Added ID for partintro

[pazpar2-moved-to-github.git] / doc / book.xml

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<!-- $Id: book.xml,v 1.12 2007-04-23 07:03:06 adam Exp $ -->
<book id="book">
 <bookinfo>
  <title>Pazpar2 - User's Guide and Reference</title>
  <author>
   <firstname>Sebastian</firstname><surname>Hammer</surname>
  </author>
  <author>
   <firstname>Adam</firstname><surname>Dickmeiss</surname>
  </author>
  <releaseinfo>&version;</releaseinfo>
  <copyright>
   <year>&copyright-year;</year>
   <holder>Index Data</holder>
  </copyright>
  <abstract>
   <simpara>
    Pazpar2 is a high-performance, user interface-independent, data
    model-independent metasearching
    middleware featuring merging, relevance ranking, record sorting, 
    and faceted results.
   </simpara>
   <simpara>
    This document is a guide and reference to Pazpar version &version;.
   </simpara>
   <simpara>
    <inlinemediaobject>
     <imageobject>
      <imagedata fileref="common/id.png" format="PNG"/>
   </imageobject>
    <imageobject>
     <imagedata fileref="common/id.eps" format="EPS"/>
   </imageobject>
   </inlinemediaobject>
   </simpara>
  </abstract>
  </bookinfo>
 
  <chapter id="introduction">
   <title>Introduction</title>
   <para>
     Pazpar2 is a stand-alone metasearch client with a webservice API, designed
     to be used either from a browser-based client (JavaScript, Flash, Java,
     etc.), from from server-side code, or any combination of the two.
     Pazpar2 is a highly optimized client designed to
     search many resources in parallel. It implements record merging,
     relevance-ranking and sorting by arbitrary data content, and facet
     analysis for browsing purposes. It is designed to be data model
     independent, and is capable of working with MARC, DublinCore, or any
     other XML-structured response format -- XSLT is used to normalize and extract
     data from retrieval records for display and analysis. It can be used
     against any server which supports the Z39.50 protocol. Proprietary
     backend modules can be used to support a large number of other protocols
     (please contact Index Data for further information about this).
   </para>
   <para>
     Additional functionality such as
     user management, attractive displays are expected to be implemented by
     applications that use pazpar2. Pazpar2 is user interface independent.
     Its functionality is exposed through a simple REST-style webservice API,
     designed to be simple to use from an Ajax-enbled browser, Flash
     animation, Java applet, etc., or from a higher-level server-side language
     like PHP or Java. Because session information can be shared between
     browser-based logic and your server-side scripting, there is tremendous
     flexibility in how you implement your business logic on top of pazpar2.
   </para>
   <para>
     Once you launch a search in pazpar2, the operation continues behind the
     scenes. Pazpar2 connects to servers, carries out searches, and
     retrieves, deduplicates, and stores results internally. Your application
     code may periodically inquire about the status of an ongoing operation,
     and ask to see records or other result set facets. Result become
     available immediately, and it is easy to build end-user interfaces which
     feel extremely responsive, even when searching more than 100 servers
     concurrently.
   </para>
   <para>
     Pazpar2 is designed to be highly configurable. Incoming records are
     normalized to XML/UTF-8, and then further normalized using XSLT to a
     simple internal representation that is suitable for analysis. By
     providing XSLT stylesheets for different kinds of result records, you
     can tune pazpar2 to work against different kinds of information
     retrieval servers. Finally, metadata is extracted, in a configurable
     way, from this internal record, to support display, merging, ranking,
     result set facets, and sorting. Pazpar2 is not bound to a specific model
     of metadata, such as DublinCore or MARC -- by providing the right
     configuration, it can work with a number of different kinds of data in
     support of many different applications.
   </para>
   <para>
     Pazpar2 is designed to be efficient and scalable. You can set it up to
     search several hundred targets in parallel, or you can use it to support
     hundreds of concurrent users. It is implemented with the same attention
     to performance and economy that we use in our indexing engines, so that
     you can focus on building your application, without worrying about the
     details of metasearch logic. You can devote all of your attention to
     usability and let pazpar2 do what it does best -- metasearch.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you wish to connect to commercial or other databases which do not
      support open standards, please contact Index Data. We have a licensing
      agreement with a third party vendor which will enable pazpar2 to access
      thousands of online databases, in addition the vast number of catalogs
      and online services that support the Z39.50 protocol.
    </para>
    <para>
      Pazpar2 is our attempt to re-think the traditional paradigms for
      implementing and deploying metasearch logic, with an uncompromising
      approach to performance, and attempting to make maximum use of the
      capabilities of modern browsers. The demo user interface that
      accompanies the distribution is but one example. If you think of new
      ways of using pazpar2, we hope you'll share them with us, and if we
      can provide assistance with regards to training, design, programming,
      integration with different backends, hosting, or support, please don't
      hesitate to contact us. If you'd like to see functionality in pazpar2
      that is not there today, please don't hesitate to contact us. It may
      already be in our development pipeline, or there might be a
      possibility for you to help out by sponsoring development time or
      code. Either way, get in touch and we will give you straight answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Enjoy!
    </para>
    <para>
      Pazpar2 is covered by the GNU license version 2.
      See <xref linkend="license"/> for further information.
    </para>
  </chapter>

