 <AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Ji S." year="1996"/>
17590 <MEANING>first</MEANING>
17593 <P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was one of the most exciting paleontological
17594 discoveries of this century. Skin impressions seem to show a coat of
17595 small, feather-like structures (although some dispute this). </P>
17597 <P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is important for at
17598 least two reasons. First of all, it is a major piece of evidence in favor of
17599 the argument that <LINK content="birds"/> are descended from
17600 <LINK content="dinosaurs"/>. Secondly, depending on its exact phylogenetic
17601 position, it shows that at least some non-<LINK content="avian"/>
17602 <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> were feathered.
17603 <LINK content="Deinonychosaurs"/>, <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>, and
17604 <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/> are closer to
17605 birds than <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> is, and, indeed, after
17606 <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was published, feathered
17607 animals from all three of these groups were found
17608 (<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>, and
17609 <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, respectively). It may also be that
17610 <LINK content="ornitholestids"/>, <LINK content="coelurids"/>,
17611 <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, <LINK content="troodontids"/>, and even
17612 <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/> were closer to birds than
17613 <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was, making them probably feathered
17614 (or secondarily featherless) as well. </P>
17616 <P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had three fingers, suggesting that its
17617 close relative <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/> (whose exact digit count has
17618 been debated) did too. </P>
17620 <P> Like <NOMEN name="Compsognathus"/>, one specimen of <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> was
17621 found with a lizard in its gut. Another had remains of a small mammal.
17622 One specimen had two tiny eggs (about 37mm × 26mm) inside it, but died
17623 before it could lay them. It had a dual oviduct system. </P>
17625 <P> <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/> had more tail vertebrae (64) than any
17626 <LINK content="theropod"/>. </P>
17630 <GENUS name="Sinosaurus" type="with">
17634 <LENGTH value="2"/>
17635 <LENGTH value="3"/>
17636 <TIME value="LTr"/>
17638 <PLACE name="China"/>
17639 <REMAINS content="maxilla with teeth"/>
17640 <SPECIES name="triassicus" status="dubium">
17641 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1948"/>
17643 <LINK content="Triassic"/>
17648 <GENUS name="Sinraptor" type="with">
17652 <LENGTH value="7"/>
17653 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
17654 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
17655 <PLACE name="China"/>
17656 <SPECIES name="dongi">
17657 <AUTHOR name="Currie, Zhao" year="1994"/>
17659 Dong <LOW>Zhiming's</LOW>
17661 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
17663 <SPECIES name="hepingensis" original="Yangchuanosaurus">
17664 <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1992"/>
17665 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, scapula, hip"/>
17669 <GENUS name="Siroccopteryx" type="with">
17670 <TIME value="Albian"/>
17671 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
17672 <PLACE name="Morocco"/>
17676 <REMAINS content="partial upper jaw"/>
17677 <SPECIES name="moroccensis">
17678 <AUTHOR name="Mader, Kellner" year="1999"/>
17685 <GENUS name="Smilodon" type="with">
17686 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lund" year="1842"/>
17690 <SPECIES name="crenatus" status="dubium">
17691 <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
17692 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
17694 <SPECIES name="laevis">
17695 <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon laevis" status="objective"/>
17699 <GENUS name="Songlingornis" type="with">
17700 <MISSPELLED name="Sonlingornis"/>
17701 <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
17702 <TIME section="late" value="Aptian" q="1"/>
17703 <PLACE name="China"/>
17704 <MEANING>Songling <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
17705 <SPECIES name="linghensis">
17706 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1996"/>
17707 <MEANING>from the Ling River</MEANING>
17709 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeleton (including skull parts)" museum="IVPP" id="V. 10913" type="holo"/>
17710 <ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
17713 <GENUS name="Sonorasaurus" type="with">
17717 <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
17718 <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
17719 <TIME value="Albian"/>
17720 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
17721 <REMAINS content="skull, ribs, scapula, hip bones, limb elements, tail & back vertebrae, gastroliths, etc."/>
17722 <SPECIES name="thompsoni">
17723 <AUTHOR name="Ratkevich" year="1998"/>
17726 <P>Mistakenly assigned to <LINK content="Hadrosauridae"/>,
17727 <LINK content="Prosauropoda"/>, and <LINK content="Therizinosauroidea"/>
17728 before official publication.</P>
17732 <GENUS name="Sordes" type="with">
17736 <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
17738 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
17739 <SPECIES name="pilosus">
17740 <AUTHOR name="Sharov" year="1971"/>
17747 <GENUS name="Soroavisaurus" type="with">
17748 <SPECIES name="australis">
17749 <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
17750 <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
17753 sister <LOW>to</LOW> <NOMEN name="Avisaurus"/>
17756 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
17759 <GENUS name="Sphenospondylus">
17760 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
17764 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
17765 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon gracilis" status="objective"/>
17769 <GENUS name="Spinosaurus" type="with">
17773 <LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
17774 <LENGTH value="17" q="1"/>
17775 <MASS value="4000" q="1"/>
17776 <MASS value="6000" q="1"/>
17777 <TIME value="Albian"/>
17778 <TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
17779 <PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco"/>
17780 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
17781 <SPECIES name="aegyptiacus">
17782 <AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
17786 <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae, hindlimb elements, teeth (destroyed in World War II); neck vertebra, fragmentary dentaries, dorsal neural arch"/>
17788 <SPECIES name="maroccanus" q="1">
17789 <AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
17794 <SPECIES name="sp.">
17797 <P>The gigantic <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/> has been estimated at up to
17798 fifty feet long. It was possibly the longest <LINK content="theropod"/>,
17799 but not the biggest, since it was more lightly built than the heavier
17800 <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and <LINK
17801 content="carcharodontosaurines"/>.</P>
17803 <P>As remarkable as its length was, even more interesting was the huge sail
17804 along the back, formed by long vertebral spines, up to six feet in height
17805 at places. The exact nature of this bizarre sail is not known. It may have
17806 been used for heat dissipation, like the ears of modern-day elephants.
17807 Or perhaps it was a sexual signal. Similar structures were present in
17808 the <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Ouranosaurus"/> and the
17809 <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Rebbachisaurus"/>, two
17810 <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> living at the same time and area as
17811 <NOMEN name="Spinosaurus"/>. Some primitive amphibians and proto-mammals
17812 such as <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Dimetrodon"/> and
17813 <NOMEN nolink="1" name="Edaphosaurus"/> also bore similar sails back in the
17814 Permian. Such parallelism across so many diverse groups is a strange
17819 <GENUS name="Spinosuchus" type="with">
17820 <MEANING>spine crocodile</MEANING>
17821 <TIME section="latest" value="Carnian"/>
17822 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
17823 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
17824 <SPECIES name="caseanus">
17825 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
17828 <P> Once thought to be a <LINK content="pseudosuchian"/>, but may be a
17829 <LINK content="theropod"/>, possibly a <LINK content="herrerasaurine"/>.</P>
17833 <GENUS name="Spondylosoma" type="with">
17837 <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
17838 <PLACE name="Brazil"/> <!-- Therapsid Assemblage Zone of Santa Maria Fm. -->
17839 <SPECIES name="absconditum" status="dubium">
17840 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1942"/>
17841 <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
17842 <REMAINS type="lecto" museum="GPIT" id="479/30" content="fourth or fifth cervical vertebra, sixth or seventh cervical vertebra, posterior dorsal vertebra, first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra"/>
17843 <REMAINS content="mid dorsal centrum, third sacral vertebra"/>
17844 <REMAINS content="proximal and distal scapula, proximal humerus, proximal pubis, distal femur"/>
17845 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
17849 <GENUS name="Squalodon">
17850 <AUTHOR name="Grateloup" year="1840"/>
17851 <PROPERTAXON name="Cetacea"/>
17854 <GENUS name="Staurikosaurus" type="with">
17856 <LOW>Southern</LOW> Cross <LOW>(constellation)</LOW> lizard
17858 <LENGTH value="2"/>
17861 <TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
17862 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
17863 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
17864 <SPECIES name="pricei">
17865 <AUTHOR name="Colbert" year="1970"/>
17866 <MEANING><LOW>Llewellyn Ivor</LOW> Price's</MEANING>
17870 <GENUS name="Stegoceras" type="with">
17874 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
17876 <SPECIES name="validum">
17877 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
17878 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
17879 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
17880 <REMAINS content="complete skull, postcrania"/>
17885 <SPECIES name="bexelli">
17886 <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
17888 <SPECIES name="brevis">
17889 <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale brevis"/>
17891 <SPECIES name="browni">
17892 <LENGTH value="3"/>
17893 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
17894 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
17895 <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
17896 <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
17898 <SPECIES name="edmontonense">
17899 <SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale edmontonensis"/>
17901 <SPECIES name="formosus">
17902 <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus" status="objective"/>
17904 <SPECIES name="lambei">
17905 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1945"/>
17906 <SYNONYM name="validum"/>
17908 <LOW>Lawrence M.</LOW> Lambe's
17911 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
17912 <SYNONYM name="Troodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
17914 <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
17915 <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
17919 <GENUS name="Stegopelta" type="with">
17923 <SPECIES name="landerensis">
17924 <AUTHOR name="Williston" year="1905"/>
17925 <MEANING>from Lander</MEANING>
17926 <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
17928 <ESSAY><P>Once thought to be a synonym of <NOMEN name="Nodosaurus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
17931 <GENUS name="Stegosaurides" type="with">
17932 <MISSPELLED name="Stegosauroides"/>
17934 <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/>-like <LOW>one</LOW>
17937 <PLACE name="China"/>
17938 <REMAINS content="fragmentary vertebrae, elements"/>
17939 <SPECIES name="excavatus" status="dubium">
17940 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
17946 <P> May be a <LINK content="stegosaur"/>, the latest one known.
17951 <GENUS name="Stegosaurus" type="with">
17952 <MEANING>roofed lizard</MEANING>
17953 <LENGTH value="9"/>
17954 <MASS value="1800"/>
17955 <MASS value="2500"/>
17956 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
17957 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
17958 <PLACE name="Colorado, Utah, Wyoming"/>
17959 <SPECIES name="armatus">
17960 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1877"/>
17961 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons, fragmentary postcrania"/>
17962 <MEANING>armed</MEANING>
17964 <SPECIES name="affinis" status="dubium">
17965 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
17966 <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
17968 <SPECIES name="altispinus">
17969 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1914"/>
17970 <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus"/>
17971 <MEANING>tall-spined</MEANING>
17973 <SPECIES name="armatus2">
17974 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus armatus" status="objective"/>
17976 <SPECIES name="crassus">
17977 <SYNONYM name="Priconodon crassus" status="objective"/>
17979 <SPECIES name="discurus">
17980 <SYNONYM name="Hypsirophus discurus" status="objective"/>
17982 <SPECIES name="duplex">
17983 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
17984 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
17986 <SPECIES name="durobrivensis">
17987 <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis" status="objective"/>
17989 <SPECIES name="hastiger">
17990 <SYNONYM name="Dacentrurus hastiger" status="objective"/>
17992 <SPECIES name="laticeps" status="dubiumQ" original="Diracodon">
17993 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1881"/>
17995 <SPECIES name="longispinus">
17996 <SYNONYM name="Kentrosaurus longispinus" status="objective"/>
17998 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium">
17999 <AUTHOR name="Piveteau" year="1926"/>
18000 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauria" incertae="1"/>
18001 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
18002 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
18003 <MEANING>from Madagascar</MEANING>
18005 <SPECIES name="marshi">
18006 <SYNONYM name="Hoplitosaurus marshi" status="objective"/>
18008 <SPECIES name="priscus" status="dubium">
18009 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1911"/>
18010 <SYNONYM name="Lexovisaurus durobrivensis"/>
18012 <SPECIES name="seeleyanus" status="dubium">
18013 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1879"/>
18014 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
18016 <SPECIES name="stenops">
18017 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
18018 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton, postcrania, 4 braincases"/>
18023 <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
18024 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
18025 <SYNONYM name="armatus"/>
18027 <SPECIES name="ungulatus">
18028 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
18029 <SYNONYM name="armatus" status="q"/>
18030 <MEANING>hoofed</MEANING>
18033 <P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> had an extremely small head for its size. It did not
18034 have enough brain matter to coordinate the movements of a 20- to
18035 25-foot-long animal, and so it had a ganglion, or nerve center, in its
18036 hips to control the movement of the hindquarters. This so-called "second
18037 brain" (although it wasn't a real brain) was actually larger than the
18040 <P> <NOMEN name="Stegosaurus"/> was the largest <LINK content="stegosaur"/>. Its largest plates were
18041 over two feet high and wide. </P>
18043 <P> Recent finds show that the plates were in two alternating rows, not
18044 two paired rows. The tail spikes were held horizontally, not vertically.
