Describe scan1()

[ZOOM-Perl-moved-to-github.git] / lib / ZOOM.pod

# $Id: ZOOM.pod,v 1.23 2005-12-19 17:42:15 mike Exp $

use strict;
use warnings;

=head1 NAME

ZOOM - Perl extension implementing the ZOOM API for Information Retrieval

=head1 SYNOPSIS

 use ZOOM;
 eval {
     $conn = new ZOOM::Connection($host, $port)
     $conn->option(preferredRecordSyntax => "usmarc");
     $rs = $conn->search_pqf('@attr 1=4 dinosaur');
     $n = $rs->size();
     print $rs->record(0)->render();
 };
 if ($@) {
     print "Error ", $@->code(), ": ", $@->message(), "\n";
 }

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module provides a nice, Perlish implementation of the ZOOM
Abstract API described and documented at http://zoom.z3950.org/api/

the ZOOM module is implemented as a set of thin classes on top of the
non-OO functions provided by this distribution's C<Net::Z3950::ZOOM>
module, which in 
turn is a thin layer on top of the ZOOM-C code supplied as part of
Index Data's YAZ Toolkit.  Because ZOOM-C is also the underlying code
that implements ZOOM bindings in C++, Visual Basic, Scheme, Ruby, .NET
(including C#) and other languages, this Perl module works compatibly
with those other implementations.  (Of course, the point of a public
API such as ZOOM is that all implementations should be compatible
anyway; but knowing that the same code is running is reassuring.)

The ZOOM module provides two enumerations (C<ZOOM::Error> and
C<ZOOM::Event>), two utility functions C<diag_str()> and C<event()> in
the C<ZOOM> package itself, and eight classes:
C<ZOOM::Exception>,
C<ZOOM::Options>,
C<ZOOM::Connection>,
C<ZOOM::Query>,
C<ZOOM::ResultSet>,
C<ZOOM::Record>,
C<ZOOM::ScanSet>
and
C<ZOOM::Package>.
Of these, the Query class is abstract, and has two concrete
subclasses:
C<ZOOM::Query::CQL>
and
C<ZOOM::Query::PQF>.
Many useful ZOOM applications can be built using only the Connection,
ResultSet, Record and Exception classes, as in the example
code-snippet above.

A typical application will begin by creating an Connection object,
then using that to execute searches that yield ResultSet objects, then
fetching records from the result-sets to yield Record objects.  If an
error occurs, an Exception object is thrown and can be dealt with.

More sophisticated applications might also browse the server's indexes
to create a ScanSet, from which indexed terms may be retrieved; others
might send ``Extended Services'' Packages to the server, to achieve
non-standard tasks such as database creation and record update.
Searching using a query syntax other than PQF can be done using an
query object of one of the Query subclasses.  Finally, sets of options
may be manipulated independently of the objects they are associated
with using an Options object.

In general, method calls throw an exception if anything goes wrong, so
you don't need to test for success after each call.  See the section
below on the Exception class for details.

=head1 UTILITY FUNCTIONS

=head2 ZOOM::diag_str()

 $msg = ZOOM::diag_str(ZOOM::Error::INVALID_QUERY);

Returns a human-readable English-language string corresponding to the
error code that is its own parameter.  This works for any error-code
returned from
C<ZOOM::Exception::code()>,
C<ZOOM::Connection::error_x()>
or
C<ZOOM::Connection::errcode()>,
irrespective of whether it is a member of the C<ZOOM::Error>
enumeration or drawn from the BIB-1 diagnostic set.

=head2 ZOOM::event()

B<Warning.>
Lark's vomit.  Do not read this section.

 $which = ZOOM::event([ $conn1, $conn2, $conn3 ]);

Used only in complex asynchronous applications, this function takes a
reference to a list of Connection objects, waits until an event
occurs on any one of them, and returns an integer indicating which of
the connections it occurred on.  The return value is a 1-based index
into the list; 0 is returned if no event occurs within the longest
timeout specified by the C<timeout> options of all the connections.

B<Warning.>
This function is not yet implemented.

=head1 CLASSES

The eight ZOOM classes are described here in ``sensible order'':
first, the four commonly used classes, in the he order that they will
tend to be used in most programs (Connection, ResultSet, Record,
Exception); then the four more esoteric classes in descending order of
how often they are needed.

With the exception of the Options class, which is an extension to the
ZOOM model, the introduction to each class includes a link to the
relevant section of the ZOOM Abstract API.

=head2 ZOOM::Connection

 $conn = new ZOOM::Connection("indexdata.dk:210/gils");
 print("server is '", $conn->option("serverImplementationName"), "'\n");
 $conn->option(preferredRecordSyntax => "usmarc");
 $rs = $conn->search_pqf('@attr 1=4 mineral');
 $ss = $conn->scan('@attr 1=1003 a');
 if ($conn->errcode() != 0) {
    die("somthing went wrong: " . $conn->errmsg())
 }
 $conn->destroy()

This class represents a connection to an information retrieval server,
using an IR protocol such as ANSI/NISO Z39.50, SRW (the
Search/Retrieve Webservice), SRU (the Search/Retrieve URL) or
OpenSearch.  Not all of these protocols require a low-level connection
to be maintained, but the Connection object nevertheless provides a
location for the necessary cache of configuration and state
information, as well as a uniform API to the connection-oriented
facilities (searching, index browsing, etc.), provided by these
protocols.

