</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Abavornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>great-great-grandfather bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="bonaparti">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Jose</LOW> Bonaparte's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="TsNIGIRI" id="56/11915" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.1 mm)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4605" content="coracoid shaft"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Abelisaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>Abel's lizard</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="6.5" q="1"/>
<MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
<TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
<REMAINS content="skull lacking tip of snout, much of jaws, & parts of roof" museum="MC" id="11098" type="holo"/>
<SPECIES name="comahuensis">
<AUTHOR name="Bonaparte, Novas" year="1985"/>
<GENUS name="Abrosaurus" type="with">
<PLACE name="China"/>
- <SPECIES name="dongpoensis">
+ <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dongpoi">
<AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1989"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="emended" name="Peng, Shu" year="1999"/>
<REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen including skull"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="gigantorhinus">
<AUTHOR name="Ouyang" year="1986"/>
<AUTHOR type="vide" name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
<MEANING>giant-snouted</MEANING>
- <SYNONYM name="dongpoensis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="dongpoi"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P>Two different species names have been used in conjunction with the
-same type material. <NOMEN name="A. gigantorhinus"/> was used first, but
+same type material. <NOMEN name="Abrosaurus gigantorhinus"/> was used first, but
in a dissertation, and hence was not a valid name by ICZN rules. The
first version of the name to be published in accord with ICZN rules
-was <NOMEN name="A. dongpoensis"/>.</P>
+was <NOMEN name="A. dongpoi"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<LENGTH value="15"/>
<TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
<PLACE name="Egypt"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IPGH" content="3 centra; left scapula (partial), humerus, & radius; right ulna; left tibia & femur" comment="destroyed in World War II" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII61" content="3 centra; left scapula (partial), humerus, & radius; right ulna; left tibia & femur" comment="destroyed in World War II" type="holo"/>
<SPECIES name="baharijensis">
<AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1932"/>
<MEANING>from Baharîya <LOW>Oasis</LOW></MEANING>
<MISSPELLED name="Eolosaurus"/>
<MEANING>Aeolus' <LOW>(god of wind)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="15"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
<REMAINS content="5 tail vertebrae, ulna, radius, metacarpal, pubis, ischium, dermal plates"/>
<REMAINS museum="MPCA" id="27174" content="5 caudal vertebrae, right ulna, metacarpal, left pubis, right ischium"/>
<TIME value="Barremian"/>
<PLACE name="Niger"/>
<REMAINS museum="UC OBA" id="1" content="skull lacking much of mandibles & parts of snout & roof; cervical vertebrae (some articulated); incomplete dorsal & caudal series; ribs; pelvis; nearly complete forelimbs; hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsals"/>
<SPECIES name="abakensis">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, J. A. Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil, Sues" year="1994"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sphenocerus">
<SYNONYM name="Styracosaurus sphenocerus" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>The first <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> genus to be named.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Aggiosaurus" type="with">
<REMAINS museum="USNM" content="right ischium" type="para"/>
<REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15658" content="caudal centrum"/>
<REMAINS museum="USNM" id="15560" content="30 most anterior caudal vertebrae (articulated); 25 chevrons; ischia; left scapulocoracoid; right forelimb lacking phalanges, 2 sternal plates, 3 fragmentary ribs"/>
- <SPECIES name="sanjuanensis">
+ <SPECIES name="sanjuanensis" status="dubiumQ">
<AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1922"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="periculosus" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Riabinin" year="1930"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sternbergi">
<SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus sternbergi" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Aletopelta" type="with">
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <SPECIES name="coombsi">
+ <MEANING>Coombs'</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Ford, Kirkland" year="2001"/>
+ <SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Alexornis" type="with">
<SPECIES name="antecedens">
<AUTHOR name="Brodkorb" year="1976"/>
<GENUS name="Aliwalia" type="with">
<MEANING>Aliwal <LOW>North (in South Africa) one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="10" q="1"/>
<LENGTH value="12" q="1"/>
<MASS value="1500" q="1"/>
<TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
<GENUS name="Allosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>different lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
<TIME value="Tithonian"/>
<PLACE name="Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, S. Dakota, Utah, Wyoming"/>
<SPECIES name="fragilis">
<REMAINS museum="USNM" id="7336" content="left astragalus"/>
<REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8302" content="right manual digit III"/>
<REMAINS museum="USNM" id="8257" content="right manual digit II"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1890" content="jugal, premaxilla, 2 vertebrae, ilium, astragalus, 2 unguals, 2 phalanges" synonym="atrox"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2315" content="left dentary with 12 teeth" comment="pathologic" synonym="ferox"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="amplexus" status="dubiumQ" original="Epanterias">
<AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1878"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="atrox" original="Creosaurus">
<AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <MASS value="1700"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="1890" content="jugal, premaxilla, 2 vertebrae, ilium, astragalus, 2 unguals, 2 phalanges" type="holo"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="ferox">
<AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1896"/>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="1000"/>
- <MASS value="1700"/>
<MEANING>fierce</MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="USNM" id="2315" content="left dentary with 12 teeth" comment="pathologic" type="holo"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="A. fragilis"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="lucaris">
<AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1878"/>
<SYNONYM name="fragilis"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="maximus">
- <SYNONYM name="Saurophagus maximus" status="objective"/>
+ <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dorsal neural arch" type="holo"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1995"/>
+ <MEANING>greatest</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="medius">
<SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Greppin" year="1870"/>
- <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani">
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sibiricus">
<SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>. Its main rival was
the slightly smaller <NOMEN name="Ceratosaurus"/>. </P>
-<P> There is debate over the taxonomy of these species. Some feel they
-should all be lumped into <NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/> while others would
+<P> There is debate over the taxonomy of these species. Some feel that most of them
+should be lumped into <NOMEN name="A. fragilis"/> while others would
split them into several genera (<NOMEN name="Creosaurus"/>,
-<NOMEN name="Epanterias"/>, etc.) </P>
+<NOMEN name="Epanterias"/>, <NOMEN name="Saurophaganax"/>, etc.)</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Ammosaurus">
<AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1891"/>
<MEANING>sand lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
- <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
- <PLACE name="Connecticut, Arizona"/>
- <PLACE name="Nova Scotia" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="208" content="3 presacral vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="209" synonym="Ammosaurus solus" content="pelvis, podes"/>
- <REMAINS museum="MNA" id="G2 7233" content="lower parts of skeleton" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="major" original="Anchisaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
- <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="major">
+ <SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus major" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="solus">
<SYNONYM name="Anchisaurus solus" status="objective"/>
<GENUS name="Anasazisaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>Anasazi <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull" type="holo" museum="BYU" id="12950"/>
<SPECIES name="horneri">
<AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
<MEANING><LOW>John</LOW> Horner's</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a variant of <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Anatosaurus">
<SYNONYM name="polyzelus" status="q"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="major">
- <SYNONYM name="Ammosaurus major" status="objective"/>
- <MEANING>
- greater
- </MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1889"/>
+ <MEANING>greater</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4"/>
+ <TIME value="Pliensbachian"/>
+ <TIME value="Toarcian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Connecticut, Arizona"/>
+ <PLACE name="Nova Scotia" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="208" content="3 presacral vertebrae, sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="YPM" id="209" synonym="Ammosaurus solus" content="pelvis, podes"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MNA" id="G2 7233" content="lower parts of skeleton" q="1"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sinensis">
<SYNONYM name="Gyposaurus sinensis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P><NOMEN name="Anchisaurus colurus"/> may represent another gender (female?)
-of <NOMEN name="A. polyzelus"/>. </P>
+of <NOMEN name="A. polyzelus"/>. <NOMEN name="A. major"/>, the type
+species of <NOMEN name="Ammosaurus"/>, may also be a synonym of
+<NOMEN name="Anchisaurus polyzelus"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Aniksosaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Turonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="darwini" status="unpublished">
+ <MEANING>Darwin's</MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> A small <LINK content="theropod"/> of some kind. </P>
+<P>Hails from the Bajo Barreal Formation.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<MISSPELLED name="Anchylosaurus"/>
<MISSPELLED name="Ancylosaurus"/>
<MEANING>fused lizard</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- <MASS value="4000"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7.5"/>
+ <MASS value="4500"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="Montana, Wyoming, Alberta"/>
<REMAINS museum="AMNH" id="5895" content="skull, scapulocoracoid, vertebrae (7 cervical, 10 dorsal, 4 caudal), ribs, osteoderms" type="holo"/>
<SYNONYM name="Allosaurus lucaris" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sibiricus">
<SYNONYM name="Chilantaisaurus sibiricus" status="objective"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Apsaravis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Apsar bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="ukhaana">
+ <MEANING><LOW>from</LOW> Ukhaa <LOW>Tolgod</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Norell, Clarke" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium with fragmentary skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Aragosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Aragón<LOW>, Spain</LOW>lizard
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="recurva">
<AUTHOR name="Howgate" year="1984"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx bavarica" status="q"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
<MEANING>recurved</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="siemensii">
Solnhofen 1987 X
<NOMEN name="A. bavarica"/> 1992 1993 X
</DIAGRAM> </P>
+<P>The Solnhofen specimen may represent a new genus and species, <NOMEN
+name="Wellnhoferia grandis"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Archaeoraptor" type="with">
<MEANING>ancient raider <I>or</I> <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>/<NOMEN name="Velociraptor"/></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="liaoningensis" status="nudum">
+ <SYNONYM name="Microraptor"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Aves" incertae="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="liaoningensis">
<MEANING>from Liaoning <LOW>Province</LOW></MEANING>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Sloan" year="1999"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olson" year="2000"/>
<AUTHOR name="Stephen Czerkas, Sylvia Czerkas"/>
</SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="forepart of skeleton with integument impressions"/>
<ESSAY>
-<P>The specimen as originally published was touted as a
-<LINK content="bird"/>-<LINK content="deinonychosaur"/> link. However, it appears
-instead to be a chimera, the tail and hindlimbs belonging to a deinonychosaur and the rest
-belonging to a bird. The name <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> may be dropped
-for the formal publication of the animals. Until then, The Dinosauricon
-will use the name for the bird.</P>
+<P header="A Messy Situation"> This name has an ugly, if brief, history
+behind it. Here is an attempt to sum it up. </P>
+
+<P>The name "Archaeoraptor liaoningensis" was originally published in a
+National Geographic article in 1999. Pictures of the type specimen,
+supposedly a link between <LINK content="Aves"/> and more primitive, <LINK
+content="deinonychosaur"/>-like animals, were also published, but there
+was no formal diagnosis. Furthermore, the article disclaimed itself as a
+formal description and announced that the animal would be properly
+described later. Thus, at that point in time, according to ICZN rules, the
+name "Archaeoraptor" was a <I>nomen nudum</I>, completely unofficial.</P>
+
+<P>Shortly after publication, it became clear that the hindpart (tail,
+hindlimbs) of "Archaeoraptor" was from a different animal than the rest of
+it. This was discovered because the more complete counterslab to the
+hindpart had been found, and indicated that that part belonged to a basal
+<LINK content="paravian"/>, possibly a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>.
+The forepart was determined to be <LINK content="avian"/>. At that point I
+decided to use the unofficial name "Archaeoraptor" for the avian forepart,
+which was the major part of the supposed specimen.</P>
+
+<P>The hindpart and its counterslab were described in 2000 as <NOMEN
+name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. But, unbeknownst to the authors, Storrs
+Olson, a paleornithologist, had already formally designated the hindpart as the
+type specimen of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>, publishing a
+minimal description in an obscure journal. (The intent was to remove the
+infamous name of <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> from the field of
+paleornithology.) Thus, as of this writing, the name <NOMEN
+name="Microraptor"/> should be considered a junior objective synonym of
+<NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> by ICZN rules. The avian section should
+be considered <LINK content="Aves"/> <I>innom.</I></P>
+
+<P>Many consider Olson's publication unwarranted and irresponsible. There
+will be a petition to the ICZN to formally reject the name <NOMEN
+name="Archaeoraptor"/> and conserve the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>.