18045 Small bony ossicles covered at least the the throat and hips. </P>
18047 <P> <NOMEN name="S. laticeps"/> may belong in a separate genus (<NOMEN name="Diracodon"/>), as may
18048 <NOMEN name="S. stenops"/>. </P>
18052 <GENUS name="Steneodactylus" type="with">
18056 <SPECIES name="pergracilis" status="unpublished">
18057 <SYNONYM name="Chirostenotes pergracilis"/>
18061 <GENUS name="Stenonychosaurus" type="with">
18065 <SPECIES name="inequalis">
18066 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1932"/>
18067 <SYNONYM name="Troodon formosus"/>
18069 unequally<LOW> clawed</LOW>
18074 <GENUS name="Stenopelix" type="with">
18075 <MISSPELLED name="Stenopelyx"/>
18079 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
18080 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
18081 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
18082 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
18083 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
18084 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1857"/>
18086 from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
18091 <GENUS name="Stenotholus" type="with">
18095 <SPECIES name="kohlerorum">
18096 <AUTHOR name="Giffin, Gabriel, Johnson" year="1988"/>
18097 <SYNONYM name="Stygimoloch spinifer"/>
18101 <GENUS name="Stephanosaurus">
18102 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1914"/>
18106 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
18107 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
18109 <SPECIES name="intermedius">
18110 <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus intermedius" status="objective"/>
18114 <GENUS name="Stereocephalus" type="with">
18115 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lynch Arribalzaga" year="1884"/>
18119 <SPECIES name="tutus">
18120 <SYNONYM name="Euoplocephalus tutus" status="objective"/>
18124 <GENUS name="Stereosaurus" status="nudum">
18125 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1869"/>
18126 <PROPERTAXON name="Plesiosauria"/>
18127 <MEANING>paired lizard</MEANING>
18130 <GENUS name="Sternbergia">
18131 <AUTHOR name="Miller" year="1972"/>
18132 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Jordan" year="1925"/>
18133 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
18134 <SYNONYM name="Pteranodon sternbergi" status="objective"/>
18138 <GENUS name="Sterrholophus">
18139 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
18140 <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
18141 <SYNONYM name="Triceratops flabellatus" status="objective"/>
18145 <GENUS name="Stokesosaurus" type="with">
18149 <LENGTH value="4"/>
18150 <MASS value="50" q="1"/>
18151 <MASS value="100" q="1"/>
18152 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
18153 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
18154 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
18155 <REMAINS content="premaxilla, braincase" q="1"/>
18156 <SPECIES name="clevelandi">
18157 <AUTHOR name="Madsen" year="1974"/>
18159 Cleveland<LOW>-Lloyd Quarry</LOW>
18163 <P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Iliosuchus"/>. The two may be very early
18164 <LINK content="tyrannosauroids"/>. The braincase assigned to this species
18165 has tyrannosauroid features, although it does not necessarily belong to
18170 <GENUS name="Strenusaurus" type="with">
18174 <SPECIES name="precerus">
18175 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1969"/>
18176 <SYNONYM name="Riojasaurus incertus"/>
18180 <GENUS name="Streptospondylus" type="with">
18184 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
18185 <PLACE name="England"/>
18186 <SPECIES name="altdorfensis">
18187 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
18189 <SPECIES name="cuvieri" status="dubium">
18190 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
18191 <SYNONYM name="Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis"/>
18193 <LOW>Georges</LOW> Cuvier's
18196 <SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
18197 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
18198 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
18203 <SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
18204 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
18205 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
18210 <SPECIES name="meyeri" status="dubium">
18211 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
18212 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
18214 <SPECIES name="recentior" status="dubium">
18215 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1851"/>
18216 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
18219 <P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
18224 <GENUS name="Struthiomimus">
18225 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1917"/>
18229 <LENGTH value="3"/>
18230 <LENGTH value="4.3"/>
18231 <MASS value="150"/>
18232 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
18233 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
18234 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
18235 <SPECIES name="altus" original="Ornithomimus">
18236 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
18241 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
18242 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus antiquus" status="objective"/>
18244 <SPECIES name="brevitertius">
18245 <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius" status="objective"/>
18247 <SPECIES name="currelli">
18248 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
18249 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus edmontonicus"/>
18251 <SPECIES name="ingens">
18252 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1933"/>
18253 <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus brevitertius"/>
18255 <SPECIES name="samueli">
18256 <SYNONYM name="Dromiceiomimus samueli" status="objective"/>
18258 <SPECIES name="tenuis">
18259 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus tenuis" status="objective"/>
18263 <GENUS name="Struthiosaurus" type="with">
18267 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
18268 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
18269 <PLACE name="Austria, France"/>
18270 <PLACE name="Hungary, Spain" q="1"/>
18271 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
18272 <REMAINS content="postcranial remains" q="1"/>
18273 <SPECIES name="austriacus" status="dubiumQ">
18274 <AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
18279 <SPECIES name="alcinus">
18280 <SYNONYM name="Rhadinosaurus alcinus" status="objective"/>
18282 <SPECIES name="ludgunensis" status="dubium" original="Rhodanosaurus">
18283 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
18284 <REMAINS content="armor plates"/>
18286 <SPECIES name="pawlowitschii" status="dubium" original="Crataeomus">
18287 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1881"/>
18288 <SYNONYM name="transylvanicus"/>
18290 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" status="dubium">
18291 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1915"/>
18297 <P> Originally thought to be a <LINK content="theropod"/> (hence the name).
18302 <GENUS name="Stygimoloch" type="with">
18304 <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> Moloch <LOW>(Ammonite/Phoenician god)</LOW>
18306 <LENGTH value="3"/>
18308 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
18309 <PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming"/>
18310 <REMAINS content="5 skull fragments"/>
18311 <SPECIES name="spinifer">
18312 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Sues" year="1983"/>
18314 <SPECIES name="garbanii">
18315 <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
18318 <P> <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/> was unusual (and cool) in having bony spikes around its
18319 dome, somewhat similar to the <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>
18320 <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>. </P>
18322 <P> Known from vertebrae and a hindlimb, <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch garbanii"/> has been
18323 assigned to the Hell Creek <LINK content="ornithopod"/> <NOMEN name="Bugenasaura"/>, although it
18324 might be the body of <NOMEN name="Stygimoloch"/>. </P>
18328 <GENUS name="Stygivenator">
18329 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1995"/>
18331 <LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> hunter
18333 <SPECIES name="molnari">
18334 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon molnari" status="objective"/>
18336 <SPECIES name="amplus">
18337 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
18339 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
18340 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
18344 <GENUS name="Styracosaurus" type="with">
18348 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
18349 <MASS value="3000"/>
18350 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
18351 <SPECIES name="albertensis">
18352 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1913"/>
18353 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
18354 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
18359 <SPECIES name="borealis" status="nudum">
18360 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
18361 <SYNONYM name="parksi"/>
18366 <SPECIES name="makeli" status="nudum">
18367 <AUTHOR name="Czerkas, Czerkas" year="1990"/>
18368 <SYNONYM name="Einiosaurus procurvicornis"/>
18370 <SPECIES name="ovatus">
18371 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1930"/>
18372 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
18373 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
18374 <REMAINS content="partial frill, fragments"/>
18376 <SPECIES name="parksi" status="dubium">
18377 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1947"/>
18378 <SYNONYM name="albertensis"/>
18380 <SPECIES name="sphenocerus" status="dubium">
18381 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1889"/>
18384 <P> In addition to a large nasal horn, <NOMEN name="Styracosaurus"/>
18385 was equipped with horns lining the edge of its frill. </P>
18389 <GENUS name="Succinodon" type="with">
18390 <SPECIES name="putzeri">
18391 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1941"/>
18392 <PROPERTAXON name="Mollusca"/>
18396 <GENUS name="Suchomimus" type="with">
18397 <MEANING>crocodile mimic</MEANING>
18398 <LENGTH age="subadult" value="11"/>
18399 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
18400 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
18401 <SPECIES name="tenerensis">
18402 <AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1998"/>
18403 <REMAINS content="partial subadult skeleton" type="holo"/>
18404 <REMAINS content="nearly complete postcranium, ?skull"/>
18405 <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
18408 <P>This <LINK content="baryonychine"/> had a two-foot-high sail over its
18409 hips. Some think it may be the same as <NOMEN name="Baryonyx"/>.</P>
18413 <GENUS name="Suchoprion">
18414 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
18415 <SYNONYM name="Clepsysaurus"/>
18418 <GENUS name="Sugiyamasaurus" status="nudum">
18419 <AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
18423 <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
18424 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
18425 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
18426 <REMAINS content="3 teeth"/>
18429 <GENUS name="Supersaurus" type="with">
18433 <LENGTH value="30"/>
18434 <MASS value="30000"/>
18435 <MASS value="40000"/>
18436 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
18437 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
18438 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
18439 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, ischium"/>
18440 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
18441 <SPECIES name="vivianae">
18442 <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
18445 <P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. Stood 27 feet (8m) high
18446 at the shoulders and had a 40 foot (12m) long neck. </P>
18448 <P> "Ultrasaurus macintoshi" was to be a name for some giant
18449 <LINK content="sauropod"/> bones from the Morrison Formation, but before it was
18450 published the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/> was given to a smaller, dubious Korean
18451 sauropod (which was originally though to be larger because they
18452 misidentified a femur as a humerus). The giant American sauropod's name was
18453 changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/>. More recent analysis indicates that this creature
18454 is made up of bones from <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
18455 and a large <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>, so the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/> is
18461 <GENUS name="Symphyrophus" type="with">
18462 <MISSPELLED name="Symphyrosaurus"/>
18466 <SPECIES name="musculosus" status="dubium">
18467 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
18468 <SYNONYM name="Brachyrophus altarkansanus"/>
18472 <GENUS name="Syngonosaurus">
18473 <MISSPELLED name="Sygmosaurus"/>
18474 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1879"/>
18478 <SPECIES name="macrocercus">
18479 <SYNONYM name="Acanthopholis macrocercus" status="objective"/>
18483 <GENUS name="Syntarsus" type="with">
18487 <LENGTH value="2"/>
18489 <REMAINS content="2 pelves"/>
18490 <SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
18491 <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1969"/>
18492 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
18493 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
18494 <PLACE name="N. Zimbabwe, S. Africa"/>
18495 <REMAINS content="30 skeletons"/>
18497 from Rhodesia <LOW>(=Zimbabwe)</LOW>
18500 <SPECIES name="colberti">
18501 <SYNONYM name="Rioarribasaurus colberti" status="objective"/>
18503 <SPECIES name="kayentakatae">
18504 <AUTHOR name="Rowe" year="1989"/>
18505 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
18506 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
18507 <PLACE name="Arizona"/>
18508 <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
18510 Kayenta <LOW>0</LOW>
18514 <P> <NOMEN name="Syntarsus kayentakatae"/> had two small crests, similar to those of
18515 larger coelophysoids like <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/>.</P>
18517 <P>Individuals thought to be <NOMEN name="S. kayentakatae"/> juveniles
18518 have been reevaluated as adults of a distinct form to be given its own
18519 genus (provisionally called "Shake-N-Bake theropod").</P>
18523 <GENUS name="Syrmosaurus" type="with">
18527 <SPECIES name="viminicaudus">
18528 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
18529 <SYNONYM name="Pinacosaurus grangeri"/>
18531 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
18532 <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
18536 <GENUS name="Szechuanosaurus" type="with">
18538 Szechuan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
18540 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
18541 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
18542 <PLACE name="China"/>
18543 <SPECIES name="campi" status="dubiumQ">
18544 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
18545 <LENGTH value="4"/>
18546 <MASS value="100"/>
18547 <MASS value="150"/>
18548 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
18549 <REMAINS content="incomplete skeletons" q="1"/>
18551 <SPECIES name="yandonesis">
18552 <SYNONYM name="Yangchuanosaurus yandonensis" status="objective"/>
18554 <SPECIES name="zigongensis">
18555 <AUTHOR name="Gao" year="1993"/>
18556 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
18562 <P> The skeletons assigned to <NOMEN name="Szechuanosaurus campi"/> may not belong to the same species
18563 as the type material (teeth).