See the description of the C<Connection> class in the ZOOM Abstract
API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html#3.2

=head3 Methods

=head4 new()

 $conn = new ZOOM::Connection("indexdata.dk", 210);
 $conn = new ZOOM::Connection("indexdata.dk:210/gils");
 $conn = new ZOOM::Connection("tcp:indexdata.dk:210/gils");
 $conn = new ZOOM::Connection("http:indexdata.dk:210/gils");

Creates a new Connection object, and immediately connects it to the
specified server.  If you want to make a new Connection object but
delay forging the connection, use the C<create()> and C<connect()>
methods instead.

This constructor can be called with two arguments or a single
argument.  In the former case, the arguments are the name and port
number of the Z39.50 server to connect to; in the latter case, the
single argument is a YAZ service-specifier string of the form

=over 4

=item

[I<scheme>:]I<host>[:I<port>][/I<databaseName>]

=back

In which the I<host> and I<port> parts are as in the two-argument
form, the I<databaseName> if provided specifies the name of the
database to be used in subsequent searches on this connection, and the
optional I<scheme> (default C<tcp>) indicates what protocol should be
used.  At present, the following schemes are supported:

=over 4

=item tcp

Z39.50 connection.

=item ssl

Z39.50 connection encrypted using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer).  Not
many servers support this, but Index Data's Zebra is one that does.

=item unix

Z39.50 connection on a Unix-domain (local) socket, in which case the
I<hostname> portion of the string is instead used as a filename in the
local filesystem.

=item http

SRW connection using SOAP over HTTP.

=back

Support for SRU will follow in the fullness of time.

If an error occurs, an exception is thrown.  This may indicate a
networking problem (e.g. the host is not found or unreachable), or a
protocol-level problem (e.g. a Z39.50 server rejected the Init
request).

=head4 create() / connect()

 $options = new ZOOM::Options();
 $options->option(implementationName => "my client");
 $conn = create ZOOM::Connection($options)
 $conn->connect($host, 0);

The usual Connection constructor, C<new()> brings a new object into
existence and forges the connection to the server all in one
operation, which is often what you want.  For applications that need
more control, however, these two method separate the two steps,
allowing additional steps in between such as the setting of options.

C<create()> creates and returns a new Connection object, which is
I<not> connected to any server.  It may be passed an options block, of
type C<ZOOM::Options> (see below), into which options may be set
before or after the creation of the Connection.  The connection to the
server may then be forged by the C<connect()> method, the arguments of
which are the same as those of the C<new()> constructor.

=head4 error_x() / errcode() / errmsg() / addinfo() / diagset()

 ($errcode, $errmsg, $addinfo, $diagset) = $conn->error_x();
 $errcode = $conn->errcode();
 $errmsg = $conn->errmsg();
 $addinfo = $conn->addinfo();
 $diagset = $conn->diagset();

These methods may be used to obtain information about the last error
to have occurred on a connection - although typically they will not
been used, as the same information is available through the
C<ZOOM::Exception> that is thrown when the error occurs.  The
C<errcode()>,
C<errmsg()>,
C<addinfo()>
and
C<diagset()>
methods each return one element of the diagnostic, and
C<error_x()>
returns all four at once.

See the C<ZOOM::Exception> for the interpretation of these elements.

=head4 option() / option_binary()

 print("server is '", $conn->option("serverImplementationName"), "'\n");
 $conn->option(preferredRecordSyntax => "usmarc");
 $conn->option_binary(iconBlob => "foo\0bar");
 die if length($conn->option_binary("iconBlob") != 7);

Objects of the Connection, ResultSet, ScanSet and Package classes
carry with them a set of named options which affect their behaviour in
certain ways.  See the ZOOM-C options documentation for details:

Connection options are listed at
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/zoom.tkl#zoom.connections

These options are set and fetched using the C<option()> method, which
may be called with either one or two arguments.  In the two-argument
form, the option named by the first argument is set to the value of
the second argument, and its old value is returned.  In the
one-argument form, the value of the specified option is returned.

For historical reasons, option values are not binary-clean, so that a
value containing a NUL byte will be returned in truncated form.  The
C<option_binary()> method behaves identically to C<option()> except
that it is binary-clean, so that values containing NUL bytes are set
and returned correctly.