+In the hope that it succeeds, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/>
+for the basal paravian, despite ICZN rules.</P>
+
+<P>The avian section has yet to be formally described and named.</P>
+
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> A poorly known dinosaur, <NOMEN name="Archaeornithoides"/> has been
-classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/>, but it shows
-<LINK content="bird"/>-like traits and may be some kind of
-<LINK content="coelurosaur"/>. </P>
-
-<P> Like birds and spinosaurs, it had unserrated teeth. </P>
+classified as a <LINK content="spinosaur"/> because of its unserrated
+teeth, but it may be some kind of <LINK content="coelurosaur"/>, perhaps a
+juvenile <NOMEN name="Byronosaurus"/>. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<TIME value="Albian"/>
<PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
<REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, skeletal elements"/>
- <SPECIES name="salsopaludalis">
+ <SPECIES name="salsopaludalis" status="dubiumQ">
<AUTHOR name="Nessov, Kaznyshkina, Cherepanov" year="1989"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sulcidens">
</MEANING>
<TIME value="EK"/>
<PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
<SPECIES name="mongoliensis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
<MEANING>
Mongolian
</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="asianensis" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <MEANING>from Asia</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lee, Yang, Park" year="1997"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="KPE" id="8001" content="tooth (46mm)"/>
+ <PLACE name="Korea"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="kwangshiensis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Hou, Yeh, Zhao" year="1975"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<SYNONYM name="mirandis"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="molnari">
- <SYNONYM name="Stygivenator molnari" status="objective"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="novojilovi">
<SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Poorly known. Could be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Stygivenator"/>.
-</P>
+ <ESSAY><P>Probably a juvenile of another genus.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Aucasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Auca <LOW>Mahuevo</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="garridoi" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Alberto</LOW> Garrido's <LOW>(discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Chiappe, Coria"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Chiappe, Dingus" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="specimen with pelvic soft tissue impressions"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <MASS value="700"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <ESSAY> <P>Similar to the larger <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/>, but with
+proportionally longer arms, a longer and lower skull, and bumps instead of
+horns.</P>
+
+<P>The single specimen was buried at the bottom of a shallow lake, in
+sediment that became the Anacleto Member of the Rio Colorado Formation.
+Part of its skull was broken apart.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> <REFER page="Altispinax"/> </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Bibleyhallorum" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Burge, Bird, McClelland, Cicconetti" year="1999"/>
- <TIME value="EK" section="early"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+<GENUS name="Bienosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Mai N.</LOW> Bien's lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="lufengensis">
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Lufeng <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="crichtonii" status="nudum">
+ <SYNONYM name="lufengensis"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Michael</LOW> Crichton's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <TIME value="EJ"/>
+ <REMAINS content="mandible, skull fragments, etc."/>
+ <ESSAY><P>
+A small biped (about 1 meter tall) with armored cheeks.
+ </P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Bihariosaurus" type="with">
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Bilbeyhallorum" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Burge, Bird, McClelland, Cicconetti" year="1999"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Cedarpelta"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Blikanasaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Blikana lizard
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="madagascariensis" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae"/>
<AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1895"/>
<PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
<PLACE name="Europe" q="1"/>
</MEANING>
<SPECIES name="draculae" status="dubiumQ">
<AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Elopteryx nopcsai" status="q"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
<MEANING>
<LOW>Count</LOW> Dracula's
</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="3.5"/>
<LENGTH value="7"/>
<TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
<SPECIES name="dispar" original="Camptonotus">
<AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1879"/>
<PLACE name="Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah, Wyoming"/>
<SPECIES name="prestwichii" original="Cumnoria">
<AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1880"/>
<PLACE name="England"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary specimen"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="valdensis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1889"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sp.">
<PROPERTAXON name="Iguanodontoidea" incertae="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
- <PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="S. Dakota"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Camptosaurus depressus"/> may not even represent an
<GENUS name="Capitalsaurus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Kranz" year="1998"/>
<MEANING>capital <LOW>(Washington, D.C.)</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Maryland"/>
+ <PLACE name="District of Columbia"/>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Carcharodontosaurus">
<TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
<PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Niger"/>
<REMAINS content="isolated teeth, partial skeletons"/>
+ <REMAINS content="braincase"/>
+ <REMAINS content="anterior part of dentary"/>
<SPECIES name="saharicus" original="Megalosaurus">
<AUTHOR name="Depéret, Savornin" year="1925"/>
<AUTHOR type="referred" name="Stromer" year="1931"/>
</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="7.5"/>
<MASS value="1000"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" q="1"/>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
<REMAINS content="complete skeleton with skin impressions"/>
<SPECIES name="sastrei">
appeared to sprout almost directly from the elbows. Remains are very
complete, with skin impressions that show rows of large, non-bony,
semiconical scales along the right side of the body. </P>
-
+
<P> <NOMEN name="Carnotaurus"/> was featured in the book <U>The Lost
World</U>, where it was given amazing, chameleon-like powers of skin
camouflage. Even if this is blatantly unscientific, it would've looked
kind of cool on the big screen. (Unfortunately, <NOMEN
name="Carnotaurus"/> wasn't put in the movie.) </P>
+
+<P>Although originally dated as Early Cretaceous, the sediments this dinosaur
+is from appear to be Late Cretaceous instead.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Catenoleimus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>lineage remainder</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="anachoretus">
+ <MEANING>reclusive</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4606" content="coracoid shaft (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.2 mm)"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Cathayornis" type="with">
<MEANING>
Cathay <LOW>(=China)</LOW> bird
<MEANING>
tail feathers
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value=".7"/>
+ <LENGTH value=".9"/>
<TIME section="middle" value="Barremian"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12340" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
<SPECIES name="zoui">
- <REMAINS content="2 specimens with feather impressions and gastroliths"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-4-A" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NGMC" id="97-9-A" type="para" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="BPM" id="0001" q="1" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
<AUTHOR name="Ji Q., Currie, Norell, Ji S." year="1998"/>
<MEANING><LOW>Vice-Premier</LOW> Zou <LOW>Jiahua</LOW>'s</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="dongi">
<AUTHOR name="Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
- <REMAINS content="1 specimen with feather impressions and gastroliths"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V 12344" type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument and gastroliths"/>
+ <MEANING>Dong's</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P header="A Feathered Dinosaur"> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> is one of the few non-<LINK
-content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> for which feathery
-impressions are known. The only others (<NOMEN
-name="Sinosauropteryx"/>, <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>, <NOMEN
-name="Beipiaosaurus"/>, and <NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/>) come from the same
-site and have also only recently been discovered. <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
-specimens were at first mistaken for <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
+<P header="A Feathered Dinosaur"> <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> is one of
+the few non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> for which
+feathery impressions are known. The only others come from the same site
+and have also only recently been discovered. <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/>
+specimens were at first mistaken for <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/>
specimens. </P>
<P> As the name implies, <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> had a special
feathers, meaning that it did not fly. It legs were long, perhaps for
running and/or wading. A recent study has suggested that it was capable of perching.</P>
-<P header="Relationships"> The original cladistic analysis placed <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx"/> as a
-basal <LINK content="avialan"/>, but many now think it was related to
-<LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. </P>
+<P header="Relationships"> The original cladistic analysis placed <NOMEN
+name="Caudipteryx"/> as a basal <LINK content="avialan"/>, but many now
+think it was a more basal <LINK content="maniraptor"/>, probably related
+to <LINK content="oviraptorosaurs"/>. The original analysis did not allow
+for the possibility that it was not <LINK content="eumaniraptoran"/>.</P>
+
+<P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Caudipteryx dongi"/> is a synonym of
+<NOMEN name="C. zoui"/>. It is also possible that IVPP V 12340 and BPM
+0001 belong to a new species.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<MEANING>
tail vertebra
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="France"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebra (destroyed in World War II)"/>
- <SPECIES name="sauvagei" status="dubium" original="Saurornithoides2">
- <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
+ <SYNONYM name="Teinurosaurus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Cedarpelta" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Cedar <LOW>Mountain Formation</LOW> shield</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bilbeyhallorum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Kirkland, Burge, Bird" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="disarticulated skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Centemodon">
<AUTHOR name="Lea" year="1856"/>
<PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
<MEANING>
horned lizard
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
<TIME value="Tithonian"/>
<SPECIES name="nasicornis">
<AUTHOR name="Marsh" year="1884"/>
nose-horned
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="dentisulcatus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Anonymous" year="1995"/>
- <PLACE name="Utah" q="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="dentisulcatus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Madsen, Welles" year="2000"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="ingens" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus">
<AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
<REMAINS content="skull, several specimens"/>
<PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ <SPECIES name="meriani" status="dubium" original="Megalosaurus" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Greppin" year="1870"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="roechlingi" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
<P> <NOMEN name="C. ingens"/> may have been a humongous African <LINK
content="ceratosaur"/>, among the largest of <LINK content="theropods"/>.