  <chapter id="installation">
   <title>Installation</title>
   <para>
    Pazpar2 depends on the following tools/libraries:
    <variablelist>
     <varlistentry><term><ulink url="&url.yaz;">YAZ</ulink></term>
      <listitem>
       <para>
        The popular Z39.50 toolkit for the C language. YAZ must be
        compiled with Libxml2/Libxslt support.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
   </para>
   <para>
    In order to compile Pazpar2 an ANSI C compiler is
    required. The requirements should be the same as for YAZ.
   </para>

   <section id="installation.unix">
    <title>Installation on Unix (from Source)</title>
    <para>
     Here is a quick step-by-step guide on how to compile the
     tools that Pazpar2 uses. Only few systems have none of the required
     tools binary packages. If, for example, Libxml2/libxslt are already
     installed as development packages use these.
    </para>
    
    <para>
     Ensure that the development libraries + header files are
     available on your system before compiling Pazpar2. For installation
     of YAZ, refer to the YAZ installation chapter.
    </para>
    <screen>
     gunzip -c pazpar2-version.tar.gz|tar xf -
     cd pazpar2-version
     ./configure
     make
     su
     make install
    </screen>
   </section>

   <section id="installation.debian">
    <title>Installation on Debian GNU/Linux</title>
    <para>
     All dependencies for Pazpar2 are available as 
     <ulink url="&url.debian;">Debian</ulink>
     packages for the sarge (stable in 2005) and etch (testing in 2005)
     distributions.
    </para>
    <para>
     The procedures for Debian based systems, such as
     <ulink url="&url.ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> is probably similar
    </para>
    <screen>
     apt-get install libyaz-dev
    </screen>
    <para>
     With these packages installed, the usual configure + make
     procedure can be used for Pazpar2 as outlined in
     <xref linkend="installation.unix"/>.
    </para>
   </section>
  </chapter>

  <chapter id="using">
    <title>Using pazpar2</title>
    <para>
      This chapter provides a general introduction to the use and deployment of pazpar2.
    </para>

    <section id="architecture">
      <title>Pazpar2 and your systems architecture</title>
      <para>
        Pazpar2 is designed to provide asynchronous, behind-the-scenes
        metasearching functionality to your application, exposing this
        functionality using a simple webservice API that can be accessed
        from any number of development environments. In particular, it is
        possible to combine pazpar2 either with your server-side dynamic
        website scripting, with scripting or code running in the browser, or
        with any combination of the two. Pazpar2 is an excellent tool for
        building advanced, Ajax-based user interfaces for metasearch
        functionality, but it isn't a requirement -- you can choose to use
        pazpar2 entirely as a backend to your regular server-side scripting.
        When you do use pazpar2 in conjunction
        with browser scripting (JavaScript/Ajax, Flash, applets, etc.), there are
        special considerations.
      </para>