=head4 search() / search_pqf()

 $rs = $conn->search(new ZOOM::Query::CQL('title=dinosaur'));
 # The next two lines are equivalent
 $rs = $conn->search(new ZOOM::Query::PQF('@attr 1=4 dinosaur'));
 $rs = $conn->search_pqf('@attr 1=4 dinosaur');

The principal purpose of a search-and-retrieve protocol is searching
(and, er, retrieval), so the principal method used on a Connection
object is C<search()>.  It accepts a single argument, a C<ZOOM::Query>
object (or, more precisely, an object of a subclass of this class);
and it creates and returns a new ResultSet object representing the set
of records resulting from the search.

Since queries using PQF (Prefix Query Format) are so common, we make
them a special case by providing a C<search_prefix()> method.  This is
identical to C<search()> except that it accepts a string containing
the query rather than an object, thereby obviating the need to create
a C<ZOOM::Query::PQF> object.  See the documentation of that class for
information about PQF.

=head4 scan() / scan1()

 ### Code sample needed here!

Many Z39.50 servers allow you to browse their indexes to find terms to
search for.  This is done using the C<scan> method, which creates and
returns a new ScanSet object representing the set of terms resulting
from the scan.

C<scan()> takes a single argument, but it has to work hard: it
specifies both what index to scan for terms, and where in the index to
start scanning.  What's more, the specification of what index to scan
includes multiple facets, such as what database fields it's an index
of (author, subject, title, etc.) and whether to scan for whole fields
or single words (e.g. the title ``I<The Empire Strikes Back>'', or the
four words ``Back'', ``Empire'', ``Strikes'' and ``The'', interleaved
with words from other titles in the same index.

All of this is done by using a single term from the PQF query as the
C<scan()> argument.  (At present, only PQF is supported, although
there is no reason in principle why CQL and other query syntaxes
should not be supported in future).  The attributes associated with
the term indicate which index is to be used, and the term itself
indicates the point in the index at which to start the scan.  For
example, if the argument is C<@attr 1=4 fish>, then

=over 4

=item @attr 1=4

This is the BIB-1 attribute with type 1 (meaning access-point, which
specifies an index), and type 4 (which means ``title'').  So the scan
is in the title index.

=item fish

Start the scan from the lexicographically earliest term that is equal
to or falls after ``fish''.

=back

The argument C<@attr 1=4 @attr 6=3 fish> would behave similarly; but
the BIB-1 attribute 6=3 mean completeness=``complete field'', so the
scan would be for complete titles rather than for words occurring in
titles.

This takes a bit of getting used to.

The behaviour is C<scan()> is affected by the following options, which
may be set on the Connection through which the scan is done:

=over 4

=item number [default: 10]

Indicates how many terms should be returned in the ScanSet.  The
number actually returned may be less, if the start-point is near the
end of the index, but will not be greater.

=item position [default: 1]

A 1-based index specifying where in the returned list of terms the
seed-term should appear.  By default it should be the first term
returned, but C<position> may be set, for example, to zero (requesting
the next terms I<after> the seed-term), or to the same value as
C<number> (requesting the index terms I<before> the seed term).

=item stepSize [default: 0]

An integer indicating how many indexed terms are to be skipped between
each one returned in the ScanSet.  By default, no terms are skipped,
but overriding this can be useful to get a high-level overview of the
index.

The C<scan1()> method is the same as C<scan()> except that it takes a
Query object as its argument instead of a PQF string.  This means
that it can be used to scan using a CQL term, so long as the
underlying ZOOM-C library supports this.

=back

=head4 package()

 $p = $conn->package();
 $o = new ZOOM::Options();
 $o->option(databaseName => "newdb");
 $p = $conn->package($o);

Creates and returns a new C<ZOOM::Package>, to be used in invoking an
Extended Service.  An options block may optionally be passed in.  See
the C<ZOOM::Package> documentation.

=head4 last_event()

 if ($conn->last_event() == ZOOM::Event::CONNECT) {
     print "Connected!\n";
 }

Returns a C<ZOOM::Event> enumerated value indicating the type of the
last event that occurred on the connection.  This is used only in
complex asynchronous applications - see the section below on
C<ZOOM::Event> for more information.

B<Warning.>
This method has not been tested.

=head4 destroy()

 $conn->destroy()

Destroys a Connection object, tearing down any low-level connection
associated with it and freeing its resources.  It is an error to reuse
a Connection that has been C<destroy()>ed.

=head2 ZOOM::ResultSet

 $rs = $conn->search_pqf('@attr 1=4 mineral');
 $n = $rs->size();
 for $i (1 .. $n) {
     $rec = $rs->record($i-1);
     print $rec->render();
 }

A ResultSet object represents the set of zero or more records
resulting from a search, and is the means whereby these records can be
retrieved.  A ResultSet object may maintain client side cache or some,
less, none, all or more of the server's records: in general, this is
supposed to an implementaton detail of no interest to a typical
application, although more sophisticated applications do have
facilities for messing with the cache.  Most applications will only
need the C<size()>, C<record()> and C<sort()> methods.

There is no C<new()> method nor any other explicit constructor.  The
only way to create a new ResultSet is by using C<search()> (or
C<search_prefix()>) on a Connection.