</P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="C. magnicornis"/> and <NOMEN name="C. dentisulcatus"/>
+may be junior synonyms of <NOMEN name="C. nasicornis"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<SPECIES name="brevis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
<SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus conybearei"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
<MEANING>
short
</MEANING>
<MEANING>
Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW> lizard
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="MJ" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
<REMAINS content="skull"/>
<SPECIES name="youngi">
<AUTHOR name="Zhao, Zheng" year="1983"/>
<SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
</SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>The oldest known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/>, although not quite the most basal.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Chaoyoungosaurus" status="nudum">
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Chuanjiesaurus" type="with">
- <MEANING>Chuanjie lizard</MEANING>
+ <MEANING>Chuanjie <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
<SPECIES name="anaensis">
<AUTHOR name="Fang, Pang, Lü, Zhang, Pan, Wang, Li, Cheng" year="2000"/>
<MEANING>from A'na</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="LFCH" id="1001" content="9 cervicals, 17 caudals, 2 ribs, limb & limb girdle elements"/>
</SPECIES>
- <TIME value="MJ"/>
+ <TIME value="MJ" section="earliest" q="1"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
<ESSAY><P>Originally published as <B><I>C. a'naensis</I></B>, but the
ICZN does not permit non-alphabetic characters in any taxon's name.</P></ESSAY>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Citipati" type="with">
+ <MEANING>pyre lord</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="osmolskae">
+ <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Halszka</LOW> Osmólska's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/978"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" museum="IGM" id="100/979" content="partial postcranium overlying a nest with elongatoolithid eggs"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IGM" id="100/971" content="embryonic skeleton inside elongatoolothid egg"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <REMAINS content="skull with associated cervical vertebrae" museum="IGM" id="100/42"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH q="1" value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The specimen assigned to <NOMEN name="Citipati sp."/>
+had previously been assigned to <NOMEN name="Oviraptor philoceratops"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Cladeiodon" type="with">
<MISSPELLED name="Claderodon"/>
<MISSPELLED name="Cladyodon"/>
name="Rioarribasaurus"/>. But by this time the association of the name
<NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> with the Ghost Ranch material had become
heavily entrenched in dinosaur terminology. The ICZN (International
-Committee on Zoological Nomenclature) voted to redefine the type specimen
+Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) voted to redefine the type specimen
of <NOMEN name="Coelophysis"/> as one of the Ghost Ranch specimens. So the
name <NOMEN name="Rioarribasaurus"/> has been officially dropped. </P>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="longicollis">
<AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Coelophysis bauri"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Colossosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>colossal lizard</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Cadbury" year="2000"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Pelorosaurus"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Comodactylus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Como <LOW>Bluff</LOW> finger
</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="1"/>
<MASS value="2.5"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
<PLACE name="France, Germany"/>
<REMAINS content="2 skeletons (juvenile & adult)"/>
<SPECIES name="longipes">
restoration with a finned forelimb has been rejected. Usually it is
depicted with two fingers, although it may well have had the usual
theropod three, as its closest relative <NOMEN name="Sinosauropteryx"/>
-did. </P>
+did. Recently, a bone previously identified as left metacarpal I was
+re-diagnosed as the first phalanx of the first digit, bolstering this
+idea.</P>
<P> The type specimen of <NOMEN name="Compsognathus corallestris"/> probably represents
the adult form, while the type specimen of <NOMEN name="C. longipes"/> is
<PLACE name="India"/>
<REMAINS content="neck vertebra"/>
<SPECIES name="solus" status="dubiumQ">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<MEANING>
conch raider
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.7"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
<PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
<REMAINS content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
<MASS value="3500"/>
<TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
<SPECIES name="torosus">
+ <MEANING>muscular</MEANING>
<AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1970"/>
<PLACE name="Alberta"/>
<REMAINS content="skeletons (one nearly complete), skulls (1 complete), 3 partial hindlimbs, partial spine, partial upper jaw"/>
<PLACE name="Maryland" q="1"/>
<REMAINS content="over 9 skeletons (adult and subadult), teeth"/>
<SPECIES name="antirrhopus">
+ <MEANING>counterbalancing</MEANING>
<AUTHOR name="Ostrom" year="1969"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="koreanensis" status="nudum">
<MASS value="4000"/>
<TIME value="LK"/>
<PLACE name="Africa"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial postcranium, teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial postcranium"/>
+ <REMAINS content="femora"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
<SPECIES name="agilis">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, Duthiel, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varicchio, J. A. Wilson" year="1996"/>
<MEANING>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Deuterosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>second <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="biarmicus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Eichwald" year="1860"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Dinocephalia"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Dianchungosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>Dianchung lizard</MEANING>
<TIME value="EJ"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
<REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
+ <MISSPELLED name="Tianchungosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
+ </MISSPELLED>
<SPECIES name="lufengensis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Young" year="1982"/>
<MEANING>
<REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> sported a pair of thin crests
-running from above the nostrils to the back of the head.
-(At least, <NOMEN name="D. breedorum"/> and <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/>
-did -- that part of the skull is unknown for <NOMEN name="D. wetherilli"/>.)
-These frills were probably ornamental in nature. </P>
+
+<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> sported a pair of thin crests running
+from above the nostrils to the back of the head. (At least, <NOMEN
+name="D. breedorum"/> [which may very well be a junior synonym of <NOMEN
+name="D. wetherilli"/>] and <NOMEN name="D. sinensis"/> did -- that part
+of the skull is unknown for <NOMEN name="D. wetherilli"/> <I>sensu
+stricto</I>.) These frills were probably ornamental in nature. </P>
<P> <NOMEN name="Dilophosaurus"/> was featured in the blockbuster movie
<U>Jurassic Park</U>. Considerable liberties were taken with the
</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Dinosaurus2" status="unknown">
- <AUTHOR type="first" name="Fischer de Waldheim" year="1847"/>
- <MEANING>
- terrible lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
- <TIME value="Santonian"/>
- <PLACE name="India"/>
- <REMAINS content="tail vertebra, fragmentary ribs"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Named for some scrappy remains, but the name <NOMEN
-name="Dinosaurus"/> was already given to another <LINK
-content="dinosaur"/> which turned out to be the same thing as <NOMEN
-name="Plateosaurus"/>. (And in fact even then the name had already been
-given to another creature!) </P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
<GENUS name="Dinotyrannus">
<AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
<AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> Similar to <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/>. </P>
+<P> Extremely similar to <NOMEN name="Dryptosaurus"/>. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Draconyx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>dragon claw</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="loureiroi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mateus, Antunes" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="maxillary teeth, 3 caudal centra, chevron, distal epiphyses of right humerus & femur, epiphyses of tibia & fibula, manual phalanx, 3 manual unguals, various pedal elements"/>
+ <PLACE name="Portugal"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Tithonian"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Dracopelta" type="with">
<MEANING>
dragon shield
<P> <NOMEN name="Elaphrosaurus"/> remains are not complete, and it was
originally classified with the <LINK content="ornithomimosaurs"/>, or
"ostrich mimics". Placement is still uncertain, although most likely it is
-some type of <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>. </P>
+some type of <LINK content="ceratosaur"/>, possibly
+a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<MASS value="5"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="Romania"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora, partial ankles, etc."/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary femora, etc."/>
<REMAINS content="cranium" q="1"/>
<SPECIES name="nopcsai" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Andrews" year="1913"/>
<ESSAY>
<P> This Transylvanian <LINK content="theropod"/> may be a <LINK
content="paravian"/> (possibly even a <LINK content="neornithean"/>) or a
-<LINK content="troodontid"/>. The ankles might belong to one or two
-different, but similar, animals (<NOMEN name="Bradycneme draculae"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Heptasteornis andrewsi"/>, here tentatively considered junior synonyms of
-<NOMEN name="Elopteryx nopcsai"/>). </P>
+<LINK content="troodontid"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<LENGTH value="1"/>
<TIME section="early" value="Carnian"/>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton (missing end of tail)"/>
+ <REMAINS content="several nearly complete skeletons"/>
<SPECIES name="lunensis">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, Forster, Rogers, Monetta" year="1993"/>
<MEANING>from <LOW>the Valley of</LOW> the Moon</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Eotyrannus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>dawn tyrant</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lengi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hutt, Naish, Martill, Barker, Newbery" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Gavin</LOW> Leng's <LOW>(the discoverer)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="subadult"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>This <LINK content="theropod"/> may be an early member of
+<LINK content="Tyrannosauroidea"/>, a precursor to the "tyrants" of later
+times. It hails from the Wessex formation of the Isle of Wight.
+Unlike the later <LINK content="Tyrannosauridae"/>, it retained three
+fingers.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Epachthosaurus" type="with">
<MISSPELLED name="Epachtosaurus"/>
<MEANING>heavy lizard</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Eshanosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Eshan <LOW>County</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Hettangian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="deguchiianus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhao, Clark" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Hikaru</LOW> Deguchi's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="mandible"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Although originally classified as a <LINK content="therizinosaur"/>,
+there are (as yet unpublished) speculations that this species might be a
+<LINK content="sauropodomorph"/> instead. If a <LINK
+content="therizinosaur"/>, it would be the earliest one known, indeed, the
+earliest <LINK content="coelurosaur"/> known, and would push back the
+hypothesized origin of that group by a great amount of time.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Euacanthus" type="with">
<MEANING>
good spine
</MEANING>
<SPECIES name="vectianus" status="nudum">
+ <MEANING>of the Isle of Wight</MEANING>
<AUTHOR name="Owen"/>
<AUTHOR name="Tennyson" year="1987"/>
<SYNONYM name="Polacanthus foxii"/>
<MEANING>
well-armored head
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <MASS value="1800"/>
- <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <LENGTH value="5.8"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="Montana, Alberta"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Explorornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>discovered bird</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="nessovi">
+ <MEANING>Nessov's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS content="distally incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 3.5 mm)" type="holo" museum="PO" id="4819"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="walkeri" q="1">
+ <MEANING>Walker's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4825" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 6.5 mm)"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nessov, Panteleev" year="1993"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4818" content="incomplete coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.3 mm)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp2." q="1">
+ <REMAINS museum="PO" id="4817" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of dorsal fossa- ~5.3 mm)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Fabrosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
<LOW>Jean</LOW> Fabre's lizard
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Fukuiraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Fukui <LOW>Prefecture</LOW> plunderer</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="kitadaniensis">
+ <MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Azuma, Currie" year="2000"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.2" age="subadult"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" content="elements of skull, vertebral column, and fore- and hindlimbs"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Originally thought to be a <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>, this animal,
+originally called <NOMEN name="Kitadanisaurus"/>, is instead
+a basal <LINK content="carnosaur"/>. The large manual unguals were confused
+for the signature "switchblade" second pedal ungual of
+<LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>. The interdental plates were also
+thought to be a deinonychosaurian trait.</P>
+<P>A close relationship has been proposed with the Australian
+<NOMEN name="Allosaurus sp."/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Fukuisaurus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
<MEANING>
short-footed
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Garudimimus"/> is easily distinguishable from other <LINK
-content="ornithomimoids"/> by the small crest in front of its eyes. </P>
+ <ESSAY> <P> <NOMEN name="Garudimimus"/> is easily distinguishable from
+other <LINK content="ornithomimoids"/> by the small crest in front of its
+eyes. May be the same as <NOMEN name="Archaeornithomimus"/> (for which no
+skull material is known).</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Ginnareemimus" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kaneko" year="2000"/>
+ <TIME value="Valanginian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Hauterivian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Thailand"/>
+ <REMAINS content="metatarsal III (pinched), vertebrae, etc."/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Hails from the Sao Khua Formation. May be an <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>.</P>
+<P>The spelling will be changed for the final description.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Giraffatitan">
<AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
<AUTHOR type="referred" name="Olshevsky" year="1991"/>
<SPECIES name="mimus">
<MEANING>mimicking</MEANING>
<AUTHOR name="Ford" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS content="armor"/>
</SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Gnathosaurus" type="with">
<SPECIES name="shibeiensis">
<AUTHOR name="He, Wang, Liu S., Zhou, Liu T., Cai, Dai" year="1998"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Either a huge "<LINK content="prosauropod"/>" or a primitive
-<LINK content="sauropod"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Gorgosaurus" type="with">
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="lancinator">
<AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="q" comment="juvenile"/>
<AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="sternbergi">
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Graciliceratops" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Forster, Sereno" year="1997"/>
+<GENUS name="Graciliceratops" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <MEANING>from Mongolia</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Sereno" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ </SPECIES>
<MEANING>
gracile horned face
</MEANING>
<TIME value="Santonian"/>
<TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="Asia"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>The holotype specimen was previously referred to <NOMEN name="Microceratops gobiensis"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Gracilisuchus" type="with">
<MEANING>from Candelária</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
- <P>This animal has features similar to basal <LINK content="theropods"/>
- and basal <LINK content="sauropodomorphs"/>, placing it near the root of
- <LINK content="Saurischia"/>.</P>
+ <P>This animal was originally placed as a basal <LINK content="saurischian"/>.