18568 <GENUS name="Talarurus" type="with">
18572 <LENGTH value="6"/>
18573 <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
18574 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
18575 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
18576 <REMAINS content="over 5 specimens"/>
18577 <SPECIES name="plicatospineus">
18578 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1952"/>
18580 <SPECIES name="disparoserratus">
18581 <SYNONYM name="Maleevus disparoserratus" status="objective"/>
18585 <GENUS name="Tangvayosaurus" type="with">
18586 <MEANING>Tang Vay lizard</MEANING>
18587 <SPECIES name="hoffeti">
18588 <AUTHOR name="Allian, Taquet, Battail, Dejax, Richir, Veran, Limon-Duparcmeur, Vacant, Mateus, Sayarath, Khenthavong, Phouyavong" year="1999"/>
18589 <MEANING><LOW>Josué-Heilmann</LOW> Hoffet's</MEANING>
18590 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
18591 <TIME value="Albian"/>
18592 <PLACE name="Laos"/>
18593 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
18595 <ESSAY><P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus falloti"/>.</P></ESSAY>
18598 <GENUS name="Tanius" type="with">
18600 <LOW>H. C.</LOW> Tan's <LOW>one</LOW>
18603 <PLACE name="China"/>
18604 <REMAINS content="73 skeletons, skeletal elements"/>
18605 <SPECIES name="sinensis">
18606 <AUTHOR name="Wiman" year="1929"/>
18611 <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
18612 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
18613 <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
18615 from Ch'ing-kang-kou <LOW>village</LOW>
18618 <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
18619 <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
18620 <SYNONYM name="Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus" status="q"/>
18622 <SPECIES name="prynadai">
18623 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
18627 <GENUS name="Tanystropheus" type="none">
18628 <MISSPELLED name="Tanystrophaeus"/>
18629 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1855"/>
18630 <PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
18631 <MEANING>stretched vertebra</MEANING>
18632 <SPECIES name="bauri">
18633 <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri" status="objective"/>
18635 <SPECIES name="longicollis">
18636 <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis" status="objective"/>
18638 <SPECIES name="posthumus" status="dubium">
18639 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
18640 <SYNONYM name="Halticosaurus longotarsus"/>
18645 <SPECIES name="willistoni">
18646 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
18647 <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
18648 <REMAINS content="ilium"/>
18652 <GENUS name="Tanystrosuchus">
18653 <AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
18655 <NOMEN name="Tanystropheus"/> crocodile
18657 <SPECIES name="posthumus">
18658 <SYNONYM name="Tanystropheus posthumus" status="objective"/>
18662 <GENUS name="Tapejara" type="with">
18666 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
18667 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
18668 <SPECIES name="wellnhoferi">
18669 <AUTHOR name="Kellner" year="1989"/>
18670 <REMAINS content="2 skulls"/>
18672 <LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's
18675 <SPECIES name="imperator">
18676 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
18677 <MEANING>emperor</MEANING>
18679 <SPECIES name="sp.">
18680 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
18683 <P> Skin impressions show that <NOMEN name="Tapejara imperator"/>
18684 and an unnamed species had a stretch
18685 of skin supported by two crests on its head, one above its nostrils, the other
18686 behind its eyes. This may have been for sexual display.
18691 <GENUS name="Tapinocephalus">
18692 <AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1876"/>
18693 <PROPERTAXON name="Therapsida"/>
18696 <GENUS name="Tarascosaurus" type="with">
18698 Tarasqué <LOW>(Spanish dragon)</LOW> lizard
18700 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
18701 <PLACE name="France"/>
18702 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae"/>
18703 <SPECIES name="salluvicus">
18704 <AUTHOR name="Le Loeff, Buffetaut" year="1991"/>
18708 <GENUS name="Tarbosaurus" type="with">
18712 <SPECIES name="efremovi">
18713 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
18715 <LOW>I. A.</LOW> Efremov's
18717 <LENGTH value="7"/>
18718 <LENGTH value="8"/>
18719 <MASS value="2000"/>
18720 <MASS value="3000"/>
18721 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
18722 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
18723 <REMAINS museum="PEN AN SSR" id="551-3" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
18724 <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
18726 <SPECIES name="bataar" original="Tyrannosaurus">
18727 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
18728 <LENGTH value="9"/>
18729 <LENGTH value="12"/>
18730 <MASS value="4000"/>
18731 <MASS value="5000"/>
18732 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
18733 <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
18737 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-1" content="skeleton lacking forelimb" type="holo"/>
18738 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-2" content="complete skeleton"/>
18739 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-3" content="skull"/>
18740 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
18741 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-6" content="partial scapulocoracoid"/>
18742 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-91" content="partial snout"/>
18743 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
18744 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
18745 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
18746 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
18747 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-1" content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
18748 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
18749 <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-5" content="partial skeleton"/>
18750 <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/3" content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
18751 <REMAINS museum="GIM SPS" id="100/59" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
18752 <REMAINS museum="NSM" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
18753 <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V836" content="fragmentary scapula"/>
18754 <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton" synonym="Gorgosaurus novojilovi"/>
18756 <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
18757 <MISSPELLED name="lanpingi"/>
18758 <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
18759 <REMAINS q="1" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
18761 <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
18762 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
18763 <REMAINS q="1" museum="NIGP" id="V4733" type="holo" content="tooth"/>
18765 <SPECIES name="periculosus">
18766 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
18768 <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
18769 <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus turpanensis" status="objective"/>
18772 <P>The largest Asian predators known. These species were sometimes
18773 placed in <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>, or sometimes further split up,
18774 with <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/> in <NOMEN name="Jenghizkhan"/>,
18775 but it is now most common to place them as shown.</P>
18777 <P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus efremovi"/> is
18778 a subadult <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>. <NOMEN name="Maleevosaurus novojilovi"/>,
18779 once thought to be a pygmy <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>, may also be
18780 a young <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>.</P>
18782 <P>Eggs tentatively assigned to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> may belong
18783 to this genus. </P>
18787 <GENUS name="Tarchia">
18788 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
18790 brainy <LOW>one</LOW>
18792 <LENGTH value="8.5"/>
18793 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
18794 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
18795 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
18796 <REMAINS content="7 specimens"/>
18797 <SPECIES name="gigantea" original="Dyoplosaurus">
18798 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1956"/>
18803 <SPECIES name="kielanae">
18804 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska" year="1977"/>
18805 <SYNONYM name="gigantea"/>
18809 <GENUS name="Tatisaurus" type="with">
18811 Ta-Ti <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
18813 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
18814 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
18815 <TIME section="late" value="Sinemurian"/>
18816 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
18817 <PLACE name="China"/>
18818 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
18819 <SPECIES name="oehleri">
18820 <AUTHOR name="Simmons" year="1965"/>
18823 <P> Could be a primitive <LINK content="stegosaur"/> or a more primitive
18824 <LINK content="thyreophoran"/>.
18829 <GENUS name="Taveirosaurus" type="with">
18831 Taveiro <LOW>village</LOW> lizard
18833 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
18834 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
18835 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
18836 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
18837 <SPECIES name="costai" status="dubium">
18838 <AUTHOR name="Telles-Antunes, Sigogneau-D. A. Russell" year="1991"/>
18842 <GENUS name="Tawasaurus" type="with">
18846 <SPECIES name="minor">
18847 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
18848 <SYNONYM name="Lufengosaurus huenei"/>
18855 <GENUS name="Technosaurus" type="with">
18857 <LOW>Texas</LOW> Techno<LOW>logical University</LOW> lizard
18859 <LENGTH value="1"/>
18860 <LENGTH value="2"/>
18861 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
18862 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
18863 <REMAINS content="dentary"/>
18864 <SPECIES name="smalli">
18865 <AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1984"/>
18869 <GENUS name="Tecovasaurus" type="with">
18871 Tecovas <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
18873 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
18874 <PLACE name="Arizona, Texas"/>
18875 <PLACE name="France" q="1"/>
18876 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
18877 <SPECIES name="murrayi">
18878 <AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1994"/>
18882 <GENUS name="Tehuelchesaurus" type="with">
18883 <MEANING>Tehuelche <LOW>tribe</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
18884 <SPECIES name="benitezii">
18885 <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich, Gimenez, Cúneo, Puerta, Vacca" year="1999"/>
18886 <MEANING><LOW>Aldino</LOW> Benitez' <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
18888 <TIME value="Callovian" q="1"/>
18889 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
18890 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="MPEF-PV" id="1125" content="dorsal, sarcal & caudal vertebrae; rib fragments; girdle & limb (fore and hind) elements, associated skin impressions"/>
18891 <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
18893 <P> The (incomplete) dorsal centra of this animal bear similarities to the Asian
18894 <LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis"/>. The
18895 girdle and limb elements, on the other hand, resemble
18896 <NOMEN name="Patagosaurus"/>.</P>
18897 <P>Skin impressions from the thoracic and scapular areas show tubercular
18898 scales with two patterns.</P>
18902 <GENUS name="Teinurosaurus" status="dubium">
18903 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
18904 <AUTHOR type="emended" year="1929"/>
18906 stretched tail lizard
18908 <SPECIES name="sauvagei" status="dubium" original="Saurornithoides2">
18909 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
18910 <PLACE name="France"/>
18911 <REMAINS content="tail vertebra (destroyed in World War II)" type="holo"/>
18912 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
18916 <GENUS name="Teleocrater" status="nudum">
18917 <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1956"/>
18918 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
18919 <MEANING>far bowl</MEANING>
18922 <GENUS name="Telmatosaurus">
18923 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1903"/>
18927 <LENGTH value="5"/>
18928 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
18929 <PLACE name="Romania, France, Spain"/>
18930 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skulls (some with postcrania)"/>
18931 <REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
18932 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus" original="Limnosaurus">
18933 <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1899"/>
18938 <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis" status="dubium" original="Trachodon">
18939 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
18941 <SPECIES name="dolloi">
18942 <SYNONYM name="Orthomerus dolloi"/>
18944 <SPECIES name="prynadai">
18945 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus prynadai" status="objective"/>
18948 <P> Very primitive for such a late-occurring <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>. Its skull
18949 was more similar to <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> and its kin. </P>
18951 <P> Spherical eggs found in clutches of two to four have been
18952 tentatively assigned to this <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
18957 <GENUS name="Tenantosaurus" type="with">
18958 <SPECIES name="kaiseni" status="nudum">
18959 <AUTHOR name="Brown"/>
18960 <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
18961 <SYNONYM name="Tenontosaurus tillettorum"/>
18965 <GENUS name="Tendaguria" type="with">
18966 <MEANING>Tendaguru <LOW>beds one</LOW></MEANING>
18967 <SPECIES name="tanzaniensis">
18968 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Heinrich, Wild" year="2000"/>
18969 <MEANING>from Tanzania</MEANING>
18970 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
18971 <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
18975 <GENUS name="Tenontosaurus" type="with">
18979 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
18980 <MASS value="900"/>
18981 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
18982 <TIME section="middle" value="Albian"/>
18983 <SPECIES name="tillettorum">
18984 <AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1970"/>
18985 <PLACE name="Montana, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Oklahoma"/>
18986 <REMAINS content="over 25 skeletons, skeletal elements, teeth"/>
18988 <SPECIES name="dossi">
18989 <AUTHOR name="Winkler, Murray, Jacobs" year="1997"/>
18990 <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimen"/>
18993 <P> This primitive <LINK content="iguanodont"/> had an extremely long tail. </P>
18995 <P> One specimen was found in association with several <NOMEN name="Deinonychus"/>, suggesting
18996 that it may have been preyed upon by packs of these small
18997 <LINK content="theropods"/>.