See the description of the C<Result Set> class in the ZOOM Abstract
API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html#3.4

=head3 Methods

=head4 option()

 $rs->option(elementSetName => "f");

Allows options to be set into, and read from, a ResultSet, just like
the Connection class's C<option()> method.  There is no
C<option_binary()> method for ResultSet objects.

ResultSet options are listed at
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/zoom.resultsets.tkl

=head4 size()

 print "Found ", $rs->size(), " records\n";

Returns the number of records in the result set.

=head4 record() / record_immediate()

 $rec = $rs->record(0);
 $rec2 = $rs->record_immediate(0);
 $rec3 = $rs->record_immediate(1)
     or print "second record wasn't in cache\n";

The C<record()> method returns a C<ZOOM::Record> object representing
a record from result-set, whose position is indicated by the argument
passed in.  This is a zero-based index, so that legitimate values
range from zero to C<$rs->size()-1>.

The C<record_immediate()> API is identical, but it never invokes a
network operation, merely returning the record from the ResultSet's
cache if it's already there, or an undefined value otherwise.  So if
you use this method, B<you must always check the return value>.

=head4 records()

 $rs->records(0, 10, 0);
 for $i (0..10) {
     print $rs->record_immediate($i)->render();
 }

 @nextseven = $rs->records(10, 7, 1);

The C<record_immediate()> method only fetches records from the cache,
whereas C<record()> fetches them from the server if they have not
already been cached; but the ZOOM module has to guess what the most
efficient strategy for this is.  It might fetch each record, alone
when asked for: that's optimal in an application that's only
interested in the top hit from each search, but pessimal for one that
wants to display a whole list of results.  Conversely, the software's
strategy might be always to ask for blocks of a twenty records:
that's great for assembling long lists of things, but wasteful when
only one record is wanted.  The problem is that the ZOOM module can't
tell, when you call C<$rs->record()>, what your intention is.

But you can tell it.  The C<records()> method fetches a sequence of
records, all in one go.  It takes three arguments: the first is the
zero-based index of the first record in the sequence, the second is
the number of records to fetch, and the third is a boolean indication
of whether or not to return the retrieved records as well as adding
them to the cache.  (You can always pass 1 for this if you like, and
Perl will discard the unused return value, but there is a small
efficiency gain to be had by passing 0.)

Once the records have been retrieved from the server
(i.e. C<records()> has completed without throwing an exception), they
can be fetched much more efficiently using C<record()> - or
C<record_immediate()>, which is then guaranteed to succeed.

=head4 cache_reset()

 $rs->cache_reset()

Resets the ResultSet's record cache, so that subsequent invocations of
C<record_immediate()> will fail.  I struggle to imagine a real
scenario where you'd want to do this.

=head4 sort()

 if ($rs->sort("yaz", "1=4 >i 1=21 >s") < 0) {
     die "sort failed";
 }

Sorts the ResultSet in place (discarding any cached records, as they
will in general be sorted into a different position).  There are two
arguments: the first is a string indicating the type of the
sort-specification, and the second is the specification itself.

The C<sort()> method returns 0 on success, or -1 if the
sort-specification is invalid.

At present, the only supported sort-specification type is C<yaz>.
Such a specification consists of a space-separated sequence of keys,
each of which itself consists of two space-separated words (so that
the total number of words in the sort-specification is even).  The two
words making up each key are a field and a set of flags.  The field
can take one of two forms: if it contains an C<=> sign, then it is a
BIB-1 I<type>=I<value> pair specifying which field to sort
(e.g. C<1=4> for a title sort); otherwise it is sent for the server to
interpret as best it can.  The word of flags is made up from one or
more of the following: C<s> for case sensitive, C<i> for case
insensitive; C<<> for ascending order and C<E<gt>> for descending
order.

For example, the sort-specification in the code-fragment above will
sort the records in C<$rs> case-insensitively in descending order of
title, with records having equivalent titles sorted case-sensitively
in ascending order of subject.  (The BIB-1 access points 4 and 21
represent title and subject respectively.)
 
=head4 destroy()

 $rs->destroy()

Destroys a ResultSet object, freeing its resources.  It is an error to
reuse a ResultSet that has been C<destroy()>ed.

=head2 ZOOM::Record

 $rec = $rs->record($i);
 print $rec->render();
 $raw = $rec->raw();
 $marc = new_from_usmarc MARC::Record($raw);
 print "Record title is: ", $marc->title(), "\n";

A Record object represents a record that has been retrived from the
server.

There is no C<new()> method nor any other explicit constructor.  The
only way to create a new Record is by using C<record()> (or
C<record_immediate()>, or C<records()>) on a ResultSet.

In general, records are ``owned'' by their result-sets that they were
retrieved from, so they do not have to be explicitly memory-managed:
they are deallocated (and therefore can no longer be used) when the
result-set is destroyed.