+Further work has refined it position to just outside <LINK content="Neotheropoda"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Haopterus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Hao wing</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <SPECIES name="gracilis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Wang, Lü" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING>gracile</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="well-preserved specimen with nearly complete skull"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Haplocanthosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
simple spine lizard
</MEANING>
<SPECIES name="andrewsi">
<AUTHOR name="Harrison, C. A. Walker" year="1975"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Elopteryx nopcsai" status="q"/>
<MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="partial ankle"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Heterodontosaurus" type="with">
- <MISSPELLED name="Heterosaurus" author="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
- <MEANING>
- differently toothed lizard
- </MEANING>
+<GENUS name="Hesperosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>western lizard</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Wyoming"/>
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <TIME value="Tithonian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="mjosi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Carpenter, Miles, Cloward" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Heterodontosaurus" type="with">
+ <MISSPELLED name="Heterosaurus" author="Ginsburg" year="1964"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ differently toothed lizard
+ </MEANING>
<LENGTH value="0.9"/>
<LENGTH value="1.2"/>
<MASS value="10"/>
<MEANING>
young bird ankle
</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="partial foot (juvenile)"/>
<SPECIES name="skirtopodus" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1894"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Massospondylus carinatus" status="q"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a juvenile of <NOMEN name="Massospondylus carinatus"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Huabeisaurus" type="with">
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Iguanodon" type="with">
+<GENUS name="Iguanodon">
+ <AUTHOR name="Mantell" year="1825"/>
<MEANING>
<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Iguana"/> tooth
</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="10"/>
<MASS value="4500"/>
<MASS value="5500"/>
- <SPECIES name="anglicum">
+ <SPECIES name="bernissartensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Boulenger"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="van Beneden" year="1881"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain, Mongolia?"/>
+ <PLACE name="France, Tunisia" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (some complete), teeth"/>
+ <LENGTH value="11"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="anglicus">
<AUTHOR name="Holl" year="1829"/>
<TIME value="Valanginian"/>
<PLACE name="England"/>
<PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain"/>
<REMAINS content="3 complete skeletons, partial skeletons, teeth, postcrania (juvenile to adult)"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bernissartensis">
- <AUTHOR name="Boulenger"/>
- <AUTHOR name="van Beneden" year="1881"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <PLACE name="Belgium, England, Germany, Spain, Mongolia?"/>
- <PLACE name="France, Tunisia" q="1"/>
- <REMAINS content="dozens of skeletons (some complete), teeth"/>
- <LENGTH value="11"/>
- </SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="dawsoni">
<AUTHOR name="Lydekker" year="1888"/>
<TIME value="Valanginian"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="mantelli">
<AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1832"/>
- <SYNONYM name="anglicum"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="anglicus"/>
<MEANING>
<LOW>Gideon</LOW> Mantell's
</MEANING>
<AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1882"/>
<SYNONYM name="bernissartensis"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sp.">
- <TIME value="LJ"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sp." q="1">
+ <TIME value="LJ"/>
<PLACE name="U.S.A."/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="suessi" status="dubium">
that is, primarily quadrupedal, but capable of moving on two legs as well. </P>
<P> <NOMEN name="Iguanodon"/> as shown here may be a paraphyletic genus, with
-some species, such as <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/>, closer to
-<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/>. As with most old genera, there is some
-taxonomic sorting to be done. The type species (<NOMEN name="I. anglicum"/>)
-is based on very poor material. </P>
+some species closer to
+<LINK content="hadrosauroids"/> than others. As with most old genera, there is some
+taxonomic sorting to be done. The original type species (<NOMEN name="I. anglicus"/>)
+is based on very poor material, and thus the type was recently
+changed to the better-known <NOMEN name="I. bernissartensis"/>
+by the ICZN.</P>
<P> <NOMEN name="I. hollingtonensis"/> and <NOMEN name="I. atherfieldensis"/>
were rather gracile and long-spined, while <NOMEN name="I. dawsoni"/> and
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Ilokelesia" status="nudum" type="none">
- <AUTHOR name="Coria, Calvo"/>
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Coria" year="1999"/>
- <SPECIES name="aguadagrandensis" status="unpublished">
+<GENUS name="Ilokelesia" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="aguadagrandensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Coria, Salgado" year="2000"/>
</SPECIES>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
<TIME value="Cenomanian" q="1"/>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Incolornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>inhabitant bird</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Coniacian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Uzbekistan"/>
+ <SPECIES name="silvae">
+ <MEANING>of the forest</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4604" content="proximal coracoid (glenoid surface to nearest edge of supracoracoid foramen- 2.6 mm)"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="martini">
+ <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Panteleev" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="PO" id="4609" content="proximal fragment of coracoid"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>These two species may be the same.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Indosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Indian lizard
<PLACE name="India"/>
<REMAINS content="partial skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
<SPECIES name="matleyi">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1932"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> May have had two horns on its head. Had a thick braincase. </P>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="India"/>
<SPECIES name="raptorius">
- <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1933"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="von Huene, Matley" year="1923"/>
<REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcranial fragments"/>
<MEANING>thievish</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<MEANING>
Ingeni<LOW>-Khobur (in the Gobi Desert) one</LOW>
</MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
<LENGTH value="1.8"/>
<MASS value="6" q="1"/>
<TIME section="middle" value="Campanian"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Istiodactylus">
+ <MEANING>sail finger</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Howse, Milner, Martill" year="2001"/>
+ <SPECIES name="latidens" original="Ornithodesmus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Hooley" year="1913"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="5"/>
+ <PLACE name="England"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Itemirus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Itemir <LOW>(in the Kyzyl Kum Desert) one</LOW>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Jeholosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Jehol <LOW>Group</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="shangyuanensis">
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2000"/>
+ <MEANING>from Shangyuan</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="nearly compete skull (dorsally compressed)"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull (laterally compressed), some skeletal elements"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Jenghizkhan">
<AUTHOR name="Olshevsky"/>
<AUTHOR type="vide" name="Olshevsky, Ford, Yamamoto" year="1995"/>
Genghis Khan's <LOW>one</LOW>
</MEANING>
<SPECIES name="bataar">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
<SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Jinzhousaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Jinzhou lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="yangi">
+ <MEANING>Yang's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wang, Xu" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Jobaria" type="with">
<MEANING>Jobar <LOW>(creature of Tuareg mythology)</LOW></MEANING>
<LENGTH value="21"/>
<MASS value="18000"/>
<REMAINS content="complete specimens of various ages"/>
+ <REMAINS content="pes"/>
<SPECIES name="tiguidensis">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
</SPECIES>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Khaan" type="with">
+ <MEANING>lord</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mckennai">
+ <AUTHOR name="Clark, Norell, Barsbold" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Malcolm</LOW> McKenna's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/1127"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton (lacking distal half of tail)" museum="IGM" id="100/1002"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton" museum="IGM" id="100/973"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="1.2"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The material referred to this species was previously referred to
+<NOMEN name="Ingenia"/>.</P>
+<P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> for the shortest genus name of any
+non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, and it is
+the only monosyllabic genus name for a non-neornithean dinosaur.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Kitadanisaurus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Lambert" year="1990"/>
<MEANING>
Kitadani <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="arm, partial leg, partial jaws, teeth"/>
- <ESSAY>
- Large for a deinonychosaur.
- </ESSAY>
+ <SYNONYM name="Fukuiraptor"/>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Kizylkumavis" type="with">
Korean lizard
</MEANING>
<TIME value="LK"/>
- <PLACE name="Korea"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
<REMAINS content="femur"/>
</GENUS>
<LENGTH value="10"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <SPECIES name="navajovius" status="dubiumQ">
+ <SPECIES name="navajovius">
<AUTHOR name="Brown" year="1910"/>
<PLACE name="New Mexico, Texas"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skull" synonym="Naashoibitosaurus ostromi"/>
<REMAINS content="fragmentary skull, postcrania"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull" museum="BYU" id="12950" synonym="Anasazisaurus horneri"/>
<MEANING>
Navahos' <LOW>(North American tribe)</LOW>
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="australis">
+ <SPECIES name="australis" q="1">
<AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1984"/>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
<MEANING>
<LINK content="hadrosaurid"/> from the Southern Hemisphere. It may not
belong to the same genus as the poorly known type of
<NOMEN name="Kritosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Anasazisaurus"/> and <NOMEN name="Naashoibitosaurus"/>
-may be variants of <NOMEN name="K. navajovius"/>. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<SYNONYM name="Dryptosaurus medius" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="stechowi" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Janensch" year="1925"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Liaoxiornis" type="with">
- <LENGTH value="0.06"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Barremian"/>
+<GENUS name="Liaoningosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Liaoning <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="paradoxus">
+ <MEANING>paradoxical</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Wang, You" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" age="juvenile" content="well-preserved specimen"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>This specimen, the only dinosaur known with a bony plate covering
+its abdomen, seems to have both <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/>
+and <LINK content="nodosaurid"/> features. A cladistic analysis has placed
+it in <LINK content="Nodosauridae"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
+<GENUS name="Liaoxiornis" type="with">
<SPECIES name="delicatus">
<AUTHOR name="Hou, Chen" year="1999"/>
<MEANING>delicate</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="0.06"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
<ESSAY>
<P> This tiny <LINK content="bird"/> is the smallest known adult
<LINK content="dinosaur"/> from the <LINK content="Mesozoic Era"/>,
under 2½ inches in length, despite its unusually long pygostyle. </P>
+
+<P>The counterslab of the type specimen was originally published as
+<NOMEN name="Lingyuanornis parvus"/>.</P>
+
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<LENGTH value="0.7" q="1"/>
<TIME value="Hauterivian"/>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, etc."/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, pedal elements, etc."/>
<SPECIES name="andesi">
<AUTHOR name="Bonaparte" year="1995"/>
<MEANING>
<LOW>from the</LOW> Andes <LOW>Mountains</LOW>
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY><P>May have had a hyperextensible second pedal digit, like
+the related <NOMEN name="Noasaurus"/> and the not-so-closely-related
+<LINK content="Deinonychosauria"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Likhoelesaurus" type="with">
<REMAINS content="tooth, vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="orbitoangulatus" original="Halticosaurus">
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Sphenosuchidae"/>
<AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
<PLACE name="Germany"/>
<REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Limenavis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Limen bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="patagonica">
+ <MEANING>Patagonian</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Clarke, Chiappe" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PVL" id="4731" content="distal humerus, proximal and distal ulna, proximal radius, proximal and distal carpometacarpus, partial ulnare, radiale, incomplete phalanx II-1" type="holo"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Limnosaurus" type="with">
<AUTHOR type="first" name="Marsh" year="1872"/>
<MEANING>
<GENUS name="Lingyuanornis" type="with">
<MEANING>Lingyuan bird</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
<SPECIES name="parvus">
<MEANING>small</MEANING>
- <AUTHOR year="1999" name="Ji Q., Ji S."/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Liaoxiornis delicatus"/>
+ <AUTHOR year="1999"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<ESSAY><P>About the size of a <LINK content="sparrow"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Longipteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>long feathers</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="chaoyangensis">
+ <MEANING>from Chaoyang <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou, Hou, Gu" year="2001"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Hails from the Jiufotang Formation. The bill is rather long.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Longisquama" type="with">
<MEANING>