19002 <GENUS name="Teratosaurus" type="with">
19006 <SPECIES name="suevicus">
19007 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1861"/>
19008 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
19009 <MEANING>Swabian</MEANING>
19011 <SPECIES name="lloydi">
19012 <SYNONYM name="Cladeiodon lloydi" status="objective"/>
19014 <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
19015 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
19016 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
19021 <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
19022 <SYNONYM name="Zanclodon quenstedti" status="objective"/>
19024 <SPECIES name="trossingensis" status="dubium">
19025 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
19026 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
19033 <GENUS name="Termatosaurus">
19034 <AUTHOR name="von Meyer, Plieninger" year="1844"/>
19035 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
19038 <GENUS name="Tetragonosaurus" type="with">
19042 <SPECIES name="praeceps">
19043 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
19044 <SYNONYM name="Lambeosaurus lambei"/>
19049 <SPECIES name="cranibrevis">
19050 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1935"/>
19051 <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
19056 <SPECIES name="erectofrons">
19057 <AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1931"/>
19058 <SYNONYM name="Corythosaurus casuarius"/>
19062 <GENUS name="Texasetes" type="with">
19066 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
19067 <LENGTH value="3"/>
19068 <TIME value="Albian"/>
19069 <PLACE name="Texas"/>
19070 <REMAINS content="teeth, vertebral centra, cranial fragment, partial scapluocoracoid, ends of ilia, limb elements, armor"/>
19071 <SPECIES name="pleurohalio">
19072 <AUTHOR name="Coombs" year="1995"/>
19076 <GENUS name="Teyuwasu" type="with">
19077 <TIME value="LTr"/>
19078 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
19079 <MEANING>big lizard <LOW>(Tupi language)</LOW></MEANING>
19080 <SPECIES name="barbarenai">
19081 <AUTHOR name="Kischlat" year="1999"/>
19082 <MEANING><LOW>M. C.</LOW> Barbarena's</MEANING>
19084 <REMAINS content="right femur & tibia"/>
19087 <GENUS name="Thecocoelurus">
19088 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1923"/>
19092 <SPECIES name="daviesi" status="dubium">
19093 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
19097 <GENUS name="Thecodontosaurus" type="with">
19099 socket tooth lizard
19101 <LENGTH value="1"/>
19102 <LENGTH value="2.5" q="1"/>
19103 <MASS value="40" q="1"/>
19104 <MASS value="70" q="1"/>
19105 <TIME value="Norian" q="1"/>
19106 <TIME value="Rhaetian"/>
19107 <PLACE name="England, Wales"/>
19108 <SPECIES name="antiquus">
19109 <AUTHOR name="Morris" year="1843"/>
19110 <REMAINS content="over 100 elements (juvenile to adult), skull, partial skeletons"/>
19111 <REMAINS museum="BMNH" id="49984" content="tibiae, radius, 2 unguals, tail vertebra, ?tooth" synonym="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi"/>
19116 <SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
19117 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
19118 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
19120 <SPECIES name="browni2" status="dubium">
19121 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
19122 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1895"/>
19123 <SYNONYM name="minor"/>
19125 <SPECIES name="diagnosticus">
19126 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
19127 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
19132 <SPECIES name="dubius" status="dubium">
19133 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
19134 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
19139 <SPECIES name="elizae">
19140 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus elizae" status="objective"/>
19142 <SPECIES name="fraserianus">
19143 <SYNONYM name="Palaeosaurus2 fraserianus" status="objective"/>
19145 <SPECIES name="gibbidens">
19146 <SYNONYM name="Galtonia gibbidens" status="objective"/>
19148 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
19149 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
19154 <SPECIES name="hermannianus" status="dubium">
19155 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1908"/>
19156 <SYNONYM name="Sellosaurus gracilis"/>
19158 <SPECIES name="macgillvrayi">
19159 <SYNONYM name="Agrosaurus macgillvrayi" status="objective"/>
19161 <SPECIES name="minor" status="dubium">
19162 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1918"/>
19163 <REMAINS content="neck vertebra, tibia, ischium"/>
19168 <SPECIES name="minor2" status="dubium">
19169 <AUTHOR name="Haughton" year="1924"/>
19170 <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>
19175 <SPECIES name="polyzelus">
19176 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus polyzelus" status="objective"/>
19178 <SPECIES name="skirtopodus">
19179 <SYNONYM name="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus" status="objective"/>
19182 <P> The most primitive well-known <LINK content="sauropodomorph"/>.</P>
19186 <GENUS name="Thecospondylus" type="with">
19191 <PLACE name="Europe"/>
19192 <REMAINS content="partial sacrum"/>
19193 <SPECIES name="horneri" status="dubium">
19194 <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
19196 <SPECIES name="daviesi">
19197 <SYNONYM name="Thecocoelurus daviesi" status="objective"/>
19200 <P> Originally classified as a small <LINK content="theropod"/>
19201 ("coelurosaur"), but may be <LINK content="ornithischian"/>.
19206 <GENUS name="Therizinosaurus" type="with">
19208 reaper/scythe lizard
19210 <LENGTH value="8"/>
19211 <LENGTH value="11"/>
19212 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
19213 <PLACE name="Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia"/>
19214 <REMAINS content="partial forelimb, foot, vertebrae, hindlimb, claws, tooth"/>
19215 <REMAINS content="ribs, eggs" q="1"/>
19216 <SPECIES name="cheloniformis">
19217 <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1954"/>
19223 <P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was named for remains from the southern Gobi Desert,
19224 which included huge claws measuring up to 28 inches (and that's without the
19225 horny sheath that covered them in life!) as well as seven-foot-long arms
19226 and some flattened ribs. They were originally thought to be remains of a
19227 giant <LINK content="turtle"/>-like creature (hence the specific name
19228 <NOMEN name="T. cheloniformis"/>). </P>
19230 <P> More remains were found in Kazakhstan, Transbaykalia, and Inner Mongolia
19231 in the late 50's, including a partial forelimb, partial hindlimbs, and a
19232 tooth. The new discoveries showed that <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was not a
19233 turtle at all, but a <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, probably a new kind of
19234 <LINK content="theropod"/>. (The ribs of the first specimen may belong to a
19235 <LINK content="sauropod"/>.) </P>
19237 <P> <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> was kept in its own group for a long time.
19238 Only recently have scientists discovered its close relation to the bizarre
19239 segnosaurs (now known as <LINK content="therizinosaurs"/>). </P>
19241 <P> One of the most striking characteristics of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>
19242 (apart from the myriad of striking characteristics it shares with other
19243 therizinosaurs) is the huge, blade-like claws on the hand. Other
19244 therizinosaurs had them, but none as insanely large
19245 as those of <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
19247 <P> Many ideas have been postulated about these claws. It has been suggested
19248 that therizinosaurs used them to rip open giant termite nests, like
19249 anteaters and aardvarks. But the idea that an animal of
19250 <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>' size (over 30 feet long) could subsist on a
19251 diet of insects seems rather unlikely. </P>
19253 <P> Instead, the claws may be analogous to those of the
19254 extinct giant ground sloths and chalicotheres (relatives of horses).
19255 Members of both of these groups were quite large in size and bore huge,
19256 blade-like claws on their hands. They were both herbivorous, as
19257 therizinosaurs probably were. It has been suggested that they used their
19258 claws when browsing to bring foliage closer to their mouths. They would
19259 also have come in handy as defensive weapons. </P>
19261 <P> The giant <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/> <NOMEN name="Deinocheirus"/> is another mysterious
19262 theropod known mostly from gigantic arms. Strangely enough, it comes from
19263 the same time and place as <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>. </P>
19265 <P> Huge fossilized eggs found in Mongolia (13cm diameter, 45cm long) have been
19266 attributed to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/>, or possibly <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>.
19271 <GENUS name="Therosaurus">
19272 <AUTHOR name="Fitzenger" year="1843"/>
19273 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon mantelli"/>
19279 <GENUS name="Thescelosaurus" type="with">
19283 <MASS value="300"/>
19284 <LENGTH value="3"/>
19285 <LENGTH value="4"/>
19286 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
19287 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
19288 <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
19289 <REMAINS content="1 complete specimen, 8 partial skeletons, elements, teeth"/>
19290 <SPECIES name="neglectus">
19291 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1913"/>
19296 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
19297 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1940"/>
19298 <SYNONYM name="neglectus"/>
19300 from <LOW>the</LOW> Edmonton <LOW>Group</LOW>
19303 <SPECIES name="garbanii">
19304 <SYNONYM name="Bugenasaura garbanii" status="objective"/>
19306 <SPECIES name="sp.">
19307 <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
19308 <REMAINS content="complete skeleton with preserved ?heart, cartilaginous sternal ribs and plates attached to ribs, ?tendons attached to vertebrae" nickname="Willo"/>
19310 <SPECIES name="sp2.">
19311 <TIME section="middle-late" value="Campanian"/>
19312 <PLACE name="Alberta"/>
19314 <SPECIES name="warrenae">
19315 <SYNONYM name="Parksosaurus warrenae" status="objective"/>
19318 <P header='A "Hearty" Fossil'> A new specimen of this genus may be the first
19319 dinosaur fossil with a preserved heart. If the structure is the heart, it confirms predictions, based on
19320 living dinosaurs (<LINK content="neornithean birds"/>) and the dinosaurs'
19321 closest living relatives (<LINK content="crocodylians"/>) that dinosaurs
19322 had four-chambered hearts. The structure is similar to that of birds,
19323 suggesting high levels of activity. <I>see</I> <REFER
19324 page="http://www.dinoheart.org/"/></P>
19328 <GENUS name="Thespesius" type="with">
19330 mighty <LOW>one</LOW>
19332 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
19333 <PLACE name="Nebraska"/>
19334 <REMAINS content="tail vertebrae, pedal phalanx"/>
19335 <SPECIES name="occidentalis" status="dubium">
19336 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
19341 <SPECIES name="agilis">
19342 <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
19347 <SPECIES name="altidens">
19348 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon altidens" status="objective"/>
19350 <SPECIES name="amurensis">
19351 <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
19353 <SPECIES name="annectens">
19354 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
19356 <SPECIES name="arctatus">
19357 <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
19359 <SPECIES name="calamarius">
19360 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
19362 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
19363 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
19365 <SPECIES name="grallipes">
19366 <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
19368 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
19369 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
19371 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
19372 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
19374 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
19375 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
19377 <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
19378 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
19380 <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
19381 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
19383 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
19384 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
19386 <SPECIES name="selwyni">
19387 <SYNONYM name="Trachodon selwyni" status="objective"/>
19389 <SPECIES name="stenopsis" status="dubium" original="Cionodon">
19390 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1875"/>
19397 <GENUS name="Thotobolosaurus" type="with">
19401 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
19402 <TIME value="Norian"/>
19403 <PLACE name="Africa"/>
19404 <SPECIES name="mabeatae" status="nudum">
19405 <AUTHOR name="Ellenberger" year="1972"/>
19409 <GENUS name="Tianchisaurus" type="with">
19410 <MISSPELLED name="Tianchiasaurus"/>
19411 <MISSPELLED name="Tenchisaurus"/>
19412 <MISSPELLED name="Teinchisaurus"/>
19414 <LOW>Lake</LOW> Tian Chi <LOW>(Heavenly Pool)</LOW> lizard
19416 <LENGTH value="3"/>
19417 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
19418 <PLACE name="China"/>
19419 <REMAINS content="cranial fragments, vertebrae, limb elements, scutes"/>
19420 <SPECIES name="nedegoapeferima">
19421 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
19423 <LOW>Sam </LOW>Ne<LOW>ill, Laura </LOW>De<LOW>rn, Jeff
19424 </LOW>Go<LOW>ldblum, Sir Richard </LOW>A<LOW>ttenborough,
19425 Bob </LOW>Pe<LOW>ck, Martin </LOW>Fe<LOW>rrero, Ariana
19426 </LOW>Ri<LOW>chards, & Joseph </LOW>Ma<LOW>zzello's</LOW>
19430 <P> <NOMEN name="Tianchisaurus nedegoapeferima"/> is named after the cast members
19431 of the movie <U>Jurassic Park</U>. </P>
19435 <GENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" type="with">
19439 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
19440 <PLACE name="China"/>
19441 <SPECIES name="youngi">
19442 <AUTHOR name="Pang, Zheng" year="1998"/>
19446 <GENUS name="Tichosteus" type="with">
19450 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
19451 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
19452 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
19453 <SPECIES name="lucasanus" status="dubium">
19454 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
19455 <REMAINS content="vertebra"/>
19457 <SPECIES name="aequifacies" status="dubium">
19458 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1877"/>
19459 <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
19462 <P> Could be an <LINK content="iguanodont"/>.
19467 <GENUS name="Tienshanosaurus" type="with">
19469 Tien Shan <LOW>Mountains</LOW> lizard
19471 <MISSPELLED name="Teishanosaurus" author="Dong" year="1990"/>
19472 <LENGTH value="10"/>
19473 <LENGTH value="12"/>
19474 <TIME value="Oxfordian"/>
19475 <PLACE name="China"/>
19476 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, ?17 caudal vertebrae"/>
19477 <SPECIES name="chitalensis">
19478 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1937"/>
19480 <SPECIES name="luoquanensis">
19481 <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus luoquanensis" status="objective"/>
19483 <SPECIES name="tianfuensis">
19484 <SYNONYM name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis" status="objective"/>
19486 <SPECIES name="zdanskyi">
19487 <SYNONYM name="Euhelopus zdanskyi" status="objective"/>
19491 <GENUS name="Timimus" type="with">
19493 Tim <LOW>Rich and Tim Flannery's m</LOW>imic
19495 <LENGTH value="3"/>
19496 <TIME value="Albian"/>
19497 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
19498 <REMAINS content="femora (juvenile and adult)"/>
19499 <SPECIES name="hermani">
19500 <AUTHOR name="Rich, Vickers-Rich" year="1994"/>
19503 <P> Originally classified as an early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.