See the description of the C<Record> class in the ZOOM Abstract
API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html#3.5

=head3 Methods

=head4 render()

 print $rec->render()

Returns a human-readable representation of the record.  Beyond that,
no promises are made: careful programs should not make assumptions
about the format of the returned string.

This method is useful mostly for debugging.

=head4 raw()

 use MARC::Record
 $raw = $rec->raw();
 $marc = new_from_usmarc MARC::Record($raw);

Returns an opaque blob of data that is the raw form of the record.
Exactly what this is, and what you can do with it, varies depending on
the record-syntax.  For example, XML records will be returned as,
well, XML; MARC records will be returned as ISO 2709-encoded blocks
that can be decoded by software such as the fine C<Marc::Record>
module; GRS-1 record will be ... gosh, what an interesting question.
But no-one uses GRS-1 any more, do they?

=head4 clone() / destroy()

 $rec = $rs->record($i);
 $newrec = $rec->clone();
 $rs->destroy();
 print $newrec->render();
 $newrec->destroy();

Usually, it's convenient that Record objects are owned by their
ResultSets and go away when the ResultSet is destroyed; but
occasionally you need a Record to outlive its parent and destroy it
later, explicitly.  To do this, C<clone()> the record, keep the new
Record object that is returned, and C<destroy()> it when it's no
longer needed.  This is B<only> situation in which a Record needs to
be destroyed.

=head2 ZOOM::Exception

In general, method calls throw an exception (of class
C<ZOOM::Exception>) if anything goes wrong, so you don't need to test
for success after each call.  Exceptions are caught by enclosing the
main code in an C<eval{}> block and checking C<$@> on exit from that
block, as in the code-sample above.

There are a small number of exceptions to this rule: the three
record-fetching methods in the C<ZOOM::ResultSet> class,
C<record()>,
C<record_immediate()>,
and
C<records()>
can all return undefined values for legitimate reasons, under
circumstances that do not merit throwing an exception.  For this
reason, the return values of these methods should be checked.  See the
individual methods' documentation for details.

An exception carries the following pieces of information:

=over 4

=item error-code

A numeric code that specifies the type of error.  This can be checked
for equality with known values, so that intelligent applications can
take appropriate action.

=item error-message

A human-readable message corresponding with the code.  This can be
shown to users, but its value should not be tested, as it could vary
in different versions or under different locales.

=item additional information [optional]

A string containing information specific to the error-code.  For
example, when the error-code is the BIB-1 diagnostic 109 ("Database
unavailable"), the additional information is the name of the database
that the application tried to use.  For some error-codes, there is no
additional information at all; for some others, the additional
information is undefined and may just be an human-readable string.

=item diagnostic set [optional]

A short string specifying the diagnostic set from which the error-code
was drawn: for example, C<ZOOM> for a ZOOM-specific error such as
C<ZOOM::Error::MEMORY> ("out of memory"), and C<BIB-1> for a Z39.50
error-code drawn from the BIB-1 diagnostic set.

=back

In theory, the error-code should be interpreted in the context of the
diagnostic set from which it is drawn; in practice, nearly all errors
are from either the ZOOM or BIB-1 diagnostic sets, and the codes in
those sets have been chosen so as not to overlap, so the diagnostic
set can usually be ignored.

See the description of the C<Exception> class in the ZOOM Abstract
API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html#3.7

=head3 Methods

=head4 new()

 die new ZOOM::Exception($errcode, $errmsg, $addinfo, $diagset);

Creates and returns a new Exception object with the specified
error-code, error-message, additional information and diagnostic set.
Applications will not in general need to use this, but may find it
useful to simulate ZOOM exceptions.  As is usual with Perl, exceptions
are thrown using C<die()>.

=head4 code() / message() / addinfo() / diagset()

 print "Error ", $@->code(), ": ", $@->message(), "\n";
 print "(addinfo '", $@->addinfo(), "', set '", $@->diagset(), "')\n";

These methods, of no arguments, return the exception's error-code,
error-message, additional information and diagnostic set respectively.

=head4 render()

 print $@->render();

Returns a human-readable rendition of an exception.  The C<"">
operator is overloaded on the Exception class, so that an Exception
used in a string context is automatically rendered.  Among other
consequences, this has the useful result that a ZOOM application that
died due to an uncaught exception will emit an informative message
before exiting.

=head2 ZOOM::ScanSet

 $ss = $conn->scan('@attr 1=1003 a');
 $n = $ss->size();
 ($term, $occ) = $ss->term($n-1);
 $rs = $conn->search_pqf('@attr 1=1003 "' . $term . "'");
 assert($rs->size() == $occ);

A ScanSet represents a set of candidate search-terms returned from an
index scan.  Its sole purpose is to provide access to those term, to
the corresponding display terms, and to the occurrence-counts of the
terms.

There is no C<new()> method nor any other explicit constructor.  The
only way to create a new ScanSet is by using C<scan()> on a
Connection.