long scales
<MEANING>
crested snout
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="15"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15" q="y"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
<PLACE name="Alabama, N. Carolina"/>
<PLACE name="Mississippi" q="1"/>
<AUTHOR name="Langston" year="1960"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> Could be a <LINK content="hadrosaurine"/> or a young
-<NOMEN name="Parasaurolophus"/>. Had a small bump in front of its eyes. </P>
+
+<P> Could be a small <LINK content="hadrosaurine"/> or a young <NOMEN
+name="Parasaurolophus"/>. (The length estimate on this page assumes it is
+known from juvenile material.) Had a small bump in front of its eyes. </P>
+
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Losillasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Losilla lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="giganteus">
+ <MEANING>gigantic</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" type="holo" content="cervical vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS age="subadult" content="cranial fragment; cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae; vertebral fragments; humerus; ulna; radius; metacarpal; sternal plates; ilium; ischium; pubis"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Casanovas, Santafe, Sanz" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Spain"/>
+ <TIME value="LJ" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="EK" q="1"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Hails from the Collano Formation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Lourinhanosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Lourinhã <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
<AUTHOR name="Zhang, Chen" year="1996"/>
<SYNONYM name="youngi"/>
</SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Japan"/>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary humerus" synonym="Moshisaurus sp."/>
+ </SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Mandschurosaurus">
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Masiakasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>vicious <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="knopfleri">
+ <AUTHOR name="Sampson, Carrano, Forster" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>Mark</LOW> Knopfler's <LOW>(member of rock band Dire Straits)</LOW></MEANING>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>This small predator had strange, forward-pointing teeth, like those of
+some <LINK content="Pterosauria"/>. It may be a <LINK content="noasaurid"/>.</P>
+<P>Hails from the Maevarano Formation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Massospondylus" type="with">
<MEANING>
large vertebra
<SPECIES name="carinatus">
<AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
<REMAINS content="over 80 partial skeletons (juvenile to adult), 4 skulls, isolated elements, gastroliths, etc."/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial foot" age="juvenile" synonym="Hortalotarsus skirtopodus"/>
<REMAINS content="eggs" q="1"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="browni" status="dubium">
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="andrewsi">
<AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1932"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Tetanurae" incertae="1"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neotheropoda" incertae="1"/>
<MEANING>Andrews'</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="aquilunguis">
<SYNONYM name="Indosaurus matleyi" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="meriani">
- <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus meriani" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="nasicornis">
<SYNONYM name="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" status="objective"/>
<MEANING>
small horned face
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="0.6"/>
+ <LENGTH value="0.6" age="juvenile"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull, skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="gobiensis">
+ <SPECIES name="gobiensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, skeleton" type="holo" age="juvenile"/>
<AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
<MEANING>
from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW>
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="sulcidens">
+ <SPECIES name="sulcidens" status="dubium" q="1">
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
<AUTHOR name="Bohlin" year="1953"/>
<SYNONYM name="gobiensis"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Tiny and bipedal.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Microcoelus" type="with">
<MEANING>
small-toothed lizard
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
<SPECIES name="dayensis" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1985"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Microraptor" type="with">
+ <MEANING>small plunderer</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="zhaoianus">
+ <MEANING>Zhao <LOW>Xijin</LOW>'s</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Xu, Zhou, Wang" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="articulated skeleton missing middle portion, with patches of preserved integument"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <LENGTH value="0.4"/>
+ <LENGTH value="0.5"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+
+<P header='The "Tiny Raptor"'>Possibly the smallest non-<LINK
+content="avian"> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>, assuming (as the authors do)
+that is is fully grown.</P>
+
+<P header="Placement">The counterslab to the hindquarters of this specimen
+was already published as half of the chimerical <NOMEN
+name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>. The front half of that specimen is
+actually an <LINK content="avialan"/>.</P>
+
+<P>Although the authors classified this species as a <LINK
+content="dromaeosaurid"/>, it has troodontid features (arctometatarsalian
+pes, "waisted" teeth, maxilla bordering naris, closely packed dentary
+teeth) and avialan features (<NOMEN name="Rahonavis"/>-like ischium, avian
+features of the teeth, maxilla bordering naris) as well. Some features
+(rod-like extensions of prezygaopohyses which stiffen the tail, large
+second pedal ungual) are dromaeosaurid-like. Hopefully this species can
+shed light on how the three groups are related to each other.</P>
+
+<P>Wherever this species belongs, it does not appear to be <LINK
+content="avian"/>, and thus dispels notions that dinosaurs were too big to
+be bird ancestors. (This species is smaller than <NOMEN
+name="Archaeopteryx"/>, the most primitive bird known.)</P>
+
+<P header="Small AND Fuzzy">Feathers or (feather-like integument with a
+rachis, or vane) similar to those of <NOMEN name="Beipiaosaurus"/> and
+<NOMEN name="Sinornithosaurus"/> are preserved. They are found near the
+femur, tibia, and ischium.</P>
+
+<P header="A Climber?"> Some features of this species have been
+interpreted as indicating a scansorial lifestyle. These include distally
+placed metatarsal and pedal digit I. </P>
+
+<P header="Transitional Teeth"> <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> has heterodont
+teeth, the anterior ones being more recurved and laterally compressed and
+lacking serrations. They are more bird-like than the posterior teeth, and
+thus may indicate that avian dental traits began in the front and spread
+to the back over the course of evolution. </P>
+
+<P header="Trouble with the Name"> Technically, by ICZN rules, this animal
+should be referred to as <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor liaoningensis"/>.
+However, there will be a petition to reject that name and conserve the
+name <NOMEN name="Microraptor zhaoianus"/>. In the hope that this petition
+goes through, I am using the name <NOMEN name="Microraptor"/> despite ICZN
+rules. See the entry on <NOMEN name="Archaeoraptor"/> for more on this
+nomenclatural debacle.</P>
+
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Microsaurops">
<AUTHOR name="Kuhn" year="1963"/>
<SYNONYM name="Microcoelus"/>
<MEANING>
small hunter
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="1.2"/>
- <MASS age="juvenile" value="3" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenileQ" value="1.2"/>
+ <MASS age="juvenileQ" value="3" q="1"/>
<TIME value="Aptian"/>
<TIME value="Albian"/>
<SPECIES name="celer">
<TIME value="Aptian"/>
<PLACE name="Australia"/>
<REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton, fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <SPECIES name="paravertebrata">
+ <SPECIES name="paravertebra">
<AUTHOR name="Molnar" year="1980"/>
<MEANING>
vertebrate-like(?)
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> This animal has the shortest genus name of any
- non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.
+<P> This animal is tied with <NOMEN name="Khaan"/> for the shortest genus name of any
+ non-<LINK content="neornithean"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/>.</P>
- Once considered an <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/> due to a supposed club at the end of its tail,
+<P> <NOMEN name="Minmi"/> was once considered an <LINK content="ankylosaurid"/> due to a supposed club at the end of its tail,
but the club turned out to be an artifact of preservation. Instead, it is
probably a very primitive <LINK content="ankylosaur"/>.
</P>
<GENUS name="Moshisaurus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Japan"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary humerus"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <SYNONYM name="Mamenchisaurus sp."/>
+ </SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Mussaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Naashoibito <LOW>Member</LOW> lizard
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="10"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
- <REMAINS content="skull"/>
<SPECIES name="ostromi">
<AUTHOR name="Hunt, Lucas" year="1993"/>
<MEANING>
<LOW>John</LOW> Ostrom's
</MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> May be a variant of <NOMEN name="Kritosaurus navajovius"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Nanantius" type="with">
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY><P>
This species was originally to be named after its discoverer (Whittle),
- but instead was named after the young boy who won a contest to have
- it named after himself.
+ but instead was named after a young boy (Justin Hoffman) who won a
+ contest.
</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Neimenggusaurus" status="unpublished">
+ <MEANING>Neimenggu <LOW>(Inner Mongolia)</LOW></MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>Published in Chinese as "Neimenggulong" ("Inner Mongolian
+ dragon"). Hails from the Erlian Basin.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Nemegtosaurus" type="with">
<MISSPELLED name="Nemagtosaurus"/>
<MISSPELLED name="Nemegitosaurus"/>
<GENUS name="Nigersaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>Nigerian lizard</MEANING>
- <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
<SPECIES name="taqueti">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Larsson, Lyon, Moussa, Sadler, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1999"/>
<MEANING>Taquet's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="specimen" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete specimens"/>
</SPECIES>
<LENGTH value="15"/>
<PLACE name="Niger"/>
<GENUS name="Noasaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>N<LOW>or</LOW>o<LOW>este (Northwest) </LOW>A<LOW>rgentina</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="1" q="1"/>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
<MASS value="15"/>
<TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="Argentina"/>
<GENUS name="Nomingia" type="with">
<SPECIES name="gobiensis">
+ <REMAINS museum="GIN" id="100/119" content="3 cervical vertebrae, 10 dorsal vertebrae, 10 fragmentary dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum (5 vertebrae), pelvis, femur, tibiae, fibulae, tail (24 vertebrae)"/>
<AUTHOR name="Barsbold, Osmólska, Watabe, Currie, Tsogtbataar" year="2000"/>
<MEANING>from <LOW>the</LOW> Gobi <LOW>Desert</LOW></MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
<TIME value="LK" section="latest"/>
<ESSAY>
-<P>The only non-<LINK content="avian"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> known
+<P>The only non-<LINK content="pygostylian"/> <LINK content="dinosaur"/> known
to have a pygostyle (a fusion of vertebrae at the end of the tail).</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Nothronychus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>slothful claw</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mckinleyi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Kirkland, Wolfe"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Stanley" type="vide" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING>McKinley's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton nearly half complete" museum="MSM" id="P21026"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Turonian" section="middle"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <MASS value="900" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="4.5"/>
+ <LENGTH value="6"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>This is the first <LINK content="therizinosaur"/> to be named which is
+not from Asia. Its ischium was originally thought to be the squamosal bone
+of <NOMEN name="Zuniceratops christopheri"/>. The name refers to the
+resemblance between therizinosaurs and extinct ground sloths, both of
+which had large manual claws, stood somewhat upright, and probably
+fed on plants.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Notoceratops" type="with">
<MEANING>
southern horned face
<GENUS name="Nyasasaurus" status="nudum">
<MISSPELLED name="Nyasaurus"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
- <PROPERTAXON incertae="1"/>
+ <SPECIES name="cromptoni" status="nudum">
+ <AUTHOR name="Charig" year="1967"/>
+ <PLACE name="Tanzania"/>
+ </SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Nyctodactylus">
<MEANING>
ornate dome
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="3"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
- <SPECIES name="browni" original="Stegoceras">
- <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
+ <SPECIES name="browni">
+ <SYNONYM name="Stegoceras browni" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Ornithodesmus" type="with">
<MEANING>bird link</MEANING>
<PLACE name="England"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
<REMAINS content="6 vertebrae, sacrum, etc."/>
<SPECIES name="cluniculus" status="dubiumQ">
<AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
- <TIME value="Barremian"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="latidens">
- <PROPERTAXON name="Pteranodontoidea"/>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Istiodactylus latidens" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> Once identified as a <LINK content="troodontid"/>, this scrappy specimen
may instead to belong to some kind of <LINK content="deinonychosaur"/>. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="Ornithodesmus latidens"/> is not related to
-<NOMEN name="O. cluniculus"/>, but is instead a type of
-<LINK content="pterosaur"/>. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<TIME value="Aptian"/>
<PLACE name="Niger"/>
<REMAINS content="2 skeletons"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimb with pes"/>
<SPECIES name="nigeriensis">
<AUTHOR name="Taquet" year="1976"/>
<MEANING>
<MEANING>
egg raider
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <LENGTH value="2.5"/>
- <MASS value="25"/>
- <MASS value="35"/>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
<PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons (some complete), eggs"/>
<SPECIES name="philoceratops">
- <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1924" subyear="b"/>
<MEANING>
<LINK content="ceratopsian"/>-loving
</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons (some complete), eggs"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="2.4"/>