19508 <GENUS name="Titanopteryx" type="with">
19509 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Enderlein" year="1935"/>
19513 <SPECIES name="philadelphiae">
19514 <SYNONYM name="Arambourgiania philadelphiae" status="objective"/>
19518 <GENUS name="Titanosaurus" type="with">
19522 <TIME value="Coniacian" q="1"/>
19523 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
19524 <PLACE name="India"/>
19525 <SPECIES name="indicus">
19526 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
19527 <LENGTH value="12"/>
19528 <MASS value="5500"/>
19529 <MASS value="7500"/>
19530 <REMAINS content="postcranial material"/>
19535 <SPECIES name="araukanicus">
19536 <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus araukanicus" status="objective"/>
19538 <SPECIES name="australis">
19539 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus australis" status="objective"/>
19541 <SPECIES name="blanfordi" status="dubiumQ">
19542 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1879"/>
19543 <SYNONYM name="indicus"/>
19545 <SPECIES name="colberti">
19546 <AUTHOR name="Jain, Bandyopadhyay" year="1997"/>
19547 <LENGTH value="20"/>
19548 <REMAINS content="postcranium without hindlimbs"/>
19550 <LOW>Edwin H.</LOW> Colbert's
19553 <SPECIES name="dacus">
19554 <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus dacus" status="objective"/>
19556 <SPECIES name="falloti" status="dubium">
19557 <AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
19558 <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria" incertae="1"/>
19559 <PLACE name="Laos"/>
19561 <SPECIES name="hungaricus">
19562 <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus hungaricus" status="objective"/>
19564 <SPECIES name="lydekkeri" status="dubium">
19565 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
19566 <SYNONYM name="Macrurosaurus semnus"/>
19571 <SPECIES name="madagascariensis">
19572 <SYNONYM name="Laplatasaurus madagascariensis" status="objective"/>
19574 <SPECIES name="nanus" status="dubium">
19575 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1893"/>
19576 <SYNONYM name="Saltasaurus loricatus"/>
19581 <SPECIES name="rahioliensis">
19582 <AUTHOR name="Mathur, Srivatsava" year="1987"/>
19583 <PROPERTAXON name="Neosauropoda" incertae="1"/>
19584 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
19585 <PLACE name="India"/>
19587 <SPECIES name="robustus">
19588 <SYNONYM name="Neuquensaurus robustus" status="objective"/>
19590 <SPECIES name="transylvanicus">
19591 <SYNONYM name="Magyarosaurus transylvanicus" status="objective"/>
19593 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
19594 <SYNONYM name="Iuticosaurus valdensis" status="objective"/>
19598 <GENUS name="Titanosaurus2" type="with">
19599 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Lydekker" year="1877"/>
19603 <SPECIES name="montanus">
19604 <SYNONYM name="Apatosaurus montanus" status="objective"/>
19608 <GENUS name="Tochisaurus" type="with">
19612 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian" q="1"/>
19613 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
19614 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
19615 <REMAINS content="metatarsus"/>
19616 <SPECIES name="nemegtensis">
19617 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov, Osmólska" year="1991"/>
19619 from <LOW>the</LOW> Nemegt <LOW>Formation</LOW>
19624 <GENUS name="Tomodon" type="with">
19625 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Dumeril" year="1853"/>
19629 <SPECIES name="horrificus">
19630 <SYNONYM name="Diplotomodon horrificus" status="objective"/>
19634 <GENUS name="Tonouchisaurus" type="with">
19635 <LENGTH value="1"/>
19637 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
19638 <REMAINS content="complete hand, foot"/>
19639 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="nudum">
19640 <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1994"/>
19646 <P> Possibly an early <LINK content="tyrannosauroid"/>, since
19647 the hand had two fingers.
19652 <GENUS name="Tornieria">
19653 <AUTHOR name="Sternfield" year="1911"/>
19655 <LOW>Gustav</LOW> Tornier's <LOW>one</LOW>
19657 <SPECIES name="africana">
19658 <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus africanus" status="objective"/>
19660 <SPECIES name="dixeyi">
19661 <SYNONYM name="Malawisaurus dixeyi" status="objective"/>
19662 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
19664 <SPECIES name="gracilis">
19665 <SYNONYM name="Barosaurus gracilis" status="objective"/>
19667 <SPECIES name="robusta">
19668 <MISSPELLED name="gigantea" author="von Huene" year="1956"/>
19669 <SYNONYM name="Janenschia robusta" status="objective"/>
19670 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Sternfeld" year="1911"/>
19674 <GENUS name="Torosaurus" type="with">
19678 <LENGTH value="6"/>
19679 <LENGTH value="8"/>
19680 <MASS value="7000"/>
19681 <MASS value="8000"/>
19682 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
19683 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Saskatchewan"/>
19684 <REMAINS content="5 partial skulls, elements"/>
19685 <SPECIES name="latus">
19686 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
19691 <SPECIES name="gladius">
19692 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
19693 <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
19695 <SPECIES name="utahensis" original="Arrhinoceratops">
19696 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
19697 <SYNONYM name="latus"/>
19703 <P> <NOMEN name="Torosaurus"/> once had the largest known head of any land animal, with an
19704 eight-foot-long skull making up half its body length
19705 (excluding the tail). Recently, a <NOMEN name="Pentaceratops"/> skull was found with
19706 an even larger skull. </P>
19708 <P> <REFER page="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hangar/3404/"
19709 title="The Torosaurus Home Page"/> </P>
19713 <GENUS name="Torvosaurus" type="with">
19717 <LENGTH value="10"/>
19718 <LENGTH value="12"/>
19719 <MASS value="2000"/>
19720 <MASS value="5000" q="1"/>
19721 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
19722 <PLACE name="Colorado"/>
19723 <REMAINS content="skeletal elements"/>
19724 <SPECIES name="tanneri">
19725 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Jensen" year="1979"/>
19729 <GENUS name="Trachodon" type="with">
19733 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
19734 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
19735 <SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="dubium">
19736 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
19737 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
19739 <SPECIES name="affinis">
19740 <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus affinis" status="objective"/>
19742 <SPECIES name="agilis">
19743 <SYNONYM name="Claosaurus agilis" status="objective"/>
19745 <SPECIES name="altidens" status="dubium">
19746 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
19747 <SYNONYM name="mirabilis"/>
19749 <SPECIES name="amurense">
19750 <SYNONYM name="Mandschurosaurus amurensis" status="objective"/>
19752 <SPECIES name="annectens">
19753 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus annectens" status="objective"/>
19755 <SPECIES name="arctatus">
19756 <SYNONYM name="Cionodon arctatus" status="objective"/>
19758 <SPECIES name="atavus" status="dubium">
19759 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
19760 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis"/>
19762 <SPECIES name="breviceps">
19763 <SYNONYM name="Prosaurolophus breviceps" status="objective"/>
19765 <SPECIES name="calamarius">
19766 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius calamarius" status="objective"/>
19768 <SPECIES name="cantabrigiensis">
19769 <SYNONYM name="Telmatosaurus cantabrigiensis" status="objective"/>
19771 <SPECIES name="cavatus">
19772 <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus cavatus" status="objective"/>
19774 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
19775 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus edmontonensis" status="objective"/>
19777 <SPECIES name="foulkii">
19778 <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus foulkii" status="objective"/>
19780 <SPECIES name="grallipes">
19781 <SYNONYM name="Pteropelyx grallipes" status="objective"/>
19783 <SPECIES name="imperfectus">
19784 <SYNONYM name="Sanpasaurus imperfectus" status="objective"/>
19786 <SPECIES name="kyzylkumensis">
19787 <SYNONYM name="Bactrosaurus kyzylkumensis" status="objective"/>
19789 <SPECIES name="longiceps">
19790 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan longiceps" status="objective"/>
19792 <SPECIES name="longiceps2">
19793 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1897"/>
19794 <SYNONYM name="Anatotitan copei"/>
19799 <SPECIES name="marginatus">
19800 <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus marginatus" status="objective"/>
19802 <SPECIES name="minor">
19803 <SYNONYM name="Hadrosaurus minor2" status="objective"/>
19805 <SPECIES name="occidentalis">
19806 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius occidentalis" status="objective"/>
19808 <SPECIES name="pentagonus">
19809 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius pentagonus" status="objective"/>
19811 <SPECIES name="perangulatus">
19812 <SYNONYM name="Diclonius perangulatus" status="objective"/>
19814 <SPECIES name="saskatchewanensis">
19815 <SYNONYM name="Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis" status="objective"/>
19817 <SPECIES name="selwyni" status="dubium">
19818 <AUTHOR name="Lambe" year="1902"/>
19819 <REMAINS content="dentary with teeth"/>
19821 <SPECIES name="stenopsis">
19822 <SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
19825 <P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named.
19826 Although for decades the name <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/> has been associated with
19827 the archetypical "duck-bill" dinosaur (now <NOMEN name="Anatotitan"/>), the
19828 type specimen is in fact a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> tooth!</P>
19832 <GENUS name="Trialestes">
19833 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1982"/>
19834 <PROPERTAXON name="Pseudosuchia"/>
19836 <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
19840 <GENUS name="Triassolestes">
19841 <AUTHOR name="Reig" year="1963"/>
19842 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Tillyard" year="1918"/>
19843 <SYNONYM name="Trialestes"/>
19845 <LINK content="Triassic"/> thief
19849 <GENUS name="Tribelesodon">
19850 <AUTHOR name="Basani" year="1886"/>
19851 <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
19854 <GENUS name="Triceratops" type="with">
19858 <LENGTH value="8"/>
19859 <LENGTH value="9"/>
19860 <MASS value="4500"/>
19861 <MASS value="8000"/>
19862 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
19863 <PLACE name="Wyoming, Montana, S. Dakota, Colorado, Alberta, Saskatchewan"/>
19864 <REMAINS content="around 50 skulls, many partial skeletons"/>
19865 <SPECIES name="horridus">
19866 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
19871 <SPECIES name="albertensis" status="dubium">
19872 <AUTHOR name="C. M. Sternberg" year="1949"/>
19873 <REMAINS content="skull parts"/>
19878 <SPECIES name="alticornis" status="dubium" original="Bison">
19879 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1887"/>
19880 <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
19885 <SPECIES name="brevicornis">
19886 <AUTHOR name="Hatcher" year="1905"/>
19887 <SYNONYM name="prorsus"/>
19892 <SPECIES name="calicornus">
19893 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
19894 <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
19896 <SPECIES name="elatus">
19897 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
19898 <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
19900 <SPECIES name="eurycephalus" status="dubium">
19901 <AUTHOR name="Schlaikjer" year="1935"/>
19902 <REMAINS content="fragmentary skull including cheek and brow horns"/>
19904 <SPECIES name="flabellatus">
19905 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
19906 <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
19908 <SPECIES name="galeus" status="dubium">
19909 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
19910 <REMAINS content="nose horn"/>
19912 <SPECIES name="hatcheri">
19913 <SYNONYM name="Diceratops hatcheri" status="objective"/>
19915 <SPECIES name="ingens" status="nudum">
19916 <AUTHOR name="Lull" year="1915"/>
19917 <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
19919 <SPECIES name="maximus" status="dubium">
19920 <AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1933"/>
19921 <REMAINS content="8 vertebrae, 2 ribs"/>
19926 <SPECIES name="mortuarius">
19927 <SYNONYM name="Polyonax mortuarius" status="objective"/>
19929 <SPECIES name="obtusus">
19930 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1898"/>
19931 <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
19936 <SPECIES name="prorsus">
19937 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
19939 <SPECIES name="serratus">
19940 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
19941 <SYNONYM name="horridus"/>
19946 <SPECIES name="sulcatus" status="dubium">
19947 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1890"/>
19948 <REMAINS content="pair of brow horns"/>
19950 <SPECIES name="sylvestris">
19951 <SYNONYM name="Agathaumas sylvestris" status="objective"/>
19954 <P> <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>, the largest <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, was different from other
19955 <LINK content="ceratopsines"/> in having a short, completely solid frill
19956 (in contrast to the large "windows" in those of other ceratopsines,
19957 especially <NOMEN name="Chasmosaurus"/>). This 30-foot-long herbivore has often been
19958 portrayed in combat with its largest predator, <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>.
19960 <NOMEN name="Triceratops prorsus"/> may be synonymous with <NOMEN name="T. horridus"/>.