See the description of the C<Scan Set> class in the ZOOM Abstract
API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html#3.6

=head3 Methods

=head4 size()

 print "Found ", $ss->size(), " terms\n";

Returns the number of terms in the scan set.  In general, this will be
the scan-set size requested by the C<number> option in the Connection
on which the scan was performed [default 10], but it may be fewer if
the scan is close to the end of the index.

=head4 term() / display_term()

 $ss = $conn->scan('@attr 1=1004 whatever');
 ($term, $occurrences) = $ss->term(0);
 ($displayTerm, $occurrences2) = $ss->display_term(0);
 assert($occurrences == $occurrences2);
 if (user_likes_the_look_of($displayTerm)) {
     $rs = $conn->search_pqf('@attr 1=4 "' . $term . '"');
     assert($rs->size() == $occurrences);
 }

These methods return the scanned terms themselves.  C<term()> returns
the term is a form suitable for submitting as part of a query, whereas
C<display_term()> returns it in a form suitable for displaying to a
user.  Both versions also return the number of occurrences of the term
in the index, i.e. the number of hits that will be found if the term
is subsequently used in a query.

In most cases, the term and display term will be identical; however,
they may be different in cases where punctuation or case is
normalised, or where identifiers rather than the original document
terms are indexed.

=head4 option()

 print "scan status is ", $ss->option("scanStatus");

Allows options to be set into, and read from, a ScanSet, just like
the Connection class's C<option()> method.  There is no
C<option_binary()> method for ScanSet objects.

ScanSet options are also described, though not particularly
informatively, at
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/zoom.scan.tkl

=head4 destroy()

 $ss->destroy()

Destroys a ScanSet object, freeing its resources.  It is an error to
reuse a ScanSet that has been C<destroy()>ed.

=head2 ZOOM::Package

 $p = $conn->package();
 $p->option(action => "specialUpdate");
 $p->option(recordIdOpaque => 145);
 $p->option(record => content_of("/tmp/record.xml"));
 $p->send("update");
 $p->destroy();

This class represents an Extended Services Package: an instruction to
the server to do something not covered by the core parts of the Z39.50
standard (or the equivalent in SRW or SRU).  Since the core protocols
are read-only, such requests are often used to make changes to the
database, such as in the record update example above.

Requesting an extended service is a four-step process: first, create a
package associated with the connection to the relevant database;
second, set options on the package to instruct the server on what to
do; third, send the package (which may result in an exception being
thrown if the server cannot execute the requested operations; and
finally, destroy the package.

Package options are listed at
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/zoom.ext.html

The particular options that have meaning are determined by the
top-level operation string specified as the argument to C<send()>.
For example, when the operation is C<update> (the most commonly used
extended service), the C<action> option may be set to any of
C<recordInsert>
(add a new record, failing if that record already exists),
C<recordDelete>
(delete a record, failing if it is not in the database).
C<recordReplace>
(replace a record, failing if an old version is not already present)
or
C<specialUpdate>
(add a record, replacing any existing version that may be present).

For update, the C<record> option should be set to the full text of the
XML record to added, deleted or replaced.  Depending on how the server
is configured, it may extract the record's unique ID from the text
(i.e. from a known element such as the C<001> field of a MARCXML
record), or it may require the unique ID to passed in explicitly using
the C<recordIdOpaque> option.

Extended services packages are B<not currently described> in the ZOOM
Abstract API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html
They will be added in a forthcoming version, and will function much
as those implemented in this module.

=head3 Methods

=head4 option()

 $p->option(recordIdOpaque => "46696f6e61");

Allows options to be set into, and read from, a Package, just like
the Connection class's C<option()> method.  There is no
C<option_binary()> method for Package objects.

Package options are listed at
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/zoom.ext.tkl

=head4 send()

 $p->send("createdb");

Sends a package to the server associated with the Connection that
created it.  Problems are reported by throwing an exception.  The
single parameter indicates the operation that the server is being
requested to perform, and controls the interpretation of the package's
options.  Valid operations include:

=over 4

=item itemorder

Request a copy of a nominated object, e.g. place an ILL request.

=item create

Create a new database, the name of which is specified by the
C<databaseName> option.

=item drop

Drop an existing database, the name of which is specified by the
C<databaseName> option.

=item commit

Commit changes made to the database within a transaction.

=item update

Modify the contents of the database by adding, deleting or replacing
records (as described above in the overview of the C<ZOOM::Package>
class).

=item xmlupdate

I have no idea what this does.

=back

Although the module is capable of I<making> all these requests, not
all servers are capable of I<executing> them.  Refusal is indicated by
throwing an exception.  Problems may also be caused by lack of
privileges; so C<send()> must be used with caution, and is perhaps
best wrapped in a clause that checks for execptions, like so:

 eval { $p->send("create") };
 if ($@ && $@->isa("ZOOM::Exception")) {
     print "Oops!  ", $@->message(), "\n";
     return $@->code();
 }

=head4 destroy()

 $p->destroy()

Destroys a Package object, freeing its resources.  It is an error to
reuse a Package that has been C<destroy()>ed.