+ <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="35"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Rinchenia mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
+ <LENGTH value="1.8"/>
+ <MASS value="25" q="1"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ from Mongolia
+ </MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="yanshini">
<AUTHOR type="referred" name="Paul" year="1988"/>
<PLACE name="Australia"/>
<REMAINS museum="UWA" id="82469" content="distal fragment of tibia"/>
<SPECIES name="subotaii">
- <AUTHOR year="1998"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Long, Molnar" year="1998"/>
<MEANING>
Subotai's <LOW>(character in <U>Conan the Barbarian</U>)</LOW>
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Paralititan" type="with">
+ <MEANING>tidal Titan</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="stromeri">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Ernst</LOW> Stromer's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Smith, Lamanna, Lacovara, Dodson, Smith, Poole, Giegengack, Attia" year="2001"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <MASS value="70000" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="24" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="30" q="1"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Cenomanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Egypt"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial specimen"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" museum="IPGH" id="1912VIII64" content="dorsal vertebra"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>One of the largest land animals, and the largest known African land animal.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Paranthodon">
<MISSPELLED name="Paracanthodon"/>
<AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1929"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
+ <REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
+ <PLACE name="New Mexico"/> <!-- Fruitland Fm. -->
<SPECIES name="walkeri">
<AUTHOR name="Parks" year="1922"/>
<PLACE name="Alberta"/>
<REMAINS content="fragmentary femur & sacral vertebra"/>
<SPECIES name="merocratus" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1887"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Diapsida" incertae="1"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<LENGTH value="8"/>
<MASS value="2500"/>
<TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
<PLACE name="New Mexico"/>
+ <PLACE name="Colorado"/> <!-- Williams Fork Fm -->
<REMAINS content="9 skulls, skeletons (some complete)"/>
<SPECIES name="sternbergi">
<AUTHOR name="Osborn" year="1923"/>
<AUTHOR type="first" name="Krøyer" year="1844"/>
<MEANING>Phobetor <LOW>(god of fear)</LOW></MEANING>
<LENGTH value="1.5"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="LK"/>
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
<PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
<SPECIES name="parvus">
<AUTHOR name="Balhurina" year="1986"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Planicoxa" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="venenica">
+ <AUTHOR name="DiCroce, Carpenter" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="ilium"/>
+ <REMAINS content="limb & girdle elements, vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>All specimens come from "Tony's Bone Bed" in the Cedar Mountain Formation
+of eastern Utah.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Plataleorhynchus" type="with">
<MEANING>
<NOMEN nolink="1" name="Platalea"/> <LOW>(spoonbill)</LOW> beak
<SYNONYM name="Iguanodon" q="1"/>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Proornis" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="coreae" status="nudum">
+ <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <PLACE name="N. Korea"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Lim"/>
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Pak, Kim" year="1996"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="skull, cervical vertebrae, forelimb with feathers"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Hails from the Sinoiju Series.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Prosaurolophus" type="with">
<MEANING>
<LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Saurolophus"/>
<MEANING>
<LOW>one</LOW> before <NOMEN name="Archaeopteryx"/>
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Barremian" q="1"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
<REMAINS content="2 specimens, including feather remains"/>
<SPECIES name="robusta">
<P> <NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> was about turkey-sized. Its forelimbs,
proportionally shorter than those of flying animals, bore long,
-symmetrical feathers. Since all flying birds have symmetrical feathers,
+symmetrical feathers. Since all flying birds have asymmetrical feathers,
<NOMEN name="Protarchaeopteryx"/> probably could not fly. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Protoavis" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <LINK content="birds"/> / first bird
+ <MEANING>beginning bird
</MEANING>
<MASS value="0.35"/>
<TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Protohadros" type="with">
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>one</LOW> before <LINK content="hadrosaurids"/> / first hadros<LOW>aurid</LOW>
+ <MEANING>beginning <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>
</MEANING>
<TIME value="Cenomanian"/>
<PLACE name="Texas"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Protopteryx" type="with">
+ <MEANING>beginning feather</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="fengningensis">
+ <MEANING>from Fengning <LOW>County</LOW></MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhang, Zhou" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11665" content="nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V11844" content="partial skeleton with preserved feathers (including down)" type="para"/>
+ <PLACE name="China"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian" section="middle"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>This starling-sized species had long tail feathers which lack barbs and rami toward the base.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Protorosaurus">
+ <MEANING>beginning lizard</MEANING>
<AUTHOR name="von Meyer" year="1830"/>
<PROPERTAXON name="Prolacertiformes"/>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="meileyingensis">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, Zhao, Zheng, Rao" year="1988"/>
- <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Aptian"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="4 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
+ <REMAINS content="4 specimens (2 with complete skulls)"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="neimongoliensis">
<AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell, Zhao" year="1996"/>
from China
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
+ <SPECIES name="sp.">
+ <TIME value="EK"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull, articulated skeleton with gastroliths"/>
+ </SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="tingi">
<AUTHOR name="Young" year="1931"/>
<SYNONYM name="osborni"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Quilmesaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="curriei">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Philip</LOW> Currie's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Coria" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimb material, etc."/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>This medium-sized carnivore hails from the Allen Formation.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Rachitrema">
<AUTHOR name="Sauvage" year="1882"/>
<PROPERTAXON name="Ichthyopterygia"/>
<MEANING>
cloud/menace bird
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial limbs"/>
+ <REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapula, partial pelvis, partial limbs" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 distal humeri"/>
<SPECIES name="ostromi" original="Rahona">
<AUTHOR name="Forster, Sampson, Chiappe, Krause" year="1998"/>
<MEANING>
<LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/> and <LINK content="birds"/>. It had a "sickle claw",
like dromaeosaurids, and feathered wings, like birds (feather
impressions were not preserved, but anchor points are evident along the
- wing's bones, as in many <LINK content="modern birds"/>).
+ wing's bones, as in many <LINK content="modern birds"/>). It also had a bird-like sacrum.
+</P>
+<P> The fossil was found in two parts, the thorax in hindlimbs in one part,
+and the sacrum, pelvis, hindlimbs, and tail in the other. This led to some suspicion
+that it was a chimera, but given that the halves came out in the same position
+from cladistic analyses that tested them separately, coupled with additional
+anatomic and taphonomic details, it seems quite likely that both
+halves belonged to the same individual.
</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<MEANING>
raider
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="8" q="1"/>
+ <LENGTH value="7" q="1"/>
<LENGTH value="9" q="1"/>
<MASS value="1000" q="1"/>
<TIME value="Albian"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Rapetosaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Rapeto <LOW>(mischievous giant)</LOW> <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <SPECIES name="krausei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Rogers, Forster" year="2001"/>
+ <MEANING><LOW>David W.</LOW> Krause's</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" museum="UA" id="8698" content="skull with maxillae, nasals, lacrimal, jugal, quadrate, pterygoids, partial basioccipital, paroccipital process, dentary, surangular, angular, & 24 teeth"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2184-2192, 2194, 2196, 2197, 2210" content="exoccipital, opisthotic, laterosphenoid, supraoccipital, frontals, prefrontals, surangular, parietal, caudal centrum"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="FMNH PR" id="2209" age="juvenile" content="75% complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="UCB" id="92829" content="mid-caudal centrum"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH age="juvenile" value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="15" q="1"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The type specimen of this genus is the most complete <LINK content="titanosaur"/>
+known. It shows that at least some titanosaurs had low, "horse-like" skulls like
+<LINK content="diplodocimorphs"/> rather than "boxy" skulls like
+<NOMEN name="Camarasaurus"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Rayososaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Rayoso <LOW>Formation</LOW> lizard
<TIME section="late" value="Carnian" q="1"/>
<TIME value="Norian"/>
<PLACE name="New Mexico, Arizona"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3" q="1"/>
<REMAINS content="teeth"/>
- <SPECIES name="callenderi" status="dubiumQ">
+ <SPECIES name="callenderi">
<AUTHOR name="Hunt" year="1989"/>
</SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+ <P>One of the largest <LINK content="Ornithischia"/> of its time.</P>
+ <ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Rhabdodon" type="with">
<MEANING>
from Bristol
</MEANING>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Parasuchia" q="1"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecodontosaurus antiquus"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Rinchenia" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
<MEANING>
- Rinchen <LOW>'s one</LOW>
+ Rinchen's <LOW>one</LOW>
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Campanian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS content="skeletons"/>
- <SPECIES name="mongoliensis" original="Oviraptor">
- <AUTHOR name="Barsbold" year="1986"/>
- <AUTHOR type="referred" name="Barsbold" year="1997"/>
- <MEANING>
- from Mongolia
- </MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="mongoliensis">
+ <SYNONYM name="Oviraptor mongoliensis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> May belong to <NOMEN name="Oviraptor"/>, as originally assigned. Had a more upright crest
- than that of <NOMEN name="Oviraptor philoceratops"/>.
-</P>
<P>This genus is named for the father of its namer. </P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Rocasaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>General</LOW> Roca <LOW>city</LOW> lizard</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="muniozi">
+ <AUTHOR name="Salgado, Azpilicueta" year="2000"/>
+ <MEANING>Munioz'</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="MPCA-PV" id="46" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="specimens"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian" section="latest" q="y"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian" section="early"/>
+ <PLACE name="Argentina"/>
+ <ESSAY><P>Hails from the Allen Formation.</P></ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Roccosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Rocco lizard
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Ruehleia" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Hugo</LOW> Rüle <LOW>von Lilienstern</LOW>'s <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="bedheimensis">
+ <MEANING>from Bedheim</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Galton" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="MB" id=" (unnumbered)" type="holo" content="cervical vertebrae 4-10, dorsal vertebrae 1-14, partial sacrum, about 20 caudals, right scapulocoracoid, both humeri, right radius and ulna, both manus (incomplete), both pelvic girdles, femora, tibiae and right astragalus"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="Germany"/>
+ <TIME value="Norian" section="late"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Saichania" type="with">
<MEANING>
beautiful <LOW>one</LOW>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Saltriosaurus" status="nudum">
+ <TIME value="Sinemurian" section="middle"/>
+ <PLACE name="Italy"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Dal Sasso" year="2000"/>
+ <REMAINS content="humerus, phalanges, rib fragments, scapula fragments"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The earliest known large <LINK content="tetanuran"/>.
+(<NOMEN name="Zupaysaurus"/> is earlier.)</P>
+ </ESSAY>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Sanchusaurus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="Hisa" year="1985"/>
<PLACE name="Japan"/>
<MEANING>
lizard-eater master
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="14" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
- <PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
- <REMAINS content="dorsal neural arch"/>
<SPECIES name="maximus">
- <AUTHOR name="Chure" year="1995"/>
- <MEANING>
- greatest
- </MEANING>
+ <SYNONYM name="Allosaurus maximus" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> This gigantic <LINK content="carnosaur"/> may be a huge, late species of
- <NOMEN name="Allosaurus"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Saurophagus" type="with">
<GENUS name="Sauroposeidon" type="with">
<MEANING>lizard Poseidon <LOW>(Greek god of, among other things, earthquakes)</LOW></MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="proteles" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Franklin" year="1999"/>
- <AUTHOR name="Wedel, Cifelli"/>
+ <SPECIES name="proteles">
+ <AUTHOR type="vide" name="Franklin" year="2000"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wedel, Cifelli, Sanders"/>
</SPECIES>
<PLACE name="Oklahoma"/>
<TIME value="Albian"/>
<TIME value="Campanian" q="1"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="China"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skeleton"/>
- <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis">
+ <SPECIES name="huoyanshanensis" status="dubiumQ">
+ <REMAINS content="partial skeleton" age="juvenile" type="holo"/>
<AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1977"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> Was once allied with <LINK content="dromaeosaurids"/>.
+<P>Probably a juvenile <LINK content="Tarbosaurus"/>.