19965 <GENUS name="Trimucrodon" type="with">
19967 triply-pointed tooth
19969 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
19970 <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
19971 <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
19972 <SPECIES name="cuneatus" status="dubium">
19973 <AUTHOR name="Thulborn" year="1973"/>
19977 <GENUS name="Tripriodon" type="with">
19978 <SPECIES name="caperatus" status="dubium">
19979 <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
19980 <PROPERTAXON name="Mammalia"/>
19981 <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
19985 <GENUS name="Triprotodon" status="dubium">
19986 <AUTHOR name="Chure, McIntosh" year="1989"/>
19990 <SPECIES name="caperatus">
19991 <SYNONYM name="Tripriodon caperatus" status="objective"/>
19995 <GENUS name="Troodon" type="with">
19996 <MISSPELLED name="Troödon"/>
20000 <LENGTH value="2"/>
20001 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
20003 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
20004 <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Wyoming"/>
20005 <PLACE name="Alaska" q="1"/> <!-- teeth; Prince Creek Fm. -->
20006 <SPECIES name="formosus">
20007 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
20008 <REMAINS content="teeth, 20 skeletons, eggs with embryos"/>
20010 <SPECIES name="andrewsi">
20011 <SYNONYM name="Heptasteornis andrewsi" status="objective"/>
20013 <SPECIES name="asiamericanus">
20014 <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides asiamericanus" status="objective"/>
20016 <SPECIES name="bakkeri" status="dubium" original="Pectinodon">
20017 <AUTHOR name="Carpenter" year="1982"/>
20018 <SYNONYM name="formosus"/>
20020 <LOW>Robert</LOW> Bakker's
20023 <SPECIES name="bexelli">
20024 <SYNONYM name="Tylocephale bexelli" status="objective"/>
20026 <SPECIES name="brevis">
20027 <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras brevis" status="objective"/>
20029 <SPECIES name="cristatus">
20030 <SYNONYM name="Dromaeosaurus cristatus" status="objective"/>
20032 <SPECIES name="edmontonensis">
20033 <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras edmontonense" status="objective"/>
20035 <SPECIES name="isfarensis">
20036 <SYNONYM name="Saurornithoides isfarensis" status="objective"/>
20038 <SPECIES name="minutus">
20039 <SYNONYM name="Ornithomimus minutus" status="objective"/>
20041 <SPECIES name="sternbergi">
20042 <AUTHOR name="Brown, Schlaikjer" year="1943"/>
20043 <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum"/>
20045 <LOW>Charles M.</LOW> Sternberg's
20048 <SPECIES name="validus">
20049 <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras validum" status="objective"/>
20051 <SPECIES name="wyomingensis">
20052 <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis" status="objective"/>
20055 <P> The creature we know as <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was once called <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/>. The
20056 genus <NOMEN name="Troodon"/> was first named (as <I>Troödon</I>) for some sharp teeth
20057 (one of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named).
20058 These were mistakenly identified as those of (among other things) a
20059 monitor lizard, a <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/> (<NOMEN name="Stegoceras"/>), and a
20060 carnivorous <LINK content="hypsilophodont"/>! They were later recognized
20061 as identical to those of the more complete <NOMEN name="Stenonychosaurus"/> specimens, so
20062 the younger name was dropped in favor of the older. </P>
20064 <P> Eggs formerly assigned to <NOMEN name="Orodromeus"/> have turned out to be <NOMEN name="Troodon"/>. Some have
20065 been found in dirt nests. </P>
20067 <P> <NOMEN name="Troodon bakkeri"/> may be a distinct species, or even genus (<NOMEN name="Pectinodon"/>). </P>
20071 <GENUS name="Tropeognathus" type="with">
20075 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
20076 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
20077 <SPECIES name="mesembrinus">
20078 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
20079 <MEANING>southern</MEANING>
20081 <SPECIES name="robustus">
20082 <AUTHOR name="Wellnhofer" year="1987"/>
20083 <MEANING>robust</MEANING>
20087 <GENUS name="Tsagantegia" type="with">
20089 Tsagan Teg <LOW>one</LOW>
20092 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
20093 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
20094 <SPECIES name="longicranialis">
20095 <AUTHOR name="Tumanova" year="1993"/>
20102 <GENUS name="Tsintaosaurus" type="with">
20106 <LENGTH value="10"/>
20107 <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
20108 <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
20109 <PLACE name="China"/>
20110 <REMAINS content="2 skulls, elements from at least 4 individuals"/>
20111 <SPECIES name="spinorhinus">
20112 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1958"/>
20117 <SPECIES name="chingkankouensis">
20118 <SYNONYM name="Tanius chingkankouensis" status="objective"/>
20120 <SPECIES name="laiyangensis">
20121 <AUTHOR name="Zhen" year="1976"/>
20122 <SYNONYM name="spinorhinus"/>
20125 <P> This "unicorn <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>" had a thin, hollow crest jutting
20126 forward. Some argued that the crest was an artifact of preservation
20127 (an altered snout bone), but another specimen was found with
20128 the same feature. </P>
20132 <GENUS name="Tsuchikurasaurus" status="unpublished">
20133 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
20136 <GENUS name="Tugulusaurus" type="with">
20138 Tugulo <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
20141 <PLACE name="China"/>
20142 <REMAINS content="hindlimb, rib, vertebral centrum"/>
20143 <SPECIES name="faciles" status="dubium">
20144 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
20151 <GENUS name="Tuojiangosaurus" type="with">
20152 <MISSPELLED name="Tiejiangosaurus"/>
20153 <MISSPELLED name="Tuojiongosaurus"/>
20154 <MISSPELLED name="Tueojiangosaurus"/>
20158 <LENGTH value="7"/>
20159 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
20160 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
20161 <PLACE name="China"/>
20162 <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
20163 <SPECIES name="multispinus">
20164 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Li, Zhou, Zhang" year="1973"/>
20170 <P> Had fifteen pairs of triangular plates down the back and two pairs of
20171 spikes on the tail. The best-known Asian <LINK content="stegosaur"/>.
20176 <GENUS name="Tupuxuara" type="with">
20178 Tupuxuara <LOW>(a familiar spirit)</LOW>
20180 <LENGTH value="5.5"/>
20181 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
20182 <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
20183 <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens, misc."/>
20184 <SPECIES name="leonardii">
20185 <AUTHOR name="Kellner, Campos" year="1988"/>
20187 <SPECIES name="longicristatus">
20188 <MEANING>long-crested</MEANING>
20192 <GENUS name="Turanoceratops" type="with">
20194 Turanian <LOW>Platform</LOW> horned face
20197 <PLACE name="Kazakhstan"/>
20198 <REMAINS content="skull"/>
20199 <SPECIES name="tardabilis">
20200 <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina" year="1989"/>
20203 <P> Could be the only Asian <LINK content="ceratopsid"/>, possibly a <LINK content="centrosaurine"/>.
20208 <GENUS name="Tylocephale" type="with">
20212 <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
20213 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
20214 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
20215 <SPECIES name="gilmorei">
20216 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1974"/>
20217 <REMAINS content="incomplete skull"/>
20219 <SPECIES name="bexelli" status="dubium" original="Troodon">
20220 <AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
20224 <GENUS name="Tylosteus" type="with">
20228 <SPECIES name="ornatus" status="oblitum">
20229 <AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1872"/>
20230 <SYNONYM name="Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis"/>
20231 <MEANING>ornate</MEANING>
20235 <GENUS name="Tyrannosaurus" type="with">
20239 <SPECIES name="rex" status="conservandum">
20240 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1905"/>
20241 <LENGTH value="10"/>
20242 <LENGTH value="14"/>
20243 <MASS value="4500"/>
20244 <MASS value="7000"/>
20248 <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
20249 <PLACE name="Alberta, Saskatchewan, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, N. Dakota, S. Dakota, Wyoming"/>
20250 <PLACE name="Texas" q="1"/>
20251 <REMAINS type="holo" museum="CM" id="9380" content="skeleton lacking some neck vertebrae, forelimbs, most of tail"/>
20252 <REMAINS museum="CM" id="7541" content="nearly complete skull"/>
20253 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="008" content="skull"/>
20254 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="009" content="pelvis, hindlimb, skull"/>
20255 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="555" content="skeleton" nickname="The Wankel Specimen"/>
20256 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="559" content="back part of braincase"/>
20257 <REMAINS museum="MOR" id="980" content="skeleton"/>
20258 <REMAINS museum="U. of Notre Dame" content="dentaries, incomplete pelvis, etc." q="1" nickname="The Rigby Giant"/>
20259 <REMAINS museum="DIS" id="101" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
20260 <REMAINS museum="Ill. State Geo. Survey" content="metatarsal"/>
20261 <REMAINS museum="private" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Mr. Zed"/>
20262 <REMAINS museum="Bowman College" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Bowman"/>
20263 <REMAINS museum="Dakota Dinosaur Museum" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
20264 <REMAINS museum="Royal Saskatchewan Museum" content="partial skeleton" nickname="Scottie"/>
20265 <REMAINS museum="Madison Museum, U. of Wis." content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
20266 <REMAINS museum="FMNH" id="PR2081" content="skeleton lacking tail tip, forelimb, foot"/>
20267 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="118742" content="maxilla"/>
20268 <REMAINS museum="UCMP" id="131583" content="maxilla, dentaries"/>
20269 <REMAINS museum="NMMNH" id="P-1013-1" content="fragmentary skull, chevron"/>
20270 <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23844" content="skull material, etc.?"/>
20271 <REMAINS museum="LACM" id="23845" content="fragmentary skeleton"/>
20272 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5027" content="partial skeleton"/>
20273 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5117" content="braincase"/>
20274 <REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5881" content="hindlimb"/>
20275 <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.6.1" content="partial skeleton"/>
20276 <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="81.12.1" content="postorbital, partial spine, hindlimbs"/>
20277 <REMAINS museum="RTMP" id="82.50.11" content="maxilla"/>
20278 <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="1400" content="skull fragments, ribs, chevrons, ischia"/>
20279 <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9379" content="braincase"/>
20280 <REMAINS museum="CMNH" id="9380" content="partial skeleton"/>
20281 <REMAINS museum="DMNH" id="2827" content="partial hindlimb"/>
20282 <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="4100" content="partial skeleton"/>
20283 <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Fox"/>
20284 <REMAINS museum="BHI" content="fragmentary skeleton" nickname="Steve"/>
20285 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="6183" content="hindlimb without foot"/>
20286 <REMAINS age="juvenile" museum="TMM" id="41436-1" content="left maxilla" q="1"/>
20287 <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="2033" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
20288 <REMAINS museum="BHI" id="3033" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
20289 <REMAINS museum="SDSM" id="12047" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
20290 <REMAINS museum="MMS" id="51-2004" content="front part of braincase" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
20291 <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="358563" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
20292 <REMAINS content="partial skull" nickname="Jordan theropod" age="juvenile" synonym="Aublysodon molnari"/>
20293 <REMAINS q="1" content="partial skeleton" age="subadult" synonym="Albertosaurus megagracilis"/>
20294 <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="CMNH" id="7541" content="complete skull" synonym="Gorgosaurus lancensis"/>
20295 <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile" nickname="Tinker"/>
20297 <SPECIES name="amplus">
20298 <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
20300 <SPECIES name="bataar">
20301 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
20303 <SPECIES name="efremovi">
20304 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus efremovi" status="objective"/>
20306 <SPECIES name="gigantus" status="nudum">
20307 <AUTHOR year="1990"/>
20308 <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
20309 <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
20311 <SPECIES name="imperiosus">
20312 <SYNONYM name="Dynamosaurus imperiosus" status="objective"/>
20314 <SPECIES name="lancensis">
20315 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
20316 <AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
20318 <SPECIES name="lancinator">
20319 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
20321 <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium">
20322 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus lanpingensis" status="objective"/>
20324 <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium">
20325 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
20327 <SPECIES name="megagracilis">
20328 <SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
20330 <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
20331 <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
20333 <SPECIES name="stanwinstonorum" status="nudum">
20334 <AUTHOR name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
20335 <SYNONYM name="rex"/>
20337 <SPECIES name="torosus">
20338 <SYNONYM name="Daspletosaurus torosus" status="objective"/>
20340 <SPECIES name="turpanensis">
20341 <AUTHOR name="Zhai, Zheng, Tong" year="1978"/>
20342 <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
20345 <P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, possibly the most popular <LINK
20346 content="dinosaur"/> ever, was for a long time the largest known
20347 terrestrial predator. But new discoveries of <LINK
20348 content="carcharodontosaurines"/> have recently ousted the "king of the
20349 tyrant lizards" from its title. But there still remains the possibility
20350 that an even larger <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> specimen may be found some day.
20351 And it <U>was</U> the largest known predator of its time, at the end of
20352 the Mesozoic Era.</P>
20354 <P> The most complete <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> skeleton, a
20355 <NOMEN name="T. rex"/> (=<NOMEN name="T. stanwinstonorum"/>) nicknamed "Sue",
20356 was recently sold for over $7 million by Sotheby's to corporate benefactors
20357 on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum. Although originally diagnosed as
20358 a female, its sex is uncertain.</P>
20360 <P header="Tyrant Dung"> Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from
20361 Saskatchewan was referred to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>. At 43cm in length and
20362 2.4L in volume, this is the largest known coprolite from a carnivore. Tiny,
20363 well-crushed bone fragments indicate that the meal was a small subadult
20364 <LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
20366 <P header="Species"> Many smaller <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/> "species"
20367 now seem to be young <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, including species
20368 which were thought to be pygmies (<NOMEN name="Nanotyrannus lancensis"/>),
20369 primitive tyrannosaurids (<NOMEN name="Stygivenator molnari"/>), and close
20370 relatives (<NOMEN name="Dinotyrannus megagracilis"/>).</P>
20372 <P>Certain Asian <LINK content="Tyrannosaurini"/> were once included by some
20373 in this genus, but are now usually placed in <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus"/>.</P>
20377 <GENUS name="Tyreophorus" status="nudum">
20378 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1929"/>
20380 <P> A misspelling of <LINK content="Thyreophora"/>, in reference
20381 to indeterminate <LINK content="ankylosaurian"/> material. </P>
20385 <GENUS name="Udanoceratops" type="with">
20387 Udan<LOW>-Sayr</LOW> horned face
20389 <LENGTH value="4.5" q="1"/>
20390 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
20391 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
20392 <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
20393 <REMAINS content="skull (missing frill), partial pelvis, scapula, coracoid, fragments"/>
20394 <SPECIES name="tschizhovi">
20395 <AUTHOR name="Kurzanov" year="1992"/>
20398 <P> The largest bipedal <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>. Its jaw was very deep.