=head2 ZOOM::Query

 $q = new ZOOM::Query::CQL("creator=pike and subject=unix");
 $q->sortby("1=4 >i 1=21 >s");
 $rs = $conn->search($q);
 $q->destroy();

C<ZOOM::Query> is a virtual base class from which various concrete
subclasses can be derived.  Different subclasses implement different
types of query.  The sole purpose of a Query object is to be used in a
C<search()> on a Connection; because PQF is such a common special
case, the shortcut Connection method C<search_pqf()> is provided.

The following Query subclasses are provided, both of the providing the
same set of methods described below:

=over 4

=item ZOOM::Query::PQF

Implements Prefix Query Format (PQF), also sometimes known as Prefix
Query Notation (PQN).  This esoteric but rigorous and expressive
format is described in the YAZ Manual at
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/tools.tkl#PQF

=item ZOOM::Query::CQL

Implements the Common Query Language (CQL) of SRU, the Search/Retrieve
URL.  CQL is a much friendlier notation than PQF, using a simple infix
notation.  The queries are passed ``as is'' to the server rather than
being compiled into a Z39.50 Type-1 query, so only CQL-compliant
servers can support such querier.  CQL is described at
http://www.loc.gov/standards/sru/cql/
and in a slight out-of-date but nevertheless useful tutorial at
http://zing.z3950.org/cql/intro.html

=back

See the description of the C<Query> class in the ZOOM Abstract
API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html#3.3

=head3 Methods

=head4 new()

 $q = new ZOOM::Query::CQL('title=dinosaur'));
 $q = new ZOOM::Query::PQF('@attr 1=4 dinosaur'));

Creates a new query object, compiling the query passed as its argument
according to the rules of the particular query-type being
instantiated.  If compilation fails, an exception is thrown.
Otherwise, the query may be passed to the C<Connection> method
<search()>.

=head4 sortby()

 $q->sortby("1=4 >i 1=21 >s");

Sets a sort specification into the query, so that when a C<search()>
is run on the query, the result is automatically sorted.  The sort
specification language is the same as the C<yaz> sort-specification
type of the C<ResultSet> method C<sort()>, described above.

B<It ought to be possible to sort by CQL query, too, but at present
limitations in the underlying ZOOM-C library make this impossible.>

=head4 destroy()

 $p->destroy()

Destroys a Query object, freeing its resources.  It is an error to
reuse a Query that has been C<destroy()>ed.

=head2 ZOOM::Options

 $o1 = new ZOOM::Options();
 $o1->option(user => "alf");
 $o2 = new ZOOM::Options();
 $o2->option(password => "fruit");
 $opts = new ZOOM::Options($o1, $o2);
 $conn = create ZOOM::Connection($opts);
 $conn->connect($host); # Uses the specified username and password

Several classes of ZOOM objects carry their own sets of options, which
can be manipulated using their C<option()> method.  Sometimes,
however, it's useful to deal with the option sets directly, and the
C<ZOOM::Options> class exists to enable this approach.

Option sets are B<not currently described> in the ZOOM
Abstract API at
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html
They are an extension to that specification.

=head3 Methods

=head4 new()

 $o1 = new ZOOM::Options();
 $o1and2 = new ZOOM::Options($o1);
 $o3 = new ZOOM::Options();
 $o1and3and4 = new ZOOM::Options($o1, $o3);

Creates and returns a new option set.  One or two (but no more)
existing option sets may be passed as arguments, in which case they
become ``parents'' of the new set, which thereby ``inherits'' their
options, the values of the first parent overriding those of the second
when both have a value for the same key.  An option set that inherits
from a parent that has its own parents also inherits the grandparent's
options, and so on.

=head4 option() / option_binary()

 $o->option(preferredRecordSyntax => "usmarc");
 $o->option_binary(iconBlob => "foo\0bar");
 die if length($o->option_binary("iconBlob") != 7);

These methods are used to get and set options within a set, and behave
the same way as the same-named C<Connection> methods - see above.  As
with the C<Connection> methods, values passed to and retrieved using
C<option()> are interpreted as NUL-terminated, while those passed to
and retrieved from C<option_binary()> are binary-clean.

=head4 bool()

 $o->option(x => "T");
 $o->option(y => "F");
 assert($o->bool("x", 1));
 assert(!$o->bool("y", 1));
 assert($o->bool("z", 1));

The first argument is a key, and the second is a default value.
Returns the value associated with the specified key as a boolean, or
the default value if the key has not been set.  The values C<T> (upper
case) and C<1> are considered true; all other values (including C<t>
(lower case) and non-zero integers other than one) are considered
false.

This method is provided in ZOOM-C because in a statically typed
language it's convenient to have the result returned as an
easy-to-test type.  In a dynamically typed language such as Perl, this
problem doesn't arise, so C<bool()> is nearly useless; but it is made
available in case applications need to duplicate the idiosyncratic
interpretation of truth and falsehood and ZOOM-C uses.