</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Shuvosaurus" type="with">
<SPECIES name="inexpectatus">
<AUTHOR name="Chatterjee" year="1993"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchia"/>
<MEANING>unexpected</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
+ <TIME section="late" value="Carnian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Texas"/>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>Originally placed as an extremely early <LINK content="ornithomimosaur"/>,
+then as a toothless <LINK content="rauisuchian"/>. Now it seems
+to be a toothless <LINK content="coelophysoid"/>.</P>
+ </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Shuvuuia" type="with">
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Sidormimus" status="unpublished">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Chris</LOW> Sidor's mimic</MEANING>
+ <PLACE name="Niger"/>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Sigilmassasaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Sijilmassa lizard
idea that deinonychosaurs, and perhaps other coelurosaurs, are secondarily
flightless (like <LINK content="ratite"/> birds), since it has more flight
characteristics than more advanced deinonychosaurs.</P>
+
+ <P>A new subadult specimen with well-preserved integumentary structures
+ may belong to this genus, or a new one.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<TIME value="Albian"/>
<TIME value="Cenomanian" section="early"/>
<PLACE name="Egypt, Morocco"/>
- <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae, hindlimb elements, teeth (destroyed in World War II); neck vertebra, fragmentary dentaries, dorsal neural arch"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
<SPECIES name="aegyptiacus">
<AUTHOR name="Stromer" year="1915"/>
<MEANING>
Egyptian
</MEANING>
+ <REMAINS content="fragmentary dentary, vertebrae, hindlimb elements, teeth (destroyed in World War II); neck vertebra, fragmentary dentaries, dorsal neural arch"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="maroccanus" q="1">
<AUTHOR name="D. A. Russell" year="1996"/>
fifty feet long. It was possibly the longest <LINK content="theropod"/>,
but not the biggest, since it was more lightly built than the heavier
<NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> and <LINK
-content="carcharodontousaurines"/>.</P>
+content="carcharodontosaurines"/>.</P>
<P>As remarkable as its length was, even more interesting was the huge sail
along the back, formed by long vertebral spines, up to six feet in height
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> Once thought to be a <LINK content="pseudosuchian"/>, but may be a
- <LINK content="theropod"/>.</P>
+ <LINK content="theropod"/>, possibly a <LINK content="herrerasaurine"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<MEANING>
vertebral body
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="Carnian"/>
- <PLACE name="Brazil"/>
- <REMAINS content="teeth, postcranial elements"/>
+ <TIME value="Ladinian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Brazil"/> <!-- Therapsid Assemblage Zone of Santa Maria Fm. -->
<SPECIES name="absconditum" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="von Huene" year="1942"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Rauisuchidae"/>
+ <REMAINS type="lecto" museum="GPIT" id="479/30" content="fourth or fifth cervical vertebra, sixth or seventh cervical vertebra, posterior dorsal vertebra, first sacral vertebra, second sacral vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS content="mid dorsal centrum, third sacral vertebra"/>
+ <REMAINS content="proximal and distal scapula, proximal humerus, proximal pubis, distal femur"/>
+ <REMAINS content="teeth"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale brevis"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="browni">
- <SYNONYM name="Ornatotholus browni" status="objective"/>
+ <LENGTH value="3"/>
+ <TIME value="Campanian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alberta, Montana"/>
+ <REMAINS content="frontoparietal dome"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Wall, Galton" year="1979"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="edmontonense">
<SYNONYM type="objective" name="Prenocephale edmontonensis"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="grandis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
<MEANING>
grand
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="major" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1842"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
<MEANING>
greater
</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="meyeri" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1854"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="recentior" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Owen" year="1851"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicum"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Iguanodon anglicus"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> May be a <LINK content="crocodylomorph"/>.
<PLACE name="Hungary, Spain" q="1"/>
<REMAINS content="fragmentary skull"/>
<REMAINS content="postcranial remains" q="1"/>
- <SPECIES name="austriacus" status="dubium">
+ <SPECIES name="austriacus" status="dubiumQ">
<AUTHOR name="Bunzel" year="1871"/>
<MEANING>
Austrian
<MEANING>
<LOW>River</LOW> Styx <LOW>(Hell Creek Formation)</LOW> hunter
</MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="4"/>
- <LENGTH value="5"/>
- <MASS value="200" q="1"/>
- <MASS value="500" q="1"/>
- <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Montana"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
- <SPECIES name="molnari" original="Aublysodon">
- <AUTHOR name="Paul" year="1988"/>
+ <SPECIES name="molnari">
+ <SYNONYM name="Aublysodon molnari" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="amplus">
<SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
<SPECIES name="cristatus">
<SYNONYM name="Aublysodon cristatus" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Formerly known as the "Jordan <LINK content="theropod"/>".
-Could be the same thing as <NOMEN name="Aublysodon"/>. </P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Styracosaurus" type="with">
<LENGTH age="subadult" value="11"/>
<TIME value="Aptian"/>
<PLACE name="Niger"/>
- <REMAINS content="partial subadult skeleton"/>
<SPECIES name="tenerensis">
<AUTHOR name="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, J. A. Wilson" year="1998"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial subadult skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete postcranium, ?skull"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P>This <LINK content="baryonychine"/> had a two-foot-high sail over its
super lizard
</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="30"/>
- <LENGTH value="40"/>
- <MASS value="45000"/>
- <MASS value="55000" q="1"/>
+ <MASS value="30000"/>
+ <MASS value="40000"/>
<TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
<TIME value="Tithonian"/>
<PLACE name="Colorado"/>
<REMAINS content="vertebrae, scapulocoracoid, ischium"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial specimen"/>
<SPECIES name="vivianae">
<AUTHOR name="Jensen" year="1985"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> One of the hugest land animals of all time. Stood 27 feet (8m) high
- at the shoulders and had at 40 foot (12m) long neck. </P>
+ at the shoulders and had a 40 foot (12m) long neck. </P>
<P> "Ultrasaurus macintoshi" was to be a name for some giant
<LINK content="sauropod"/> bones from the Morrison Formation, but before it was
published the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasaurus"/> was given to a smaller, dubious Korean
sauropod (which was originally though to be larger because they
- misidentified a humerus as an ulna). The giant American sauropod's name was
+ misidentified a femur as a humerus). The giant American sauropod's name was
changed to <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/>. More recent analysis indicates that this creature
is made up of bones from <NOMEN name="Supersaurus vivianae"/>
and a large <NOMEN name="Brachiosaurus altithorax"/>, so the name <NOMEN name="Ultrasauros"/> is
</MEANING>
<LENGTH value="2"/>
<MASS value="13"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 pelves"/>
<SPECIES name="rhodesiensis">
<AUTHOR name="Raath" year="1969"/>
<TIME value="Hettangian"/>
<SPECIES name="hoffeti">
<AUTHOR name="Allian, Taquet, Battail, Dejax, Richir, Veran, Limon-Duparcmeur, Vacant, Mateus, Sayarath, Khenthavong, Phouyavong" year="1999"/>
<MEANING><LOW>Josué-Heilmann</LOW> Hoffet's</MEANING>
+ <TIME value="Aptian"/>
+ <TIME value="Albian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Laos"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
</SPECIES>
- <TIME value="Aptian"/>
- <TIME value="Albian"/>
- <PLACE name="Laos"/>
- <REMAINS content="2 partial skeletons"/>
- <ESSAY><P>
- May be the same as <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus falloti"/>.
- </P></ESSAY>
+ <ESSAY><P>May be the same as <NOMEN name="Titanosaurus falloti"/>.</P></ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Tanius" type="with">
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="willistoni">
<AUTHOR name="Cope" year="1887"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Coelurus longicollis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Eucoelophysis colberti"/>
<REMAINS content="ilium"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
alarming lizard
</MEANING>
<SPECIES name="efremovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus efremovi" status="objective"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="bataar">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ <LOW>I. A.</LOW> Efremov's
+ </MEANING>
+ <LENGTH value="7"/>
+ <LENGTH value="8"/>
+ <MASS value="2000"/>
+ <MASS value="3000"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PEN AN SSR" id="551-3" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lanpingensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus lanpingensis" status="objective"/>
+ <SPECIES name="bataar" original="Tyrannosaurus">
+ <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
+ <LENGTH value="9"/>
+ <LENGTH value="12"/>
+ <MASS value="4000"/>
+ <MASS value="5000"/>
+ <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
+ <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
+ <MEANING>
+ warrior/hero
+ </MEANING>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-1" content="skeleton lacking forelimb" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-2" content="complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-3" content="skull"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-6" content="partial scapulocoracoid"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-91" content="partial snout"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-1" content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-5" content="partial skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/3" content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="GIM SPS" id="100/59" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="NSM" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V836" content="fragmentary scapula"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton" synonym="Gorgosaurus novojilovi"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis">
- <SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
+ <SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
+ <MISSPELLED name="lanpingi"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" content="tooth" type="holo"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="novojilovi">
- <SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus novojilovi" status="objective"/>
+ <SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium" original="Tyrannosaurus" q="1">
+ <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
+ <REMAINS q="1" museum="NIGP" id="V4733" type="holo" content="tooth"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="periculosus">
<SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus periculosus" status="objective"/>
<SPECIES name="turpanensis">
<SYNONYM name="Tyrannosaurus turpanensis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
+ <ESSAY>
+<P>The largest Asian predators known. These species were sometimes
+placed in <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>, or sometimes further split up,
+with <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/> in <NOMEN name="Jenghizkhan"/>,
+but it is now most common to place them as shown.</P>
+
+<P>It is possible that <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus efremovi"/> is
+a subadult <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>. <NOMEN name="Maleevosaurus novojilovi"/>,
+once thought to be a pygmy <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/>, may also be
+a young <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>.</P>
+
+<P>Eggs tentatively assigned to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> may belong
+to this genus. </P>
+ </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Tarchia">
<LINK content="sauropod"/> <NOMEN name="Omeisaurus tianfuensis"/>. The
girdle and limb elements, on the other hand, resemble
<NOMEN name="Patagosaurus"/>.</P>
+ <P>Skin impressions from the thoracic and scapular areas show tubercular
+ scales with two patterns.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Teinurosaurus">
+<GENUS name="Teinurosaurus" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
<AUTHOR type="emended" year="1929"/>
<MEANING>
stretched tail lizard
</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="sauvagei">
- <SYNONYM name="Caudocoelus sauvagei" status="objective"/>
+ <SPECIES name="sauvagei" status="dubium" original="Saurornithoides2">
+ <TIME value="Kimmeridgian"/>
+ <PLACE name="France"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tail vertebra (destroyed in World War II)" type="holo"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Nopcsa" year="1928"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<PLACE name="Brazil"/>
<MEANING>big lizard <LOW>(Tupi language)</LOW></MEANING>
<SPECIES name="barbarenai">
- <AUTHOR name="Mischlat" year="1999"/>
+ <AUTHOR name="Kischlat" year="1999"/>
<MEANING><LOW>M. C.</LOW> Barbarena's</MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<REMAINS content="right femur & tibia"/>
<MEANING>
socket hollow tail
</MEANING>
- <SPECIES name="daviesi">
- <SYNONYM name="Thecospondylus daviesi" status="objective"/>
+ <SPECIES name="daviesi" status="dubium">
+ <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
<SPECIES name="horneri" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1882"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="daviesi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Seeley" year="1888"/>
- <SYNONYM name="Calamospondylus2 foxi"/>
+ <SPECIES name="daviesi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Thecocoelurus daviesi" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> Originally classified as a small <LINK content="theropod"/>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
-<GENUS name="Tianchungosaurus" status="nudum">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1983"/>
- <MEANING>
- Tianchung lizard
- </MEANING>
- <TIME value="J" q="1"/>
- <PLACE name="China"/>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Might be a misspelling of <NOMEN name="Dianchungosaurus"/>, a <LINK content="heterodontosaurid"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
-</GENUS>
-
<GENUS name="Tianzhenosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Tianzhen lizard
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="falloti" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Hoffet" year="1943"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Titanosauria" incertae="1"/>
<PLACE name="Laos"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="hungaricus">
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="rahioliensis">
<AUTHOR name="Mathur, Srivatsava" year="1987"/>
- <PROPERTAXON name="Sauropoda" incertae="1"/>
+ <PROPERTAXON name="Neosauropoda" incertae="1"/>
<TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="India"/>
</SPECIES>
<PLACE name="Montana"/>
<SPECIES name="mirabilis" status="dubium">
<AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
- <REMAINS content="dentary, tooth"/>
- <REMAINS content="maxilla" q="1"/>
+ <REMAINS content="tooth"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="affinis">
<SYNONYM name="Claosaurus affinis" status="objective"/>
<SYNONYM name="Thespesius stenopsis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
-<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named. Probably the
- same thing as another <LINK content="hadrosaurid"/>.