20403 <GENUS name="Ugrosaurus" type="with">
20404 <MEANING>ugly lizard</MEANING>
20405 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
20406 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
20407 <REMAINS content="partial premaxilla, nose horn, fragments"/>
20408 <SPECIES name="olsoni" status="dubium">
20409 <AUTHOR name="Cobabe, Fastovsky" year="1986"/>
20412 <P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Triceratops"/>. </P>
20416 <GENUS name="Uintasaurus" type="with">
20418 Uinta <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
20420 <SPECIES name="douglassi">
20421 <AUTHOR name="Holland" year="1919"/>
20422 <SYNONYM name="Camarasaurus lentus"/>
20426 <GENUS name="Ultrasauros">
20427 <AUTHOR name="Jensen"/>
20428 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
20432 <SPECIES name="macintoshi" original="Ultrasaurus2">
20433 <AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
20434 <SYNONYM name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
20435 <SYNONYM name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>
20439 <GENUS name="Ultrasaurus" type="with">
20444 <PLACE name="S. Korea"/>
20445 <REMAINS content="partial femur, etc."/>
20446 <SPECIES name="tabriensis" status="dubium">
20447 <AUTHOR name="Kim" year="1983"/>
20450 <P> This animal was once thought to be a huge <LINK content="sauropod"/>, and
20451 described as a species of Ultrasaurus, a huge North American
20452 sauropod. Unfortunately, Ultrasaurus macintoshi was not officially described
20453 at that time, so this Korean species accidentally became
20454 the type species of <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/>. The name of the North American species was
20455 changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros macintoshi"/>. </P>
20457 <P> The "humerus" of this animal turned out to be a femur, so it was not as large
20458 as originally thought.
20463 <GENUS name="Ultrasaurus2" type="with">
20464 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Kim" year="1983"/>
20465 <SPECIES name="macintoshi">
20466 <SYNONYM name="Ultrasauros macintoshi" status="objective"/>
20470 <GENUS name="Umarsaurus" status="nudum">
20471 <AUTHOR name="Maryañska, Osmólska" year="1981"/>
20472 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky" year="1992"/>
20473 <SYNONYM name="Barsboldia"/>
20476 <GENUS name="Unenlagia" type="with">
20480 <LENGTH value="2"/>
20481 <LENGTH value="3"/>
20482 <TIME value="Turonian"/>
20483 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
20484 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
20485 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
20486 <SPECIES name="comahuensis">
20487 <AUTHOR name="Novas" year="1997"/>
20489 from <LOW>the</LOW> Comahue <LOW>Formation</LOW>
20493 <P> One of the closest non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to
20494 <LINK content="birds"/>, this South American creature had a back-turned pubis,
20495 like <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and birds. It also had a shoulder joint
20496 that would allow flapping. <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> itself was too big to fly, so it was
20497 probably secondarily flightless, like modern-day
20498 <LINK content="ratites"/>. </P>
20500 <P> It was found in the same area as the larger <NOMEN name="Megaraptor"/>. It has been
20501 suggested that they could be the same, <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/> being the
20502 juvenile or subadult form.
20507 <GENUS name="Unicerosaurus" status="nudum">
20508 <AUTHOR name="Baugh"/>
20509 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Armstrong" year="1987"/>
20510 <PROPERTAXON name="Gnathostomata" incertae="1"/>
20511 <MEANING>one horn lizard</MEANING>
20514 <GENUS name="Unquillosaurus" type="with">
20516 Unquillo <LOW>River</LOW> lizard
20518 <LENGTH value="2" q="1"/>
20519 <LENGTH value="4" q="1"/>
20520 <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
20521 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
20522 <REMAINS content="pubis"/>
20523 <SPECIES name="ceibalii">
20524 <AUTHOR name="J. E. Powell" year="1979"/>
20527 <P> Originally claimed to be a giant, 35 feet (11m) in length. </P>
20529 <P> May be the same as <NOMEN name="Unenlagia"/>. </P>
20533 <GENUS name="Utahraptor" type="with">
20537 <LENGTH value="5"/>
20538 <LENGTH value="7"/>
20539 <MASS value="1000"/>
20540 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
20541 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
20542 <REMAINS content="claws (hand & foot), tibia, lachrymal, premaxilla, tail vertebrae"/>
20543 <SPECIES name="ostrommaysorum">
20544 <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Gaston, Burge" year="1993"/>
20546 <LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom and Mays'
20549 <SPECIES name="spielbergi" status="nudum">
20550 <AUTHOR name="Bonar, Lassieur, McCafferty, Voci"/>
20551 <SYNONYM name="ostrommaysorum"/>
20553 <LOW>Steven</LOW> Spielberg's
20557 <P> The largest definite <LINK content="dromaeosaurid"/>.
20562 <GENUS name="Valdoraptor">
20563 <AUTHOR name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
20565 Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> raider
20567 <LENGTH value="5" q="1"/>
20568 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
20569 <PLACE name="England"/>
20570 <REMAINS content="metatarsi"/>
20571 <SPECIES name="oweni" original="Megalosaurus">
20572 <AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
20574 <LOW>Sir Richard</LOW> Owen's
20579 <GENUS name="Valdosaurus">
20580 <MISSPELLED name="Baldosaurus"/>
20581 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1977"/>
20583 Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW> lizard
20585 <LENGTH value="3"/>
20586 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
20587 <TIME value="Albian"/>
20588 <SPECIES name="canaliculatus" original="Dryosaurus">
20589 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1975"/>
20590 <PLACE name="England, Romania"/>
20591 <REMAINS content="dentary, teeth, postcranial elements (including femora)"/>
20593 <SPECIES name="dextrapoda" status="nudum">
20594 <AUTHOR name="Blows" year="1998"/>
20595 <PLACE name="England"/>
20597 <SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
20598 <AUTHOR name="Galton, Taquet" year="1982"/>
20599 <PLACE name="Niger"/>
20600 <REMAINS content="femora"/>
20601 <MEANING>from Niger</MEANING>
20605 <GENUS name="Variraptor" type="with">
20607 Var <LOW>Department</LOW> raider
20609 <LENGTH value="3"/>
20611 <TIME value="Campanian" section="late"/>
20612 <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
20613 <PLACE name="France"/>
20614 <REMAINS museum="MDE"/>
20615 <SPECIES name="mechinorum" status="dubiumQ">
20616 <AUTHOR name="Le Loeuff, Buffetaut" year="1998"/>
20617 <MEANING><LOW>Anne and Patrick</LOW> Mechin's</MEANING>
20621 <GENUS name="Vectensia" status="nudum">
20622 <AUTHOR name="Delair" year="1982"/>
20623 <SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
20626 <GENUS name="Vectisaurus" type="with">
20627 <MEANING>Isle of Wight <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
20628 <SPECIES name="valdensis">
20629 <AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
20630 <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
20632 from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
20637 <GENUS name="Velocipes" type="with">
20641 <TIME value="Carnian"/>
20642 <PLACE name="Germany"/>
20643 <REMAINS content="partial bone (fibula?)"/>
20644 <SPECIES name="guerichi" status="dubium">
20645 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
20649 <GENUS name="Velociraptor" type="with">
20653 <LENGTH value="2"/>
20656 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
20657 <PLACE name="Mongolia, China"/>
20658 <PLACE name="Russia" q="1"/>
20659 <REMAINS content="skeletons (adult & juvenile)"/>
20660 <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
20661 <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
20666 <SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
20667 <SYNONYM name="Deinonychus antirrhopus" status="objective"/>
20669 <SPECIES name="langstoni">
20670 <SYNONYM name="Saurornitholestes langstoni" status="objective"/>
20672 <SPECIES name="sp.">
20673 <SYNONYM name="Bambiraptor feinbergorum"/>
20677 <GENUS name="Velocisaurus" type="with">
20681 <LENGTH value="1"/>
20682 <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
20683 <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
20684 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
20685 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
20686 <REMAINS content="tibia, astragalus, foot"/>
20687 <SPECIES name="unicus">
20688 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1991"/>
20691 <P>This animal's middle metatarsal was greatly enlargened, while the outer ones
20692 were reduced. This was probably an adaptation for running, opposite to
20693 that of many running <LINK content="coelurosaurs"/> (whose outer metatarsals
20694 became stronger, greatly reducing the inner one).</P>
20698 <GENUS name="Venaticosuchus">
20699 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1971"/>
20700 <PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha"/>
20703 <GENUS name="Venenosaurus" type="with">
20704 <SPECIES name="dicrocei">
20705 <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Meyer" year="2001"/>
20706 <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton, including limb elements and caudal vertebrae"/>
20708 <REMAINS content="specimen" q="1" age="juvenile"/>
20709 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
20710 <PLACE name="Utah"/>
20713 <GENUS name="Volkheimeria" type="with">
20715 <LOW>Wolfgang</LOW> Volkheimer's <LOW>one</LOW>
20717 <LENGTH value="9"/>
20718 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
20719 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
20720 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pelvis, hindlimb"/>
20721 <SPECIES name="chubutensis">
20722 <AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1979"/>
20724 from Chubut <LOW>Province</LOW>
20728 <P> Sometimes considered a <LINK content="brachiosaurid"/>.
20733 <GENUS name="Vorona" type="with">
20737 <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
20738 <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
20739 <REMAINS content="hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
20740 <REMAINS content="2 partial humeri"/>
20741 <SPECIES name="berivotrensis">
20742 <AUTHOR name="Forster, Chiappe, Krause, Sampson" year="1996"/>
20746 <GENUS name="Vulcanodon" type="with">
20750 <LENGTH value="6.5"/>
20751 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
20752 <PLACE name="Zimbabwe"/>
20753 <REMAINS content="partial skeleton, scapula"/>
20754 <SPECIES name="karibaensis">
20755 <AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1972"/>
20758 <P> The teeth (found in rock of volcanic origin) which this genus was named
20759 after actually came from a predator that may have eaten it.
20760 <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> was similar to "<LINK content="prosauropods"/>".
20765 <GENUS name="Wakinosaurus" type="with">
20767 Wakino <LOW>Subgroup</LOW> lizard
20769 <TIME value="Berriasian"/>
20770 <TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
20771 <PLACE name="Japan"/>
20772 <REMAINS content="incomplete tooth"/>
20773 <SPECIES name="satoi" status="dubium">
20774 <AUTHOR name="Okazaki" year="1992"/>
20777 <P>Proposed as a <LINK content="carnosaur"/>, but, hey, it's just a tooth
20778 (an incomplete one at that). It could be anything.</P>
20782 <GENUS name="Walgettosuchus" type="with">
20786 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
20787 <PLACE name="Australia"/>
20788 <REMAINS content="tail vertebra"/>
20789 <SPECIES name="woodwardi" status="dubium">
20790 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
20794 <GENUS name="Walkeria" type="with">
20795 <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fleming" year="1823"/>
20797 <LOW>Alick</LOW> Walker's <LOW>one</LOW>
20799 <SPECIES name="maleriensis">
20800 <SYNONYM name="Alwalkeria maleriensis" status="objective"/>
20804 <GENUS name="Walkersaurus" status="nudum">
20805 <AUTHOR name="Welles, H. P. Powell, Pickering"/>
20806 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
20807 <MEANING>Walker's lizard</MEANING>
20808 <MASS value="300" q="1"/>
20809 <PLACE name="England"/>
20810 <REMAINS content="snout fragments, teeth"/>
20811 <SPECIES name="hesperis" original="Megalosaurus">
20812 <AUTHOR name="Waldman" year="1974"/>
20813 <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Pickering" year="1995"/>
20814 <MEANING>western</MEANING>
20818 <GENUS name="Wannanosaurus" type="with">
20822 <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
20823 <TIME value="Campanian"/>
20824 <PLACE name="China"/>
20825 <REMAINS content="partial skull roof, mandible, postcranial fragments"/>
20826 <SPECIES name="yansiensis">
20827 <AUTHOR name="Hou" year="1977"/>
20831 <GENUS name="Wellnhoferia" type="with">
20832 <MEANING><LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
20833 <SPECIES name="grandis">
20834 <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
20835 <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="2001"/>
20836 <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
20840 <GENUS name="Wuerhosaurus" type="with">
20844 <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
20845 <TIME value="Albian"/>
20846 <PLACE name="China"/>
20847 <SPECIES name="homheni">
20848 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1973"/>
20849 <LENGTH value="6"/>
20850 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, 3 tail vertebrae"/>
20852 <SPECIES name="ordosensis">
20853 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1993"/>
20854 <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
20855 <REMAINS content="partial postcranium without limbs"/>
20858 <P> The last of the <LINK content="stegosaurs"/>.