=head4 int()

 $o->option(x => "012");
 assert($o->int("x", 20) == 12);
 assert($o->int("y", 20) == 20);

Returns the value associated with the specified key as an integer, or
the default value if the key has not been set.  See the description of
C<bool()> for why you almost certainly don't want to use this.

=head4 set_int()

 $o->set_int(x => "29");

Sets the value of the specified option as an integer.  Of course, Perl
happily converts strings to integers on its own, so you can just use
C<option()> for this, but C<set_int()> is guaranteed to use the same
string-to-integer conversion as ZOOM-C does, which might occasionally
be useful.  Though I can't imagine how.

=head4 set_callback()

 sub cb {
     ($udata, $key) = @;
     return "$udata-$key-$udata";
 }
 $o->set_callback(\&cb, "xyz");
 assert($o->option("foo") eq "xyz-foo-xyz");

This method allows a callback function to be installed in an option
set, so that the values of options can be calculated algorithmically
rather than, as usual, looked up in a table.  Along with the callback
function itself, an additional datum is provided: when an option is
subsequently looked up, this datum is passed to the callback function
along with the key; and its return value is returned to the caller as
the value of the option.

B<Warning.>
Although it ought to be possible to specify callback function using
the C<\&name> syntax above, or a literal C<sub { code }> code
reference, the complexities of the Perl-internal memory management
system mean that the function must currently be specified as a string
containing the fully-qualified name, e.g. C<"main::cb">.>

B<Warning.>
The current implementation of the this method leaks memory, not only
when the callback is installed, but on every occasion that it is
consulted to look up an option value.

=head4 destroy()

 $o->destroy()

Destroys an Options object, freeing its resources.  It is an error to
reuse an Options object that has been C<destroy()>ed.

=head1 ENUMERATIONS

The ZOOM module provides two enumerations that list possible return
values from particular functions.  They are described in the following
sections.

=head2 ZOOM::Error

 if ($@->code() == ZOOM::Error::QUERY_PQF) {
     return "your query was not accepted";
 }

This class provides a set of manifest constants representing some of
the possible error codes that can be raised by the ZOOM module.  The
methods that return error-codes are
C<ZOOM::Exception::code()>,
C<ZOOM::Connection::error_x()>
and
C<ZOOM::Connection::errcode()>.

The C<ZOOM::Error> class provides the constants
C<NONE>,
C<CONNECT>,
C<MEMORY>,
C<ENCODE>,
C<DECODE>,
C<CONNECTION_LOST>,
C<INIT>,
C<INTERNAL>,
C<TIMEOUT>,
C<UNSUPPORTED_PROTOCOL>,
C<UNSUPPORTED_QUERY>,
C<INVALID_QUERY>,
C<CREATE_QUERY>,
C<QUERY_CQL>,
C<QUERY_PQF>,
C<SORTBY>,
C<CLONE>,
C<PACKAGE>
and
C<SCANTERM>,
each of which specifies a client-side error.  These codes constitute
the C<ZOOM> diagnostic set.

Since errors may also be diagnosed by the server, and returned to the
client, error codes may also take values from the BIB-1 diagnostic set
of Z39.50, listed at the Z39.50 Maintenance Agency's web-site at
http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/defns/bib1diag.html

All error-codes, whether client-side from the C<ZOOM::Error>
enumeration or server-side from the BIB-1 diagnostic set, can be
translated into human-readable messages by passing them to the
C<ZOOM::diag_str()> utility function.

=head2 ZOOM::Event

 if ($conn->last_event() == ZOOM::Event::CONNECT) {
     print "Connected!\n";
 }

In applications that need it - mostly complex multiplexing
applications - The C<ZOOM::Connection::last_event()> method is used to
return an indication of the last event that occurred on a particular
connection.  It always returns a value drawn from this enumeration,
that is, one of C<NONE>, C<CONNECT>, C<SEND_DATA>, C<RECV_DATA>,
C<TIMEOUT>, C<UNKNOWN>, C<SEND_APDU>, C<RECV_APDU>, C<RECV_RECORD> or
C<RECV_SEARCH>.

You almost certainly don't need to know about this.  Frankly, I'm not
sure how to use it myself.

=head1 SEE ALSO

The ZOOM abstract API,
http://zoom.z3950.org/api/zoom-current.html

The C<Net::Z3950::ZOOM> module, included in the same distribution as this one.

The C<Net::Z3950> module, which this one supersedes.
http://perl.z3950.org/

The documentation for the ZOOM-C module of the YAZ Toolkit, which this
module is built on.  Specifically, its lists of options are useful.
http://indexdata.com/yaz/doc/zoom.tkl

The BIB-1 diagnostic set of Z39.50,
http://www.loc.gov/z3950/agency/defns/bib1diag.html

=head1 AUTHOR

Mike Taylor, E<lt>mike@indexdata.comE<gt>

=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE

Copyright (C) 2005 by Index Data.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.4 or,
at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.

=cut

1;