-</P>
+<P> One of the first American <LINK content="dinosaurs"/> to be named.
+Although for decades the name <NOMEN name="Trachodon"/> has been associated with
+the archetypical "duck-bill" dinosaur (now <NOMEN name="Anatotitan"/>), the
+type specimen is in fact a <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> tooth!</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<MASS value="50"/>
<TIME section="late" value="Campanian"/>
<PLACE name="Alberta, Montana, Wyoming"/>
+ <PLACE name="Alaska" q="1"/> <!-- teeth; Prince Creek Fm. -->
<SPECIES name="formosus">
<AUTHOR name="Leidy" year="1856"/>
<REMAINS content="teeth, 20 skeletons, eggs with embryos"/>
<REMAINS museum="SDSM" id="12047" content="partial skeleton" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
<REMAINS museum="MMS" id="51-2004" content="front part of braincase" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
<REMAINS museum="USNM" id="358563" synonym="stanwinstonorum"/>
+ <REMAINS content="partial skull" nickname="Jordan theropod" age="juvenile" synonym="Aublysodon molnari"/>
<REMAINS q="1" content="partial skeleton" age="subadult" synonym="Albertosaurus megagracilis"/>
<REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="CMNH" id="7541" content="complete skull" synonym="Gorgosaurus lancensis"/>
<REMAINS content="skeleton" age="juvenile" nickname="Tinker"/>
<SYNONYM name="Aublysodon amplus" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="bataar">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- <LENGTH value="9"/>
- <LENGTH value="12"/>
- <MASS value="4000"/>
- <MASS value="5000"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="China, Mongolia"/>
- <MEANING>
- warrior/hero
- </MEANING>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-1" content="skeleton lacking forelimb" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-2" content="complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-3" content="skull"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-6" content="partial scapulocoracoid"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="551-91" content="partial snout"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-1" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="552-4" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-1" content="skull, fragmentary postcranium"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-2" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PIN" id="553-5" content="partial skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="ZPAL" id="MgD-I/3" content="skeleton" age="juvenile"/>
- <REMAINS museum="GIM SPS" id="100/59" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="NSM" content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
- <REMAINS museum="IVPP" id="V836" content="fragmentary scapula"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" age="juvenile" museum="PIN" id="552-2" content="partial skeleton" synonym="Gorgosaurus novojilovi"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" museum="NIGP" id="V4733" synonym="luanchuanensis" content="tooth"/>
- <REMAINS q="1" content="tooth" synonym="lanpingensis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="efremovi" original="Tarbosaurus">
- <AUTHOR name="Maleev" year="1955"/>
- <MEANING>
- <LOW>I. A.</LOW> Efremov's
- </MEANING>
- <LENGTH value="7"/>
- <LENGTH value="8"/>
- <MASS value="2000"/>
- <MASS value="3000"/>
- <TIME section="early" value="Maastrichtian"/>
- <PLACE name="Mongolia"/>
- <REMAINS museum="PEN AN SSR" id="551-3" content="partial skeleton" type="holo"/>
- <REMAINS content="nearly complete skeleton"/>
+ <SPECIES name="efremovi">
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus efremovi" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="gigantus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR year="1990"/>
<SPECIES name="lancensis">
<SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancensis" status="objective"/>
<AUTHOR name="Gilmore" year="1946"/>
- <MEANING>
- from <LOW>the</LOW> Lance <LOW>Formation</LOW>
- </MEANING>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="lancinator">
<SYNONYM name="Gorgosaurus lancinator" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="lanpingensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Yeh" year="1975"/>
- <SYNONYM name="bataar" q="1"/>
- </SPECIES>
- <SPECIES name="lanpingi" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Zhao" year="1986"/>
- <SYNONYM name="lanpingensis"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus lanpingensis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="luanchuanensis" status="dubium">
- <AUTHOR name="Dong" year="1979"/>
- <SYNONYM name="bataar" q="1"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus luanchuanensis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="megagracilis">
<SYNONYM name="Albertosaurus megagracilis" status="objective"/>
</SPECIES>
<SPECIES name="turpanensis">
<AUTHOR name="Zhai, Zheng, Tong" year="1978"/>
- <SYNONYM name="bataar"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Tarbosaurus bataar"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, possibly the most popular <LINK
And it <U>was</U> the largest known predator of its time, at the end of
the Mesozoic Era.</P>
-<P> The most complete <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> skeleton, a female(?)
+<P> The most complete <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> skeleton, a
<NOMEN name="T. rex"/> (=<NOMEN name="T. stanwinstonorum"/>) nicknamed "Sue",
was recently sold for over $7 million by Sotheby's to corporate benefactors
-on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum. </P>
+on behalf of the Chicago Field Museum. Although originally diagnosed as
+a female, its sex is uncertain.</P>
-<P header="Odd Remains"> Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from
+<P header="Tyrant Dung"> Recently an enormous coprolite (fossilized piece of dung) from
Saskatchewan was referred to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>. At 43cm in length and
2.4L in volume, this is the largest known coprolite from a carnivore. Tiny,
well-crushed bone fragments indicate that the meal was a small subadult
<LINK content="ornithischian"/>. </P>
-<P> Eggs tentatively assigned to <NOMEN name="Therizinosaurus"/> may belong
-to an Asian species of <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/>. </P>
-
-<P header="Classification"> The various species included here in <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus"/> are
-sometimes placed in other genera. <NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/> was originally
-<NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus"/>, and sometimes <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus bataar"/> is also
-included in that genus. Others put <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/> into its
-own genus, <NOMEN name="Jenghizkhan"/>. Still others consider
-<NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/> to be the subadult stage of
-<NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>. </P>
+<P header="Species"> Many smaller <LINK content="tyrannosaurid"/> "species"
+now seem to be young <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus rex"/>, including species
+which were thought to be pygmies (<NOMEN name="Nanotyrannus lancensis"/>),
+primitive tyrannosaurids (<NOMEN name="Stygivenator molnari"/>), and close
+relatives (<NOMEN name="Dinotyrannus megagracilis"/>).</P>
-<P> <NOMEN name="Tyrannosaurus novojilovi"/> and <NOMEN name="T. lancensis"/>
-were thought by some to be pygmy <LINK content="tyrannosaurins"/>,
-and were accorded their own genera (<NOMEN name="Maleevosaurus"/> and
-<NOMEN name="Nanotyrannus"/>, respectively). But they seem instead to
-be juveniles. <NOMEN name="T. novojilovi"/> likely belongs to
-<NOMEN name="T. bataar"/> or <NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/>, and
-<NOMEN name="T. lancensis"/> likely belongs to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>.
-<NOMEN name="T. megagracilis"/> also likely belongs to <NOMEN name="T. rex"/>,
-representing the subadult stage. It is sometimes placed in
-<NOMEN name="Dinotyrannus"/>. </P>
-
-<P> <NOMEN name="T. luanchuanensis"/> and <NOMEN name="T. lanpingensis"/>,
-both dubious tooth taxa, probably belong to either <NOMEN name="T. bataar"/>
-or <NOMEN name="T. efremovi"/>. </P>
+<P>Certain Asian <LINK content="Tyrannosaurini"/> were once included by some
+in this genus, but are now usually placed in <NOMEN name="Tarbosaurus"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Vectisaurus" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Isle of Wight <LINK content="saurian"/></MEANING>
<SPECIES name="valdensis">
<AUTHOR name="Hulke" year="1879"/>
<SYNONYM name="Iguanodon atherfieldensis"/>
<PROPERTAXON name="Archosauromorpha"/>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Venenosaurus" type="with">
+ <SPECIES name="dicrocei">
+ <AUTHOR name="Tidwell, Carpenter, Meyer" year="2001"/>
+ <REMAINS type="holo" content="partial skeleton, including limb elements and caudal vertebrae"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <REMAINS content="specimen" q="1" age="juvenile"/>
+ <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+ <PLACE name="Utah"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Volkheimeria" type="with">
<MEANING>
<LOW>Wolfgang</LOW> Volkheimer's <LOW>one</LOW>
<MEANING>
bird
</MEANING>
- <TIME value="LK"/>
+ <TIME value="Maastrichtian"/>
<PLACE name="Madagascar"/>
- <REMAINS content="hindlimbs"/>
+ <REMAINS content="hindlimbs" type="holo"/>
+ <REMAINS content="2 partial humeri"/>
<SPECIES name="berivotrensis">
<AUTHOR name="Forster, Chiappe, Krause, Sampson" year="1996"/>
</SPECIES>
- <ESSAY>
-<P> Possessed a "switchblade" foot claw, like those of <LINK content="deinonychosaurs"/>
- and other basal <LINK content="paravians"/>.
-</P>
- </ESSAY>
</GENUS>
<GENUS name="Vulcanodon" type="with">
<ESSAY>
<P> The teeth (found in rock of volcanic origin) which this genus was named
after actually came from a predator that may have eaten it.
- <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> was similar to "<LINK content="prosauropods"/>", but probably the
- earliest <LINK content="sauropod"/>.
+ <NOMEN name="Vulcanodon"/> was similar to "<LINK content="prosauropods"/>".
</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Wellnhoferia" type="with">
+ <MEANING><LOW>Peter</LOW> Wellnhofer's <LOW>one</LOW></MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="grandis">
+ <MEANING>grand</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Elzanowski" year="2001"/>
+ <SYNONYM name="Archaeopteryx lithographica" status="q"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Wuerhosaurus" type="with">
<MEANING>
Wuerho lizard
</SPECIES>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Yanornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Yan bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="martini">
+ <MEANING>Martin's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Yaverlandia" type="with">
<MEANING>
Yaverland <LOW>Point (on the Isle of Wight) one</LOW>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
+<GENUS name="Yixianornis" type="with">
+ <MEANING>Yixian <LOW>Formation</LOW> bird</MEANING>
+ <SPECIES name="grabaui">
+ <MEANING>Grabau's</MEANING>
+ <AUTHOR name="Zhou, Zhang" year="2001"/>
+ </SPECIES>
+ <PLACE name="China"/> <TIME value="Barremian"/>
+</GENUS>
+
<GENUS name="Yubasaurus" status="nudum">
<AUTHOR name="He" year="1975"/>
<SYNONYM name="Yandusaurus"/>
</SPECIES>
<ESSAY>
<P> The first known <LINK content="ceratopsian"/> with brow horns, and the
-oldest named American ceratopsian. </P>
+oldest named American ceratopsian. Its snout is rather long.</P>
+<P>An element thought to be a squamosal of this species is actually the
+ischium of <NOMEN name="Nothronychus"/>.</P>
</ESSAY>
</GENUS>
projects / idzebra-moved-to-github.git / blobdiff