20863 <GENUS name="Wyleyia" type="with">
20865 <LOW>J. F.</LOW> Wyley's <LOW>one</LOW>
20867 <LENGTH value="0.5" q="1"/>
20868 <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
20869 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
20870 <PLACE name="England"/>
20871 <REMAINS content="partial humerus"/>
20872 <SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
20873 <AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1973"/>
20875 from <LOW>the</LOW> Wealden <LOW>Group</LOW>
20880 <GENUS name="Wyomingopteryx" status="nudum">
20881 <AUTHOR name="Bakker" year="1994"/>
20885 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
20886 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
20887 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
20890 <GENUS name="Wyomingraptor" status="nudum">
20891 <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1997"/>
20895 <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
20897 <P>Based on material assigned to <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>, to be
20898 re-described by Robert Bakker.</P>
20902 <GENUS name="Xenotarsosaurus" type="with">
20904 strange ankle lizard
20906 <TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
20907 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
20908 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, leg elements"/>
20909 <SPECIES name="bonapartei">
20910 <AUTHOR name="Martínez, Giminez, Rodriguez, Bochatey" year="1986"/>
20912 <LOW>José</LOW> Bonaparte's
20917 <GENUS name="Xiaosaurus" type="with">
20921 <LENGTH value="1"/>
20922 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
20923 <PLACE name="China"/>
20924 <REMAINS content="teeth, partial mandible, postcranial material"/>
20925 <SPECIES name="dashanpensis" status="dubium">
20926 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Tang" year="1983"/>
20928 <SPECIES name="multidens">
20929 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus multidens" status="objective"/>
20932 <P> Probably either a basal <LINK content="ornithischian"/> or a primitive
20933 <LINK content="ornithopod"/>.
20938 <GENUS name="Xuanhanosaurus" type="with">
20940 Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
20942 <LENGTH value="6"/>
20943 <MASS value="250" q="1"/>
20944 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
20945 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
20946 <PLACE name="China"/>
20947 <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulae, forelimbs"/>
20948 <SPECIES name="qilixiaensis">
20949 <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1984"/>
20953 <GENUS name="Xuanhuasaurus" type="with">
20955 Xuanhan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
20958 <PLACE name="China"/>
20959 <SPECIES name="niei" status="nudum">
20960 <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1986"/>
20963 <P> Possibly a relative of <NOMEN name="Chaoyangsaurus"/>.</P>
20967 <GENUS name="Yaleosaurus">
20968 <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
20970 Yale <LOW>University</LOW> lizard
20972 <SPECIES name="colurus">
20973 <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus colurus" status="objective"/>
20977 <GENUS name="Yandangornis" type="with">
20978 <TIME value="Santonian"/>
20979 <PLACE name="China"/>
20980 <LENGTH value=".6"/>
20981 <MEANING>Yandang <LOW>Mountains</LOW> bird</MEANING>
20982 <REMAINS museum="ZMNH" id="M1326" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton (missing parts of forelimbs, skull, and tail)"/>
20983 <SPECIES name="longicaudus">
20984 <MEANING>long-tailed</MEANING>
20985 <AUTHOR name="Cai, Zhao" year="1999"/>
20987 <ESSAY><P>Classified as a <LINK content="bird"/> by its authors, but may
20988 not be. If it is an <LINK content="avian"/>, it is the only one known to
20989 combine a long tail (at least 20 vertebrae; <I>sans</I> pygostyle; about
20990 half total length) and a lack of teeth (in the premaxilla, at least). The
20991 holotype was found in association with the <LINK content="pterosaur"/>
20992 <NOMEN name="Zhejiangopterus"/>.</P></ESSAY>
20995 <GENUS name="Yandusaurus" type="with">
20997 Yandu <LOW>(=Zigong)</LOW> lizard
20999 <TIME value="Bathonian"/>
21000 <TIME value="Callovian"/>
21001 <PLACE name="China"/>
21002 <REMAINS content="2 nearly complete skeletons"/>
21003 <SPECIES name="hongheensis">
21004 <AUTHOR name="He" year="1979"/>
21006 <SPECIES name="multidens">
21007 <AUTHOR name="He, Cai" year="1983"/>
21008 <PROPERTAXON name="Othnieliidae"/>
21009 <REMAINS museum="T" id="6001" content="incomplete skeleton" type="holo"/>
21012 <P> <NOMEN name="Yandusaurus multidens"/> seems to be a different type of <LINK content="ornithopod"/>
21013 than the type species, and will be given a new generic name.
21018 <GENUS name="Yangchuanosaurus" type="with">
21020 Yang-chu'an <LOW>District</LOW> lizard
21022 <LENGTH value="10"/>
21023 <LENGTH value="11"/>
21024 <MASS value="3500"/>
21025 <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
21026 <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
21027 <PLACE name="China"/>
21028 <SPECIES name="shangyouensis">
21029 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
21030 <REMAINS content="skeleton without forelimbs, feet, or end of tail"/>
21032 <SPECIES name="hepingensis">
21033 <SYNONYM name="Sinraptor hepingensis" status="objective"/>
21035 <SPECIES name="longqiaoensis" status="nudum">
21036 <AUTHOR name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
21038 <SPECIES name="magnus">
21039 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
21040 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, pelvis, femur"/>
21045 <SPECIES name="yandonensis" original="Szechuanosaurus">
21046 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Chang, Li, Zhou" year="1978"/>
21050 <GENUS name="Yanornis" type="with">
21051 <MEANING>Yan bird</MEANING>
21052 <SPECIES name="martini">
21053 <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
21054 <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
21056 <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
21059 <GENUS name="Yaverlandia" type="with">
21061 Yaverland <LOW>Point (on the Isle of Wight) one</LOW>
21063 <LENGTH value="1"/>
21064 <TIME value="Barremian"/>
21065 <PLACE name="England"/>
21066 <REMAINS content="skull fragment"/>
21067 <SPECIES name="bitholus">
21068 <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="1971"/>
21074 <P> Usually considered a very primitive <LINK content="pachycephalosaur"/>, although
21075 one recent study suggests that it is more advanced, despite its early
21081 <GENUS name="Yezosaurus">
21082 <AUTHOR name="Obata, Muramoto" year="1977"/>
21083 <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
21086 <GENUS name="Yimenosaurus" type="with">
21087 <PLACE name="China"/>
21088 <REMAINS content="skull, vertebrae, limb elements, etc."/>
21089 <SPECIES name="youngi">
21090 <AUTHOR name="Bai" year="1990"/>
21091 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Bai, Yang, Wang" year="1990"/>
21095 <GENUS name="Yingshanosaurus" type="with">
21096 <MISSPELLED name="Yinshanosaurus"/>
21097 <MISSPELLED name="Yunshanosaurus"/>
21102 <PLACE name="China"/>
21103 <SPECIES name="jichuanensis" status="nudum">
21104 <AUTHOR name="Zhou" year="1984"/>
21107 <P> Had broad spikes on its shoulders.
21112 <GENUS name="Yixianornis" type="with">
21113 <MEANING>Yixian <LOW>Formation</LOW> bird</MEANING>
21114 <SPECIES name="grabaui">
21115 <MEANING>Grabau's</MEANING>
21116 <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
21118 <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
21121 <GENUS name="Yubasaurus" status="nudum">
21122 <AUTHOR name="He" year="1975"/>
21123 <SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus"/>
21126 <GENUS name="Yungavolucris" type="with">
21127 <SPECIES name="bretincola">
21128 <AUTHOR name="Chiappe" year="1993"/>
21134 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
21137 <GENUS name="Yunnanosaurus" type="with">
21138 <MISSPELLED name="Yünnanosaurus"/>
21140 Yunnan <LOW>Province</LOW> lizard
21142 <LENGTH value="7"/>
21143 <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
21144 <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
21145 <PLACE name="China"/>
21146 <REMAINS content="20 skeletons (some complete, some juvenile), 2 skulls"/>
21147 <SPECIES name="huangi">
21148 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1942"/>
21150 <SPECIES name="robustus">
21151 <AUTHOR name="Young" year="1951"/>
21152 <SYNONYM name="huangi"/>
21158 <P>A <LINK content="sauropod"/>-like maxilla assigned to this genus
21159 is now thought to actually be from a sauropod.</P>
21163 <GENUS name="Zanclodon" type="with">
21164 <SPECIES name="laevis" status="dubium">
21165 <AUTHOR name="Plieninger" year="1846"/>
21166 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
21171 <SPECIES name="bavaricus" status="dubium">
21172 <AUTHOR name="Sandberger" year="1894"/>
21173 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
21178 <SPECIES name="cambrensis">
21179 <SYNONYM name="Newtonsaurus cambrensis" status="objective"/>
21181 <SPECIES name="plieningeri">
21182 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus plieningeri" status="objective"/>
21184 <SPECIES name="quenstedti">
21185 <AUTHOR name="Koken" year="1900"/>
21186 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
21188 <SPECIES name="schutzii" status="dubium">
21189 <AUTHOR name="E. Fraas" year="1900"/>
21190 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
21192 <SPECIES name="sileiacus" status="dubium">
21193 <AUTHOR name="Jaekel" year="1910"/>
21194 <SYNONYM name="Plateosaurus engelhardti"/>
21198 <GENUS name="Zapsalis" type="with">
21202 <SPECIES name="abradens" status="dubium">
21203 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1876"/>
21204 <SYNONYM name="Paronychodon lacustris"/>
21208 <GENUS name="Zatomus" type="with">
21209 <SPECIES name="sarcophagus" status="dubium">
21210 <AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1871"/>
21211 <PROPERTAXON name="Reptilia" incertae="1"/>
21212 <MEANING>flesh-eating</MEANING>
21216 <GENUS name="Zephyrosaurus" type="with">
21218 Zephyr's <LOW>(god of the west wind)</LOW> lizard
21220 <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
21221 <TIME value="Aptian"/>
21222 <PLACE name="Montana"/>
21223 <REMAINS content="partial skull, vertebrae"/>
21224 <SPECIES name="schaffi">
21225 <AUTHOR name="Sues" year="1980"/>
21229 <GENUS name="Zhejiangopterus" type="with">
21231 Zhejiang <LOW>Province</LOW> wing
21233 <LENGTH value="5"/>
21234 <TIME section="early-middle" value="LK"/>
21235 <PLACE name="China"/>
21236 <REMAINS content="four specimens"/>
21237 <SPECIES name="linhaiensis">
21238 <AUTHOR name="Cai, Feng" year="1994"/>
21242 <GENUS name="Zhyraornis" type="with">
21243 <SPECIES name="kashkarovi">
21244 <AUTHOR name="Nessov" year="1984"/>
21247 Dzhyra<LOW>kuduk waterwell</LOW> bird
21250 <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
21253 <GENUS name="Zigongosaurus" type="with">
21257 <SPECIES name="fuxiensis">
21258 <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis" status="objective"/>
21262 <GENUS name="Zizhongosaurus" type="with">
21266 <LENGTH value="9"/>
21267 <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
21268 <PLACE name="China"/>
21269 <REMAINS content="back vertebrae, pubis, humerus"/>
21270 <SPECIES name="chuanchengensis">
21271 <AUTHOR name="Dong, Zhou, Zhang" year="1983"/>
21273 <SPECIES name="huangshibanensis" status="nudum">
21274 <AUTHOR name="Li"/>
21275 <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Li, Zhang, Cai" year="1999"/>
21279 <GENUS name="Zuniceratops" type="with">
21280 <MEANING>Zuni <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> horned face</MEANING>
21281 <LENGTH value="3"/>
21282 <LENGTH value="3.5"/>
21283 <MASS value="200"/>
21284 <MASS value="250"/>
21285 <TIME section="middle" value="Turonian"/>
21286 <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
21287 <SPECIES name="christopheri">
21288 <MEANING>Christopher's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
21289 <AUTHOR name="Wolfe, Kirkland" year="1998"/>
21292 <P> The first known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> with brow horns, and the
21293 oldest named American ceratopsian. Its snout is rather long.</P>
21294 <P>An element thought to be a squamosal of this species is actually the
21295 ischium of <NOMEN name="Nothronychus"/>.</P>
21299 <GENUS name="Zupaysaurus" status="unpublished">
21300 <MEANING>devil lizard</MEANING>
21301 <TIME value="LTr"/>
21302 <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
21303 <REMAINS content="partial vertebra, pelvic bones, shoulder bones, complete skull, etc."/>
21305 <P>If you were really bored and felt like going through the whole Genus List
21306 alphabetically one by one, you can stop now. (Or, if you're going backwards,
21307 quit now; you'll never make it). </P>