      <para>
        Pazpar2 implements a simple but efficient HTTP server, and it is
        designed to interact directly with scripting running in the browser
        for the best possible performance, and to limit overhead when
        several browser clients generate numerous webservice requests.
        However, it is still desirable to use a conventional webserver,
        such as Apache, to serve up graphics, HTML documents, and
        server-side scripting. Because the security sandbox environment of
        most browser-side programming environments only allows communication
        with the server from which the enclosing HTML page or object
        originated, pazpar2 is designed so that it can act as a transparent
        proxy in front of an existing webserver (see <xref
        linkend="pazpar2_conf"/> for details). In this mode, all regular
        HTTP requests are transparently passed through to your webserver,
        while pazpar2 only intercepts search-related webservice requests.
      </para>

      <para>
        If you want to expose your combined service on port 80, you can
        either run your regular webserver on a different port, a different
        server, or a different IP address associated with the same server.
      </para>

      <para>
        Sometimes, it may be necessary to implement functionality on your
        regular webserver that makes use of search results, for example to
        implement data import functionality, emailing results, history
        lists, personal citation lists, interlibrary loan functionality
        ,etc. Fortunately, it is simple to exchange information between
        pazpar2, your browser scripting, and backend server-side scripting.
        You can send a session ID and possibly a record ID from your browser
        code to your server code, and from there use pazpar2s webservice API
        to access result sets or individual records. You could even 'hide'
        all of pazpar2s functionality between your own API implemented on
        the server-side, and access that from the browser or elsewhere. The
        possibilities are just about endless.
      </para>
    </section>

    <section id="data_model">
      <title>Your data model</title>
      <para>
        Pazpar2 does not have a preconceived model of what makes up a data
        model. There are no assumption that records have specific fields or
        that they are organized in any particular way. The only assumption
        is that data comes packaged in a form that the software can work
        with (presently, that means XML or MARC), and that you can provide
        the necessary information to massage it into pazpar2's internal
        record abstraction.
      </para>

      <para>
        Handling retrieval records in pazpar2 is a two-step process. First,
        you decide which data elements of the source record you are
        interested in, and you specify any desired massaging or combining of
        elements using an XSLT stylesheet (MARC records are automatically
        normalized to MARCXML before this step). If desired, you can run
        multiple XSLT stylesheets in series to accomplish this, but the
        output of the last one should be a representation of the record in a
        schema that pazpar2 understands.
      </para>

      <para>
        The intermediate, internal representation of the record looks like
        this:
        <screen><![CDATA[
<record   xmlns="http://www.indexdata.com/pazpar2/1.0"
          mergekey="title The Shining author King, Stephen">

    <metadata type="title">The Shining</metadata>

    <metadata type="author">King, Stephen</metadata>

    <metadata type="kind">ebook</metadata>

    <!-- ... and so on -->
</record>
]]></screen>

        As you can see, there isn't much to it. There are really only a few
        important elements to this file.
      </para>

      <para>
        Elements should belong to the namespace
        http://www.indexdata.com/pazpar2/1.0. If the root node contains the
        attribute 'mergekey', then every record that generates the same
        merge key (normalized for case differences, white space, and
        truncation) will be joined into a cluster. In other words, you
        decide how records are merged. If you don't include a merge key,
        records are never merged. The 'metadata' elements provide the meat
        of the elements -- the content. the 'type' attribute is used to
        match each element against processing rules that determine what
        happens to the data element next.
      </para>

      <para>
        The next processing step is the extraction of metadata from the
        intermediate representation of the record. This is governed by the
        'metadata' elements in the 'service' section of the configuration
        file. See <xref linkend="config-server"/> for details. The metadata
        in the retrieval record ultimately drives merging, sorting, ranking,
        the extraction of browse facets, and display, all configurable.
      </para>
    </section>

    <section id="client">
      <title>Client development overview</title>
      <para>
        You can use pazpar2 from any environment that allows you to use
        webservices. The initial goal of the software was to support
        Ajax-based applications, but there literally are no limits to what
        you can do. You can use pazpar2 from Javascript, Flash, Java, etc.,
        on the browser side, and from any development environment on the
        server side, and you can pass session tokens and record IDs freely
        around between these environments to build sophisticated applications.
        Use your imagination.
      </para>

      <para>
        The webservice API of pazpar2 is described in detail in <xref
        linkend="pazpar2_protocol"/>.
      </para>

      <para>
        In brief, you use the 'init' command to create a session, a
        temporary workspace which carries information about the current
        search. You start a new search using the 'search' command. Once the
        search has been started, you can follow its progress using the
        'stat', 'bytarget', 'termlist', or 'show' commands. Detailed records
        can be fetched using the 'record' command.
      </para>
    </section>

    <section id="nonstandard">
      <title>Connecting to non-standard resources</title>
      <para>
        Pazpar2 uses Z39.50 as its switchboard language -- i.e. as far as it
        is concerned, all resources speak Z39.50. It is, however, equipped
        to handle a broad range of different server behavior, through
        configurable query mapping and record normalization. If you develop
        configuration, stylesheets, etc., for a new type of resources, we
        encourage you to share your work. But you can also use pazpar2 to
        connect to hundreds of resources that do not support standard
        protocols.
      </para>

      <para>
        For a growing number of resources, Z39.50 is all you need. Over the
        last few years, a number of commercial, full-text resources have
        implemented Z39.50. These can be used through pazpar2 with little or
        no effort. Resources that use non-standard record formats will
        require a bit of XSLT work, but that's all.
      </para>

      <para>
        But what about resources that don't support Z39.50 at all? The NISO
        SRU (MXG) protocol is slowly gathering steam. Other resources might
        support OpenSearch, private, XML/HTTP-based protocols, or something
        else entirely. Some databases exist only as web user interfaces and
          will require screen-scraping. Still others exist only as static
          files, or perhaps as databases supporting the OAI-PMH protocol.
          There is hope! Read on.
      </para>

      <para>
        Index Data continues to advocate the support of open standards. We
        work with database vendors to support standards, so you don't have
        to worry about programming against non-standard services. We also
        provide tools (see <ulink
        url="http://www.indexdata.com/simpleserver">SimpleServer</ulink>)
        which make it comparatively easy to build gateways against servers
        with non-standard behavior. Again, we encourage you to share any
        work you do in this direction.
      </para>

      <para>
        But the bottom line is that working with non-standard resources in
        metasearching is really, really hard. If you want to build a
        project with pazpar2, and you need access to resources with
        non-standard interfaces, we can help. We run gateways to more than
        2,000 popular, commercial databases and other resources, making it simple
        to plug them directly into pazpar2. For a small annual fee per
        database, we can help you establish connections to your licensed
        resources. Meanwhile, you can help! If you build your own
        standards-compliant gateways, host them for others, or share the
        code! And tell your vendors that they can save everybody money and
        increase the appeal of their resources by supporting standards.
      </para>

      <para>
        There are those who will ask us why we are using Z39.50 as our
        switchboard langyage rather than a different protocol. Basically,
        we believe that Z39.50 is presently the most widely implemented 
        information retrieval protocol that has the level of functionality
        required to support a good metasearching experience (structured
        searching, structured, well-defined results). It is also compact and
        efficient, and there is a very broad range of tools available to
        implement it.
      </para>
    </section>
  </chapter> <!-- Using pazpar2 -->

 <reference id="reference">
  <title>Reference</title>
  <partintro id="reference-introduction">
   <para>
    The material in this chapter is drawn directly from the individual
    manual entries.
   </para>
  </partintro>
  &manref;
 </reference>

 <appendix id="license"><title>License</title>
  
  <section id="gpl"><title>GPL</title>
   
   <para>
    Pazpar2,
    Copyright &copy; &copyright-year; Index Data.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    Pazpar2 is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
    the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
    Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
    version.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    Pazpar2 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
    WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
    for more details.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with Pazpar2; see the file LICENSE.  If not, write to the
    Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA
    02111-1307, USA.
   </para>
   
   <screen>
                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                       Version 2, June 1991

 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

                            Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
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software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
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excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.

  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any
later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.

  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

                            NO WARRANTY

  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
   </screen> 
  </section>
 </appendix>

</book>

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